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The Mosque in Britain: British Heritage? - Page 1 The Mosque in Britain: British Heritage? - page 1 The Mosque in Britain: British Heritage? Image: ‘Where The Two Oceans Meet’ by British Muslim Artist Ahmed Moustafa. Architectural Association School of Architecture Post Graduate Diploma In The Conservation of Historic Buildings Waleed Arafa Hassan - May 2015 Abstract The Mosque in Britain: British Heritage? - page 2 Abstract This thesis is primarily dedicated to evaluating British mosques and their standing within British Heritage; past, present and their potential in the future. I am arguing that the Mosque in Britain is misunderstood, under-studied, under-valued and under-threat. This situation is contrary to that of any building typology celebrated as British Heritage. Further aims are to demonstrate and discuss: Historical roots and developments of mosques in Britain. Mosque architecture as a question. To be answered from the Islamic point of view that no mosque, regardless of its location would be considered to be ‘Islamic’ unless it is fully integrated with its surroundings both in time and loci. Therefore, in this case, no mosque is Islamic unless it is considered to be truly British. The opportunities of the Mosque in Britain, not only in contributing to British Heritage, but rethinking mosque architecture worldwide. My aims are achieved through: Presenting a brief account of Islam as a religion, its civilization, and main architectural principles. The principal sources for this account, are the writings of prominent scholars of Islamic studies, in addition to my life-long research as a practicing Muslim architect. Presenting a brief history of British Muslims and the establishment of their mosques, their different types, and development in writing and pictures; achieved through a literature search. Presenting three case studies of mosques in Britain, examining their setting, history, architecture, and conservation. This was achieved through literature search and field inspections of all three cases. The inspections involved examining the fabric and comparing my findings with the available data in documents, old drawings and photos. It also involved a full site analysis; measurements, identifying materials and photographic documentation of the exteriors and interiors. The study chapters that follow prove that the original hypotheses stated are generally accurate. The conclusion contains recommendations, which I believe should improve the situation for the Mosque in Britain, as well as that of British Heritage at large. Final word count 24,379 The Mosque in Britain: British Heritage? - page 3 Contents Introduction:.............................................................................................................................4 Importance of the topic Scope Methodology Chapter 1: Islam.......................................................................................................................5 1.1 Religion 1.2 Civilization 1.3 Architecture Chapter 2: The Mosque...........................................................................................................14 2.1 Meaning and essence 2.2 Function and architectural program 2.3 Origin and development Chapter 3: Islam and Muslims in Britain...............................................................................28 3.1 History 3.2 Today Chapter 4: The Mosque in Britain.........................................................................................38 4.1 Overview 4.2 Figures and facts (Listed, important unlisted) 4.3 Pictorial survey (Listed and important unlisted) Case Studies:............................................................................................................................44 Chapter 5: Conversion: The Quilliam Mosque, Liverpool...................................................45 Chapter 6: Purpose-built Community Mosque: The Woking ‘Shah Jahan’, Surrey..........71 Chapter 7: Islamic Centre: London Central Mosque ‘Regent’s Park’...............................109 Chapter 8: Conclusions...........................................................................................................149 Endnotes References Bibliography Appendices List of Illustrations Introduction The Mosque in Britain: British Heritage? - page 4 Introduction Importance of the topic: The scarcity of scholarly work on mosques in Britain, the most important communal building for British Muslims comprising the second largest religious group in Britain, is unjustified. The mosque has been a component of the British architectural environment since the late 19th century; however, it has not been given proper attention in studies of architecture and conservation. Heritage is a live document, ever expanding, reflecting changes in value and