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Piraterij, Handel En 'Barbaren'? Piraterij, handel en ‘barbaren’? De ‘Litus Saxonicum’ in haar context (ca. 260 tot ca. 410.) Promotor: Dr. Jeroen Wijnendaele Door: Martijn Calleeuw 01602723 Master in de Geschiedenis 2019-2020 Voorwoord Het schrijven van een thesis is een werk van lange adem en zonder de nodige steun uit je omgeving is het dan ook bijzonder moeilijk om je longen gevuld te houden. Daarom bedank ik hier graag mijn promotor, Dr. Jeroen Wijnendaele, voor de goede raad doorheen dit proces, de punctuele opvolging van mijn voortgang en om mij ertoe te bewegen steeds dat beetje meer te geven om tot het beste eindresultaat te komen. Ik bedank ook graag mijn ouders, die mijn voortdurend getob over Romeinse forten gedurende een jaar hebben moeten verdragen alsook voor de interesse die zij er niettemin voor zijn blijven tonen. Ten slotte bedank ik ook graag mijn ‘zusje’, vrienden en medestudenten, die met de nodige dosis zelfrelativering met betrekking tot papers het hele proces van een luchtiger toontje en een komische noot voorzagen. Covid-19 Er moet ook een woordje gezegd worden over de context waarin deze paper sinds maart 2020 geschreven werd. De uitbraak van de Covid-19 pandemie heeft ervoor gezorgd dat de bibliotheken gedurende lange tijd gesloten werden. De invloed hiervan op mijn paper is al bij al beperkt gebleven, met dank aan een vroege start in september 2019. Niettemin stonden er nog enkele monografieën op mijn menu die zodoende hun weg naar deze paper niet gevonden hebben. De voornaamste onder hen is wellicht ‘North Sea and Channel connectivity during the Late Iron Age and Roman period (175/150 BC - AD 409)’ (2010) door Francis M. Morris. Hoewel ik natuurlijk niet kan zeggen wat precies de inhoud van deze en andere boeken is, verwacht ik niet dat ze de resultaten van mijn scriptie ingrijpend zouden veranderen. Een verder onderbouwen van de aangebrachte punten zou wellicht de voornaamste bijdrage geweest zijn die zij te bieden hadden. Bijgevolg heeft de pandemie ‘slechts’ gezorgd voor een ietwat grotere uitdaging voor het concentratievermogen, zoals te verwachten valt in een dergelijke context. Ik hoop dat ze niet gezorgd heeft voor een chaotische uiteenzetting van mijn redeneringen. Deze preambule werd in overleg tussen de student en de promotor opgesteld en door beide goedgekeurd. Inhoud I. Inleiding ................................................................................................................................................. I II. Methodologisch .................................................................................................................................. IV III. Bronnen .............................................................................................................................................. 1 1. Geschreven bronnen ....................................................................................................................... 2 1.1 Panegyrici Latini ............................................................................................................................. 2 1.2 Keizer Julianus ............................................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Sextus Aurelius Victor .................................................................................................................... 5 1.4 Eutropius ....................................................................................................................................... 6 1.5 Ammianus Marcellinus .................................................................................................................. 7 1.6 Eunapius ........................................................................................................................................ 9 1.7 Vegetius: De Epitoma Rei Militaris ................................................................................................ 9 1.8 Claudius Claudianus ..................................................................................................................... 10 1.9 De Notitia Dignitatum ................................................................................................................. 11 1.9.1 Als bron ................................................................................................................................. 11 1.9.2 Inhoud .................................................................................................................................. 13 1.10 Sidonius Apollinaris ................................................................................................................... 15 1.11 Zosimus ...................................................................................................................................... 16 1.12 De Angelsaksische Kroniek ........................................................................................................ 17 2. Archeologie .................................................................................................................................... 19 2.1 Uitdagingen ................................................................................................................................. 19 2.2 De forten van de Comes Litoris Saxonici per Britanniam: datering, vorm en locatie .................. 20 2.2.1 Datum ................................................................................................................................... 21 2.2.2 Vormgeving .......................................................................................................................... 22 2.2.3 Locatie .................................................................................................................................. 24 2.2.4 Enkele algemene opmerkingen ............................................................................................ 27 2.3 Munten ........................................................................................................................................ 28 3. Tussentijdse conclusie: het bronnenmateriaal ............................................................................. 30 IV. Historische Context: ......................................................................................................................... 31 1. Politiek ........................................................................................................................................... 31 2. De Britse vloot: Classis Britannica ................................................................................................. 38 V. De functie van de ‘Litus Saxonicum’ ................................................................................................. 41 1. Het probleem en de implicaties van de naam Comes Litoris Saxonici per Britanniam ................. 43 1.1 Comes ...................................................................................................................................... 43 1.2 Litoris Saxonici ......................................................................................................................... 45 1.3 per Britanniam ......................................................................................................................... 49 2. De piraterijthese ............................................................................................................................ 51 2.1 Germaanse maritieme capaciteiten in de late derde eeuw .................................................... 52 2.2 De defensieve mogelijkheden van het fortensysteem ............................................................ 58 2.3 Romeinse strategieën tegen piraterij ...................................................................................... 61 2.3.1 Drie voorbeelden van piraterij ......................................................................................... 63 2.3.2 De Romeinse oorlogsvloot na de derde eeuw en de Litus Saxonicum ............................ 67 2.3.3 De Saksen in de vierde eeuw ............................................................................................ 72 2.4 Conclusie: De piraterijthese .................................................................................................... 78 3. Alternatieve visies op het gebruik van de forten ......................................................................... 81 3.1 De bevoorradingsthese ........................................................................................................... 81 3.1.1 De productiemogelijkheden van Zuid-Brittannië ............................................................. 87 3.1.2 De Litus Saxonicum als doorvoerhavens? ........................................................................ 90 3.1.3 Conclusie: De bevoorradingsthese ................................................................................... 95 3.2 Een mogelijk alternatief: symboliek, militaire vernieuwing en bredere tendensen ............... 98 VI. Conclusie ........................................................................................................................................ 108 Appendices: ......................................................................................................................................... 115 Bibliografie .......................................................................................................................................... 116 Bronnen: .........................................................................................................................................
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