DOCSLIB.ORG

The Tasmanian Mountain Shrimps, Anaspides Thomson, 1894 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspididae)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Tasmanian Mountain Shrimps, Anaspides Thomson, 1894 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspididae) © The Author, 2016. Journal compilation © Australian Museum, Sydney, 2016 Records of the Australian Museum (2016) Vol. 68, issue number 7, pp. 313–364. ISSN 0067-1975 (print), ISSN 2201-4349 (online) http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669 The Tasmanian Mountain Shrimps, Anaspides Thomson, 1894 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspididae) SHANE T. AHYONG Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, 1 William Street, Sydney NSW 2010, Australia, and School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales NSW 2052, Australia [email protected] ABstRACT. The Tasmanian mountain shrimps of the genus Anaspides Thomson, 1894 (Syncarida: Anaspididae), are endemic to Tasmania and often regarded as “living fossils” owing to the retention of numerous putatively plesiomorphic eumalacostracan traits and minimal morphological change since the Triassic. All live in cold, usually high altitude fresh-waters. Until recently, only two species were recognised: the presumed widespread A. tasmaniae (Thomson, 1893) (type species) and A. spinulae Williams, 1965a, from Lake St Clair, whose validity was frequently questioned. Independent morphological and molecular studies revealed previously unrecognized taxonomic diversity, resulting in preliminary descriptions of three new species in 2015. Anaspides is revised based on extensive collections from throughout Tasmania. Telson structure and male secondary sexual characters proved taxonomically instrumental. Seven species are recognized of which two are new to science; all are fully figured and morphological variation is discussed in detail. Rather than being widespread, Anaspides tasmaniae is restricted to Mount Wellington; A. spinulae is a valid species known only from Lake St Clair. Two species, A. clarkei Ahyong, 2015, and A. eberhardi sp. nov. occur only in caves of the Ida Bay-Hastings karst systems and Junee-Florentine systems, respectively. The three widest ranging species (A. jarmani Ahyong, 2015, A. swaini Ahyong, 2015, and A. richardsoni sp. nov.) are primarily epigean and each contains several morphological forms that might warrant further taxonomic subdivision. Distributions of species of Anaspides are largely discrete and broadly correspond to the biogeographical discontinuity known as Tyler’s Line, dividing the drier eastern from the wetter western parts of Tasmania. Caves are believed to have acted as oligothermal refuges for Anaspides in the past, and it is notable that the specimens from the lowest altitudes today are all from caves, including the northernmost record of Anaspides (A. richardsoni, Great Western Cave, Gunns Plain, 109 m asl). Given the revised taxonomy of Anaspides, with significantly altered species distributions, the conservation status of all species of the genus requires review. KEYWORDS. Crustacea; Anaspidacea; Anaspides; Tasmania; freshwater; shrimp. AHYONG, SHANE T. 2016. The Tasmanian Mountain Shrimps, Anaspides Thomson, 1894 (Crustacea, Syncarida, Anaspididae). Records of the Australian Museum 68(7): 313–364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1669 314 Records of the Australian Museum (2016) Vol. 68 When G. M. Thomson (1893) described Anaspides tasmaniae Washington D.C. (USNM); Universidade Federal de Minas (as Anaspis) from Mt Wellington, Tasmania, he was not Gerais, Brazil (UFMG); Zoological Collection, Universität aware of the significance of his discovery, placing his new Rostock (ZRSO); and Yale Peabody Museum, Connecticut find in the now defunct Schizopoda, alongside mysidacean (YPM). Material examined is listed in approximately north– and euphausiacean shrimps. It was Calman (1897), however, south and east–west order and grouped according to regions who recognized the affinities of the living Anaspides or localities. In the case of “spinose” A. spinulae-like forms with the Palaeozoic fossil syncarids, and would later of A. richardsoni, which occur in the Walls of Jerusalem area recognize a separate eumalacostracan order, Anaspidacea and Western Lakes, they are grouped separately or indicated Calman, 1904 (Brooks, 1962; Schram, 1984). Anaspides is as such within each entry to distinguish them from the typical remarkable because it retains many putatively plesiomorphic non-spinose forms. Similarly, the three morphological forms eumalacostracan traits, such as minimal