Crayfish News  Volume 34 Issue 1-2: Page 1

June 2012

Volume 34, Issue 1-2

ISSN: 1023-8174 (print), 2150-9239 (online) The Official Newsletter of the International Association of Astacology

Inside this issue: Artificial Refuges for Surveying Crayfish Cover Story 1 President’s Corner 2 Short Articles 4 Alien predation by lesser 4 black-backed gulls: a potential threat to native crayfish in‘ ark’ Sites? News from Cessy (Pays de 5 Gex, East-central France) relating to the Spinycheek Crayfish, Orconectes limosus, during 2011 and 2012 Concerning the Wels 7 (Silurus glanis) as a Predator of Signal Crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) in Lake Divonne, France The ageing of crustaceans 10 via ossicle growth marks Local engagement was a 11 prerequisite for the comeback of the noble crayfish Figure 1. Setting an artificial refuge device in a stream. (Astacus astacus) in the River Ljungan ince 2006, we have been searching for do with any natural cavity in the wild which Extreme Danger to Irish 13 Crayfish S some method that would render easier suits their body size. and less impacting the act of carrying out an We assumed that searching for a refuge is “RIVIERKREEFTEN.be” 13 inventory on crayfish. In our alpine region, an important and crucial part of the daily ac- — A new website on populations of indigenous decapods live in crayfish in Belgium tivity for crayfish, and that they would choose quite narrow streams where it becomes diffi- any easy-to-find and well-suited artificial hole Opportunities for noble 14 cult to run classical manual research too often if they accidentally found one. crayfish production without introducing a risk of excessive dis- in Belgium It is best if the providential hole fits the turbance of the river bed. In practice, manual crayfish body for they can easily defend the Books & Multimedia 16 methods rely on teams composed of well- entrance from occasional intruders. Studies trained people, physically involved through have brought out some clues about the thyg- Literature of Interest 20 long successive night sessions that are not motactism reflex in crayfish for choosing their to Astacologists without dangers, considering the uneven geo- daily refuge (e.g., Lachat and Laurent 1987; morphology of the river beds we work with. Foster 1993; Reyjol and Roqueplo 2002; Our research finally produced a simple Streissl and Hödl 2002; Demers et al. 2003). If device which seemed to give sufficiently relia- this assumption is right, it is not necessary to ble results on the presence of crayfish without add any baiting system to the catching appa- much effort and disturbance, which can be set ratus, crayfish will come on their own into the up and checked out daily. It consists of a se- tubes. Then all you have to do is pull out the ries of pipes of different diameters, which crayfish can use as refuges, like they usually (Continued on page 4) Crayfish News  Volume 34 Issue 1-2: Page 1

President’s Corner

Dear IAA Members: position, including Quinton Burnham We are fast approaching the commence- (Australia), Lennart Edsman (Sweden) and ment of our 19th international symposium, Ivana Maguire (Croatia). I’d like to thank each which will be held in just a few short months of them personally for their willingness to run (end of August). Leo Füreder and his crew are and serve the IAA in this capacity. In addition diligently working away on all the details and Leo Füreder (Austria) will be running for Presi- James W. Fetzner Jr., Ph.D. preparing for the world’s astacologists to de- dent and Susan Adams (USA) will run as Presi- IAA President (USA) scend upon Innsbruck. It is shaping up to be a dent-Elect. Voting can be done online through very nice meeting, and the venue should give the IAA website and is now open. Just login to us all a wonderful taste of historic Austria (see your member account and click the link in the Leo’s summary herein on pg. 3). Hopefully all announcements panel that appears on the of you can make it to this meeting. Note that right side of the home page. Voting will end at you can now access the IAA19 meeting website midnight the day before the IAA19 General (for registration and meeting schedule) directly Assembly meeting. However, you should note from the Symposia page on the IAA website. If that in order to vote, you must be a member in you are unable to attend, fear not, as we will good standing. So if you have not yet paid your try to give an extensive meeting summary and membership dues for 2012 (remember, typical photo spread of the event in the up- starting this year we are on an “annual” mem- coming fall issue of Crayfish News. bership cycle), please access the membership application/renewal form on the IAA website In other symposium-related news, Tadashi (see the Membership page). Also, please be Kawai has kindly offered to host IAA20 in Sap- sure to encourage your students and col- poro, Hokkaido, Japan in 2014. The IAA has leagues to join the IAA. never held a symposium in Asia, so this will be a first and should be an amazing event. Be sure In addition to officer elections and the to mark your calendars now to set aside the IAA20 venue selection/approval, there are also time (September 2014) and plan to attend the a significant number of Bylaw changes, mostly meeting. Additional details will become availa- resulting from the process of incorporation of ble as we get closer to this next meeting, and the IAA and our seeking non-profit status. A Tadashi will present information on the venue few of the changes also help to clarify officer at the General Assembly meeting at IAA19. roles and create the Managing Editor position and duties. Once ratified at IAA19, the bylaws It is also time once again to cast our votes will be officially published in the next issue of for the next round of IAA Officers, especially Freshwater Crayfish. the position of Secretary. This round, three members have accepted the call to run for this (Continued on page 3)

The International Association of Astacology (IAA), founded in Officers: Hintertal, Austria in 1972, is dedicated to the study, conservation, and wise utilization of freshwater crayfish. Any individual or firm James W. Fetzner Jr., President, Section of Invertebrate Zoology, interested in furthering the study of astacology is eligible for Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 4400 Forbes Avenue, Pitts- membership. Service to members includes a quarterly newsletter burgh, PA 15213-4080. United States of America. (Crayfish News), a membership directory, biennial international E-Mail: [email protected] symposia and publication of the journal Freshwater Crayfish. Leopold Füreder, President-Elect, Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. Secretariat: E-Mail: [email protected] The International Association of Astacology has a permanent secretariat managed by Antonio Garza de Yta. Address: IAA Susan B. Adams, Secretary, 26 County Road 223, Oxford, MS, Secretariat, Room 203, Swingle Hall, Department of Fisheries and 38655, United States of America. Allied Aquacultures, Auburn University, AL 36849-5419, USA. E-mail: [email protected]

Tel: +1(334) 844-4786 / Fax: +1(334) 844-9208 James M. Furse, Immediate Past President, Griffith School of E-mail: [email protected] Environment, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Queensland Web page: http://iz.carnegiemnh.org/crayfish/IAA/ 4222, Australia. Webmaster: James W. Fetzner Jr. E-Mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Statements and opinions expressed in Crayfish News are not necessarily those of the International Association of IAA Executive Board Members: Astacology. In addition to the IAA Officers and Past President, the board includes Jason Coughran (Australia), Arnie Eversole (USA), Tadashi Kawai (Japan), Steph Parkyn (Australia), Stephanie Peay This issue edited by James W. Fetzner Jr. (UK), Alastair Richardson (Tasmania) and Chris Taylor (USA). and Abby Stancliffe-Vaughan

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At IAA19, the IAA board will also discuss our long-standing (~9 year) interaction with Forum Flusskrebse (FF), and we also hope to meet with the FF board members while at the meeting. The standing agreement between the IAA/FF has been up for renewal for the last year or so, and we hope that we can get the paperwork sorted out, and process the renewal in short order, after everyone meets face-to-face. We are happy to bring you this latest issue of Crayfish News, which has a number of interesting articles contained within. I hope that you will all take the time to peruse the contents, and that you will also continue to support our association’s newsletter by submitting content. As you will note, we needed to combine two issues worth of submissions in order to have enough content this time. As you are no doubt aware, the newsletter is one of the ways we can hear and learn about what other astacologists are currently working on, so I ap- plaud all those members who send in content. Remember, if The IAA19 symposium will be held in Innsbruck, Austria. you send a short article (2-3 pages of text) and a really nice In Austria, 40 years ago, the first symposium was held 1972 in photo, you will likely get to be the cover story and have your Hinterthal, where also the IAA was founded. So let us take the research highlighted. Content can be submitted in several opportunity to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the IAA! different ways, either 1) sent directly to me via e-mail [see e- mail address below], 2) submitted via the IAA website file up- The IAA19 symposium will take place in the historic load tool, or 3) via the three regional correspondents (James center of Innsbruck, which is the capital city of the federal Furse, Leo Füreder, or Antonio Garza de Yta). Please be sure state of Tyrol in western Austria. It is located in the Inn Valley to send in content if you have it. :) at the junction with the Wipptal (Sill River), which provides access to the Brenner Pass, some 30 km (18.64 mi) south of At the beginning of this year, I took over the Freshwater Innsbruck. Located in the broad valley between high Crayfish Managing Editor position from James Furse, who mountains, the Nordkette (Hafelekar, 2,334 metres (7,657 ft) needed to step down due to job-related time constraints. I in the north, Patscherkofel (2,246 metres (7,369 ft)) and would like to thank James for all the time and effort he put in Serles (2,718 metres (8,917 ft)) in the south, it is an to producing FC v18, which was published back in December. internationally renowned winter sports centre, and hosted This volume is now available both in print and via the IAA the 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics and the 1984 and 1988 members website. If you would like a print copy for your st Winter Paralympics. It is to host the 1 Winter Youth Olympics bookshelf, please contact the Secretariat for details. Members in 2012. The word "bruck" comes from the German word that have selected a print subscription as part of their IAA Brücke meaning "bridge" which leads to "the bridge over the membership should have already received their copies of the Inn". journal in the mail. If you have not signed up for a print subscription, please think about doing so, as that will help the IAA The conference will consist of a five-day scientific to defray publication costs, as many of the articles that appear program, with presenters welcome to submit papers on all in the journal are paid for directly by the IAA. aspects of freshwater crayfish. We will focus on conservation, biogeography, genetics and diseases, as they are hot topics in One other little note before I sign off. If you have not up- Europe at the moment, but will also encourage delegates to dated your IAA membership profile in a while, please take the consider presenting papers on all relevant crayfish topics time to do so now, as there are a significant number of mem- including physiology, behaviour, ecology and all other bers with outdated e-mail address in the database. This be- interesting matters discussed and appreciated at IAA comes a problem because e-mail is the main route of commu- symposiums. nication of IAA business and announcements. Just login to the IAA website and click the “My Account” link to update your Prior to the symposium, on Sunday, August 26, 2012, information. workshops will be organised. As Tyrol is bordered by Germany in the North and Italy in the South, an excursion is planned for My very best wishes to you all and I hope to see you at the weekend September 1-2, where delegates can enjoy IAA19 in Innsbruck. H catching the three native crayfish species, Astacus astacus, Sincerely, Austropotamobius torrentium and Austropotamobius pallipes. Hope to see you in summer 2012 in Innsbruck! H James W. Fetzner Jr. IAA President Leo Füreder [email protected]

