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Theses and Dissertations
1951-06-01
A preliminary study of the distribution of fleas in Utah known ot be capable and potential vectors of plague
Dorald M. Allred Brigham Young University - Provo
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BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Allred, Dorald M., "A preliminary study of the distribution of fleas in Utah known ot be capable and potential vectors of plague" (1951). Theses and Dissertations. 7611. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7611
This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. A Preliminary Stwiy of the Distribution of Fleas in Utah Known to be Capable and Potential Vectors of Plague
A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the Department of Zoology and Entomology Brigham Young University
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master ot Arts
by Dorald M. Allred June l95l Thia Thesis by Dorald M. Allred 11 accepted 1n ita prese.11t form by the Department of Zoology and F.ntomology as satisfying the Thesis require ment for the degree cf Master of Arts.
May, 1951
ii To.Dr. D Elden Beck, Associate Pro:f'essor of Zoology and Entomology, I am indebted tor his constant support, helpful suggestions, and generous , ti.me, .freely givea,, ,,His continU'>US enthusiasm. has been instrwaental in helping to complete this work. ,, I wish to thank Dr. Vasco M. Tanner, Chairman of the Department of Zoology and Entomology, for his helpful criticisms concerning the manuscript. To Dr. C. Lynn Hayward, Associate Professor of Zoology, I ofter my sincere thanka for his helpful uriticisms and suggestions iA the manuscript preparation, and especially for hia help in host determinations. lam grateful to Major Robert Traub and Lt. Vernon J. Tipton of the Department of Parasitology, Arm;; Medical Service Graduate School, Washington, D. c., for their assistance in the determinati�n ot specimens. Lt. Tipton has also given valuable suggestions with respect to field collections and techniques. Acknowledgement is hereby given to the Microbiological Institute ot the National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service, for a research grant which has assisted in making this study possible. I wish to thank Mr. Fred C. Harmaton, SA Sanitarian (R), Division ot Public Health Engineering, Utah State Board or Health, and Mr. Roy J. Myklebust, Wildlife Research Biologist, United Statea Public Health Service, !or their help and kindness in granting me access to Public Health Service field notes.
iii The National Park Service has cooperated fully in granting permission to make collections within the National Parka and Monuments in Utah. Finally, I appreciate the help and support given me by my student associates who have helped me often in the collection of material, and to all those who have aaaisted in any way in the preparation ot thia theaia.
iT TABLEOF C~TENTS
Chapter Page
I. INTRODUCTION•••• • •• • • •••• • • • • • • • • • • • 1 II. REVIEWOF LITERATURE• • • • • • • • • • • • • •••• • • • 4 III. VECTORSAND DIS EASE TRANSMISSION • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 7 IV. ANWL RESERVOIRS ...... ll Plague Important Animals in the Western United States • • 1.3
v. TECHNIQUES• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 20 Host and t'lea Collection Techniques ••••••• • • • • 20 Flea Mounting Technique■• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 22 VI. GEOORAPHICDISTRIBUTION OF PLAOOEIMPORTANT FLEAS IN UTAH.. 24 Explanation of Symbols for Map Plotting •••••• • • • 25 Atyghloceras multidentatua •••••••••••••• •• 26 Catallagia decipiena •• •• • •••••••••••••• 28 Ctenoceehalidea .!!J:!! telis. • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • 31 Dia.manus montan.ua • • • • • • , • • • .. • • • • • • • • 33 EchidptPbafX!1eallinacu •• • • • • •••••••••••• )8 Epitedia weam.anni ••••••••••••••••••• 40 Foxella i&eota • • • • • • ~ • • • • • • • • • • • • 42 HoplO[>!Ylluaat!inia. • ••••••••.••••• • •• 45 ]!ploesillus anomalu •• • • • •• • ••••••••• • • 47 ijzatrichopsylla gigas dippiei ••••••••••••• •. 52 M'&laraeus telchinWll • ••••••• • • • ••••• • •• ;5 Megabothris abantis ••••••• • ••••••••• • • 58 Megarthroglosaua diviaus diviaus ••••••••••••• 60 KonGpsyllus eum.olei eumolpi ••••• • •••••• • ••• 62 Monoesyllua wa,meri wagneri ••• • •••••• • ••• • • 65 Neopsylla inopina ••• • ••• , •••••••••••• 69 Nosopsyllua fasciatus ••••••••••••••••••• 71 Opisocroatis hirsutus •••••••••••• • •••••• 74 Opieocrostis labia •••••••••••••••••••• 76 Opisocrostis tuberoulatus cynomuria, ••••••••••• 78 Opisocrostis tuberoalatus tubercula.tua •••••••• ,. • SO Orchopeas sexdentatus agills ••••••••••••••• 83 Orchopeas sexdentatus nevadenaia ••••••••• ,. ••• 86 Oropsylla idahoenaia ••••••••••••••••••• 88 Pu.lex. irritana • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 91 ,.