tagmatisation, of A. richardsoni from the Mole Creek Karst area are also a relatively complete suite of thoracopodal rami, and an grouped for convenience. elementary cardioid escape reaction (Schram & Hessler, 1984). As a result, Anaspides has attracted considerable Taxonomic characters in Anaspides scientific interest as a potential “living fossil” closely resembling its Triassic forbears and possibly reflecting the Species of Anaspides are morphologically conservative, eumalacostracan stem condition (Coineau & Camacho, 2013). exhibiting few differences in major structures. Pleonal Until 2015, only two species of Anaspides were recognised, spination, considered diagnostic of A. spinulae by Williams with A. tasmaniae (Thomson, 1893) (type locality: Mt (1965a), is more variable than previously thought, but when Wellington) accorded a wide range throughout most of considered in combination with other characters, remains central, western and southern Tasmania from both epigean taxonomically useful. Several new taxonomic features are and subterranean habitats, and A. spinulae Williams, 1965a, recognized here and given primacy in separating species— believed to be restricted to central Tasmania from Lake St the shape and spination of the telson, and secondary sexual Clair (type locality) and immediate environs. Additionally, characters of adult males. Anaspides occurs in subterranean habitats throughout The shape and armature of the posterior margin of the Tasmania, with some having troglobitic adaptations such as eye telson, whether evenly rounded or angular, and whether and pigment reduction and unusual telson morphology in which armed with stout, well-spaced spines (Figs 8, 12) or lined the posterior telson spines are few, stout and widely spaced, with numerous finely-set spines (Figs 21, 22), is diagnostic. rather than finely spaced and slender—the “cave type” telson These features are taxonomically effective across a wide (Eberhard et al., 1991; Clarke, 2006). Until recently, taxonomic size range, noting that the posterior margin of the telson in questions surrounding Anaspides focussed on whether A. the earliest post-hatching juveniles has relatively few spines spinulae was distinct from the presumably widespread A. and a median cleft or emargination (Figs 33P, 34T), which tasmaniae, and whether subterranean Anaspides with the rapidly closes with increasing size to form a rounded or “cave-type” telson constituted a separate species (O’Brien, angular spinose margin (Fig. 23B,C). 1990). Preliminary molecular investigations (Jarman & Elliot, Two sexually dimorphic features of males have proven 2000; Andrew, 2005), although not decisive with regards to esp ecially useful: the modified inner antennular flagellum and previous taxonomic questions, nevertheless identified multiple pleopod 1 endopod. In adult males, the inner (= accessory) divergent lineages within Anaspides. Independent, parallel flagellum of the antennule is modified to form a clasping morphological and molecular investigations also recognized structure used to hold females, presumably during courtship significant heterogeneity within the genus, not only among (Hickman, 1937). Rather than being straight and flexible as in epigean, but also subterranean forms, leading to preliminary females and juvenile males, the proximal portion of the adult accounts of three new species of Anaspides (Ahyong, 2015) male inner flagellum (articles 1–8) is semi-rigid and double- in advance of a full taxonomic revision of the genus. The bent into an S-shape, being strongly curled downwardly and present study revises Anaspides, restricting A. tasmaniae to then turning upwards and horizontally in the vicinity of the Mt Wellington, recognizes as valid A. spinulae, and five other sixth and seventh articles (Figs 1, 2D). Each of the proximal species of which two are described as new. eight articles of the modified inner antennular flagellum has several short, curled setae on the dorsal and lateral surfaces, Materials and methods herein called “finger setae”. The proximal 5 articles are as long as or shorter than wide, articles 6 and 7 are more elongated, Measurements of specimens are of total body length, with an obtusely angled inner margin of which the article 7 measured from the apex of the rostrum to the tip of the bears 1–5 slender, prominent, stiff, conical protrusions on the telson. Abbreviations: above sea-level (asl); indeterminate inner margin, herein called clasping spines (Fig. 2D). The (indet); juvenile (juv.); Mount (Mt); station (stn). Almost 3600 number of clasping spines is diagnostic and should always specimens were examined, deposited in the collections of the be examined when making identifications. Both left and right Aust ralian Museum, Sydney (AM); Haswell Museum, Uni- antennules should always be examined in case of damage or versity of Sydney (HMUS); Museum of Zoology, University regeneration from damage to these delicate structures. Note of São Paolo, Brazil (MZUSP); Museum of Comparative also that the clasping spines usually arise sequentially and Zoology, Harvard University (MCZ); Museum Victoria, increase in size with successive moults, so juveniles of A. Melbourne
