Integrated Flood Management in Malaysia

Chukai Town, Kemaman Flood, 2013

Flood Risk Management Case Visit In Malaysia 8th July 2019 Bilik Dahlia, JPS Ampang 1 Presentation Outline 01 Introductions

02 Integrated Flood Management

03 Conclusions 1. Introduction

3 NATURAL DISASTER IN MALAYSIA

Floods Landslide Tropical Storm Earthquake

Kajang Town (2014) (2008) Pendang (2014) Ranau, Sabah (2015) Disaster Types

Land- Tropical Earth- Forest Flood Tsunami Haze Drought slide Storm quake Fire

Tsunami Peat Forest Fire Haze Droughts Kuala Muda, Kedah (2004) (2013) Kuala Lumpur (2014) Chuping, Perlis (2016)

Source: Malaysia: Disaster Management Reference Handbook, 2016 4 FLOOD PRONE AREA – Hotspots For Vulnerability

• Flood-prone areas ≈ 33,298 km2 out of 330,436 km2 (10.1%); • Population directly affected by flood ≈ 5.7million Malaysian (> 21%). • Estimated Flood Damage ≈ USD 278 Million (RM1.15 Billion) Source: Updating of Condition of Flooding, 2012 5 FLOOD EVENTS - MALAYSIA SCENARIO

1926 1949

1971 1996 FLOOD EVENTS - MALAYSIA SCENARIO East Coast Floods, Dec 2013 and Dec 2014

Chukai Town, Dec 2013 Kelantan, Dec 2014

Chukai Town, Dec 2013 Kelantan, Dec 2014 7 FLOODKuala EVENTSLumpur, Sept - MALAYSIA 2014 SCENARIO

Flooding in Kota Belud, Sabah, 2015 8 FLOOD EVENTS - MALAYSIA SCENARIO

Flooding in Pulau Pinang, 2017

9 LAST 20 YEARS WATER RELATED DISASTER IN MALAYSIA

Victims Year Flood Event Death Evacuated 1993 Sabah 27 22,000 1995 Shah Alam / Klang Valley, Klang, Selangor, 8 23,870 1996 Keningau, Sabah (Tropical Cyclone Greg) 238 39,687 1998 Pos Dipang, Perak; Kuala Lumpur 49 > 100 Keningau, Sabah, 1996 1999 Penampang, & Sandakan, Sabah 9 4,481 2000 Kg. La, Terengganu 6 - Kelantan, Pahang, Terengganu; Gunung Pulai, Johor; 2001 14 > 11,000 Besut, Marang, Terengganu 2006/07 Johor & Kelantan 18 110,000 Kota Belud, Sabah, 2015 2008 Johor 28 34,000 2010 Kedah & Perlis 4 50,000 Kemaman, Terengganu, Kuantan Pahang, Johor, 2013 3 >34,000 Kelantan 2014 Gua Musang, Kuala Krai, Kota Bharu Kelantan 25 500,000 2015 Kota Belud, Sabah - > 1,800 Pulau Pinang, 2017 2017 Pulau Pinang 7 > 2,000 10 Sources: Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia, Malaysian National Security Council and Chan (2012) Cause of Flood: Climate Change

11 EL NINO & LA NINA PATTERN

El Nino (Warm)

La Nina (Cool)

Jan 1950 Jan 2018

. El Nino and La Nina  global patterns of climatic variability; . El Nino  intensity and duration of events are varied and hard to predict.

Source: GGWS, 2018 12 RAINFALL EVENT TREND – More Extreme Wet Spells

No. of Wet Spells (Rainfall > 100mm/day) for 3 Consecutive Days 16 14 12 Increasing Trend 10 8

Occurrences 6 4

No. of 2 0

Decade Kota Bharu, Kelantan, 2014

. Increasing number of wet spells; . Leads to severe floods.

Source: Disaster and Climate Change Projection for Malaysia, 2016 13 MEAN ANNUAL RAINFALL - Trend

Chuping

40 Years 1978-2017

Hulu Terengganu Larut Matang

Padas Tawau

Baram Legend (MAR, mm)

Kuala Pilah

Source: Kajian Penyediaan Perubahan dan Taburan Hujan Di Malaysia (JPS-NAHRIM, 2018) 14 TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL – Peninsular Malaysia 10 Years

Legend (MAR, mm)

1978 - 1987 1988 – 1997 1998 - 2007 2008 - 2017

Source: Kajian Penyediaan Perubahan dan Taburan Hujan Di Malaysia (JPS-NAHRIM, 2018) 15 TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL – Sabah and Sarawak

