Who is this guy?

‘It is better to lead from behind and to put others in front, especially when you celebrate victory when nice things occur. You take the front line when there is danger. Then people will appreciate your leadership.’

Nelson Mandela

If you talk to a man in a language he understands, that goes to his head. If you talk to him in his language, that goes to his heart.

I learned that courage was not the absence of fear, but the triumph over it. The brave man is not he who does not feel afraid, but he who conquers that fear.

There is no easy walk to freedom anywhere, and many of us will have to pass through the valley of the shadow of death again and again before we reach the mountaintop of our desires.

Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.

We must use time wisely and forever realize that the time is always ripe to do right.

If there are dreams about a beautiful South Africa, there are also roads that lead to their goal. Two of these roads could be named Goodness and Forgiveness.

http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/n/nelson_mandela.html

- 1 - 100 (BBC Poll, 2002)

100 Greatest Britons was broadcast in 2002 by the BBC. The programme was the result of a vote conducted to determine whom the United Kingdom public considers the greatest in history.[1][2] The series, Great Britons, included individual programmes on the top ten, with viewers having further opportunities to vote after each programme.[3] It concluded with a debate. All of the top 10 were dead by the year of broadcast.

The 20 Greatest Britons: 1. , (1874-1965) - Prime Minister (1940-1945, 1951–1955) 2. , (1806–1859) - Engineer. 3. Diana, Princess of Wales (1961–1997) - First wife of Charles, Prince of Wales, & mother of Prince William & Prince Harry of Wales. 4. (1809–1882) - Naturalist; the originator of the theory of through natural selection & author of ''. 5. (1564–1616) - English poet & playwright. 6. Sir (1643–1727) - Mathematician, physicist, astronomer, natural philosopher, & alchemist. 7. Queen of England (1533-1603) - Monarch (reigned 1558-1603). 8. (1940–1980) - Musician with . 9. Vice Admiral Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson (1758–1805) - Naval commander. 10. (1599–1658) - . 11. Sir (1874–1922) - Polar explorer. 12. Captain (1728–1779) - Explorer. 13. Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell (1857–1941) - Boy Scouts & Girl Guides founder. 14. (849?–899) - King of Wessex (reigned 871–899). 15. Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington (1769–1852) - commander, statesman & Prime Minister 1828–1830 & 1834. 16. , Baroness Thatcher (1925-) - Prime Minister (1979–1990). 17. (1942-) - Actor & singer. 18. of the United Kingdom (1819–1901) - Monarch (reigned 1837–1901). 19. Sir Paul McCartney (1942-) - Musician with The Beatles. 20. Sir (1881–1955) - Biologist, pharmacologist, discoverer of penicillin.

- 2 - TV Cameras in School Toilets

METRO September 12, 2012 by HYDEN SMITH

HUNDREDS of schools have installed CCTV cameras in toilets or changing rooms, an investigation has revealed. An estimated 106,000 cameras are in use in secondary schools and academies in England, Scotland and Wales Privacy watchdogs say. The group Big Brother Watch found 825 cameras located in changing rooms or bathrooms in 207 schools. Last night, it said the figures emerged in data from a sample of more than 2,000 schools, so the total number of cameras in communal areas is likely to be much higher. The group said government proposals for the regulation of CCTV were 'woefully weak' because they would not apply to schools and the newly created surveillance camera commissioner will have no enforcement or inspection powers. The report also revealed 54 schools have a ratio of one camera for every 15 pupils or higher, with one for every five students in some cases. The full extent of school surveillance is far higher than we had expected and will come as a shock to many parents,' claimed Big Brother Watch director Nick Pickles. He said the most common reasons for installing them were theft and bullying, even though the only known study carried out in France in 2007 found stealing rose after cameras were brought in. Headteachers of schools named in the report claimed some of the findings were 'misleading'. The Radclyffe School in Oldham topped the list, with 20 cameras in toilets or changing rooms. But headteacher Hardial Hayer said they were above doors entering toilets, overlooked only washbasins and were nowhere near cubicles. 'It is misleading to say we have the highest number, it all depends on the design,' he added. 'We are also a much bigger school than the average secondary school. Sibhan Freegard, of parenting website Netmums, said 'everybody realises' cameras are not being placed in cubicles but in open areas where a lot of bullying and bad behaviour takes place.

Are you for or against CCTV Cameras in school toilets?

- 3 -

At what store do you get the following plastic bags?

- 4 -

Eco-friendly

- 5 -

Let's eat grandma. or Let's eat, grandma.

Punctuation

It saves life.

Extreme Reading Competition!!!!

The English Department invites to submit a photo of yourself reading a book in an EXTREME and UNUSAL place (or position!) to win HOUSE POINTS and

PRIZES!!!

Deadline: September 30, 2012 Open to ALL year groups 7 – 11

- 6 - 英国中学校での授業 Science 理科

課題 The Doggy Barbecue

At her birthday garden party, Chloe's dad cooked beef burgers on a barbecue for the guests. Everybody was very hungry and Chloe's dad cooked the burgers quickly. They were burn on the outside. After a couple of mouthfuls, a few guests complained that their burgers were cold in the middle, so Chloe's dad put them back on the barbecue to heat them through. A few hours later, some of the guests had bad stomach pains and a few vomited. The next day, many of the guests were sick and diarrhea.

Task: Use the information above to explain why the guests had food poisoning and the body's response to the infection. You can do this either by: ・ drawing a cartoon strip to show the stages of infection ・ writing an exciting story to show how the infection takes hold and is defeated. である。説明として文章で書いても、図で説明してもよいと解答方法を生徒に任せ、より creative で persuasive な回答を求める発表プロジェクトの感があった。

補足のポイントして、 Make sure you include: 1. How bacteria can enter the body. 2. Which barriers the bacteria must overcome when entering the body. 3. How the bacteria reproduce in the digestive system. 4. What the body can do to fight the infection. 5. How the body can prepare itself for a future infection from the same bacteria.