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ratio of tubes of each diameter in each series to get the ideal trade-off between lightness and ease of use and a higher catch. Until today, our experience relied on several seasons of catching operations, first done on Austropotamobius pallipes, then applied to other species like Orconectes limosus, Pacifastacus leniusculus, and Procambarus clarkii. We did re- petitive and dense catching all through 2012, in four streams of the Savoie Région, France, in the hope of obtaining more precise data on factors which drive crayfish choice in the search for a refuge. We are also looking for a possible stable correlation between animal density and the mean number of catches. We remain optimistic about obtaining a relative abun- dance index, which would be useful to detect interannual population density variations. We advocate widening the usage and tests of these artificial refuges with varied species, in different countries. Everybody who is interested can contact us for plans and recommendations. H Pierre Gotteland [email protected] Literature cited Demers A, Reynolds JD and Cioni A (2003). Habitat prefer- ences of different size classes of Austropotamobius pallipes in an Irish river. Bulletin Français de la Pêche et de la Figure 2. An example of an artificial refuge used in this study. Pisciculture 370-371:127–137. Foster J (1993). The relationship between refuge size and body (Continued from page 1) size in the crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes tubes from the water with the openings up and check inside (Lereboullet). Freshwater Crayfish 9:345–349. for crayfish presence, emptying the content in a bucket if nec- Lachat G and Laurent P J (1987). The habitats of Astacus asta- essary. cus L. and Austropotamobius pallipes Lere. in the Morvan. First tests gave immediate evidence of a good correlation Freshwater Crayfish 7:61–68. in presence/absence data between our devices and the manu- Reyjol Y and Roqueplo C (2002). Preferential habitat analysis al searches done at the same time by fishing organizations in of white-clawed crayfish, notably juveniles, in three the same streams. Sometimes, the discovery of unknown pop- brooks of Corrèze – France. Bulletin Français de la Pêche ulations arose from our devices, in places where nobody had et de la Pisciculture 367:741–759. seen a single crayfish before. But, there were still rare situa- Streissl F and Hödl W (2002). Habitat and shelter requirements tions where the devices caught nothing, although fishing of the stone crayfish, Austropotamobius torrentium teams had already detected some. Schrank. Hydrobiologia 477:195–199. So we decided to carry out varied trials, in more diverse environments, on different species, along graded time steps and varied linear density for setting/checking sessions. We are Short Articles still in the test process and are on the way to obtaining suffi- cient data to make solid statistical inferences. However our ALIEN PREDATION BY LESSER BLACK-BACKED growing experience means we are convinced about the poten- GULLS: A POTENTIAL THREAT TO NATIVE tial widespread usefulness of this device. CRAYFISH IN ‘ARK’ SITES? We can easily say, from our in-the-field experience and its cheap cost and ease of use, that the device brings useful and In September 2012, an article on predation by lesser black reliable information on presence/absence of crayfish in a pool. -backed gulls, Larus fuscus, on the invasive signal crayfish, For sure there are still improvements to be done but not Pacifastacus leniusculus in South Wales and the Bristol Chan- many. We are looking for subtle modifications like adapting nel, U.K was published by Mortimer et al. (BioInvasions Rec- the tubes' diametre to each species when, as every European ords 2012 vol. 1, no. 3: 201–208). astacologist knows, Signal crayfish, for example, are generally Gastroliths and exoskeleton remains attributed to P. le- bigger than the White-clawed. We are looking for the best (Continued on page 5) Crayfish News  Volume 34 Issue 1-2: Page 4 U.K., along with captive breeding schemes. Many of the ark sites already initiated or being considered in South-west Brit- ain are located around the Bristol Channel, within the known foraging distance of this species (40 km) from Steep Holm Is- land and Pen-y-fan. If the gulls observed here have learnt where and how to fish for crayfish, then it is possible that other breeding pairs may learn the same tactics. Our observations of the gull at Pen-y-fan pond indicate that these gulls are happy to pursue crayfish as food even when their densities are relatively low. Could lesser black-backed gulls become a threat to the native crayfish in ark sites too? In addition, signal crayfish are known vectors of crayfish plague so it is possible that either whole infected crayfish or their remains could be accidentally dropped into such sites by gulls transporting Figure 1. ‘Resident’ lesser black-backed gull observed at Pen-y-fan them, possibly resulting in total mortality of the native cray- pond (Gwent, South Wales) warding another gull away from the site fish population (DM Holdich, pers. comm.). H (Photo: A.S.Y. Mackie).

(Continued from page 4) Kate Mortimer and Andrew S. Y. Mackie National Museum Wales niusculus were observed in lesser black-backed gull nests on [email protected] Steep Holm Island, located in the Bristol Channel between [email protected] South Wales and South-west England, over a two-year period (2010–2011). As there are no fresh water sources on this island, the crayfish had to originate from the mainland at least 8 NEWS FROM CESSY (PAYS DE GEX, EAST-CENTRAL –15 km away. FRANCE) RELATING TO THE SPINYCHEEK CRAYFISH, Unfortunately due to bad weather conditions, new observations of the nest site on Steep Holm could not be made dur- ORCONECTES LIMOSUS, DURING 2011 AND 2012 ing this year’s breeding session (June-July 2012). Furthermore, It is appropriate to begin by saying that the year 2011 was in recent visits, no crayfish remains were observed at the par- unlike any other since Cessy pond was excavated from marsh- ticular nest site, which appears to have been unused. As land between 1989 and 1990. In 2011, a drought year was breeding pairs normally return to the same nest site, there is a declared due to acute water shortages on both sides of the strong chance that something has happened to this pair. Franco-Swiss frontier. Over the 16-year period, 1995 to 2011, Alternative feeding observations of a solitary lesser black- data collected at Cessy village revealed that the annual mean backed gull on a South Wales pond (Pen-y-fan, Gwent) were rainfall was ~1277 cm, that the wettest year was 2007 with made. During one occasion, the gull dived and resurfaced with 1695 cm, and that the driest year was 2011 with only 942.1 a crayfish in its beak, which it appeared to swallow after ma- cm. (www.cessy-peche.org/precipitations/pluie). Some hydro- nipulation. The gull was observed hunting, flying low over the logical data from Cessy pond (~1.62 km to the East) are given shallows, on a further seven visits (1.5–3 hour duration; July- in Figure 1. September) to the pond, but no other direct predation of in- The Orconectes limosus Population of Cessy Pond in 2011 vasive crayfish was witnessed. On two occasions the ‘resident’ gull was seen to ward other lesser black-backed gulls away The O. limosus Catch Per Unit of Effort (CPUE) for 2011 from the site (see Figure 1). The gull would seem to value the (based on a single trap catch over a period of 24 hours) was > prey worthy of protecting. 30% less than the value for 2010. However, the CPUE decline may not have been totally explainable in terms of the hydro- It is possible this behaviour is enhanced in 2012 since an- logical parameters shown in Figure 1. Biotic factors could also ecdotal evidence from local anglers suggests that the number have contributed, e.g., annual differences in the quality and of crayfish in this pond has decreased dramatically relative to quantity of predatory fish (especially pike and perch) that previous years. were released into the pond. If these gulls do swallow the crayfish whole at the site of In addition, herbicide contamination of the pond in 2009 capture, it suggests that they may regurgitate them whole or had a severe impact on those micro-crustacean species which partially digested at the nest site for their chicks. Future stud- figure prominently in the diets of juvenile crayfish (and fish). ies at the nest site would be needed in order to establish Recovery of the affected micro-crustacean populations is pro- whether this is correct or not. The gull’s initial manipulation of gressing, but slowly, and certainly not being helped by recent the prey may minimize the threat from the claws. proliferations of carnivorous Bladderworts (genus Utricularia). Ark sites are now being set up or investigated as safe ha- vens for the native crayfish (Austropotamobius pallipes) in the (Continued on page 6) Crayfish News  Volume 34 Issue 1-2: Page 5

Figure 1. Some hydrological data obtained from Cessy Pond. A) Lengths, with dates, of the stagnant periods of the pond, 2008–2011. B) Near-surface water temperatures of the pond for the period 2008– 2010 (dark blue) and for 2011 (red). C) The decrease and increase in the depth of the pond, using the top of the sluice gate as the datum, in 2011.