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Derwent Estuary Program Environmental Management Plan February 2009
    Engineering procedures for Southern Tasmania Engineering procedures foprocedures for Southern Tasmania Engineering procedures for Southern Tasmania Derwent Estuary Program Environmental Management Plan February 2009 Working together, making a difference The Derwent Estuary Program (DEP) is a regional partnership between local governments, the Tasmanian state government, commercial and industrial enterprises, and community-based groups to restore and promote our estuary. The DEP was established in 1999 and has been nationally recognised for excellence in coordinating initiatives to reduce water pollution, conserve habitats and species, monitor river health and promote greater use and enjoyment of the foreshore. Our major sponsors include: Brighton, Clarence, Derwent Valley, Glenorchy, Hobart and Kingborough councils, the Tasmanian State Government, Hobart Water, Tasmanian Ports Corporation, Norske Skog Boyer and Nyrstar Hobart Smelter. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Derwent: Values, Challenges and Management The Derwent estuary lies at the heart of the Hobart metropolitan area and is an asset of great natural beauty and diversity. It is an integral part of Tasmania’s cultural, economic and natural heritage. The estuary is an important and productive ecosystem and was once a major breeding ground for the southern right whale. Areas of wetlands, underwater grasses, tidal flats and rocky reefs support a wide range of species, including black swans, wading birds, penguins, dolphins, platypus and seadragons, as well as the endangered spotted handfish. Nearly 200,000 people – 40% of Tasmania’s population – live around the estuary’s margins. The Derwent is widely used for recreation, boating, fishing and marine transportation, and is internationally known as the finish-line for the Sydney–Hobart Yacht Race.
    [Show full text]
  • Biochemical Divergence Between Cavernicolous and Marine
    The position of crustaceans within Arthropoda - Evidence from nine molecular loci and morphology GONZALO GIRIBET', STEFAN RICHTER2, GREGORY D. EDGECOMBE3 & WARD C. WHEELER4 Department of Organismic and Evolutionary- Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology; Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A. ' Friedrich-Schiller-UniversitdtJena, Instituifiir Spezielte Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Jena, Germany 3Australian Museum, Sydney, NSW, Australia Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, U.S.A. ABSTRACT The monophyly of Crustacea, relationships of crustaceans to other arthropods, and internal phylogeny of Crustacea are appraised via parsimony analysis in a total evidence frame­ work. Data include sequences from three nuclear ribosomal genes, four nuclear coding genes, and two mitochondrial genes, together with 352 characters from external morphol­ ogy, internal anatomy, development, and mitochondrial gene order. Subjecting the com­ bined data set to 20 different parameter sets for variable gap and transversion costs, crusta­ ceans group with hexapods in Tetraconata across nearly all explored parameter space, and are members of a monophyletic Mandibulata across much of the parameter space. Crustacea is non-monophyletic at low indel costs, but monophyly is favored at higher indel costs, at which morphology exerts a greater influence. The most stable higher-level crusta­ cean groupings are Malacostraca, Branchiopoda, Branchiura + Pentastomida, and an ostracod-cirripede group. For combined data, the Thoracopoda and Maxillopoda concepts are unsupported, and Entomostraca is only retrieved under parameter sets of low congruence. Most of the current disagreement over deep divisions in Arthropoda (e.g., Mandibulata versus Paradoxopoda or Cormogonida versus Chelicerata) can be viewed as uncertainty regarding the position of the root in the arthropod cladogram rather than as fundamental topological disagreement as supported in earlier studies (e.g., Schizoramia versus Mandibulata or Atelocerata versus Tetraconata).
