Integrated Flood Management in Malaysia Chukai Town, Kemaman Flood, 2013 Flood Risk Management Case Visit In Malaysia 8th July 2019 Bilik Dahlia, JPS Ampang 1 Presentation Outline 01 Introductions 02 Integrated Flood Management 03 Conclusions 1. Introduction 3 NATURAL DISASTER IN MALAYSIA Floods Landslide Tropical Storm Earthquake Kajang Town (2014) Kuala Lumpur (2008) Pendang (2014) Ranau, Sabah (2015) Disaster Types Land- Tropical Earth- Forest Flood Tsunami Haze Drought slide Storm quake Fire Tsunami Peat Forest Fire Haze Droughts Kuala Muda, Kedah (2004) Selangor (2013) Kuala Lumpur (2014) Chuping, Perlis (2016) Source: Malaysia: Disaster Management Reference Handbook, 2016 4 FLOOD PRONE AREA – Hotspots For Vulnerability • Flood-prone areas ≈ 33,298 km2 out of 330,436 km2 (10.1%); • Population directly affected by flood ≈ 5.7million Malaysian (> 21%). • Estimated Flood Damage ≈ USD 278 Million (RM1.15 Billion) Source: Updating of Condition of Flooding, 2012 5 FLOOD EVENTS - MALAYSIA SCENARIO 1926 1949 1971 1996 FLOOD EVENTS - MALAYSIA SCENARIO East Coast Floods, Dec 2013 and Dec 2014 Chukai Town, Dec 2013 Kelantan, Dec 2014 Chukai Town, Dec 2013 Kelantan, Dec 2014 7 FLOODKuala EVENTSLumpur, Sept - MALAYSIA 2014 SCENARIO Flooding in Kota Belud, Sabah, 2015 8 FLOOD EVENTS - MALAYSIA SCENARIO Flooding in Pulau Pinang, 2017 9 LAST 20 YEARS WATER RELATED DISASTER IN MALAYSIA Victims Year Flood Event Death Evacuated 1993 Sabah 27 22,000 1995 Shah Alam / Klang Valley, Klang, Selangor, 8 23,870 1996 Keningau, Sabah (Tropical Cyclone Greg) 238 39,687 1998 Pos Dipang, Perak; Kuala Lumpur 49 > 100 Keningau, Sabah, 1996 1999 Penampang, & Sandakan, Sabah 9 4,481 2000 Kg. La, Terengganu 6 - Kelantan, Pahang, Terengganu; Gunung Pulai, Johor; 2001 14 > 11,000 Besut, Marang, Terengganu 2006/07 Johor & Kelantan 18 110,000 Kota Belud, Sabah, 2015 2008 Johor 28 34,000 2010 Kedah & Perlis 4 50,000 Kemaman, Terengganu, Kuantan Pahang, Johor, 2013 3 >34,000 Kelantan 2014 Gua Musang, Kuala Krai, Kota Bharu Kelantan 25 500,000 2015 Kota Belud, Sabah - > 1,800 Pulau Pinang, 2017 2017 Pulau Pinang 7 > 2,000 10 Sources: Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia, Malaysian National Security Council and Chan (2012) Cause of Flood: Climate Change 11 EL NINO & LA NINA PATTERN El Nino (Warm) La Nina (Cool) Jan 1950 Jan 2018 . El Nino and La Nina global patterns of climatic variability; . El Nino intensity and duration of events are varied and hard to predict. Source: GGWS, 2018 12 RAINFALL EVENT TREND – More Extreme Wet Spells No. of Wet Spells (Rainfall > 100mm/day) for 3 Consecutive Days 16 14 12 Increasing Trend 10 8 Occurrences 6 4 No. of 2 0 Decade Kota Bharu, Kelantan, 2014 . Increasing number of wet spells; . Leads to severe floods. Source: Disaster and Climate Change Projection for Malaysia, 2016 13 MEAN ANNUAL RAINFALL - Trend Chuping 40 Years 1978-2017 Hulu Terengganu Larut Matang Padas Tawau Baram Legend (MAR, mm) Kuala Pilah Source: Kajian Penyediaan Perubahan dan Taburan Hujan Di Malaysia (JPS-NAHRIM, 2018) 14 TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL – Peninsular Malaysia 10 Years Legend (MAR, mm) 1978 - 1987 1988 – 1997 1998 - 2007 2008 - 2017 Source: Kajian Penyediaan Perubahan dan Taburan