Food poisoning fact file: ・ Food poisoning can be caused by bacteria called Salmonella ・ A small number of the bacteria on meat can cause food poisoning. These bacteria enter the body and reproduce by dividing in the same way as cells in the body. Each bacterium can divide every 20 minutes. ・ When it enters the body, it reacts with chemicals in the digestive system and causes food poisoning. の解説を付記

- 7 - Key words: antibodies, bacterium (bacteria), food poisoning, illness, immune, infection, small intestine, stomach, stomach acid, white blood cells

Level Ladder Level 5 ・ Explained simply why the guests got food poisoning. ・ Described the body's defenses against the bacteria. ・ Explained why it takes a few hours before a person feels ill. ・ Described how the body fights the infection. Explained how food poisoning can be prevented.

Level 6 ・ Explained why the guests got food poisoning. ・ Explained how some human body cells are specialised to stop bacteria entering it. ・ Explained, using diagrams, how the bacteria divide in the body. ・ Explained how the body responds to the infection. ・ Explained the body’s response if it was infected by the same type of bacteria again.

Level 7 Followed the instructions for level 6, using detailed scientific knowledge and understanding, and also : • Used numerical methods to estimate the number of bacteria that are in the body after a few hours. •Made comparisons of the sizes of bacteria and human cells

- 8 -

Religious Studies Learning Standard

Level 3: I can use key words to describe similarities and differences between religions

Level 4: I can show understanding and apply religious terms. - 9 -

Level 5: I can explain how beliefs effect(affect) people and what influences me and others.

Level 6: I can compare and contrast beliefs and use examples to express my own views.

Level 7: I can critically evaluate beliefs and give evidence for and against these views.

Level 8: I can analyse and contextualize beliefs and justify my own views

Personal. Learning & Thinking Skills

Creative Thinkers ・Generating ideas ・Considering new solutions ・Extending your thinking ・Adapting & reacting as necessary ・Exploring lots of possibilities ・Questions assumptions ・Asking questions ・Following ideas through ・Trying out alternatives

- 10 - Effective Participants ・Discussing concerns ・Persuading others to participate ・Identifying improvements ・Finding ways to move forward ・Breaking problems down into manageable steps ・Presenting other views for discussion ・Finding solutions ・Keeping a balanced view ・Negotiating with others

Independent Enquirers ・Identifying answers to questions ・Identifying problems to solve ・Planning and carrying out research ・Exploring from different perspectives ・Supporting your conclusions with reasoned arguments and evidence ・Evaluating information ・Analysing information ・Considering how circumstances, beliefs and feelings influence decisions and events

Team Workers ・Giving useful feedback ・Collaborating with others ・Working towards a common goal ・Managing discussions ・Reaching agreement with others ・Adapting behavior to suit different roles and situations ・Supporting others constructively ・Showing confidence ・Taking responsibility ・Being fair to others ・Being considerate to others

- 11 - Self managers ・Seeking challenges ・Finding new responsibilities ・Working towards goals ・Using your initiative ・Being committed to your goals ・Showing perseverance ・Being flexible when circumstances change ・Organizing your time and resources ・Prioritizing actions ・Anticipating risks and managing them ・Taking risks where appropriate ・Responding positively to change ・Reconsidering when you need support and advice ・Dealing effectively with pressure

Reflective learners ・Assessing yourself ・Identifying opportunities ・Reconsidering achievements ・Identifying success criteria ・Communicating your learning to others in appropriate ways ・Acting on the outcomes of your review ・Evaluating experiences ・Reviewing progress ・Inviting feedback ・Dealing with praise ・Dealing constructively with setbacks and criticism ・Setting goals

- 12 - News from London

Metro Sept. 18, 2013 Hawking: We put down pets, so why should humans suffer? By Paul Keogh

Prof believes those who are terminally ill have the right to end their life. The scientist performed a U-turn in backing assisted suicides, having previously claimed ‘there is always hope’. He told the BBC: ‘We don’t let animals suffer, so why humans?’ ‘I think those who have a terminal illness and are in great pain should have the right to choose to end their lives and those who help them should be free from prosecution. ‘But there must be safeguards that the person concerned genuinely wants to end their life and they are not being pressurized into it or have it done without their knowledge or consent, as would have been the case with me.’ The 71-year-old theoretical physicist was diagnosed with the disabling and incurable condition motor neuron disease aged 21. He was told that he had less than three years to live. Just five per cent of people with the kind of MND he has --- called amyotrophic lateral sclerosis --- survive for more than a decade after diagnosis. He was also places on life support machine following a bout of pneumonia in 1985. His then-wife, Jane, was given the option of turning off his life support. Prof Hawking recovered to complete his science best seller A Brief History of Time, which has sold more than 10millon copies around the world. Talking about euthanasia in 2006, he said: ‘The victim should have the right to end his life, if he wants. But I think it would be a great mistake. However bad life may seem, there is always something you can do and succeed at. While there’s life; there is hope.’

- 13 - Evening Standard Sept. 10, 2013/09/11

Schools ‘failing to help pupils find good jobs’ Anna Davis (Education Correspondent)

Schools are failing to give students proper career advice and are using outdated information about the workplace, according to a damming report today from Ofsted. Three quarters of schools inspected by the watching were not providing decent guidance, leaving children unaware of many potential jobs. The report is the first since the Government axed local authorities’ legal duty to provide careers guidance and made schools responsible instead. A National Careers Service helpline and website was set up as part of the change, but Ofsted today criticized it for being “significantly underused” because schools do not promote it. The report also found teachers push A-levels as the “good standard” in preference to giving information about alternative vocational training and apprenticeships. Ofsted called for the Government to better monitor what students end up doing when they leave school, and for Ofsted inspectors to take greater account of this when making future checks. Chief inspector Sir Michael Wilshaw said:”Given the high levels of youth unemployment, even amongst graduates, it is important the Government, schools, local authorities and other agencies all work to improve the quality of careers advice in schools.” A Department for Education spokesman said the government will revise its guidance for schools and improve the National Careers Service. Skills minister Matthew Hancock said schools were best for careers advice because they know their pupils and could help “to create a skilled workforce to compete in the global race.” But Tristram Hunt, the shadow education minister, called the report “a damming indictment”.