    [Show full text]
  • Syncarid Crustaceans from the Montceau Lagersta¨Tte
    [Palaeontology, Vol. 49, Part 3, 2006, pp. 647–672] SYNCARID CRUSTACEANS FROM THE MONTCEAU LAGERSTA¨ TTE (UPPER CARBONIFEROUS; FRANCE) by VINCENT PERRIER*, JEAN VANNIER*, PATRICK R. RACHEBOEUF , SYLVAIN CHARBONNIER*, DOMINIQUE CHABARDà and DANIEL SOTTYà *Universite´ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR 5125 PEPS ‘Pale´oenvironnements et Pale´obiosphe`re’, Campus scientifique de la Doua, Baˆtiment Ge´ode, 2 rue Raphae¨l Dubois, 69622 Villeurbanne, France; e-mails: [email protected]; [email protected] Universite´ de Bretagne Occidentale, UMR 6538 ‘Domaines Oce´aniques’ – Pale´ontologie, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 6 avenue Le Gorgeu, CS 93837, F-29238 Brest cedex 3, France; e-mail: [email protected] àMuse´e d’Histoire Naturelle d’Autun, 14 rue St-Antoine, 71400 Autun, France Typescript received 28 September 2004; accepted in revised form 17 May 2005 Abstract: Key aspects of the morphology, autecology, sys- suggest a relatively low level of locomotory activity. The tematics and taphonomy of the crustacean syncarids from field of vision may have been large and panoramic (stalked the Montceau Lagersta¨tte (Upper Carboniferous, Stephanian eyes). Rows of pores on 12 trunk segments are interpreted B; France) are presented. Palaeocaris secretanae is the most as possible sensory organs used for current detection. abundant faunal element of the Montceau biota and shows Females were brooding eggs (clusters of eggs preserved striking morphological similarities with Palaeocaris typus along anteroventral trunk). Microprobe analysis indicates from the Mazon Creek Lagersta¨tte (Westphalian D; Illinois, that siderite is the major component of the nodules. Four USA). Palaeocaris secretanae was a shrimp-like animal with events played a key-role in the three-dimensional preserva- a short head (no head shield), large mandibles, 14 trunk tion of syncarids: (1) rapid burial, (2) minimal decomposi- segments (the first one being reduced) and a fan-like caudal tion, (3) phosphatic mineralization shortly after the termination.
    [Show full text]
  • Derwent Catchment Review
    Derwent Catchment Review PART 1 Introduction and Background Prepared for Derwent Catchment Review Steering Committee June, 2011 By Ruth Eriksen, Lois Koehnken, Alistair Brooks and Daniel Ray Table of Contents 1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................................1 1.1 Project Scope and Need....................................................................................................1 2 Physical setting......................................................................................................................................1 2.1 Catchment description......................................................................................................2 2.2 Geology and Geomorphology ...........................................................................................5 2.3 Rainfall and climate...........................................................................................................9 2.3.1 Current climate ............................................................................................................9 2.3.2 Future climate............................................................................................................10 2.4 Vegetation patterns ........................................................................................................12 2.5 River hydrology ...............................................................................................................12 2.5.1
    [Show full text]
  • Hickman's Pygmy Mountain Shrimp (Allanaspides Hickmani) Is a Small, Shrimp-Like Crustacean Belonging to the Family Anaspididae