(Continued from page 5)

What seemed remarkable, but perhaps not totally unex- pected, was the fact that, despite prolonged water stagnation, elevated water temperatures, changes in water chemistry, and a significant water deficit, the chronology of the main Photo 1. Part of the south bank of Cessy pond, showing two sites events of the O. limosus life cycle (mating, spawning and sexu- where there are reinforcement boulders, whose interstices offer al alternation in males) was unchanged. many refuges for many crayfish. During the studies of O. limosus that were initiated in 2006 (Baldry, 2007), it was noted that the day when ovigerous females appeared in traps for the first time, and the day when Yellow Flag Irises (Iris pseudacoras) started to bloom, were more or less simultaneous. In 2011, both events were recorded on exactly the same day; 17 April! Although it is well- known that O. limosus is capable of constructing extensive burrows (see, for example, Souty-Grosset et al. 2006; Holdich & Black, 2007), searches of the banks of Cessy pond since 2006 never revealed any signs of burrowing. However, it was noticed that there were concentrations of O. limosus along those parts of the pond’s bank which had been reinforced with large boulders (Photo 1), implying that many crayfish sought refuge under those boulders or in the interstices between them. Profiting from unusually low water conditions in 2011, additional searches for burrows were made by this author and by Scuba divers from Divonne les Bains, but no bur- Photo 2. The author in the bed of the outflow stream, looking at rows were discovered. the lower storey boulder which is depicted in Photo 3. As young anglers say, “if you want to catch large crayfish The Orconectes limosus Population in the Stream Flowing out with a fishing rod, you need to drop your baited hook down of Cessy Pond. into the water between adjacent boulders”. One is obliged to conclude that Cessy pond crayfish are Physically and botanically, the first 50-metre stretch of not interested in excavating burrows because there are so the outflow stream (immediately downstream of the sluice many places where they can seek refuge in the submerged gate) is quite different from the pond. The totality of its banks interstices between boulders. (Continued on page 7)

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da: Cambaridae], digs into the UK. Aquatic Invasions 2(1): 1-16. Souty-Grosset C, Holdich DM, Noël PY, Reynolds JD and Haffner P (Eds.) (2006). Atlas of Crayfish in Europe. Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris (Patrimoines naturels, 64), 187 p. ISBN: 2-85653-579-8.

CONCERNING THE WELS (SILURUS GLANIS) AS A PREDATOR OF SIGNAL CRAYFISH (PACIFASTACUS LENIUSCULUS) IN LAKE DIVONNE, FRANCE “The introduction of exotic species into aquatic environments is a risky business that can cause several prob- lems” (Ackefors, 1999). Divonne les Bains is located between the Jura mountain Photo 3. The submerged part of a lower storey boulder showing range and Lac Léman, in the upper Pays de Gex, Ain Dept., crayfish attached to it and moving about on the bottom of the stream eastern France (Figure 1). (probably feeding on epilithic algae and detritus). Six crayfish should not be too difficult to distinguish in the turbid water. Its lake was created from a disused gravel-pit between the town and the River Versoix, for varied recreational pursuits (Continued from page 6) (Note1; see end of article). When the building of the Lake was completed, in June 1964, responsibility for its surveillance and are constructed of large boulders, and in summer and autumn well-being was entrusted to the Centre National du Machin- months (when the pond is stagnant) the stream bed is re- isme Agricole du Génie Rural, des Eaux et des Forêts duced to pools of water dispersed between areas of mud/ (CEMAGREF). sand/gravel/cobbles and assorted rubbish (Photo 2). According to CEMAGREF (1989), construction involved In the stream, crayfish ecology appears to be dominated reinforcing the rocky shore and the building of a port, perime- by movements from the stream bed, in and out of the inter- ter road and cycle track. With water feeding the Lake by resur- stices between the boulders and associated tunnels created gence from the water table, an outflow sluice-gate was in- by water voles (Arvicola terrestris) and sewer rats (Rattus stalled to maintain a relatively constant water level. Those norvegicus). Those movements seem to depend on the amount features and some other specifications are presented in Figure of water leaving the pond in the winter and the amount of 1. water in the pools in the summer/autumn (which is most likely With regard to vegetation, Laurent and Vey (1986) noted influenced by fluctuations in the level of the underlying water that the stonewort (Chara sp.) covered much of the Lake table. bottom and that apart from some meager reed-beds The sudden appearances of large numbers of crayfish in (Phragmites australis); there were no other inshore macro- some of the shallow pools, and their equally sudden and rapid phytes. disappearance are not things that one normally expects to The Lake was stocked with carp, tench, pike, perch and encounter. Likewise, it is surprising to see many crayfish roach (Note 2) and angling administration was assumed by the climbing over the submerged parts of boulders in broad day- East Gex AAPPMA (Note 3). light (Photo 3). Accordingly, a more detailed study of these phenomena is now getting underway. H The Release of Signal Crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) for Aquatic Weed Control, 1973 David Baldry By the early 1970’s the Lake had become overgrown by Amicale des Pêcheurs de l’Etang de Cessy aquatic vegetation, particularly by Chara sp. and the INRA 315 rue des Marguerons (Note 4) was asked to treat the Lake and eradicate the un- 01170 Cessy France wanted plants. Thus, in 1972, Messrs G. Blake (Univ. of Cham- Literature cited béry) and P.J. Laurent (INRA) suggested that the vegetation Baldry D (2007). Étude de l’écrevisse américaine Orconectes could be controlled by introducing the signal crayfish, limosus (Rafinesque, 1817) dans l’étang de Cessy, Pays de Pacifastacus leniusculus (Laurent and Vey, 1986). Gex, 01170 (France). I. Objectifs, l’étang, les techniques After accepting that proposal, signals from Sweden’s Si- utilisées et quelques observations initiales. L’Astaciculteur montorp hatchery were released into the Lake: 1500 in July de France, Bulletin N° 91:2-12. 1973 and another 1000 in July 1976. Blake and Laurent (1982) Holdich D and Black J (2007). The spiny-cheek crayfish, Or- confirmed that the signals had become acclimatized, while conectes limosus (Rafinesque, 1817) [Crustacea: Decapo- (Continued on page 8) Crayfish News  Volume 34 Issue 1-2: Page 7

Figure 1. Map showing the main geographical features of the Figure 2. Plan showing the basic features and specifications of upper Pays de Gex in East-central France. Lake Divonne.

(Continued from page 7) pollution risks, and for improving the management of the Lake. His findings, reported by Dous (2005) and discussed at Laurent and Vey (1986) reported that they appeared to be in AAPPMA meetings, largely confirmed those of CEMAGREF reasonable equilibrium, despite considerable human exploita- (1989), i.e. that both the flora and the invertebrate fauna tion and likely natural predation by fish and birds. Those au- were qualitatively and quantitatively very poor. People hand- thors thought that the Lake was probably the best crayfish netting crayfish for “the pot”, confirmed that signals could be lake in France at that time, and that P. leniusculus was prov- found along the shore and in the port, but were not very coming to be a very appropriate species for stocking gravel-pits. mon. However, it is pertinent to mention here that signals escaped from the Lake, migrated down the River Versoix and reached Some Factors Contributing to the Reduction of the Signal Lac Léman at the Swiss lakeside town of Versoix (Laurent, Population 1988) (see Figure 1). It has to be recalled that CEMAGREF (1989) asserted that a failed attempt at mechanical aquatic plant control combined The Decline of the Signal Crayfish Population and the Con- with signal releases had triggered a sort of “desertification” of comitant Deterioration of the Lake the Lake bottom where plants like M. spicatum were overrun In CEMAGREF (1989), it was noted that signal catches had by others, such as Phragmites, Chara and Ceratophyllum. decreased significantly after July 1984. Although some inter- Most probably Chara was the signal’s most attractive food pretations to explain the decrease had been offered, what source, so that, as signal density increased, the Chara beds seems to have been the most plausible explanation was that would have decreased. That situation would then have nega- the signal population was in decline, that the general condi- tively impacted the signal population. However, in addition to tion of the Lake was deteriorating and that its occupants, es- food supplies, there were undoubtedly other factors contrib- pecially its fish, were not in a satisfactory state of disequilibri- uting to the decline of the signals. um. One of those other factors, which could have been more During the 1990s and early 2000s the Lake was often important than most of the others, was a presumed increase claimed to be in an unhealthy condition (see Anon, 2008). in predation pressure from carnivorous fish, i.e. pike, carp and During April – July 2005 this author reviewed the situation perch. Some individuals of those species, which had been and made suggestions for improving biodiversity, for reducing (Continued on page 9)