Hujan Di Malaysia (JPS-NAHRIM, 2018) 15 TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL – Sabah and Sarawak 10 Years 1978 - 1987 2008 - 2017 Legend (MAR, mm) 1988 – 1997 1998 - 2007 Source: Kajian Penyediaan Perubahan dan Taburan Hujan Di Malaysia (JPS-NAHRIM, 2018) 16 POSSIBLE FUTURE CLIMATE PROJECTION NORTHWEST Average Annual Rainfall & Mean Temperature (1984-93 vs 2025-34 & 2041-50) +1.80°C +6.2% RF NORTHEAST Projected change* in +1.88°C maximum monthly value +32.8% RF Regions / Sub-regions / States Temperature Rainfall (°C) (%) North East Region • Terengganu, Kelantan, Northeast-coast +1.88 +32.8 North West Region CENTRAL • Perlis (west coast), Perak, Kedah +1.80 +6.2 +1.38°C +8.0% RF Central Region • KL, Selangor, Pahang +1.38 +8.0 Southern Region +1.74 +2.9 SOUTHERN • Johor, Southern Peninsula +1.74°C *Change In Maximum Monthly Value +2.9% RF Source: NAHRIM, 2006 17 Cause of Flood: Human Intervention 18 EFFECT OF URBANIZATION From Agriculture to Built up Area 19 EFFECT OF URBANIZATION Sungai Miri River Basin in Sarawak 20 UNCONTROLLED DEVELOPMENT Human activity influences the frequency and severity of floods. Extensive land clearing for agriculture Loss of flood plain/ wetlands Encroachment into flood plains 21 CONSTRICTION OF BRIDGE 22 CONSTRICTION OF UTILITY 23 GABBAGE DISPOSAL INTO THE RIVER 24 2. Integrated Flood Management 25 COMPONENT OF INTEGRATED FLOOD MANAGEMENT 1 2 3 Ensure a Integrated Land and Manage Water Participatory Water Management Cycle as a Whole Approach 6 5 4 Adopt Adopt Integrated Adopt a Best Mix of Environmental Hazard Strategies Enhancement Management 7 Introducing National Flood Management Source: DID Manual 2009 STRUCTURAL MEASURE 6 RIVER AND PUMP DRAINAGE IMPROVEMENT 1 5 LEVEE/ BUND DAM 2 4 BY-PASS POND 3 27 NON STRUCTURAL MEASURE 6 FLOOD PLAIN DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT PLANNING 1 5 FLOOD EDUCATIONAL FORECASTING AND AWARENESS AND WARNING PROGRAMME SYSTEM 2 4 LAND USE FLOOD MAP PLANNING 3 FLOOD PROOFING Guideline on Flood Proofing 29 STRATEGIES AND OPTIONS FOR INTEGRATED FLOOD MANAGEMENT 1 2 3 4 REDUCING PRESERVING THE NATURAL REDUCING SUSCEPTIBILITY TO MITIGATING THE IMPACTS FLOODING OF FLOODING RESOURCES OF FLOOD DAMAGE PLAINS Floodplain Regulation • Dams And Reservoirs • • Information And • Floodplain Zoning And Development And • Dikes, Levees And Flood • Education Regulation Embankments Redevelopment Policies • Disaster Preparedness Design And Location Of • High Flow Diversions • • Flood Insurance Facilities • Catchment Management Housing And Building • Channel Improvements • Codes • Flood Proofing • Flood Forecasting And Warning 30 Integrated Flood Management – Malaysia Initiatives 31 IMPLEMENTING THE STRUCTURAL MEASURES RTB LEMBAH BERTAM, CAMERON HIGHLANDS, PAHANG Project Location 5 November 2014 2014 Six death due to landslide, one drowned and five injured. Submerged more than 20 houses. FLOODING ON 5 NOVEMBER 2014 RIVER IMPROVEMENT WORK CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGE Bridge MDCH 1 Bridge MDCH 2 CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGE Bridge MDCH 3 Bridge Kebun 1 dan 2 CONSTRUCTION OF DROP STRUCTURE Drop Structure 1 - CH 100 Drop Structure 2 - CH 200 Drop Structure 3 - CH 300 Drop