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Historical Seismicity in the Southern Appalachian Seismic Zone by D. J

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Historical Seismicity in the Southern Appalachian Seismic Zone by D. J DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Historical Seismicity in the Southern Appalachian Seismic Zone by D. J. Reinbold and A. C. Johnston* Open-File Report 87-433 U.S. Geological Survey Contract Report This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards (and stratigraphic nomenclature). Any use of.trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the USGS. *Tennessee Earthquake Information Center Memphis State University Memphis/ Tennessee HISTORICAL SEISMICITY IN THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN SEISMIC ZONE ABSTRACT This report presents the result of an effort to compile as complete and accurate an historical earthquake catalog as is possible for the Southern Appalachian Seismic Zone (SASZ). This catalog is unique in that substantially all of the supporting documentation is provided as an integral part of the history. Consistent and methodical interpretation of intensity and location is maintained throughout. New formulae developed by Sibol and others (1986) for converting epicentral intensity and felt area to magnitude are used. The equation relating mb to lo and felt area is thought to provide the best estimates yet of magnitudes for non-instrumental earthquakes in the SASZ. Additionally, depth of focus estimates are made. Four events mb >5.0 are listed among the 166 events that comprise this catalog. The largest event is the Modified Mercalli intensity VIII, 1897 Giles County, Virginia earthquake, mb = 5.6 (this study). Recurrence curves are plotted for both intensity and magnitude data. These suggest that an intensity VII (mb X5.0) should be expected roughly every 20-40 years. The last events in the SASZ generating intensity VII occurred in 1916. INTRODUCTION This report presents the results of a new study of the historical seismicity of an area of the sOUTHEAStern United States known as the Southern Appalachian Seismic Zone (SASZ). It is intended to complement current and ongoing instrumental studies that began in 1977 and therefore provide an improved data base for seismic hazard assessment of the region. The Southern Appalachian Seismic Network (SARSN) achieved a locational capability in mid-1981, and the network was substantially completed by the end of 1983. Johnston and others (1985) reported more than 100 new or relocated hypocenters obtained from the initial 2 1/2 years of operation; through 1985, there have been more than 230 earthquakes located (TEIC Bulletin, 1986). Although these data are of high quality and are accumulating rapidly, a significantly longer time is needed to make judgements about recurrence intervals and maximum possible earthquakes. Therefore, a reliance on historical (non-instrumental) seismicity is mandated. Bollinger (1975) published a comprehensive seismic catalog for the entire southeastern United States which has been the key reference for historical seismicity in this area for a decade. This study focuses on the Southern Appalachian Seismic Zone (SASZ), which is a relatively small part of Bollinger's area and contains the area monitored by SARSN. Its purpose was to compile as complete and accurate a catalog of earthquakes as is possible from historical data. This was accomplished by adding significantly to the data base used by Bollinger from both published (e.g., journal articles, contemporary newspapers) and non-published (e.g., personal files) sources. The first catalog entry is November 1776, and entries extends through 1976, the year preceding the first published instrumental data bulletin (SEUSSN Bulletin, Bollinger and others, 1978-1984). Only events that were reported as being felt are included. Contributions of data from 176 different published papers and/or reports and more than 100 different newspapers were used to obtain a working data base in excess of 400 events for the SASZ and surrounding area (exclusive of Charleston, SC). It was necessary to compile a list of events for a wide area around the SASZ in addition to those within. This was done so that a felt report recorded from a location within the study area that may