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Submerged Aquatic Vegetation Initiative and Photosynthetically Active Radiation

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Submerged Aquatic Vegetation Initiative and Photosynthetically Active Radiation Special Publication SJ93-SP13 PROCEEDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS OF WORKSHOPS ON: SUBMERGED AQUATIC VEGETATION INITIATIVE AND PHOTOSYNTHETICALLY ACTIVE RADIATION Melbourne, Florida July 16-17,1992 and January 7-8,1993 'X... Edited by Lori J. Morris St. Johns River Water Management District and David A. Tomasko Sarasota Bay National Estuary Program Sponsored by Indian River Lagoon National Estuary Program Melbourne, Florida St. Johns River Water Management District Palatka, Florida 1993 Proceedings and Conclusions ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A special acknowledgment goes to Amy Hart of the Indian River Lagoon National Estuary Program (IRLNEP). Amy prepared and edited the initial document published by the IRLNEP, "Proceedings and Conclusions for the Submerged Aquatic Vegetation Initiative," which served as a precursor for this document. We would like to thank the guest speakers who participated in these workshops and shared their knowledge and expertise, without whose input these workshops would not have been successful. In particular, we thank the workshop moderator Daniel Haunert of the South Florida Water Management District and those who assisted in planning the workshops, Dr. Judson Kenworthy of the NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service, Dr. Robert Virnstein of the St. Johns River Water Management District (SJRWMD), and Derek Busby and Amy Hart of the Indian River Lagoon National Estuary Program. A special thanks goes to the SJRWMD's Department of Ground Water & Technical Support and Division of Public Information. We are especially grateful to Linda Girardin, Senior Technical Report Editor, for all her endless hours of support and patience; and Debra Myers, Graphics Production Coordinator, for all her assistance with the graphics and the cover. Correct citation of this report is: Morris, L.J., and D.A. Tomasko (eds.). 1993. Proceedings and Conclusions of Workshops on: Submerged Aquatic Vegetation and Photosynthetically Active Radiation. Special Publication SJ93-SP13. Palatka, Fla.: St. Johns River Water Management District. St. Johns River Water Management District U SAVI/PAR Executive Summary EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Derek S. Busby, Project Director Indian River Lagoon National Estuary Program and Robert W. Virnstein, Ph.D. SL Johns River Water Management District Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) is perhaps the most important habitat in the Indian River Lagoon system. SAV ecosystems (seagrass and macroalgae) are highly productive areas that exhibit levels of primary productivity that often exceed highly manipulated croplands. SAV also provides: (1) crucial habitats for numerous invertebrates and fishes; (2) major contributions to the Lagoon in detrital food web; (3) critical areas for nutrient cycling; and (4) sediment stabilization and shoreline protection. Maintaining and enhancing this critical habitat is a goal of both the Surface Water Improvement and Management (SWIM) Program and the Indian River Lagoon National Estuary Program (IRLNEP). Over the past 20 years, losses of SAV coverage in some areas of the Indian River Lagoon have exceeded 95 percent, while the SAV acreage in other areas has remained stable and highly productive. Reduced light transmittance, increased particulate loadings, and epiphytic growths have all been implicated in this loss of SAV. The Submerged Aquatic Vegetation Initiative (SAVI, which is included in Appendix I) is critical to the management of the Indian River Lagoon. This initiative represents our efforts to protect and restore the most critical habitat component of this diverse estuary. Seagrasses and other submerged vegetation are not only important from an ecological standpoint but are also recognized as an indicator of the overall health of the system. The SAVI has a simple goal: "to maintain or improve water clarity to a point that submerged aquatic vegetation could increase bottom coverage throughout the Lagoon to a depth of two meters." This goal and the concepts outlined within the SWIM and IRLNEP Hi Proceedings and Conclusions SAVL are built upon past work both here and in other parts of the country. In the Indian River Lagoon region, the use of submerged vegetation as an indicator of water quality was first explored during a workshop hosted by the South Florida Water Management District during November of 1990. That workshop served to summarize the scientific knowledge regarding the light requirements of seagrasses and examined the potential effects of reduced water transparency upon the survival, distribution, and abundance of seagrasses. It also explored the ability of existing water quality standards to protect