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Photo 2. The author shown examining the dentition of the Wels caught by Eric Merle. Photo 1. Williame Coosemans and Guy Lejeune inspecting the Wels caught by Eric Merle in Lake Divonne (23 May 2010). pecially in the summer,  pike were next in importance because they con- sumed signals of all sizes throughout the year, (Continued from page 8)  large carp were next on the list, because they took signals mainly in the summer and preferred smaller, used for annual restocking, had obviously grown larger and freshly moulted signals, and, become more effective predators. In addition, to keep abreast  Perch had similar habits to pike, but they were una- of anglers’ aspirations, the AAPPMA had often purchased ble to tackle large signals. some fish (such as carp and pike) of larger sizes than those bought previously (Note 5). It is also worth noting that any On 23 May 2010 a Cessy angler, Eric Merle, provided the reduction of the Chara beds would have reduced the amount author with a male Wels that he had caught earlier that day, of vegetation cover available to the signals, thereby rendering in Lake Divonne. It had a 2.1 m total length, an estimated them more susceptible to predation by fish. weight of > 50 kg, and a mouth width of ~25 cm (Photos 1 and 2). Dissection of the fish revealed that its stomach and intes- However, there had been another, more recent develop- tines were empty (Photo 3). That was not a surprise for the ment which had not boded well for signals; the proliferation angler, who recalled that he had never found signal remains in of Wels (European catfish) Silurus glanis after it had been in- the other Wels he had caught. The author was likewise not troduced into the Lake in 1982 (by an angler from Saône-et- that surprised, knowing that at times the proportion of Wels Loire Dept.). containing the remains of O. limosus can be quite small, and The Presumed Impact of Fish Predators on Signals, with Spe- can fluctuate significantly from one year to another (see Czar- cial Reference to the Wels (Silurus glanis) necki et al. 2003). Thus, at least for the time being, we must accept that the Although there is no shortage of reports of Wels being extent to which the Wels is a predator of signal crayfish at predators of the Spiny-cheek crayfish Orconectes limosus in Divonne is not fully understood. Be that as it may, it seems Germany (Kiekhäfer, 2002), in Poland (Czarnecki et al. 2003), reasonable to suppose that Wels, pike, carp and perch have in the British Isles (Copp et al. 2009), in southwestern France collectively exerted appreciable predator pressure on the Lake (Syväranta et al. 2010) and in the River Saône, in eastern Divonne signal population. France (Arrignon et al. 1999), it has not yet been possible to obtain confirmation that Wels are important predators of sig- In the future, it will be important for us to heed the con- nal crayfish; in particular, in eastern France. clusion of Copp et al. (2009), that virtually all aspects of the environmental biology of introduced S. glanis require further Thus, the author thought he might be able to profit from study to determine the potential risks of its introduction to regular contacts with anglers, to ask them to catch Wels for novel environments. him so that he could conduct stomach content analysis. Alas, no one seemed interested in that idea, so in 2009 some an- Notes: glers were gathered together and asked to discuss their views on Wels (and other predatory fish in Lake Divonne). 1) Nautical sports/pastimes, snorkeling, scuba-diving, bird-watching, picnicking etc.; There was general agreement that:  Wels were the most important signal predators, es- (Continued on page 10) Crayfish News  Volume 34 Issue 1-2: Page 9

Anonymous (2008). Le Lac de Divonne pollué ? Oui, mais il ne faut pas en parler… Le Richochet 21:19–20. Arrignon JCV, Gérard P, Krier A and Laurent PJ (1999). The situation in Belgium, France, and Luxembourg. In: Gheradi F and Holdich DM (eds.). Blake G and Laurent PJ (1982). Le faucardage par des écre- visses, résultats préliminaires. Bulletin mensuel de la So- ciété Linnéenne de Lyon 1(6):203–208. CEMAGREF (1989). Lac de Divonne (Ain) Etude 1988 Lyon, 58 pages and 9 annexes. Copp GH, Britton JR, Cucherousset J, Garcia-Berthou E, Kirk R, Peeler E and Stakénas S (2009). Voracious invader or be- nign feline? A review of the environmental biology of Eu- ropean catfish Silurus glanis in its native and introduced ranges. Fish and Fisheries 10:252–282. Czarnecki M, Andrzejewski W and Mastyński J (2003). The feeding selectivity of Wels (Silurus glanisL.) in Lake Góreckie. Arch. Pol. Fish. 11(1):141–147. Dous G (2005). Le lac, un biotope peu connu. Je vis à Divonne les Bains 73(4):15. Gheradi F and Holdich DM (eds) (1999). Crayfish in Europe as Alien Species. How to make the best of a bad situation? A Photo 3. The author conducting a stomach contents exam- A Balkema, Rotterdam, Brookfield, XI + 299 p. (Crustacean ination of the Wels caught by Eric Merle. Issues,11). Holdich DM and Lowery RS (eds) 1988. Freshwater Crayfish: (Continued from page 9) Biology, Management and Exploitation. London and Syd- ney: Croom Helm/Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. 498 p. 2) The North American Pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus, Laurent PJ (1988). Austropotamobius pallipes and A. torrenti- Perciformes, Centrarchidae) arrived, accidentally, in um, with observations on their Interactions with other the early 1980’s. species in Europe. In: Holdich DM and Lowery RS (eds.). 3) Association Agrée de Pêche et de Protection du Milieu Laurent PJ and Vey A (1986). The acclimation of Pacifastacus Aquatique, the Association for Angling and Environ- leniusculus in Lake Divonne. Freshwater Crayfish 6:146– mental Protection. 155. 4) Institut National de la Recherche Agronomiques, Tho- Syväranta J, Cucherousset J, Kopp D, Crivelli A, Céréghino R non-les-Bains, Haute-Savoie. and Santoul F (2010). Dietary breadth and trophic position 5) On one occasion in February 2010, five carp were of introduced European catfish Silurus glanis in the River taken from the Lake, for a total of 100 kg. One angler Tarn (Garonne River basin), southwest France. Aquatic had landed a carp of > 30 kg. Wels, up to 2.0 m, were Biology 8:137–144. reportedly also encountered. Acknowledgements THE AGEING OF CRUSTACEANS VIA OSSICLE The people listed (alphabetically) below have shared GROWTH MARKS their thoughts with the author and/or assisted him in other ways: Dominique Buffard, Williame Coosemans, Philippe Crustacean biologists so often lament the impossibility of Cuenin, Jean-Paul Henrion, Guy Lejeune, Eric Merle, Jean- direct ageing techniques for crustaceans, that it has become Claude Sanspeur and Daniel Wolff. H almost a cliché to discuss it. Indeed, when writing a paper in David Baldry which age, growth, or longevity are mentioned, as one cites Amicale des Pêcheurs de l’Etang de Cessy the intrinsic difficulties of ageing crustaceans i.e., growth 315 rue des Marguerons, 01170 Cessy France through moulting and subsequently the lack of hard structures [email protected] that might retain annual growth marks, a distinct feeling of referencing the exceedingly obvious arises — similar to refer- Literature cited ring to the fact that on Earth the law of gravity acts on physical Ackefors, H. (1999). The positive effects of established crayfish bodies. Recently, however, Leland et al. (2011) reported a introduction in Europe. In: Gheradi F and Holdich DM (eds.). (Continued on page 11) Crayfish News  Volume 34 Issue 1-2: Page 10

LOCAL ENGAGEMENT WAS A PREREQUISITE FOR THE COMEBACK OF THE NOBLE CRAYFISH (ASTACUS ASTACUS) IN THE RIVER LJUNGAN

The noble crayfish (Astacus astacus) population in the Swedish River Ljungan went extinct in 1999. This was not only a loss of biodiversity, but also the loss of a long-lasting, late- summer tradition of fishing and partying along the riverside. I had the opportunity to experience this unique tradition for three years at the end of the 1990s, and I can vouch that there were camp-fires and parties all along the river. This was a popular tradition for both young and old people! Therefore, the incitement for reintroduction was large and the reintroduction program for noble crayfish in the River Ljungan was launched in 2002. It has gone through several phases; including planning, implementation and assessment. However, my Image 1. Growth marks within a sectioned gastric ossicle extracted opinion is that the most important part of this project has from the powerful crayfish (Euastacus valentulus Riek, 1951). Note: been the engagement from the local fishery owner associa- the specimen was donated for research purposes. tions (FOAs)! I will share some of the pieces that made this project into a local matter along the River Ljungan. (Continued from page 10) The composition of the project steering group was essen- finding that challenged such routine statements – the pres- tial for its success. There were participants from the local mu- ence of clear growth marks within the gastric ossicles of five nicipality, the county administration, the Swedish Board of freshwater and marine decapod crustaceans (e.g., Image 1.). Fisheries, a university and last, but not least; the FOAs. The members in the group shared the same goal, namely to rein- More recently, Kilada et al. (2012) produced the world’s troduced the crayfish to the River Ljungan, but they had differ- first direct age determination for shrimps, crabs and lobsters, ent motivations. The municipality wanted to secure future having validated that the periodicity of gastric ossicle growth leisure activities and tourism for its citizens. The Swedish marks can be annual, similar to those that occur in other or- Board of Fisheries and the county administration had interests ganisms (e.g., trees, fish and molluscs). In the future, such in national and regional conservation of the noble crayfish as studies are likely to revolutionize our understanding of age well as administration of State funding for the project. Addi- and growth in the Crustacea, with far reaching implications for tionally, the county administration had interests in developing astacologists, fisheries biologists, conservation ecologists and the regional fishery. The crayfish researcher was a guarantor others. So for those who are interested in the fundamental for a knowledge-based project, while the FOAs wanted the importance of precise age information – the time for ageing H fishery and the crayfish parties along the river back. Their rep- crustaceans has arrived. resentative was an important link to all of the stakeholders Jesse Leland when the project was implemented. The group and the pro- Marine Ecology Research Centre ject were led by the municipality representative, which also School of Environment, Science and Engineering was responsible for contacts with the media. Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore The project used State funding to buy adult crayfish for NSW 2480, Australia reintroduction. The FOAs got the crayfish without any cost. A [email protected] fair assignment of crayfish between the FOAs was important. The allocations were equal for each FOA, irrespective of the Literature Cited area that was covered. Kilada R, Sainte-Marie B, Rochette R, Davis N, Vanier C and I would not recommend this allocation for other projects, Campana S (2012). Direct determination of age in shrimps, because the areas that were covered by the FOAs were of crabs and lobsters. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and different size, which implied that the amount of reintroduced Aquatic Sciences, 69:1728–1733. animals per hectare differed a lot. The result of this was une- qual population development among the FOAs. In order to be Leland JC, Coughran J and Bucher DJ (2011). A preliminary qualified for the project, an FOA had to enter its statutes so investigation into the potential value of gastric mills for that the public would have access to the future fishery, and to ageing crustaceans. In: New Frontiers in Crustacean Biolo- promise to work voluntarily within the project. The local gy: Proceedings of the TCS Summer Meeting, Tokyo, Japan, stakeholders had an important role in the implementation, 20 – 24 September 2009. Edited by A. Asakura. Brill NV, because of this voluntary work. They chose the locations of Leiden, Crustacean Monographs 15:57–68.