- 14 - Metro September 11, 2013 Goodbye paper, hello plastic for new banknotes By Jayne Atherton

It is time to say goodbye to tattered tenners and frayed fivers, the Bank of England has announced. Old-fashioned paper banknotes could be replaced by plastic notes within the next three years. The Bank of England says the notes, made from polymer, are cleaner, more secure and £10milion a year cheaper than their cotton paper counterparts which have been in use for 300 years. Although plastic banknotes are used in more than 20 countries, the change to our currency will be made only if the public approves. The Bank has planned 50 events across Britain to show them to the public. ‘We would print notes on polymer only if we were persuaded that the public would continue to have confidence in, and be comfortable with, our note,’ said the bank’s deputy governor Charlie Bean. Should plastic cash get the green light, new £5 and £10 notes adorned with the faces of Winston Churchill and Jane Austen could be in circulation by 2016. The notes will be smaller but will easily survive a spin in the washing machine. Although there are many benefits to plastic cash, focus groups have raised concerns about the notes being slippery and sticking together. They have also complained that polymer notes would not fold as easily in wallets as paper. A final decision on the new notes will be made in December.

Evening Standard Sept.12, 2013 Speaking is ‘better than writing for primary pupils’ Anna Davis (Education Correspondent)

The first years of primary school should be radically overhauled and emphasis placed on speaking instead of writing, an expert said today. Children need more time to understand the meaning of words and numbers before they start learning to “decode black marks on paper”, according to Alan Smithers, director of the Centre for Education and Employment Research at the University of Buckingham.

- 15 - His comments came after an influential lobby of almost 130 educationalists called for schooling to be delayed until the age of six or seven, in favour of play-based activities with no formal literacy of numeracy requirements. The group, which includes Sir Al Aynsley-Green, the former children’s commissioner for England, said that children who entered school at six oe seven after being at nursery for longer did better educationally and had higher levels of well-being. However, a spokesman for Education Secretary Michael Gove said: “These people represent the powerful and badly misguided lobby who are responsible for the devaluation of exmas and culture of low expectations in state schools.” Professor Smithers said: “If you drive very young children to learn thr formalities of reading and writing and representing that on paper too early you are not providing the best possible education.” But he added: “The alternative is not play.” He called for a “systematic” system where children learn through talking with teachers and with each other and where they are able to move about regularly. But children would not be formally graded and assessed.

Evening Standard Sept. 13, 2013 Could the West boycott Russia’s Winter Games?

With the Winter Olympics in Sochi so close and international tension running high again, could the Games again become the stage for some political posturing if Russian-US relations deteriorate? There are only five months to go until the Winter Games, the first Russia has staged a major international sporting event since the Moscow Olympics in 1980. It has pumped an estimated 1.5 trillion roubles (about $50 billion) into making it a showpiece of international brotherhood. And yesterday in the New York Times, Vladimir Putin extended the hand of friendship by writing a column on how we must stand shoulder-to-shoulder within the United Nations over Syria. Roll back to 1980. Russian tanks had trundled into Afganistan the Previous year to try to suppress the insurgent Mujahjideen, the precursors to the Taliban, and the US made a stand by boycotting the Games. More than 60 nations followed suit, a humiliation for the Soviet Union.

- 16 - The Londoner asked the British Olympic Association, chaired by Lord Coe, if there might be any circumstances that justify a boycott of the Sochi Games, which have already been the focus of gay rights protests. “We are currently not contemplating a boycott but obviously we cannot predict what the situation maybe in 2014,” says a spokesman. A sporting footnote: in 1980, Britain didn’t join the US boycott. It turned to our advantage. Scottish 100m runner Allan Wells picked up gold for Britain as did Coe himself in the 1500m.

Plastic bag charge to be introduced in England BBC のニュースサイトより以下のニュース http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24088523

The charge in England will come into effect after the 2015 general election A 5p charge for plastic bags in England is to be introduced by the government in a bid to discourage their use. Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg is to unveil the plans at the Liberal Democrat party conference this weekend. Ministers are said to be concerned at the environmental impact of the bags, particularly on waterborne animals. The charge, which will only apply to supermarkets and larger stores, will begin after the 2015 election, with the proceeds going to charities. A similar charge applying to the single-use carrier bags made from both plastic and paper is already in effect in Wales and Northern Ireland. Retailers in Scotland will start charging for bags in October 2014. According to Liberal Democrat sources, the charge in Wales, which began in 2011, has seen the use of plastic bags drop by roughly 75%. A senior aide to Mr Clegg said the deputy prime minister had to "push hard across government" to ensure the levy was introduced. BBC political correspondent Robin Brant said ministers acknowledged that shoppers may be unhappy about the prospect of the charge in what are "tough times" but the coalition believed it needed to tackle their use. A number of supermarkets already encourage customers to limit their use of carrier bags by giving them loyalty points for providing their own. Others, such as Marks & Spencer, have introduced a charge.

- 17 - Charities involved in clearing up the environmental damage caused by plastic bags will benefit from money raised by the new charge. Groups such as the Campaign to Protect Rural England, Keep Britain Tidy, the Marine Conservation Society and Surfers Against Sewage have long called for a charge. They said plastic bags littered England's streets and countryside. The bags, they say, have proved harmful to wildlife which become entangled in them or think they are food.