10 Years

1978 - 1987 2008 - 2017

Legend (MAR, mm)

1988 – 1997 1998 - 2007

Source: Kajian Penyediaan Perubahan dan Taburan Hujan Di Malaysia (JPS-NAHRIM, 2018) 16 POSSIBLE FUTURE CLIMATE PROJECTION NORTHWEST Average Annual Rainfall & Mean Temperature (1984-93 vs 2025-34 & 2041-50) +1.80°C +6.2% RF NORTHEAST Projected change* in +1.88°C maximum monthly value +32.8% RF Regions / Sub-regions / States Temperature Rainfall (°C) (%) North East Region • Terengganu, Kelantan, Northeast-coast +1.88 +32.8 North West Region CENTRAL • Perlis (west coast), Perak, Kedah +1.80 +6.2 +1.38°C +8.0% RF Central Region • KL, Selangor, Pahang +1.38 +8.0 Southern Region +1.74 +2.9 SOUTHERN • Johor, Southern Peninsula +1.74°C *Change In Maximum Monthly Value +2.9% RF Source: NAHRIM, 2006 17 Cause of Flood: Human Intervention

18 EFFECT OF URBANIZATION

From Agriculture to Built up Area

19 EFFECT OF URBANIZATION

Sungai Miri River Basin in Sarawak 20 UNCONTROLLED DEVELOPMENT

 Human activity influences the frequency and severity of floods.  Extensive land clearing for agriculture  Loss of flood plain/ wetlands  Encroachment into flood plains

21 CONSTRICTION OF BRIDGE

22 CONSTRICTION OF UTILITY

23 GABBAGE DISPOSAL INTO THE RIVER

24 2. Integrated Flood Management

25 COMPONENT OF INTEGRATED FLOOD MANAGEMENT

1 2 3 Ensure a Integrated Land and Manage Water Participatory Water Management Cycle as a Whole Approach

6 5 4 Adopt Adopt Integrated Adopt a Best Mix of Environmental Hazard Strategies Enhancement Management

7 Introducing National Flood Management

Source: DID Manual 2009 STRUCTURAL MEASURE

6 RIVER AND PUMP DRAINAGE IMPROVEMENT 1

5

LEVEE/ BUND DAM

2 4 BY-PASS POND

3

27 NON STRUCTURAL MEASURE

6 FLOOD PLAIN DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT PLANNING 1 5 FLOOD EDUCATIONAL FORECASTING AND AWARENESS AND WARNING PROGRAMME SYSTEM

2 4 LAND USE FLOOD MAP PLANNING

3 FLOOD PROOFING

Guideline on Flood Proofing

29 STRATEGIES AND OPTIONS FOR INTEGRATED FLOOD MANAGEMENT 1 2 3 4 REDUCING PRESERVING THE NATURAL REDUCING SUSCEPTIBILITY TO MITIGATING THE IMPACTS FLOODING OF FLOODING RESOURCES OF FLOOD DAMAGE PLAINS Floodplain Regulation • Dams And Reservoirs • • Information And • Floodplain Zoning And Development And • Dikes, Levees And Flood • Education Regulation Embankments Redevelopment Policies • Disaster Preparedness Design And Location Of • High Flow Diversions • • Flood Insurance Facilities • Catchment Management Housing And Building • Channel Improvements • Codes • Flood Proofing • Flood Forecasting And Warning

30 Integrated Flood Management – Malaysia Initiatives

31 IMPLEMENTING THE STRUCTURAL MEASURES RTB LEMBAH BERTAM, CAMERON HIGHLANDS, PAHANG

Project Location 5 November 2014 2014 Six death due to landslide, one drowned and five injured. Submerged more than 20 houses. FLOODING ON 5 NOVEMBER 2014 RIVER IMPROVEMENT WORK CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGE

Bridge MDCH 1

Bridge MDCH 2 CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGE

Bridge MDCH 3

Bridge Kebun 1 dan 2 CONSTRUCTION OF DROP STRUCTURE

Drop Structure 1 - CH 100 Drop Structure 2 - CH 200

Drop Structure 3 - CH 300 Drop Structure 4 - CH 1450 CONSTRUCTION OF FLOOD WARNING SYSTEM

Stesen 1 - CH850 Stesen 2 - CH1700 Stesen 3 – CH6000

-Telemetry Rainfall - Water Level - Telemetry Rainfall - Siren - Web Camera - Water Level - Water Level - Web Camera PROJECT COMPLETED NOVEMBER 2016