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occurred were that there often was a shortage of roach (Rutilus rutilus) for use as bait and that it was really hard to measure crayfish and write protocols at night in complete darkness in a wobbly boat. A solution to this was to use bait- boxes and pelleted bait (it worked with dry cat food as well). The time that was needed to get bait and to bait the traps was decreased by several hours. The crayfish will be attracted to and remain inside the traps as long as the bait lasts. Be- cause the main body of the bait in the bait-box is not physically available to the crayfish, their time within the trap will increase. That made it possible for the volunteers to empty the traps and to examine the crayfish during daylight hours. An important piece of the project was to inform the public about its progress. It was necessary because the reintro- ductions are expensive efforts that are easily destroyed by illegal introductions of alien crayfish, or by illegal fishing. If Figure 1. Irma Zimmerman and Janne Bäckström reintroducing those kinds of actions can be avoided, the project will have a crayfish after monitoring. Photo: J. Zimmerman . good start. The inhabitants were informed by reports in the local newspapers, radio and television. Additionally, we made (Continued from page 11) exhibitions about crayfish, held seminars for the public and gave presentations at schools. Five years after a school the reintroduction sites, reintroduced crayfish at these sites presentation (the students were 6 years at the time of and were monitoring and guarding the sites. presentation), some of the students still knew about those Besides their voluntary work, the other advantages of ALIENs (invasive species) that they should be aware of! How- involving the FOAs were that they added local knowledge to ever, one of the most important information channels for the the project, and the newly introduced crayfish got local project was the voluntary ambassadors. guardians and ambassadors. An example of this was when I The aim of this reintroduction project was to reintroduce monitored crayfish at 7 o´clock in the morning and a car noble crayfish to the River Ljungan. That appears to have came very fast towards me. A man came out and shouted been successful. At all of the reintroduced sites, crayfish have with a relieved voice: –Oh, its just you! He received a call been monitored and the population densities seem to have from his neighbor that illegal fishing on crayfish was going on increased at all sites. However, as a bonus, there have been and he wanted to look into it. some interesting results from this project that were never A disadvantage with letting the FOAs freely choose the thought of! reintroduction sites is the risk of a habitat choice that an ex- 1. New local traditions have evolved in conjunction with pert would probably not have chosen for reintroduction the monitoring. As a substitute for the former tradition (maybe just outside the door of the president of the associa- of crayfish parties on the river shore, some of the FOAs tion). However, this risk seems to be negligible if the reintro- have revitalized the partying, but with fermented her- duction occurs in running water with good availability of nice ring or hot dogs instead. habitats upstream; because over time, the crayfish will spread there (Zimmerman, unpublished data). 2. The FOAs are now able to cooperate with each other. A key-factor was to facilitate the voluntary work, which They are now talking about how to manage the cray- the FOAs performed. It will be fun and easy to participate in a fish! It is said that in Sweden there are two issues peo- project. When the monitoring of the reintroduction sites was ple are really arguing about; namely moose hunting about to start, the volunteers became educated in disease and fishing for crayfish. So this is a remarkable result! protection, measurement and sexing of crayfish, as well as 3. Additionally, the FOAs have got an awareness of cray- how to fill in field sheets and standardize the trapping. The fish plague (Aphanomyces astaci). As proof of this, a education started with dissection of boiled crayfish and end- new policy for fishing competitions during wintertime ed with the distribution of a monitoring start kit. This consist- has evolved from the FOAs (including members of the ed of traps, a bath thermometer, twine and snap hooks to reintroduction project and the other FOAs in the re- produce lines, measuring advice and a folder with a pencil, gion). The policy states that the competitors must buy crayfish information and protocols (I was really pleased when live bait on-site. The motivation for this is the risk of I found out that the FOAs still use that folder). spreading crayfish plague. The dialog with the volunteers was important. The pro- In conclusion, the successful reintroduction program ject was dependent on their work. Their ideas, issues and would not have been possible to perform without local public complaints had great value. Many of the volunteers had pre- engagement along the river Ljungan. The 200 volunteers be- vious experience of crayfish trapping. Two of the issues that (Continued on page 13)

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(Continued from page 12) this. English people going to Northern Ireland may assume that the laws are the same, and may bring in NICS – and if came educated ambassadors for the crayfish and have intro- they become established there, because the river systems duced more than 80,000 crayfish to the river at more than 30 flow across the frontier, it’s curtains for the last big stocks of reintroduction sites. The volunteers have worked more than white-claws. 8000 hours in total! Hopefully the introduced populations will The problem is even more widespread. Crustacean Fanci- continue to grow, so that the local tradition with fishing and ers can buy over one hundred species of North American partying along the riverside will be back within a couple of H crayfish on the internet. While EU Customs are fairly vigilant years. as regards international trade, controls are much laxer within Europe – and several mid-European countries are exporting a Jenny Zimmerman variety of crayfish with little controls. It seems that it may Mid Sweden University only be a matter of time before the unthinkable happens.

There have already been several ‘false alarms’ from Irish rivers – large white-claws have been mistaken for signals, and EXTREME DANGER TO IRISH CRAYFISH live crayfish (NICS, but fortunately not American) have been discovered for sale in a Dublin market. The two states, North- Europe has only five indigenous crayfish species (ICS), ern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, cooperate on pro- four of them widespread, but most species are diminishing tecting the indigenous species, despite their different legisla- rapidly. While water and habitat quality are certainly factors tion. Its protection is clearly now a matter of two last-ditch to be improved, the main threat comes from non-indigenous approaches to preserve Ireland’s largest non-marine inverte- crayfish (NICS) from North America, demonstrated by, among brate if it is not to disappear – education and enforcement. others, David Holdich, Julian Reynolds, Catherine Souty- Public education has to be much stronger, at all levels from Grosset and Peter Sibley (2009. A review of the ever- schools to the popular press and electronic media, and offi- increasing threat to European crayfish from non-indigenous cials in customs, conservation and river management need crayfish species. Knowledge and Management of Aquatic Eco- help to distinguish the species. The safest way is to prohibit systems 394-395: 46p), and Meetings and Symposia such as any importation of live crayfish, but other European countries Leeds (‘Crayfish conservation in the British Isles’, March have tried this, and failed. H 2009), Poitiers ( ‘European crayfish: food, flagships and eco- system services’, October 2010) and Bristol (‘Species Survival: Julian Reynolds securing white-clawed crayfish in a changing environment’, Trinity College Dublin University (Emeritus) November 2010). Their impact is two-fold; competitive exclu- Dublin, Ireland sion, and transmission of aphanomycosis (crayfish plague) [email protected] which is fatal to non-American species, and the situation for native crayfish is perilous across Europe. Ireland stands out on two counts – alone in Europe, there “RIVIERKREEFTEN.BE” — A NEW are currently no alien species, and the indigenous White- clawed crayfish is still widespread, in a variety of habitats WEBSITE ON CRAYFISH IN BELGIUM from lakes to streams and lowland rivers. But for how long? With its only indigenous species, Astacus astacus, close to The main threats to Ireland come from the next-door island, the verge of a local extinction and several exotic species that and the problem is more than just geographic, it’s political, or have been introduced over the course of many decades, Bel- at least legislative! gium is now facing a great challenge in the field of conserva- England has several species of alien crayfish, and the na- tion and nature management for many of its freshwater eco- tive White-clawed crayfish has been progressively eliminated from most of its habitat, to the extent that voluntary groups are now seeking sanctuaries or ‘ark sites’ for them, chiefly in isolated gravel pits and quarries. There is now an excellent ‘toolkit’ for doing this (see Stephanie Peay, Kindemba V., Att- wood F. and Christmas M. (2011). A toolkit for developing catchment-scale conservation strategy for White-clawed crayfish. Buglife – The Invertebrate Conservation Trust, Peterbor- ough). But the legislation controlling crayfish is not uniform in the UK – England, with a widespread NICS problem, has different laws from Scotland, where signal crayfish have recently invaded. And regulations in Northern Ireland, with no alien crayfish, are different again. But not many people know (Continued on page 14)