The Times September 14, 2013 ‘The Internet is an addictive place that is grooming our children.’

Internet companies are “glooming” teenagers to become addicted to online shopping, games and porn, accoding to the film director Beeban Kidron. ….. Parents should stop checking their mobile phones and listen to their children, according to head teachers. The advice, published by the National Association of Head Teachers and the charity Family Action, also suggests that parents switch TV or laptop before their children’s bedtime and read a story or chat. David Holmes, from Family action, said: ”We all know how easy it is to be distracted by our mobiles when with our children.” The advice also urges families to eat dinner together.

Web of temptation ・40 % of teenagers spend more time online than they do with their friends. ・90% of the world’s data has been created in the past two years. ・100 hours of video are uploaded to You Tube every minutes. ・2.5 billion pieces of content are shared on Facebook every day. ・80 % of young people believe they are more likely to get away with bullying online than in real life.

Schools told to cut uniform costs

Schools in England will be told to take action to cut the cost of school uniforms to help hard-pressed parents.

- 18 - Education minister David is to issue new guidance to end the practice of using a single uniform supplier, enabling parents to shop around. He told BBC Breakfast he wanted to stop profit-sharing schemes that existed between some schools and shops. But the biggest teaching union said schools could merely ignore the "weak" orders, adding legislation was needed. The Local Government Association has blamed soaring uniform costs on schools rebranding as academies with new logos. Mr Laws, who will make the announcement at the Lib Dem conference in Glasgow, said the cost of uniforms was often "unnecessarily high" at a time when family budgets were being squeezed. 'Profit from the business' He said: "The fact for example that it is too easy for schools to have these single supplier arrangements where parents can end up paying more than they need to. Continue reading the main story “Start Quote Many schools go to great lengths to make their uniforms both smart and affordable” Russell Hobby NAHT general secretary "And there are also things that we feel we should get rid of. "For example, it's possible at the moment to have cash back arrangements where schools can have these arrangements with single suppliers and in return get some of the profit from the business." School uniforms, he added, could be an important sign of identity and pride but, at a time when many family budgets were squeezed, parents should not be forced to spend more than they needed to. Mr Laws said: "We will send a strong signal to schools that it is vital to secure value for money for parents before changing or introducing new school uniforms. Parents need to be able to shop around to find the best deal."

David Laws: "We want to make it as as easy as possible for parents to buy uniforms at a sensible cost" He denied new laws were needed and was confident schools would follow government guidance.

- 19 - Schools in England will be urged to stop using exclusive single supplier contracts, unless regular tendering processes are run to ensure firms provide value for money. The guidelines will also say schools should not enter into 'cash-back' agreements with shops and compulsory items of uniform should be available relatively cheaply. Branding should also be kept "to a minimum", the guidelines will say, and schools will be urged to avoid changing specifications frequently. An Office of Fair Trading (OFT) investigation last year suggested 75% of UK state schools placed restrictions on where uniforms could be bought. 'Weak advice' Such a move typically added £5 to the price tag for each item, leaving parents an estimated £52m a year worse off, the OFT said. The announcement follows a Labour Party campaign to highlight the cost of school uniforms. David Cameron has twice responded to calls for action on school uniform prices by Labour MPs at prime minister's questions, accusing them of wanting to undermine the government's flagship free schools programme. He told the MPs schools should be free to set their own "tough and robust" uniform policies. Chris Keates, general secretary of the NASUWT - the largest teachers' union - said the coalition had scrapped rules forcing schools to restrict costs. "Parents are now paying the price of the excessive freedoms this coalition has given to schools. "This announcement largely repeats the guidance the Office of Fair Trading gave in a letter it sent to all schools last year, which many of them ignored. "If the Liberal Democrats are serious about this issue they need to commit to issuing statutory guidance rather than weak advice." But Russell Hobby, general secretary of National Association of Head Teachers, said: "Many schools go to great lengths to make their uniforms both smart and affordable; helping out where they can those families who struggle to afford them." Last month, the Local Government Association said schools had a "moral duty" to keep costs down for parents. It said schools which decided to alter their uniform - for example a newly-converted academy that decides to change its emblem - should restrict changes to one or two items or to sew-on logos.

- 20 - Metro Sept. 19, 2013 Demands for ‘basic right’ of education By Nicole Le Marrie

Education saves lives but 57million children – mostly girls – still go without one, a report has warned. If all women had a primary and secondary education it could stop almost 2.5million girls becoming child brides, findings by Unesco reveal. By giving girls a primary education, child mortality could fall by a sixth and maternal deaths could fall by two-thirds, saving 189,000 women a year, it says in the Education For All Global Monitoring Report. Poverty could also be reduced, with income per person increased by 23 per cent over 40 years if equal access to education was improved, it said. However, campaigners to invest more and go further to ensure all children get primary and secondary schooling. Introducing the report was teacher Mariam Khalilique. She taught Pakistani school girl Malala Yousafzai, who was shot in the head last year by the Taliban for campaigning for girl’s education. She said: ‘Education transforms men and women’s lives alike.’ The report showed that in sub-Saha-ran African and South and West Asia almost 3million girls are married by the age of 15. In these regions, 3.4million young women give birth by the age of 17. But if all girls had primary schooling, there would be 340,000 fewer early births, and with secondary education it would fall by 2million. Pauline Rose, director of the EFA report, said : ‘The huge benefits of education are sometimes invisible to policy-makers. Today’s analysis presents undeniable proof this should change.’