Structure 4 - CH 1450 CONSTRUCTION OF FLOOD WARNING SYSTEM Stesen 1 - CH850 Stesen 2 - CH1700 Stesen 3 – CH6000 -Telemetry Rainfall - Water Level - Telemetry Rainfall - Siren - Web Camera - Water Level - Water Level - Web Camera PROJECT COMPLETED NOVEMBER 2016 40 IMPLEMENTING THE STRUCTURAL MEASURES KUALA LUMPUR FLOOD MANAGEMENT (KLFM) 1 STORMWATER MANAGEMENT AND ROAD TUNNEL (SMART) 2 FLOOD MITIGATION PROJEK SUNGAI BUNUS 3 FLOOD BYPASS GOMBAK AND KERUH BATU DAM KLANG GATES DAM (36.6 mcm) (25.1 mcm) Gombak River Sg. Bunus Flood Keroh River Diversion (3.375 km) Mitigation Works Diversion Kolam ‘OS’ Kolam (2.2 km) Takungan Sri Rampai Setapak Jinjang Kolam Takungan ‘OS’ Jaya Batu Air Panas Kolam ‘OS’ Pulapol Titiwangsa Kolam Kg Kolam Puah Boyan Kolam Kg Berembang Kolam Kg Benteng SMART Bypass PWTC Masjid Tunnel Jamek (9.7 km) LOOD Kolam Taman Desa FMANAGEMENT 1. SMART – Flood Impact Area Bridge Jalan Tun Perak Masjid Jamek Confluent Sungai Gombak / Klang Bangunan Sultan Abdul Samad Dataran Merdeka 0.5 km2 – 700,000 people Damage cost USD 27.1 Million/Year (RM112 Million/Year) 1. SMART – Alignment 44 1. SMART – Event Mode 2, 3 and 4 (2007-2015) 182 event 81 event 5 event Event mode 4 2008 2011 2012 1 event 1 event 3 event 2. FLOOD MITIGATION PROJECT SUNGAI BUNUS Kawasan Kg.Bharu Jalan Tun Razak Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia Sungai Bunus BERNAMA Kolam Boyan 3. FLOODBYPASS GOMBAK AND KERUH STRUCTURE OUTFALL OUTFALL CONTROL CENTRE S U N G A I B A T U SLOPE PROTECTION SLOPE GOMBAK DIV. KEROH DIV IMPLEMENTING NON STRUCTURAL MEASURES FLOOD HAZARD MAPS (FHM) . Malaysia has 189 River Basin . FHM completed: 20 River Basin, 19 River 48 FLOOD HAZARD MAPS (50 YEARS ARI) PLSB Sg Kemaman Existing Condition Flood Mitigation Condition . Benefits to197,800 people . Protected area 30km2 Source: DID Malaysia, 2018 49 Challenges on Flood Management 50 THE CHALLENGES OF FLOOD MANAGEMENT SECURING LIVELIHOODS 01 Increased population pressure and enhanced economic activities in floodplains, further increase the risk of flooding. Floodplains provide excellent, technically easy livelihood opportunities in many cases RAPID URBANIZATION Urbanization causes changes in the hydrological response of watersheds, and affects landforms, 02 water quality and habitat. Population growth and migration towards unplanned urban settlements in the floodplains of developing countries increase the vulnerability of the poorest sectors of society to flooding. THE ILLUSION OF ABSOLUTE SAFETY FROM FLOODING Designing for high frequency floods entails a greater risk of disastrous consequences when more 03 extreme events take place. Failures can occur when some structural measures are inadequately maintained due to long-term disuse or lack of finances, and may no longer function properly. ECOSYSTEM APPROACH IRBM + IWRM + IFM : encompass the main principles of the ecosystem approach by considering the entire 04 basin ecosystem as a unit and by accounting for the effects of economic interventions in the basin as a whole. CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND CHANGE 05 Climate change poses a major conceptual challenge as it shakes the foundation of the normal assumption that the long-term historical hydrological conditions