have been the result of a large, distant earthquake could be properly associated; delineation of felt areas for events originating within the SASZ also requires felt information from outside the zone. Evaluation and interpretation of the volumes of data for these events resulted in a catalog of 166 earthquakes that originated and were felt in the SASZ. (Most events identified as foreshocks or aftershocks are not listed separately.) Location, epicentral intensity (lo), and felt area are the critical interpreted parameters. Magnitudes (mb) and depth of focus estimates are additional derived parameters, using techniques described later in the report. Table 1 is a summary listing of source information for all events of this compilation; felt area maps for 94 of the events can be found in Appendix A. A catalog documenting all relevant data for each event constitutes Appendix B. The Appendices are bound separately from this report. SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN SEISMIC ZONE (SASZ) The Southern Appalachian Seismic Zone (SASZ) has been a source of moderate seismic energy release for at least 200 years. The area referred to in this study is essentially the same as that delineated by Bollinger (1973); its boundaries are shown in Figure 1. The SASZ lies primarily in the Valley and Ridge and Blue Ridge physiographic provinces of eastern Tennessee and Western North Carolina and includes parts of the states of of Virginia, Vest Virginia, Kentucky, South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama. The boundaries extend from the Table 1. Historical Earthquakes in the Southern Appalachian Seismic Zone: 1776 through 1976 DATE TIME NLAT WLON LOCALITY FELT AREA lo mb (km2) 1776 Noy 5 P- m. 35 .4 83. 0 Richland Balsam, NC IV 3.1 1825 36 .2 81. 2 Wilkesboro, NC III 2.8 1827 May 11 P- m. 36 .2 81. 2 Wilkesboro, NC 1, 800 IV 3.1 14 1829 35 .2 83. 8 Andrews, NC 1836 May 7 36 .0 83. 9 Knoxville, TN III 2.8 1844 Jun 35 .4 83. 4 Bryson City, NC 1844 Nov 28 13 :00 35 .8 84. 0 Maryville, TN 2, 900 VI 3.7 6 1848 35 .5 82. 2 Stone Mt. , NC 1851 Aug 11 01 :55 35 .6 82. 6 Asheville, NC V 3.5 1852 Apr 29 18 :00 36 .7 82. 0 Abingdon, VA 274,000 VII 5.0 13 1852 May 3 08 :00 36 .7 82. 0 Abingdon, VA III 2.8 1852 Sep 18 36 .7 82. 0 Abingdon, VA III 2.8 1854 Feb 13 00 :00 37 .2 83. 8 Manchester, KY III 2.8 1854 Nov 22 21 :00 37 .1 81. 5 Tazewell, VA III 2.8 1857 Dec 11 03 :00 37 .8 80. 4 Levisburg, WV III 2.8 1859 Mar 22 37 .1 81. 5 Jef fersonville, VA IV 3.1 1861 Aug 31 10 :22 36 .2 81. 2 Wilkesboro, NC 586,000 VI 4.9 23 1874 Feb 22 35 .5 82. 2 Stone Mt., NC 1875 Nov 12 08 :00 36 .0 83. 9 Knoxville, TN III 2.8 1876 Jan 23 35 .5 82. 2 Stone Mt. , NC 1876 Dec 21 15 :30 37 .0 81. 1 Wytheville, VA III 2.8 1877 Apr 26 22 :00 35 .2 83. 4 Franklin, NC III 2.8 1877 May 25 36 .0 83. 9 Knoxville, TN III 2.8 1877 Oct 9 01 :00 35 .3 82. 5 Hendersonville, NC 1, 200 IV 3.1 13 1877 Nov 16 08 :38 36 .0 83. 9 Knoxville, TN 3, 200 IV 3.2 15 1878 Nov 23 15 :00 35 .1 84. 0 Murphy, NC III 2.8 1880 Jan 28 35 .5 82. 2 Stone Mt., NC IV 3.1 1882 Oct 15 17 :30 35 .1 84. 0 Murphy, NC III 2.8 1884 Jan 35 .5 82. 2 Stone Mt. , NC 1884 Apr 30 11 :46 35 .2 84. 2 Ogreeta, NC II 2.6 1884 Summer 35 .7 82. 5 Elk Mt., NC IV 3.1 1884 Aug 25 00 :45 36 .0 83. 9 Knoxville, TN IV 3.1 1885 Feb 2 12 :10 37 .0 81. 1 Wytheville, VA IV 3.1 1885 Aug 13 13 :00 36 .1 81. 7 Blowing Rock, NC 500 IV 2.9 11 1886 Sep 25 02 :56 37 .0 81. 1 Wytheville, VA III 2.8 1888 Mar 17 36 .3 82. 5 Jonesboro, TN III 2.8 1889 Sep 28 P- m. 35 .1 84. 6 Parksville, TN III 2.8 1892 Dec 2 08 :00 35 .0 85. 3 Chattanooga, TN 1, 900 V 3.4 9 1897 May 3 17 :18 37 .1 80. 6 Radford, VA 47 ,000 VI 4.2 12 1897 May 31 19 :00 37 .3 80. 7 Pearisburg, VA 725,000 VIII 5.6 13 1897 Jun 29 04 :00 37 .3 80. 7 Pearisburg, VA 12 ,000 V 3.7 13 1897 Sep 3 11 :00 37 .3 80. 7 Pearisburg, VA 2, 000 IV 3.2 14 1897 Oct 22 03 :25 37 .3 80. 0 Salem, VA 36 ,000 V 3.9 16 1898 Feb 5 20 :02 37 .1 80. 7 Dublin, VA 50 ,000 VI 4.3 12 1898 Nov 25 20 :10 37 .1 80. 6 East Radford, VA 92 ,000 V 4.2 21 1899 Feb 13 09 :30 37 .1 81. 5 Tazewell, VA 115,000 V 4.2 22 1902 May 18 04 :00 37 .3 80. 7 Pearisburg, VA V 3.5 1902 May 29 07 :30 35 .0 85. 3 Chattanooga, TN IV 3.1 DATE TIME NLAT VLON LOCALITY FELT AREA lo mb (km2) 1902 Oct 18 22 :00 35.
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