The Times Sept. 14, 2013 'The internet is an addictive place that is grooming our children'

Beeban Kidron tells Rachel Sylvester that her new film reveals a generation damaged by online enticements

- 21 - Internet companies are "grooming" teenagers to become addicted to online shopping, games and porn, according to the film director Beeban Kidron. Baroness Kidron, a crossbencher in the House of Lords; who has just completed a documentary about young people and technology, said there is a "continuum" between social media, such as Facebook and Twitter, and online porn. "They are all based on a commercial premise that the more time you spend, the more data there is and the more advertising they can sell," she said. "The collateral damage is short attention spans, kids learning about relationships from porn or becoming addicted to gaming, but the real danger is commercialism. Our children's data is being harvested. We worry about them being groomed for sex, but we should worry too that they are being groomed to be good consumers." The director who has two teenage children, captured the anxieties of previous decades with adaptations of Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit and Bridget Jones: The Edge o f Reason. She has turned her attention to the digital revolution, interviewing dozens of young people for her feature-length film InRealLife, which is in cinemas next week. More than ha If of them struggled to cope with the speed and scale of their virtual lives, Many had become addicted to computer games, intern et pornography or social media sites. "We have developed a world in which kids go into the tsunami and we say, 'Swim', but nobody is responsible," Kidron says. "For every teenager who says, 'I can look after myself, I found one who said, 'I feel completely overwhelmed' and if we have 50 per cent of teenagers being anxious, that's a problem. My worry as a human being is that we are creating mediated intimacy. "We are walking into an addictive place where it's a free-for-au, we are open to anything and no one is taking care of you. That's particularly dangerous if you are young, if you don't know anything else; if you have not fully formed. In the film, she lifts the lid on the techniques, including behavioural psychology and reward mechanisms, that are used to hook young people into games and social media sites. Millions of "micro-experiments" are run on different players to optimise the use of colour and icons to work out what makes people come back more often. New stimuli are deployed to give a rush of dopamine, the chemical associated with pleasure. "There's a real problem that something my generation believed would be open, free and democratic has been hijacked by commercial forces," Kidron

- 22 - says. "It's a Truman Show world." A games programmer told her that attention spans were falling so rapidly that although older teenagers were willing to read a paragraph of instructions, younger ones could not take in more than a line. According to another expert interviewed for the film, universities are soon going to have to teach urii-tasking, because students are shopping online during lectures and finding it impossible to concentrate on only one thing. The Government must she says, do more to force Internet companies such as Twitter, Facebook and Google to take responsibility, with stricter controls on age verification and anonymity. There should also, in her view, be compulsory education in schools about how to deal with the Internet, including online porn. "We have to look at it like smoking. I'm not going to tell anyone not to smoke but we have decided that it's unacceptable to do it on planes and trains and in restaurants. We have to work out our rules much better about usage of the internet Are, we going to be dragged, Iemming-like by our smart phones into a world where we can't look each other in the eye, or are we going to take back control?" One of the young people featured in the documentary, Page, who is 15, describes how she is so hooked on messaging on her BlackBerry that when she lost the phone, she was so desperate to buy a new one that she sold sexual favours to a boy at school to get the money. Without the BlackBerry, she says: "I started to get really depressed, I didn't want to leave the house without having a phone, all I wanted was to have that BlackBerry… I decided to do what it takes to get the phone." Another interviewee, Tobin, 19, got three As and one A* at A level, but was thrown out of Oxford because he did not do enough work. He spends on average five hours a day on his X-box and two hours watching films on YouTube. Although his parents have tried to get him to reduce is attachment to screens, he refused to listen. 'With a drug addiction . . . you know it's bad for you so it's hard to get angry when people say you should; top,™ he teas Kidron, "But with in it's not really destroying your life so it seems like the other person is unfairly judging." Tom, 15, came oat as gay on Twitter, exchanging 7,000 texts in three months with a boyfriend he had fallen in love with online but never met. Another 15-year-old boy, Ryan, looks at online porn every day and has come to

- 23 - "rely" on it. He admits it form relationships with girls. "You try out a girl and . you want her to be exactly like the one you saw on the internet," he says. "It's ruined the whole sense of love. People get addicted to drugs. It's like that but with love. It hurts me because I find now that ifs so hard for me to feel the connection with a girl." Although Kidron admits that these are "extreme" cases, she believes that they reflect a much wider problem in British society. "I did not ' have to go very far to find these kids. There a lot of teenagers like these ones, they are all around us . . . The behaviours are at least to a degree recognisable in the majority of kids." She decided to investigate the impact that the internet was having on the young, having observed her own children's reliance on technology. "I walked into my kitchen one day an. d there were six kids, one on the computer, four with their heads down over screens and one playing a video game. I watched them for several minutes and nobody spoke. I found it disturbing." She started asking: "Have we out-sourced our children to the internet and, if yes . . . who owns them?" Parents should, she says, set an example by putting their phones away after 7pm so that they can have a meal undisturbed with their children. They must also pay more attention to what teenagers are doing online. "There has been a huge rise in playground accidents in the States. They discovered it was because the carers in the park were on the phone so their eyes were not on the children, I worry about the more profound thing of a generation growing up without their parents' eyes on them during the large parts of their lives that they are online." Ministers are increasingly concerned about the difficulty of pol icing the internet, David Cameron has promised that most households will have pornography blocked by their internet provider unless they choose to receive it. He also called for an advertising boycott of "irresponsible websites" after Hannah Smith, 14, killed herself after being bullied through the social media site ask.fm. However, Michael Gove, the Education Secretary, has rejected a call from Nick Clegg, the Deputy Prime Minister, to upgrade sex education guidelines to keep pace with the explosion in internet porn.