Page Thrassia acam.antis , •••••••••• • ••••••• 9.3 Thrassis a1•izoneaaia arizonenaia. ~;-";. • • • • , • • • • • 95 Thr&eeis :Crancisi • • • • • • • • • · ·• • • • • • • • • • • 97 Thrassis howelli howelli ••••••••••••• • ••• 99 'l'hrassis paiidorae• • • • • • • • • • .• • • • • • • • • • • • 101 Thrassis petiolatua •••••••••••••••••• • 104 X;enopsylla eheopls ••••••••••••••• • •••• 106
VII. SOMMAR!'• • • • ,. •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 108 APPENDIX§
I. FLEA-HOSTASSOCIATIONS KNOWN TO OCCURIN UTAH• • • • • • • • 109 II. HOST-FLEAASSOCIATIONS KNOw'N TO OCCURIN UTAH• • • • • • • • ll7 III. DWEI 1'0 COLL.b..'CTIONLOCALITIES • • • • • • •.. • • • • • • • 127
IV. KEI TO NAMESOF COLLECTORS• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • 132 LIST OF REF.ER.ENC~• • • • • • • • • • • • • • , • • • • • • • , • • l.33
ABSTRACT• • • .. • , • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • , • • • • • 141
vi INTRODUCTION
Plague outbreaks in the past have been disastrou.s where domestic
rats and their tleas of certain species were Cotll!llon. Plague has been known to occur in most parts of the world (Robertson 1923), and has occurred as human epidemics !or many centuries (Dubos 1948). The causative organism of plague, Paateurella pestis (Lehmann and Neumann), belongs to the haemorrhagic septicaemic group of bacteria. According to Mackie (1945), Girard (1948), and Dubos (1948), there are several types of pl.ague. All types are caused by the same species of organism but are given different nam.es according to whether a rodent,
human, or a particular body system is affected. The length of life ot the infectious agent outside a living host is variable (Rosenau 1940). The incubation period of the bacillus varies in time depending on whether it is in the intermediate host, a nea, the alternate host, a hum.an, or the
definitive h&st, a rodent (Mackie 1945). ~ In Utah, plague transmitting neas have been shown to be present on domestic rats as well as on wild rodents. According to information received from the Utah State Board or Health, the Norway rat is known to occur in thirteen of the twenty-nine counties of the state. In many communities, both rural and urban, rats are present in great numbers and present an economic as well as a medical problem. Closely associated with this important condition is the population of native rodents in the desert and less populated areas of the state. Variou.s plague surveys have shown that wild rodents are reservoirs of plague, although presently known occurrences 2
of rodent plague are generally in areas removed from thickly populated areas. Through the spread of plague among native rodents, it may slowly
reach the outskirts of metropolitan areas where it would be in close
proximity to domestic rats and human populations. From. history of pa.st plague outbreaks, it would seem pos~ible for the smoldering reservoir of
infection to ,erupt into an explosive human epidemic should favorable
conditions develop. Disease has always been recognized as the constant companion ot
commerce, and especially is this so with plague. The presence of this disease may cause quarantine measures and result in a diversion of commerce. Thia would cause lesses which are beyond estimation. According to Rucker {1915), every case of human plague costs a comrau.nityabout t 7,500, and every case of rodent plague in a community costs at least$ 5,000.