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(Continued from page 13) might be an interesting way to provide an additional income. systems. Unlike in many other European countries, the noble crayfish (Astacus astacus) appears to be a relatively unknown Although four exotic crayfish species thrive in Belgian delicacy to Belgian people. The production of crayfish in Bel- water bodies and rivers, almost no information is available on gium is rather low, and most crayfish for human consumption their current dispersal and the extent of their invasive behav- are imported. ior. Existing sources are often inaccurate, unreliable or outdated, thus making them inadequate to understand the While the indigenous noble crayfish is known to have a scope of the exotic crayfish problem in real time. superior taste, mainly American crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) are found on the market. Nevertheless, an inquiry by the HUB RIVIERKREEFTEN.be is a new website exclusively devoted showed there’s a potential market for locally produced indig- to the freshwater crayfish that occur in Belgium. This initia- enous crayfish, especially in the sector of star restaurants. tive reaches out to anyone who shows interest in freshwater Years ago, top chefs in Belgium frequently used noble crayfish, and attempts to fill the information void that cur- crayfish in their dishes. The low availability of noble crayfish rently exists on this particular topic. The website provides and the inferior taste of their widely available American basic information on general crayfish biology, the indigenous counterparts, caused crayfish to disappear from several res- and non-indigenous species that occur in Belgium, and the taurant menus. However, noble crayfish are still regarded as harm that invasive crayfish are causing to the indigenous fau- a delicacy by local top chefs, and star restaurants are willing na and flora. At this moment, the website is only available in to reintroduce them on their menus if their availability and Dutch. Later on, French and English translations will be availa- quality could be guaranteed. This fact makes it interesting to ble. investigate the possibilities for locally produced “Belgian cray- A new interactive tool will be online starting from Sep- fish”. tember 2012 to add more functionality to the website, ena- In order to avoid financial failures, the economic feasibil- bling visitors to submit observations of wild crayfish with pre- ity and technical requirements for noble crayfish production cise information on the encountered species and their loca- should first of all be evaluated. Therefore, KAHO and HUB are tions. This input will hopefully improve the knowledge on the now investigating whether noble crayfish culture could be- dispersal of all the freshwater crayfish species in Belgium and come a sustainable aquaculture activity in Belgium or not. actively support scientific research on this matter. H The traditional pond culture doesn‘t seem to be a suited Xavier Vermeersch method to cultivate noble crayfish in Belgium. Due to envi- Vrije Universiteit BrusselGebouw F - Vakgroep Biologie ronmental legislation issues, the lack of suitable agricultural Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium area and the risk of crayfish plague infection, KAHO decided [email protected] to investigate the possibility of producing noble crayfish in indoor recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) (Photos 1 – 3). Thomas Abeel In its Aquaculture Education and Research Facility (Aqua-ERF) Katholieke Hogeschool Sint-Lieven researchers are looking for the technical requirements to Dept. Agro- & Biotechnologie grow these crayfish to consumption size. An indoor RAS has Hospitaalstraat 239100 Sint-Niklaas, Belgium the advantage that all kinds of culture parameters including [email protected] temperature, water quality and feeding rate can be regulated and optimized. The production could also be controlled in order to better meet the market demand (e.g., deliver cray- OPPORTUNITIES FOR NOBLE CRAYFISH fish outside the normal harvest season). Compared to cray- PRODUCTION IN BELGIUM fish culture in ponds or flow-through systems, the prevention of pathogen introduction will also be more secured in a Two University Colleges - KaHo Sint-Lieven (KAHO) and closed system. Hogeschool Universiteit Brussel (HUB) - are investigating A financial feasibility study for this type of crayfish pro- whether production of noble crayfish could be a viable activi- duction is being carried out by the HUB. Its Trade and Busi- ty for Belgian farmers. Nowadays, many farmers are trying to ness department will study the market potential of locally diversify their activities, and in this context, crayfish culture (Continued on page 15)

Crayfish News  Volume 34 Issue 1-2: Page 14 produced “Belgian crayfish”. They will determine if indoor crayfish culture can be an economically viable activity in Bel- gium. Therefore, different parameters will be evaluated, including production costs, the probable demand for locally produced crayfish and the potential market prices for this product. Consumer opinion on crayfish as a delicacy will also be an important factor in this study. The public attention for this project is quite notable and farmers have already shown an interest. If the results of this research turn out to be positive, it seems there will definitely be candidates to start their own crayfish farm. Hopefully this project will lead to the establishment of a viable industry, which can eventually provide Belgian farmers a source of income. H Thomas Abeel Katholieke Hogeschool Sint-Lieven Dept. Agro- & Biotechnologie, Hospitaalstraat 23 Photo 1. The crayfish tanks at the Aqua-ERF research facility. 9100 Sint-Niklaas, Belgium email: [email protected] http://projects.kahosl.be/Aqua-ERF/

(Continued from page 19)

Leland JC and Furse JM (2012). Potential utility of haemo- lymph analysis in non-lethal conservation studies on threatened Australasian freshwater crayfish: Portability and practicality. Crustacean Research Special Number 7:87–95. Lucić A, Hudina S, Faller M and Cerjanec D (2012). A comparative study of the physiological condition of native and invasive crayfish in Croatian rivers. Biologia Photo 2. Noble crayfish (in tank) during an optimal density 67(1):172–179. trial. Marchi M, Jørgensen SE, Bécares E, Fernández-Aláez C, Rodríguez C, Fernández-Aláez M, Pulselli FM, Mar- chettini N and Bastianoni S (2012). Effects of eutrophi- cation and exotic crayfish on health status of two Span- ish lakes: A joint application of ecological indicators. Ecological Indicators 20:92–100. Martemyanov VI and Mavrin AS (2012). Threshold environmental concentrations of cations defining the range of roach Rutilus rutilus L. in freshwater reservoirs. Inland Water Biology 5(1):91–95. Martin P and Scholtz G (2012). A case of intersexuality in the parthenogenetic marmorkrebs (Decapoda: Astacida: Cambaridae). Journal of Crustacean Biology 32(3):345– 350. Matallanas B, Callejas C and Ochando MD (2012). A genetic approach to spanish populations of the threatened Austropotamobius italicus located at three different scenarios. The Scientific World Journal 2012, 975930. H Photo 3. One summer old noble crayfish in their hiding places All photos by Thomas Abeel.

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limosus, and the red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii – Books & Multimedia the former having become widespread since the early 1970s. This is followed by chapters on morphology, systematics and DE NEDERLANDSE RIVIERKREEFTEN distribution. A checklist is given for the species occupying the (ASTACOIDEA & PARASTACOIDEA) Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, France and Great Britain. As by Bram Koese and Menno Soes shown by Souty-Grosset et al. (2006), Holdich and Pöckl Entomologische Tabellen 6, 107 pp. ISSN: 1875-760X. €12.50 (2007) and Holdich et al. (2010) all European countries have at least one ICS and most countries have at least one NICS. from www.naturalis.nl According to Koese and Soes, the Netherlands has 10 species (1 ICS), Germany 9 species (3 ICS), France 9 species (3 ICS) and Great Britain 8 species (1 ICS). Some occurrences according to these authors, such as the parthenogenetic North American crayfish, Procambarus fallax f. virginalis (Marmorkrebs) (Netherlands and Germany) and the Australian redclaw, Cherax quadricarinatus (Netherlands and Great Britain), are based on incidental records. However, there is anecdotal evidence of an established population of redclaws in northern Germany (Holdich et al. 2010), although the only documented population occurs in a natural oxbow lake heated by thermal springs in Slovenia (Jaklič and Vrezec 2011). Chucholl et al. (2012) state that there are 15 records for Marmorkrebs in Europe, most being from Germany, at least six are for established populations recorded in 2010, a worrying increase, as only one was known before that. The situation regarding NICS in Europe is fluid, e.g., Great Britain has recently gained another NICS, which has quickly become established (T. Flood pers. comm.). That NICS from different climates can quickly adapt to new conditions is shown by P. clarkii in Great Britain (Holdich and Sibley 2009) and Germany (Chucholl 2011). Chucholl (2012) has highlighted the large number of NICS that are available as ornamental aquarium species in Germany, mainly from Northern and Central America and are thus potential crayfish plague vectors. Eleven were found to be common in the trade, and 37 were available World-wide 590 species belonging to 30 genera of over the internet in 2009. As shown in this book and in freshwater crayfish are recognized (Sibley et al. 2011). Habitat Gherardi and Holdich (1999) and Holdich et al. (2010) NICS loss and degradation, pollution, non-indigenous crayfish that escape or are deliberately released into the wild in species (NICS), climate change, severe weather and harvesting Europe have a high potential to become established, so we all pose threats to indigenous crayfish species (ICS). In the can expect an increase in the number of wild populations in global context, however, NICS make a relatively minor the future, which will put further pressure on the ICS. contribution as threats to ICS, but at a European level their Perhaps the most valuable part of Koese and Soes’ book is impact is significant (Holdich et al. 2010). Europe has only five the well-illustrated key of the 13 (4 ICS and 9 NICS) crayfish ICS but it has at least nine North American and two Australian species in Western Europe. Also included are details of the NICS with established populations (Holdich et al. 2010). North American rusty crayfish, Orconectes rusticus, the Therefore a new book, which updates the information is very Florida crayfish, Procambarus alleni, and the Australian yabby, welcome. Cherax destructor, which do not occur in the Netherlands or Koese and Soes’ excellent 107 page book provides a guide the other countries listed, but have the potential to be to the ICS and NICS in Western Europe. Although it is written introduced via the aquarium (see Chucholl 2012) and in Dutch, the many (214) high quality figures and photos aquaculture trades. In fact, C. destructor is known from Italy (many in colour) make it very easy to follow. At only 12.50 and Spain (Holdich et al. 2010). Particularly useful are the Euros it is excellent value. excellent illustrations and photos of the chelipeds, gonopods After an brief introductory chapter, which includes a nice and carapaces. Helpfully, an English version of the key is picture of the largest crayfish species in the world, the provided at the end of the book. Other keys to European ICS Tasmanian Astacopsis gouldi, the next two chapters deal with and NICS, e.g., Pöckl et al. (2006) and Souty-Grosset et al. the general biology and ecology of crayfish. Then follows a (2006), are not as comprehensive as that in Koese and Soes’ chapter on crayfish introductions into the Netherlands, focusing particularly on the spiny-cheek crayfish, Orconectes (Continued on page 17)