- 24 - Independent Sept. 20, 2013 Thousands of British children caught in web of online blackmail

Oversets paedophiles target UK teenagers in fast-growing trend combining extortion, cyber-bullying and sex abuse By PAUL Peachery Crime Correspondent Thousands of British children have been targeted by internet blackmailers, with many forced to use webcams to film themselves performing sex acts or self-mutilation because they fear having their naked pictures sent to their families, child protection experts warn today. The blackmailing of children has emerged as a fast-growing new method employed by sadistic abusers who operate behind fake profiles on social networks to take advantage of youthful sexual experimentation and snare their victims, driving some to self-harm and even suicide. A single police operation discovered that one small ring of paedophiles over-seas had pressured more than 300 children, including 96 in Britain, into performing live sex acts online. Some of the youngsters attempted suicide when they were threatened with having their behaviour made public, according to the Chud Exploitation and Online Protection Centre (Ceop). Police analysis of computers reveals that, be-fore befriending a child they intend to groom for online abuse, perpetrators often research the victim's location, school and other details, so as to present a convincing picture of themselves as a local young adolescent. Children as young as eight are being targeted, according to Ceop. Such grooming often starts on o pen chat forums before moving to private areas where the talk swiftly becomes more explicit The threats usually start after children have been tricked into posting compromising pictures of themselves that they fear could be distributed more widely. In one online conversation retrieved by the authorities, an abuser tricked his victim and then became increasingly aggressive, saying he did not care if the boy killed himself. '1 totally own you," he said. The practice appears to be a new, more menacing development in the world of cyber-bullying. Children have been forced to film themselves on webcams as they write degrading statements on their bodies or cut themselves, says Ceop. One abuser collected images of his blackmailed victims in a folder named

- 25 - "slaves". A British teenager is one of seven young people who have killed them-selves over blackmail. Daniel Perry, 17, of Dunfermline, Fife. leapt from the Forth Road Bridge in July. He had been having online chats with a person he believed to be an American girl of his own age, but was then told his conversations would be played to his family and friends unless he paid money into a bank account. Police are still investigating Daniel's death. Experts said that, while they had seen a few cases of extortion, most blackmailers were motivated by sexual desire and sadism. "There is a desire for power and control, and getting a kick out of causing as much pain as possible," said Dr. Elly Farmer, a clinical psychologist. Ceop has carried out 12 operations over the past two years in which the blackmailing of children into performing sex acts was a clear motive, with 424 victims worldwide and 184 in Britain. Five of those operations against groups and individuals - were in the UK:(Ceop said the number of victims identified represented a small fraction of the number targeted. The global nature of the problem was highlighted by "Operation K launched this year after a complaint by one victim to police in Britain. It revealed evidence of a group of friends in an unspecified country acting together to ensnare young children. They operated dozens of profiles and email addresses on five websites. Most of the British children targeted were boys aged 11 to 15. Britons were disproportionately targeted because they spoke English, and in the apparent belief that liberal values in this country were likely to make them more susceptible to online grooming, Ceop said. Many of the victims were forced to conduct graphic sex acts. "The coverage was immense," said Ceop's operations manager Stephanie McCourt. "It was very easy for children to get caught up in that process." A group of men, aged 20 to 44, are due to go on trial within the next month in an unspecified non-European country that authorities declined to name for legal reasons. Ceop said a third of its operations had seen abusers operate on the so-called "Darknet" - an encrypted sub-layer of the world wide web that is supposed to ensure anonymity - but officials said people were arrested in every "sting”. They declined to say how suspects were identified. "Young people must remember that the online world is the real world. Pictures

- 26 - can be distributed to thou-sands of people in seconds and can never be fully deleted," said John Cameron, the head of the NSPCC help-line. "We need to educate young people but also reassure them that no matter what threats people make to them over the internet, they can be stopped and the crime they are com-mitting is very serious and can result in a lengthy jail sentence."

Evening Star Sept. 18, 2013 London’s Health Gap: Rich Get Extra 18 Years Ross Lydall and Jonathan Prynn

The shocking difference in the number of years of good health London's wealthiest and poorest residents can expect to enjoy was revealed today. Women living in Richmond can look forward to 72 years of "healthy life" - compared with just 54 for women in Tower . That equates to people in the East End's most deprived borough losing almost a year for every stop on the District line that links them to Richmond. The difference is only slightly less for men - with 70 healthy years for those in Richmond, compared with 55 in Tower Hamlets. The stark difference between the capital's "haves" and "have-nots" emerged in figures published by the Office for National Statistics. Experts calculated that the time people spent in "very good" or "good" health, based upon an individual's perception of their own wellbeing, varied in line with deprivation and socio-economic factors. Health chiefs said improvements over the last decade in London's life expectancy had "not gone far enough, and the "glaring statistics" showed that more work was needed to tackle in-equalities, including the rise in tuberculosis and HIV infection rates. Work is being led by NHS England's London region to deliver seven day GP and hospital services, while Boris Johnson has launched a London Health care Commission to probe gaps in care. Dr Andy Mitchell, medical director of NHS England London, said: "We have to focus on those boroughs with the worst rates. It needs a rethink about how primary care is delivered and how we transform the whole hospital system with a view to making sure there is 24/7 equality of access and care, including at weekends.

- 27 - "For the most part, a wealthier population has different lifestyles and often better access to health services. In the poorer parts of London, where you have ethnic minority groups and dis-advantaged individuals, these people don't register with primary care and don't access health care services - or are not aware how to access them." Men in Richmond had a life expectancy of 81.5 years, of which 70.3 were classed as healthy" - the highest rate in the country. By comparison, men in Islington can look forward to 56.5 years of healthy living as part of an overall life expectancy of 77.2 years. Those in Tower Hamlets are set for 55.7 healthy years out of a life expectancy of 76.7 years. There was a similar but more pronounced pattern for women. Those in Richmond were again Britain's luckiest, with 72.1 of their 86 years being healthy, Women in Bromley and Barnet also featured in the UK(top 10, with 68 years of healthy life expectancy. But women in Tower Hamlets are set for only 54.1 healthy years out of an expected 81.9-year lifetime. Those in Newham were only just better, with a healthy life expectancy of 55.7 years. The figures also showed a clear North-South divide, with healthy life expectancy in the South-East outside London of 65,7 years for men and 67 for women, By contrast, the figures for the North-East were 59.7 for men and 60.2 for women. The UK(average was 63.2 years for men and 64.2 for women. Richmond - which includes Kew, Barnes and Hampton - is one of the UKs most prosperous places. Not one ward in the borough has above-average levels of out-of-work benefit claimants and its unemployment rate is just four per cent, one of the UK's lowest. Tower Hamlets has London's joint highest unemployment rate and one of the UK's highest at 13.4 per cent.