    THREATENED SPECIES LISTING STATEMENT Hickman’s Pygmy Mountain Shrimp Allanaspides hickmani Swain Wilson and Ong 1971 Status Commonwealth Endangered Species Protection Act 1992 . .Not listed Tasmanian Threatened Species Protection Act 1995 . .Rare Description Hickman's pygmy mountain shrimp (Allanaspides hickmani) is a small, shrimp-like crustacean belonging to the family Anaspididae. This family contains three genera, Allanaspides, Anaspides and Paranaspides, all of which are restricted to Tasmania. Allanaspides species can be readily identified by the presence of a conspicuous transparent window on its back (dorsal window) and stalked eyes. The two species of Allanaspides (A. hickmani and A. helonomus) can be separated by the size, shape and colour of this window. Hickman's pygmy 6 mm mountain shrimp has a rectangular shaped dorsal window which covers most of the width of the dorsal surface Illustration: Karen Richards behind the head; the tissue below the dorsal window contains a bright red pigment. A. helonomus has a clear, oval-shaped dorsal window covering approximately half the width of the dorsal surface behind the head (Swain et al. 1970; Swain et al. 1971). Hickman's pygmy mountain shrimp has its eyes situated terminally on eyestalks and adult males attain a body length of 11.7 mm. A. helonomus has its eyes positioned laterally on the end of the eyestalks and is the slightly larger species, attaining a body length of 15 mm. A more detailed description of Hickman's pygmy mountain shrimp is provided by Swain et al. (1971). The life history of Hickman's pygmy mountain shrimp is poorly known and can only be inferred from what little information is available for A.
    [Show full text]
  • Does Biogeography Have a Future in a Globalized World with Globalized Faunas?
    Contributions to Zoology, 77 (2) 127-133 (2008) Does biogeography have a future in a globalized world with globalized faunas? Frederick R. Schram Burke Museum, University of Washington, Seattle, P.O. Box 1567, Langley, WA 98260, USA, [email protected] ton.edu Key words: Anaspidacea, Bathynellacea, globalization, historical biogeography, vicariance Abstract in the Great Lakes and it is said that a new invader species is identified every eight months. The toll on The study of biogeography was once a pillar of evolution the fisheries of the Great Lakes alone has been dev- science. Both Darwin and especially Wallace found great in- astating. Another example is San Francisco Bay, spiration from the consideration of animal distributions. where some 234 invasive species have been recorded However, what is to happen to this discipline in a time of global trade, mass movement of people and goods, and the up to the present day, i.e., something like 90% of the resulting globalization of the planet’s biota? Can we still aquatic population of the bay. Finally, the infamous hope to delve into the fine points of past geography as it af- Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis, is conduct- fected animal and plant evolution? Maybe we can, but only ing an on-going assault on Chesapeake Bay, and the with careful study of life forms that suffer minimal affects effect on the native blue crab populations is already – at present – from globalization, viz., marginal faunas of being measured. In the United States, invading ar- quite inaccessible environments. Two examples taken from syncarid crustaceans illustrate this point.
    [Show full text]
  • THR 10805, Halls Hut, Halls Island
    Tasmanian Heritage Register Datasheet 134 Macquarie Street (GPO Box 618) Hobart Tasmania 7001 Phone: 1300 850 332 (local call cost) Email: [email protected] Web: www.heritage.tas.gov.au Name: Halls Hut THR ID Number: 10805 Status: Provisionally Registered Municipality: Central Highlands Council Tier: State State State Location Addresses Title References Property Id Halls Island, Walls of Jerusalem National Park 7304 TAS Halls Hut, the green Halls Hut, the silver Gable window, Halls Herb garden site, Halls side side Hut Hut ©DPIPWE 2021 ©DPIPWE 2021 ©DPIPWE 2021 ©DPIPWE 2021 Hall's kayak shelter, Stable door, Halls Hut Bush pole framing, Hut setting in light Halls Hut bunks and shelves, eucalypt forest, Halls ©DPIPWE 2021 ©DPIPWE 2021 Halls Hut Hut ©DPIPWE 2021 ©DPIPWE 2021 Skillion roof providing Dinghy landing site, shelter at hut Halls Island entrance, H ©DPIPWE 2021 ©DPIPWE 2021 Setting: Halls Hut at Lake Malbena is in a remote location in the Western Lakes district of the Walls of Jerusalem National Park, Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area (TWWHA). The rocky landscape here has been Friday, June 18, 2021 Page 1 of 8 shaped by glaciation, the rasping of ice across the bedrock leaving countless hollows in which lakes and tarns have formed. Glacial erratics are common, and the soil is poor and peaty. At 1040 metres above sea level, the area is subject to extreme cold in winter, being swept by rain- and snow-bearing south-westerly winds. Much of the Central Plateau near Lake Malbena was burned by bushfire in 1961 (Binks 2006, p. 117), and Halls Island, on which the hut stands, has a complex fire history (Hackett 2021b).