seagrasses from deteriorating water quality. During July of 1992, the IRLNEP sponsored a follow-up workshop to allow scientists, planners, IRLNEP project staff, and various agency personnel to discuss and develop consensus about the SAV Initiative and to explore the means to accomplish the five tasks outlined within the initiative. (The proceedings of the 1992 workshop are incorporated into this publication.) These tasks include: (1) Conducting an inventory of SAV throughout the Indian River Lagoon system. (2) Analyzing the factors causing loss of SAV. (3) Developing recommendations for controlling factors causing SAV decline. (4) Developing recommendations for strategies and methodologies to maintain existing SAV habitat and to restore or rehabilitate SAV in impacted areas. (5) Developing recommendations for the continued assessment of SAV. At the 1992 workshop, participants agreed that the St. Johns River Water Management District (SJRWMD) will complete the 1992 SAV inventory for the Lagoon system and that the analysis of factors causing SAV loss will be addressed by existing and proposed water quality monitoring programs. The last three tasks will be completed through the SAV Initiative. A consensus was reached at this workshop on the importance of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in the Lagoon. PAR is a measure of the light available for photosynthesis. All plants, including submerged species such as seagrasses, require light to survive and flourish. Where light penetration is St. Johns River Water Management District iv SAVI/PAR Executive Summary reduced, seagrass acreage is also reduced, becoming either nonexistent or largely limited to shallow waters. PAR data can be used to calculate the coefficient of light extinction, (K value) as a measure of the transparency of the water column. The higher the coefficient of light extinction, the less light will penetrate the water column. As proposed by the SAV Initiative, PAR data can also be used in combination with water quality data to calculate "target" concentrations for certain parameters known to affect the transparency of the water column. These parameters include total suspended solids, chlorophyll, and color. These target concentrations can then be used to focus management activities which reduce the amounts of critical pollutants entering the Lagoon from the watershed. Reduced pollutant concentrations will in turn increase transparency, allowing deeper light penetration, and providing conditions favorable for seagrass reestablishment. The SAV Initiative was conceived with the idea of developing standards to measure water quality on a watershed basis. At the workshop, participants agreed that the Initiative supports similar on-going research in the Chesapeake Bay, as well as that being conducted by Dr. Judson Kenworthy of the National Marine Fisheries Service. Essentially, the SAV Initiative will employ a model developed by Kenworthy during his dissertation (1992). Kenworthy's proposed model (see Appendix II) for improving the transparency standard incorporates a five step process and is intended to be waterbody specific. These steps are: "(1) the aerial coverage of the seagrass species pool is determined for the Indian River Lagoon. This aerial coverage will establish a status quo for the waterbody and can be compared to historical data. (2) Concurrently, a systematic water quality sampling program is established that incorporates a pilot sampling design to determine the space and frequency for measuring the diffuse attenuation coefficient, K. The background values and average K value are determined from a final sampling plan so that the percent of incident light reaching any depth in the water body can be estimated. SWIM and IRLNEP V Proceedings and Conclusions (3) Desirable seagrass coverage goals are established by a management plan. In this step, bathymetric maps of the water body are compared to seagrass depth distributions to determine the K values that would be required to achieve the desired coverage. (4) The K values are related to functional water quality parameters (turbidity, chlorophyll, and color) to evaluate which factors are most influential in determining transparency and ultimately, the aerial extent of seagrass coverage. (5) Once these factors are determined and their sources identified, a plan is implemented to manage the reduction of inputs from the sources considered detrimental to transparency of the waterbody (Kirk, 1988)." The five-step strategy documented by Kenworthy is related to the fact that K is the most important component driving basin management. By manipulating the K value and related parameters, scientists may insure that seagrasses will grow to a certain depth. Essentially, a preferred K will be developed and used to improve water quality in the basin, based on empirical data. From this workshop it became clear that the next step in the SAV Initiative was to develop a protocol to
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