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Toilet Paper

The first toilet paper appeared in 1857. Called ‘medicated paper’, it was sold as sheets in a flat packet. To avoid embarrassment chemists sold it from under the counter. The first roll of toilet paper was introduced in 1928, followed by soft paper in 1932 and coloured paper in 1957. Alternatives to bought toilet paper included newspaper cut in to squares. Evidence from archaeological digs suggest that sponges, leaves, moss, stone and old clothing cut into squares were used before toilet paper was introduced.

York Castle Museum

- 29 - The Earth’s surface is an interface between land, air, water and living things. All interact in complex systems. Natural History Museum

As users of the Earth’s resources, humans have a direct impact on Earth systems. We grow food on the land, harvest the sea and consume fresh water. We mine and quarry raw materials. We built cities, produce waste and burn fuel for energy. The knowledge of earth scientists provides the link between us and the Earth we live on. Their growing understanding of the way global systems work can help us make the difficult choices about how we use the Earth today and safeguard it for tomorrow.

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Water sources

In addition to surface water in rivers and lakes, there are many sources of fresh water underground. Finding and using them is an important part of earth scientists’ work.

Senegal: mining water In semi-desert regions like Senegal in Africa, ground water from wells is often the only reliable water source. Knowing how fast an aquifer is recharging allows people to balance their use of renewable water and ‘palaeo water’ – reserves that will not be replenished with human life spans. Earth scientists collect core samples of rock and water taken at 25 and 50 centimeter intervals down through the aquifer. Analysis of the chemical content and water saturation shows how old the water is at each level. With this information earth scientists can work out the rate of aquifer recharge and hence determine how a well should be managed.

- 31 - Mineral Water Buxton: www.buxtonwater.co.uk

A little bit of Britain in every bottle Our water fell as rain 5,000 years ago on the rolling hills of the unspoilt Peak District. During its deep underground journey, it slowly filters, collecting lovely minerals which give Buxton water its unique balanced and refreshing taste. Day after day it rises naturally at St. Ann’s Spring, in the heart of Buxton town. We bottle it directly at source, for you to enjoy wherever you are. Buxton. A drop of pure Britain.

Life

Life water is the original ethical British spring water. We are 100% carbon neutral, certified organic and recyclable. Please help keep our planet a cleaner and healthier place. Drink well, be happy and please recycle. www.life-water.co.uk Every bottle of LIFE water you enjoy gives up to 1000 litres of clean drinking water to communities in the developing world.

- 32 - Soil management Soil is the interface where the biosphere (the world of plants and animals) meets the geosphere (rocks and minerals) and the atmosphere (gases). The effective management of soil is essential to our survival.

- 33 - The Earth today and tomorrow

The Earth’s surface is an interface between land, air, water and living things. All interact in complex systems.

As users of the Earth’s resources, humans have a direct impact on these systems.

The knowledge of earth scientists provides the link between us and the Earth we live on. Their growing understanding of the way global systems work can help us make the difficult choices about how we use the Earth today and safeguard it for tomorrow.

What can we do?

Reuse, Reduce, recycle In the short-term we can be more economical with the resources that we use day by day.

Rethink, redesign, replace In the medium-term we can design new systems, products and ways of organizing our living spaces that save energy and resources.

Re-educate, re-orientate, redistribute, revalue In the long-term we can make changes to our way of life and expectations so that sensitive management of our planet’s resources is as natural as looking after ourselves.

- 34 - Environmental Issues Natural History Museum Products Every day we each use and throw away hundreds of objects manufacture from the Earth’s raw materials. Earth scientists play an essential part in finding the minerals that are the basis for so much of our way of life. They direct their safe extraction and help with their disposal after use. Over the last fifty years earth scientists have become increasingly involved in monitoring the effects of pollution produced by our use of raw materials. This requires great skill in collecting information our impact on the Earth’s complex systems. Materials are mined, pumped and quarried to create products. Each component requires energy to manufacture, adding to the product’s resources cost. Items like cars also consume energy and materials in use, as do everyday products like washing machines, photocopiers and even battery-operated toys. Finally there is the cost of disposing of these items safely after use, with a little resource ‘credit’ if parts re recycled. Effectively managing the Earth’s resources means minimizing the environmental impact caused by the things we use and ensuring that they are not wasted.

Living space Building houses in our towns and cities needs large quantities of rocks and minerals as well as oil based plastics, metal, and other mined minerals. Pressure on the countryside around large cities means that old industrial land needs to be make available for housing and other uses. Once created, buildings have to withstand the changes brought about by the dynamic natural systems in operation at the Earth’s surface. Om each of these three areas earth scientists’ skills are extensively used to help create our living space.

Energy The availability of plentiful energy resources is the basis on which the industrialized world has been built. The main sources have been fossil fuels, in the form of coal during the and oil and gas today. Earth scientists are closely involved in the discovery of oil and gas around the world and in its effective recovery. The skills employed range from basic borehole sampling to the most sophisticated computer model analysis. At the same time earth scientists are helping to develop sustainable alternatives to oil and gas and to asses the impact that fossil fuel use has on the global climate.