significance. A heritage-less citizen or group of citizens is less likely to belong and contribute to their culture and society. The British society is a multi-cultural one, thus British Heritage must acknowledge and include multiple narratives and allow a more inclusive and wholesome British Heritage to flourish, not out of political correctness, rather in hopes of reaping fruits that can be borne by a less- selective and more complete British collective memory. Scope: This thesis intends to briefly cover the tenets, history and meaning, of Islam, especially within a British context, with a focus on its most important physical manifestation: the mosque. In doing so, I hope to highlight the values, which particularly establish, in their total sum the significance for mosques in Britain. I also hope to comment on the implications of my findings on mosque conservation practices and aims in the past, present and the future. My study focuses on buildings, which are considered to be, indisputably, mosques. It should be noted that there are several buildings of architectural significance that have been omitted from this study. This is due to the nature of establishment and practice of these buildings and their ‘claim’ to be mosques which sit outside the beliefs of Islam. I intend to revisit the notion of Significance in light of the findings contained within this research and its consequent implications on both designation and conservation practices concerning British Muslim buildings in general and the mosque in particular. This attempt intends to place British Islam and it’s most important public and physical expression within a wider context of the British religious and historical architectural landscape along side conservation theories and practices. I am aiming to demonstrate that mosques were and should continue to be an integral component of British Heritage, along with other British religious buildings, contributing to the diversity, multi- cultural, tolerance and forward thinking Britain needs to sustain. Methodology: The aims of this thesis, as laid out in the scope, are to be achieved through a research methodology combining the following: a) Literature search b) Field inspection c) Case studies Chapter 1: Islam: Religion, Civilization and Architecture The Mosque in Britain: British Heritage? - page 5 Chapter 1: Islam: Religion, Civilization and Architecture 1.1 Religion Many people think that Islam is the religion, which first appeared in the town of Mecca1 (Fig. 1.) in the Arabian Peninsula, when the first verse of the Holy Qur’an was revealed to Prophet Muhammad (August, 610 C.E. / Ramadan, 13 B.H). This is not entirely accurate. It is true only, if by Islam, we mean the last chapter of a single and consistent message of monotheism. The word Islam in Arabic means submission. True submission is surrendering one’s will to the All-Knowing, Omnipotent and Omnipresent Will, transcendent above and beyond time and space, the One God: Allah. Fig. 1 - Map of Saudi Arabia, highlighting ‘Mecca’. Islam, in the wider sense, yet the less known and less common definition for the non-Muslims, is but the closing and completing chapter of this primordial religion. It was revealed by God to His last Messenger the Prophet Muhammad2 (May peace and blessings be upon him: PBUH3) through the process of revelation Wahi, which is the transmission of the verses of the Holy Qur’an to the Prophet (PBUH). The initiation of this process started when he was at the age of forty and continued over another 23 years. The consistency of the monotheistic continuum is clearly stated in Islam’s prime and most authoritative sacred text, the Holy Qur’an (Fig. 2.): 1. Mecca is a town in Hejaz in the Arab peninsula. It is the centre for Muslim devotion worldwide because it hosts the Kaa’ba, Islam’s most important holy shrine. 2. Muhammad, born in Mecca 570, died in Medina 632. He is a direct descendant of the Patriarch Abraham through prophet Ishmael. 3. Peace be upon him (PBUH) is a phrase every Muslim loves to utter when Prophet Muhammad PBUH is mentioned. Chapter 1: Islam: Religion, Civilization and Architecture The Mosque in Britain: British Heritage? - page 6 Fig. 2 - Two pages of the Qur’an. Source Fe-noon Ahmed Moustafa Uk Ltd “Behold, the only [true] religion in the sight of God is [man’s] self-surrender unto Him”4 The second body of sacred texts, known as Hadith5 (Fig. 3) or holy sayings, also referred to as prophetic traditions, repeatedly emphasize the fact that every prophet before Muhammad (PBUH), from Adam (PBUH) to Jesus (PBUH) has been entrusted with the exact same monotheistic message; Tawhid or Divine Unity: There is No God but God. Fig. 3 - Example of an Andalucian manuscript containing Hadith 4. Qur’an 3:19 5. Abu Huraira reported Allah’s Messenger (PBUH)
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