    [Show full text]
  • Crustaceans Topics in Biodiversity
    Topics in Biodiversity The Encyclopedia of Life is an unprecedented effort to gather scientific knowledge about all life on earth- multimedia, information, facts, and more. Learn more at eol.org. Crustaceans Authors: Simone Nunes Brandão, Zoologisches Museum Hamburg Jen Hammock, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution Frank Ferrari, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution Photo credit: Blue Crab (Callinectes sapidus) by Jeremy Thorpe, Flickr: EOL Images. CC BY-NC-SA Defining the crustacean The Latin root, crustaceus, "having a crust or shell," really doesn’t entirely narrow it down to crustaceans. They belong to the phylum Arthropoda, as do insects, arachnids, and many other groups; all arthropods have hard exoskeletons or shells, segmented bodies, and jointed limbs. Crustaceans are usually distinguishable from the other arthropods in several important ways, chiefly: Biramous appendages. Most crustaceans have appendages or limbs that are split into two, usually segmented, branches. Both branches originate on the same proximal segment. Larvae. Early in development, most crustaceans go through a series of larval stages, the first being the nauplius larva, in which only a few limbs are present, near the front on the body; crustaceans add their more posterior limbs as they grow and develop further. The nauplius larva is unique to Crustacea. Eyes. The early larval stages of crustaceans have a single, simple, median eye composed of three similar, closely opposed parts. This larval eye, or “naupliar eye,” often disappears later in development, but on some crustaceans (e.g., the branchiopod Triops) it is retained even after the adult compound eyes have developed. In all copepod crustaceans, this larval eye is retained throughout their development as the 1 only eye, although the three similar parts may separate and each become associated with their own cuticular lens.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Natural Values Within the 2013 Extension to the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area
    A review of natural values within the 2013 extension to the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area Nature Conservation Report 2017/6 Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment Hobart A review of natural values within the 2013 extension to the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area Jayne Balmer, Jason Bradbury, Karen Richards, Tim Rudman, Micah Visoiu, Shannon Troy and Naomi Lawrence. Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment Nature Conservation Report 2017/6, September 2017 This report was prepared under the direction of the Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment (World Heritage Program). Australian Government funds were contributed to the project through the World Heritage Area program. The views and opinions expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Tasmanian or Australian Governments. ISSN 1441-0680 Copyright 2017 Crown in right of State of Tasmania Apart from fair dealing for the purposes of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright act, no part may be reproduced by any means without permission from the Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment. Published by Natural Values Conservation Branch Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment GPO Box 44 Hobart, Tasmania, 7001 Front Cover Photograph of Eucalyptus regnans tall forest in the Styx Valley: Rob Blakers Cite as: Balmer, J., Bradbury, J., Richards, K., Rudman, T., Visoiu, M., Troy, S. and Lawrence, N. 2017. A review of natural values within the 2013 extension to the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area. Nature Conservation Report 2017/6, Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Hobart.
    [Show full text]
  • Lake Margaret Power Scheme a Conservation Management Plan
    Lake Margaret Power Scheme A Conservation Management Plan Volume 1 March 2006 Paul Davies Pty Ltd Architects Heritage Consultants Lake Margaret Power Scheme Paul Davies Pty Ltd Conservation Management Plan March 2006 Lake Margaret Power Scheme Paul Davies Pty Ltd Conservation Management Plan March 2006 Contents 1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background ................................................................................................ 1 1.1.1 How to Use the Plan....................................................................... 1 1.1.2 Limitations ...................................................................................... 2 1.1.3 Authors ........................................................................................... 2 1.1.4 Acknowledgments .......................................................................... 2 1.1.5 Identification of the Place ............................................................... 3 2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND........................................................................... 6 2.1 Preface....................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Summary History........................................................................................ 6 2.3 Major Stages of Development of the site ................................................... 7 2.4 Development of the Power Station Building............................................