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(Continued from page 16) waters. Freshwater Crayfish 17:67–72. Chucholl C (2011). Population ecology of an alien “warm book. Filipová et al. (2011) have shown that DNA barcoding is water” crayfish Procambarus ( clarkii) in a new cold useful for rapid and accurate identification of most NICS in habitat. Knowledge and Management of Aquatic Europe, but also that there is variation within some taxa using Ecosystems 401, 29. such a method. This was particularly apparent when supposed Chucholl C (2013). Invaders for sale: Trade and determinants Procambarus acutus from the Netherlands were examined, as of introduction of ornamental freshwater crayfish. one individual tested was closer to Procambarus zonangulus, Biological Invasions. 15(1):125–141. and substantial variation was also found between the three P. Chucholl C, Morawetz K and Gross H (2012). The clones are zonangulus tested. The authors suggest that mixed coming – strong increase in Marmorkrebs [Procambarus populations of the two species of the white river crayfish fallax (Hagen, 1870) f. virginalis] records from Europe. complex may be present in the Netherlands. Huner (2002) Aquatic Invasions 7(4):511–519. outlines the difficulty in separating P. acutus and P. Filipová L, Grandjean F, Chucholl C, Soes DM and Petrusek A zonangulus on morphological grounds, although they do seem (2011). Identification of exotic North American crayfish in to inhabit geographically separate regions in the USA. Ibrahim Europe. Knowledge and Management of Aquatic et al. (1997) state that P. zonangulus and P. clarkii have been Ecosystems 401, 11. introduced to the River Nile in Egypt where they coexist, and Gherardi F and Holdich DM. (1999) (eds). Crayfish in Europe as Huner (2002) notes that these two species are often found alien species - how to make the best of a bad situation? together in wild and aquacultural situations in the USA. This Crustacean Issues 11. 299 pp. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam. Egyptian record for P. zonangulus is the only one known Holdich DM and Sibley PJ (2009). ICS and NICS in Britain in the outside of the USA, unless some individuals prove to be 2000s. In: Crayfish conservation in the British Isles. present in the Netherlands. Brickland J, Holdich DM and Imhoff EM (eds), pp. 13–33. th The final part of the book is given over to the biology of Proceedings of a conference held on 25 March 2009 in the 16 species dealt with in the key followed by detailed Leeds, UK. (www.crayfish.org.uk) distribution maps of those species in the Netherlands pre- Holdich DM and Pöckl M (2007). Invasive crustaceans in 2000 and post-2000. As previously mentioned the most European inland waters. Pp. 29–75. In: Freshwater widespread and abundant species by far is O. limosus, Bioinvaders: Profiles, distribution, and threats. Gherardi F followed by P. clarkii, O. virilis and P. acutus. Whereas in (ed.). Springer, the Netherlands. countries with a warmer climate such as Spain and Italy, P. Holdich DM, Reynolds JD, Souty-Grosset C and Sibley P (2010). clarkii is the dominant invasive species, in northern Europe A review of the ever increasing threat to European (excluding Scandinavian countries but including the crayfish from non-indigenous crayfish species. Knowledge Netherlands), it is O. limosus that is the problem (Holdich et and Management of Aquatic Ecosystems 394-395: 46 pp. al. 2010). Burba (2010) has documented for Lithuania how Huner JV (2002). Procambarus. pp. 541–584. In: Biology of quickly an invasive species such as O. limosus can spread Freshwater Crayfish. Holdich DM (ed.),. through waterways. Interestingly, only four records for the Ibrahim AM, Khalil MT and Mubarak FM (1997). Ecological North American signal crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus, are studies on the exotic crayfishes, Procambarus clarkii and known for the Netherlands, whereas in some other European Procambarus zonangulus in the River Nile, Egypt. geographical areas such as Great Britain (Rogers and Watson International Journal of Ecology and Environmental 2011) and Scandinavia this is the most invasive species Sciences 23:217–228. (Holdich et al. 2010). Jaklič M and Vrezec A (2011). The first tropical alien crayfish species in European waters: The redclaw Cherax A comprehensive bibliography is provided at the end of quadricarinatus (von Martens, 1868) (Decapoda, the book along with the names of the many people involved in Parastacidae). Crustaceana 84(5-6):651–665. the data gathering. An English version of this book would be Pöckl M, Holdich DM and Pennerstorfer J (2006). Identifying very useful! H native and alien crayfish species in Europe. European David Holdich Project CRAYNET. 47 pp. (www.crayfish.org.uk) Nottingham, UK Rogers D and Watson E (2011). Distribution database for July 2012 crayfish in England and Wales. Pp. 14–22. In: Species survival: securing white-clawed crayfish in a changing Acknowledgements: environment. Rees M, Nightingale J and Holdich DM (eds, th th Thanks are due to Menno Soes for sending me a copy of Proceedings of a conference held on 16 and 17 the book, and to James Furse for giving the article the once November 2010 in Bristol, UK. (www.crayfish.org.uk) over. Sibley P J, Holdich DM and Richman N (2011). Monitoring the global status of crayfish, with particular reference to the Literature Cited: white-clawed crayfish. Pp. 45–52. In: Species survival: Burba A (2010). The dispersal of the invasive spiny-cheek securing white-clawed crayfish in a changing crayfish Orconectes limosus throughout Lithuanian (Continued on page 18)

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(Continued from page 17) Book Sections: 1) Freshwater Crayfish of Australia environment. Rees M, Nightingale J and Holdich DM 2) Genus Euastacus (eds.). Proceedings of a conference held on 16th and 17th 3) Basic Anatomy November 2010 in Bristol, UK. (www.crayfish.org.uk) 4) Euastacus crayfish morphology Souty-Grosset C, Holdich DM, Noël PY, Reynolds JD and 5) Moulting and Growth Haffner P (eds). (2006). Atlas of Crayfish in Europe. 6) Breeding Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, 7) Approximate natural distributions of the (Patrimoines naturels, 64) 187 pp. Euastacus species 8) Species Descriptions 9) New Species A GUIDE TO AUSTRALIA’S SPINY 10) Threats to Euastacus 11) Diseases and Ectocommensals FRESHWATER CRAYFISH by Robert B. McCormack. Winner of the 2013 Whitley Award Commendation Referred to as the 'Spiny Crayfishes' due to impressive arrays of spines on their hard armoured shells, Euastacus crayfish are the largest of the 10 genera of Australian freshwater crayfish. This book discusses all 50 species found in Australia, from the iconic giant Murray lobster that is fished by recreational fishers, to the exceedingly rare and tiny species Euastacus maidae. These uniquely Australian species range from Cooktown in far northern Queensland to Wilsons Promontory in Victoria. Many are found in or around our major population areas. The book discusses basic crayfish anatomy, moulting and growth, morphology, breeding, threats and diseases. It includes colour photographs for each species, as well as a glossary and further reading list. A Guide to Australia’s Spiny Freshwater Crayfish will be of interest to researchers, conservationists, land managers, The proceedings for this symposium are now available at: libraries and crayfish enthusiasts. CSIRO Publishing. ISBN: http://www.seagrant.umaine.edu/lobster-symposium 978-0-643-10386-3. AU$59.95. 235 pp. (Continued from page 20)

Ferré LE, Medesani DA, Fernando García C, Grodzielski M and Rodríguez EM (2012). Vitellogenin levels in hemo- lymph, ovary and hepatopancreas of the freshwater crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus (Decapoda: Parastaci- dae) during the reproductive cycle. Revista de Biologia Tropical 60(1):253–261. Ficetola GF, Siesa ME, De Bernardi F and Padoa-Schioppa E (2012). Complex impact of an invasive crayfish on freshwater food webs. Biodiversity and Conservation 21(10):2641–2651. Furse JM, Bone JWP, Appleton SD, Leland JC and Coughran J (2012a). Conservation of Imperiled Crayfish - Euastacus bindal (Decapoda: Parastacidae), a Highland Crayfish from Far North Queensland, Australia. Journal of Crusta- cean Biology 32(4):677–683. Furse JM, Coughran J and Wild CH (2012b). Report of a mass mortality of Euastacus valentulus (Decapoda: Para- stacidae) in southeast Queensland, Australia, with a discussion of the potential impacts of climate change (Continued on page 19)