40 IMPLEMENTING THE STRUCTURAL MEASURES KUALA LUMPUR FLOOD MANAGEMENT (KLFM)

1 STORMWATER MANAGEMENT AND ROAD TUNNEL (SMART) 2 FLOOD MITIGATION PROJEK SUNGAI BUNUS 3 FLOOD BYPASS GOMBAK AND KERUH BATU DAM KLANG GATES DAM (36.6 mcm) (25.1 mcm)

Gombak River Sg. Bunus Flood Keroh River Diversion (3.375 km) Mitigation Works Diversion Kolam ‘OS’ Kolam (2.2 km) Takungan Sri Rampai Jinjang Kolam Takungan ‘OS’ Jaya Batu Air Panas Kolam ‘OS’ Pulapol Kolam Kg Kolam Puah Boyan Kolam Kg Berembang

Kolam Kg Benteng

SMART Bypass PWTC Masjid Tunnel Jamek (9.7 km)

LOOD Kolam Taman Desa FMANAGEMENT 1. SMART – Flood Impact Area

Bridge Jalan Tun Perak

Masjid Jamek Confluent Sungai Gombak / Klang

Bangunan Sultan Abdul Samad

Dataran Merdeka

0.5 km2 – 700,000 people Damage cost USD 27.1 Million/Year (RM112 Million/Year) 1. SMART – Alignment

44 1. SMART – Event Mode 2, 3 and 4 (2007-2015)

182 event 81 event 5 event

Event mode 4 2008 2011 2012 1 event 1 event 3 event 2. FLOOD MITIGATION PROJECT SUNGAI BUNUS

Kawasan Kg.Bharu Jalan Tun Razak Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia

Sungai Bunus BERNAMA

Kolam Boyan 3. FLOOD BYPASS GOMBAK AND KERUH I S U N G A B A T U

OUTFALL STRUCTURE CONTROL CENTRE

GOMBAK DIV. KEROH DIV SLOPE PROTECTION IMPLEMENTING NON STRUCTURAL MEASURES FLOOD HAZARD MAPS (FHM)

. Malaysia has 189 River Basin . FHM completed: 20 River Basin, 19 River

48 FLOOD HAZARD MAPS (50 YEARS ARI) PLSB Sg Kemaman

Existing Condition Flood Mitigation Condition . Benefits to197,800 people . Protected area 30km2 Source: DID Malaysia, 2018 49 Challenges on Flood Management

50 THE CHALLENGES OF FLOOD MANAGEMENT

SECURING LIVELIHOODS 01 Increased population pressure and enhanced economic activities in floodplains, further increase the risk of flooding. Floodplains provide excellent, technically easy livelihood opportunities in many cases

RAPID URBANIZATION Urbanization causes changes in the hydrological response of watersheds, and affects landforms, 02 water quality and habitat. Population growth and migration towards unplanned urban settlements in the floodplains of developing countries increase the vulnerability of the poorest sectors of society to flooding. THE ILLUSION OF ABSOLUTE SAFETY FROM FLOODING Designing for high frequency floods entails a greater risk of disastrous consequences when more 03 extreme events take place. Failures can occur when some structural measures are inadequately maintained due to long-term disuse or lack of finances, and may no longer function properly.

ECOSYSTEM APPROACH IRBM + IWRM + IFM : encompass the main principles of the ecosystem approach by considering the entire 04 basin ecosystem as a unit and by accounting for the effects of economic interventions in the basin as a whole. CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND CHANGE 05 Climate change poses a major conceptual challenge as it shakes the foundation of the normal assumption that the long-term historical hydrological conditions will continue into the future. Tackling climate change requires leadership, vision, capacity, and resources beyond our experiences to date. Way Forward

52 Flood Damage Assessment Flood Extent Map (Various ARI)

Flood Damage Map (Various ARI)

Multiply Unit Damage Rates with Relevant Damage Factor Flood Risk Map for each pixel

Sum the results of the multiplication to produce the weighted average damage for each pixel. Develop Masterplan/Feasibility Study Establish Community-led CEPA (Communication, Education and Public Awareness) Program through Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) Program. DRR is the concept and practice of reducing disaster risks through systematic efforts to analyse and reduce the causal factors of disasters. It aims at reducing the damage caused by natural hazards like earthquakes, floods, and landslides, through an ethic of prevention. 3. Conclusion

55 Conclusion Integrated Flood Management

The most successful long- Understanding the required term flood management resources, the best and strategies will balance the implementation of short-run, worst case scenarios and the quick gain, non- structural tipping points at which action measures with a vision of the becomes imperative, rather best suite of structural and non- than justified, can lead to structural measures to be better decisions. implemented for the longer term; Thank You

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