    [Show full text]
  • Visual Adaptations in Crustaceans: Chromatic, Developmental, and Temporal Aspects
    FAU Institutional Repository http://purl.fcla.edu/fau/fauir This paper was submitted by the faculty of FAU’s Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute. Notice: ©2003 Springer‐Verlag. This manuscript is an author version with the final publication available at http://www.springerlink.com and may be cited as: Marshall, N. J., Cronin, T. W., & Frank, T. M. (2003). Visual Adaptations in Crustaceans: Chromatic, Developmental, and Temporal Aspects. In S. P. Collin & N. J. Marshall (Eds.), Sensory Processing in Aquatic Environments. (pp. 343‐372). Berlin: Springer‐Verlag. doi: 10.1007/978‐0‐387‐22628‐6_18 18 Visual Adaptations in Crustaceans: Chromatic, Developmental, and Temporal Aspects N. Justin Marshall, Thomas W. Cronin, and Tamara M. Frank Abstract Crustaceans possess a huge variety of body plans and inhabit most regions of Earth, specializing in the aquatic realm. Their diversity of form and living space has resulted in equally diverse eye designs. This chapter reviews the latest state of knowledge in crustacean vision concentrating on three areas: spectral sensitivities, ontogenetic development of spectral sen­ sitivity, and the temporal properties of photoreceptors from different environments. Visual ecology is a binding element of the chapter and within this framework the astonishing variety of stomatopod (mantis shrimp) spectral sensitivities and the environmental pressures molding them are examined in some detail. The quantity and spectral content of light changes dra­ matically with depth and water type and, as might be expected, many adaptations in crustacean photoreceptor design are related to this governing environmental factor. Spectral and temporal tuning may be more influenced by bioluminescence in the deep ocean, and the spectral quality of light at dawn and dusk is probably a critical feature in the visual worlds of many shallow-water crustaceans.
    [Show full text]
  • 3966 Tour Op 4Col
    The Tasmanian Advantage natural and cultural features of Tasmania a resource manual aimed at developing knowledge and interpretive skills specific to Tasmania Contents 1 INTRODUCTION The aim of the manual Notesheets & how to use them Interpretation tips & useful references Minimal impact tourism 2 TASMANIA IN BRIEF Location Size Climate Population National parks Tasmania’s Wilderness World Heritage Area (WHA) Marine reserves Regional Forest Agreement (RFA) 4 INTERPRETATION AND TIPS Background What is interpretation? What is the aim of your operation? Principles of interpretation Planning to interpret Conducting your tour Research your content Manage the potential risks Evaluate your tour Commercial operators information 5 NATURAL ADVANTAGE Antarctic connection Geodiversity Marine environment Plant communities Threatened fauna species Mammals Birds Reptiles Freshwater fishes Invertebrates Fire Threats 6 HERITAGE Tasmanian Aboriginal heritage European history Convicts Whaling Pining Mining Coastal fishing Inland fishing History of the parks service History of forestry History of hydro electric power Gordon below Franklin dam controversy 6 WHAT AND WHERE: EAST & NORTHEAST National parks Reserved areas Great short walks Tasmanian trail Snippets of history What’s in a name? 7 WHAT AND WHERE: SOUTH & CENTRAL PLATEAU 8 WHAT AND WHERE: WEST & NORTHWEST 9 REFERENCES Useful references List of notesheets 10 NOTESHEETS: FAUNA Wildlife, Living with wildlife, Caring for nature, Threatened species, Threats 11 NOTESHEETS: PARKS & PLACES Parks & places,
    [Show full text]