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(Continued from page 18) cesses 91(1):77–81. Jackson M (2012). A Guide to Australia's Spiny Freshwater induced severe weather events on freshwater crayfish Crayfish. Freshwater Biology 58(4):841. species. Crustacean Research Special Number 7:15–24. Karnik V, Braun M, Dalesman S and Lukowiak K (2012). Sen- Galeotti P, Bernini G, Locatello L, Sacchi R, Fasola M and sory input from the osphradium modulates the response Rubolini D (2012). Sperm traits negatively covary with to memory-enhancing stressors in Lymnaea stagnalis. size and asymmetry of a secondary sexual trait in a fresh- Journal of Experimental Biology 215(3):536–542. water crayfish. PLoS ONE 7(8):e43771. Kawai T (2012). Morphology of the mandible and gill of the Giling DP, Reich P and Thompson RM (2012). Riparian vege- Asian freshwater crayfish Cambaroides (Decapoda: Cam- tation removal alters consumer-resource stoichiometry in baridae) with implications for their phylogeny. Journal of an Australian lowland stream. Marine and Freshwater Crustacean Biology 32(1):15–23. Research 63(1):1–8. Kilian JV, Klauda RJ, Widman S, Kashiwagi M, Bourquin R, González Á, Celada JD, Sáez-Royuela M, González R, Carral Weglein S and Schuster J (2012). An assessment of a bait JM and García V (2012). Response of juvenile astacid industry and angler behavior as a vector of invasive spe- crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) to three commercial cies. Biological Invasions 14(7):1469–1481. dry diets with different protein levels during the first 6 Kim S, Park MH, Jung JH, Ahn DH, Sultana T, Park JK, Choi months of intensive rearing. Aquaculture Research HG and Min GS (2012). The mitochondrial genomes of 43(1):99–105. Cambaroides similis and Procambarus clarkii (Decapoda: Gonzalo C and Camargo JA (2012). Fluoride bioaccumulation Astacidea: Cambaridae): The phylogenetic implications in the signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus (Dana) as for Reptantia. Zoologica Scripta 41(3):281–292. suitable bioindicator of fluoride pollution in freshwater Klar NM and Crowley PH (2012). Shelter availability, occu- ecosystems. Ecological Indicators 20:244–251. pancy, and residency in size-asymmetric contests be- Hanshew BA and Garcia TS (2012). Invasion of the shelter tween rusty crayfish, Orconectes rusticus. Ethology snatchers: Behavioural plasticity in invasive red swamp 118(2):118–126. crayfish, Procambarus clarkii. Freshwater Biology Klobučar GIV, Malev O, Šrut M, Štambuk A, Lorenzon S, 57(11):2285–2296. Cvetković Ž, Ferrero EA and Maguire I (2012). Genotoxi- Haq MAB, Vignesh R and Srinivasan M (2012). Deep insight city monitoring of freshwater environments using caged into white spot syndrome virus vaccines: A review. Asian crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus). Chemosphere 87(1):62– Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease 2(1):73–77. 67. Harlioǧlu AG, Aydin S and Yilmaz Ö (2012a). Fatty acid, cho- Koizumi I, Usio N, Kawai T, Azuma N and Masuda R (2012). lesterol and fat-soluble vitamin composition of wild and Loss of genetic diversity means loss of geological infor- captive freshwater crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus). Food mation: The endangered Japanese crayfish exhibits re- Science and Technology International 18(1):93–100. markable historical footprints. PLoS ONE 7(3):e33986. Harlioǧlu MM, Köprücü K, Harlioǧlu AG, Yilmaz Ö, Aydin S, Kouba A, Niksirat H, Kuklina I, Buřič M and Kozák P (2012). Mişe Yonar S, Çakmak Duran T and Özcan S (2012b). The Ultraviolet light and semi-recirculating systems in artificial effects of dietary n-3 series fatty acid on the fatty acid incubation of noble crayfish (Astacus astacus) eggs: Op- composition, cholesterol and fat-soluble vitamins of ple- portunities and limitations. Aquaculture Research opodal eggs and stage 1 juveniles in a freshwater crayfish, 44(1):67–74. Astacus leptodactylus (Eschscholtz). Aquaculture 356- Kreps TA, Baldridge AK and Lodge DM (2012). The impact of 357:310–316. an invasive predator (Orconectes rusticus) on freshwater Harlioǧlu MM, Kutluyer F and Gür S (2012c). An investiga- snail communities: Insights on habitat-specific effects tion on the sperm number and reproductive parameters from a multilake long-term study. Canadian Journal of of males in wild caught freshwater crayfish (Astacus lep- Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 69(7):1164–1173. todactylus, Eschscholtz). Animal Biology 62(4):409–418. Larson ER, Abbott CL, Usio N, Azuma N, Wood KA, Herborg He L, Xie YN, Lu W, Wang Y, Chen LL, Mather PB, Zhao YL, LM and Olden JD (2012). The signal crayfish is not a single Wang YP and Wang Q (2012). Genetic diversity in three species: Cryptic diversity and invasions in the Pacific redclaw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus, von Martens) Northwest range of Pacifastacus leniusculus. Freshwater lines developed in culture in China. Aquaculture Research Biology 57(9):1823–1838. 43(1):75–83. Leland JC, Coughran J and Furse JM (2012). Further translo- Hopper JD, Huryn AD and Schuster GA (2012). The Sipsey cation of the Redclaw, Cherax quadricarinatus (Decapoda: River, Alabama: A crayfish diversity "hotspot"? Southeast- Parastacidae), to Lake Ainsworth in northeastern New ern Naturalist 11(3):405–414. South Wales, Australia. Crustacean Research Special Hudina S and Hock K (2012). Behavioural determinants of Number 7:1–4. agonistic success in invasive crayfish. Behavioural Pro- (Continued on page 15) Crayfish News  Volume 34 Issue 1-2: Page 19 To view abstracts, etc., click on a reference to be taken to the journal Literature of Interest to Astacologists website (some references may not contain links). Almeida D, Copp GH, Masson L, Miranda R, Murai M and Burnham Q, Koenders A and Horwitz P (2012). The status of Sayer CD (2012). Changes in the diet of a recovering Eura- the critically endangered freshwater crayfish Engaewa sian otter population between the 1970s and 2010. pseudoreducta (Crustacea: Parastacidae) in south- Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Mu- 22(1):26–35. seum 27(1):45–54. Álvarez F, Villalobos JL, Armendáriz G and Hernández C Calvo NS, Tropea C, Anger K and López Greco LS (2012). (2012). Biogeographic relationship of freshwater crabs Starvation resistance in juvenile freshwater crayfish. and crayfish along the Mexican transition zone: Reevalu- Aquatic Biology 16(3):287–297. ating Rodríguez (1986) hypothesis. Relación biogeográfica Chen SH and Pollino CA (2012). Good practice in Bayesian entre cangrejos dulceacuícolas y acociles a lo largo de la network modelling. Environmental Modelling and Soft- zona mexicana de transición: revaluación de la hipótesis ware 37:134–145. de Rodríguez (1986) 83(4):1073–1083. Clearwater SJ, Wood SA, Phillips NR, Parkyn SM, Ginkel RV Aquiloni L, Gonçalves V, Inghilesi AF and Gherardi F (2012). and Thompson KJ (2012). Toxicity thresholds for juvenile Who's what? Prompt recognition of social status in cray- freshwater mussels Echyridella menziesii and crayfish fish. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 66(5):785–790. Paranephrops planifrons, after acute or chronic exposure Banzai K, Izumi S and Ohira T (2012). Molecular cloning and to Microcystis sp. Environmental Toxicology 13(4). expression analysis of cDNAs encoding an insulin-like an- Coughran J and Daly G (2012). Potential threats posed by a drogenic gland factor from three palaemonid species, translocated crayfish: the case of Cherax destructor in Macrobrachium lar, Palaemon paucidens and P. pacificus. coastal drainages of New South Wales, Australia. Crusta- Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly 46(1):105–114. cean Research Special Number 7:5–13. Bateman KS, Tew I, French C, Hicks RJ, Martin P, Munro J Coughran J, Dawkins KL, Hobson R and Furse JM (2012). and Stentiford GD (2012). Susceptibility to infection and Two new freshwater crayfishes (Decapoda: Parastacidae) pathogenicity of White Spot Disease (WSD) in non-model from Whitsunday Island, The Coral Sea, Australia. Crusta- crustacean host taxa from temperate regions. Journal of cean Research Special Number 7:45–57. Invertebrate Pathology 110(3):340–351. Coughran J and Furse JM (2012). Conservation of Freshwater Bentov S, Zaslansky P, Al-Sawalmih A, Masic A, Fratzl P, Crayfish in Australia. Crustacean Research Special Num- Sagi A, Berman A and Aichmayer B (2012). Enamel-like ber 7:25–34. apatite crown covering amorphous mineral in a crayfish da Silva-Castiglioni D, Dutra BK, Oliveira GT and Buckup L mandible. Nature Communications 3, 839. (2012). Comparison of the seasonal variation of the bio- Blair JM, Hicks BJ, Pitkethley R and Ling N (2012). Diet of chemical composition in two species of freshwater cray- rainbow trout in Lake Rotoiti: An energetic perspective. fish from southern Brazil. Animal Biology 62(1):53–82. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research Dawkins KL and Furse JM (2012). Conservation genetics as a 46(4):557–565. tool for conservation and management the native Japa- Bland LM, Collen B, Orme CDL and Bielby J (2012). Data un- nese freshwater crayfish Cambaroides japonicus (de certainty and the selectivity of extinction risk in freshwa- Haan). Crustacean Research Special Number 7:35–43. ter invertebrates. Diversity and Distributions Dawson NJ and Storey KB (2012). An enzymatic bridge be- 18(12):1211–1220. tween carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism: Regula- Boye JI, Danquah AO, Lam Thang C and Zhao X (2012). Food tion of glutamate dehydrogenase by reversible phosphor- Allergens. Pp. 798–819. ylation in a severe hypoxia-tolerant crayfish. Journal of Breinholt JW, Porter ML and Crandall KA (2012). Testing Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systemic, and phylogenetic hypotheses of the subgenera of the fresh- Environmental Physiology 182(3):331–340. water crayfish genus Cambarus (Decapoda: Cambaridae). Ellis A, Jackson MC, Jennings I, England J and Phillips R PLoS ONE 7(9), e46105. (2012). Present distribution and future spread of Louisi- Brown BL, Creed RP, Skelton J, Rollins MA and Farrell KJ ana red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Crustacea, (2012). The fine line between mutualism and parasitism: Decapoda, Astacida, Cambaridae) in Britain: Implications Complex effects in a cleaning symbiosis demonstrated by for conservation of native species and habitats. multiple field experiments. Oecologia 170(1):199–207. Knowledge and Management of Aquatic Ecosystems Browning JS and Landers SC (2012). Exuviotrophic apostome (406). ciliates from freshwater decapods in southern Alabama Faulkes Z, Feria TP and Muñoz J (2012). Do Marmorkrebs, (USA) and a description of Hyalophysa clampi n. sp. Procambarus fallax f. virginalis, threaten freshwater Japa- (Ciliophora, Apostomatida). European Journal of Protistol- nese ecosystems? Aquatic Biosystems 8(1). ogy 48(3):207–214. (Continued on page 18) Crayfish News  Volume 34 Issue 1-2: Page 20