- 35 - Japanese Lolita Victoria & Albert Museum

The Japanese Lolita look differs from its better-known Sweet, Gothic and Punk counterparts because its starting point is native rather than foreign dress traditions. At one end of the spectrum there is the demure kimono look explored by designers such as Mamechiyo Modern. At the opposite end there are the over-the top creations of designers like Takuya Angel, for whom samurai amour and ideas of machismo are the main points of departure.

- 36 - Punk Lolita Of all the Lolita looks, Punk Lolita is the style most obviously rooted in British street culture. Chains, spikes and safety pins accompany wild hair cuts, bondage trousers and in-your-face T-shirts. Vivienne Westwood, doyenne of 1970s Punk, is the goddess and heroine for Punk Lolita designers and her hallmark use of tartan is de rigueur. As with Gothic Lolita, the incorporation of cutesy motifs and cuddly accessories gives the look a sugrariness very different in spirit from its British antecedents.

PUNK Lolita Sixh, and MINT Neko This unisex outfit is a compelling example of 21st-century sartorial hybridization. It combines a Westwood-inspired tartan top, an Asian layered-skirt bottom and the whacky cat of the MINT Neko label. Sixh, and MINT Neko are two brands owned by the KINC clothing group. The company owes its runaway success largely to the Punk, Gothic and Visual Kei designer, Naoto Hirooka, who joined the company in 1999.

Gothic Lolita Gothic Lolita emerged during the 1990s, inspired be the theatrical outfits worn by members of Visual Kei rock bands. One of the most influential of these was Malice Mizer (1992-2001), whose leader Mana established the Moi-memé-Moitié fashion label in 1999. Visual Kei and Gothic Lolita owe much to the 1980s British Gothic Rock scene and the androgyny associated with , Marc Bolan and their New Romantic successors. Despite their often ghoulish appearance, Gothic Lolitas are no less concerned with innocence and cuteness than their Sweet Lolita counterparts.

GOTHIC LOLITA Moi-memé-Moitié Moi-memé-Moitié is one of the best-known Gothic Lolita labels. It was established by Mana of Malice Miszer in 1999 with the strap-line ‘Elegant Gothic Lolita Aristocrat Vampire Romance’. It has two main lines: Elegant Gothic Lolita (EGL) for women and Elegant Gothic aristocrat (EGA) for men. The use of dark ultramarine blue in combination with black is a distinctive feature of MMM look.

- 37 - Sweet Lolita Sweet Lolita is the most instantly recognizable and widespread of the Lolita looks. It is also the earliest, having its origins in the old-fashioned, little-girl image marketed in the 1980s by companies such as Pink House and Shirley Temple. Its subsequent popularity owes much to the boutique chain Baby, The Stars Shine Bright, which opened its first shop in 1988. Dolls, Cuddly toys and references to Victorian children’s literature, most notably Alice in Wonderland, are key characteristics of the look.

Science Museum

Who am I? I am my body. You know that you are special. Your tissues are unique and they know that too. The tiny differences in your DNA that make you quite unlike anyone else also influence your health, for good or ill, and your life span. One day artificial eyes, tissue transplants grown from your own cells and computer-assisted limbs could quite literally keep you going.

Who am I? I am more than myself Your identity is shaped by the people you meet and the things that happen to you. Your face gives you away – it reveals your gender, your heritage and your feelings. Brain science confirms startling likenesses in the human family. You share the same emotions, you read faces in the same way, but your responses could be completely different.

Who am I? I am my family. You are your own family history. Your ancestors live on in your genes. The telltale DNA sequence within your cells confirms both your unique identity and your kinship to others, alive or dead. By comparing tiny differences in modern DNA, scientists have begun to trace how a small group of early humans ventured out of Africa to people the planet.

What do you think you are? The human brain could be the most complex structure in the known universe. By

- 38 - comparing its structure and genetic make-up with other animal brains, scientists explore what it is that makes us unique. We call ourselves Homo Sapience – ‘wise humans’. But what is intelligence, and can you measure it?

You must remember this? You are the sum of your experiences: your memory fashions your identity. Each memory you have is held within the changing network of nerve cells in your brain. Sometimes, tragically, you cannot remember. Sometimes the tragedy is that you cannot forget. Science examines the making of memory, and its loss.

Why do you look like that? Your features, your physique and your colouring were mainly decided in your mother’s womb. Your fetal development was subtly orchestrated by a set of genes that you share with mice, butterflies and even worms. But genes weren’t the only factor --- your environment also shaped the way you look.

Is that face familiar? Your brain is programmed to recognize thousands of faces. Strangers will know you again, because your face is the most memorable thing about you. Your face reveals you --- your mood, your genetic inheritance, sometimes even your thoughts. What is so special about two eyes, a nose and a moth?

Do I know you? Face? Feet? Elbows? Where do you look to check if you know someone? Our brains have evolved a fundamental ability to identify any recall faces --- and most of us can easily remember thousands and thousands of them.

Our basic emotions Your strongest, most basic emotions appear on your face --- you can’t help it. All around the world, everyone experiences the same six key emotions: anger, fear, disgust, happiness, sadness and surprise. What triggers these emotions and how you respond to them is personal. It depends on your culture, your past experiences and your genes. These face models were made by scanning an actress’s face in #D. Can you guess which emotion is showing on each model?

- 39 - Source: Rapidform Department, Royal College of Art and Kate Asfield

Welcome to Live Science

Entertain your Senses How do we remember the speed of familiar songs? How well do we tap along to music?

Help researchers from the Department of Psychology at Goldsmiths, University of London to answer these and other questions by taking part in a real science experiment. 10:00 – 13:00, 14:00 – 17:00 Every Tuesday, Friday and Sunday from 19 July to 4 October 2013

More information at www.sciencemusei¥um.org.uk/whoami

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