Only a small nwuber of indigenows species of neas en this continent ' have been thoroughly investigated for plague transmission. Furthermore, plague potentialities of native mammalsand birds are little known. Due to an exteruJive population or native rodents in close proximity to human habitations where domestic rats are known to occur, and with the present world condition ot war and a possibility o! bacteriological warfare, conditions exist which pose a serious problem. The bomhed-out condition of an American city would prove an ideal habitat for rats and thereby strengthen an important link in the chain of plague transmission from wild rodents to man. From a medical standpoint as well as from an economic point of view, it aeems appropriate at this ti.me to make a study of the distribution of plague important fleas in Utah.
This paper is concerned in the main with the geographic and host distribution of fleas of wild and domestic rodents in .marginal areas around 3 the more highly populated centers of hw:aan habitation in Utah. An attempt has also been made to show the distribution or plague important neas in the areas most frequented by .man tor recreational purposes. Other records of more isolated or less .t'requented places are reported where available. REVD'ij OF LITER.ATURE
Until recent years literature on Utah neas has been very meager and has consisted of little more than check-lists. Some ot our earliest and foremost workers on western Siphonaptera who studied these insects did so primarily !rom. a taxonomic point of view. The late Carl F. Baker, who did .most of his work while at Colorado State Agricultural College, was the leading early western worker. Dr. larl Jordan and the late Charles Rothschild or the Tring Museumin England, although never known to collect in the western United States, contributed much to Siphonaptera investiga- tions in their studies of western American nus sent to them by other field workers. Soon after the first o~tbreak of bubonic plague in North America at San Francisco, other workers became interested in fleas becauae of their economic significance, and more attention was given to their host and geographic distribution. Frank M. Prince, an entomologist with the Plague Suppressive Keasure Laboratory at San Francisco, California, has contributed much info:rm.ation with regards to plague important fieas in the western United States. C. Andresen Hubbard, former Head of the Department
'-., of Biology at Pacific University in Oregon, has contributed greatly through his work and publications on flea-host associations. George P. Holland of Canada, and William L. Jellison and Glen M. Kohls of the Rocky Mountain Laboratory in Montana have also contributed their share of information on western fleas. Dr. J. Sedley Stanford of the Utah Agricultural College, Harold
4 5 E. Stark of the Communicable Disease Center Laboratories at San Francisco, and Lt. Vernon J. Tipton of the United States Army Department of Para- sitology Graduate School at Washington, o. c., have recently extended our knowledge of the neas and their hosts with respect to Utah. Dr. Stanford (1931) published "A Preliminary List or Utah Siphonaptera" in which he listed fifteen genera representing eighteen specie• and subspecies ot fleas and their related hosts. Several years later after more extensive collecting, Stan!•rd (1944) published. another paper on Utah :tleas in which he listed twenty-eight genera and fifty-eight species and ,.,subspecies"
Prince (194.3&),as a result of a plague survey made by the United. States Public Health Service, reported two species of fleas as new records for Utah. Hubbard (l9k7), in his book Fleas!!, Western North America, gave additional records of Utah flea-host associations. Stark, while a student at the University of Utah, wrote a W.i.aster•s Thesis on Utah ~iphonaptera (1948). A year later, while at the Brigham Yowig University, Tipton completed his Jaaeter's Theais on the fleas ot Utah County (1949). These two unpublished manuacripta have been o! great value in furthering the knowledge on Utah Siphonaptera. Other impublished records and tield notes ot Stark, Tipton, Prince, and Roy Myklebust and Fred Harmston o! the Public Health Service, nave contributed much to the increasing knowledge or Utah fleas and their relationship to disease transmission.
The most recent publication on Utah fleas is an article by Tipten (1950). In this treatise are listed seven species ot fleas collected tor the first time in Utah. Also listed are numerous other records of nea-host relationehips.
Such men as Augustson (1944), Bacot (1919), Brown (1944), Eskey 6 and Haas (19:39), Burroughs (1947), and Holland (1949), to mention only a tew, have greatly extended. our knowledge of plague-important nee.a through their field and laboratorr work on fleas and sylvatie plague. VECTORS AND DISEASE TRANSMISSION
Although the plague organism was isolated and discovered almost simultaneously by Iersin (1894) and Kitasato (1894), it was not until four years atter this discovery that Simond (1898) ahowed that. the nea was the medium by which the bacillus was transferred from rat to rat.
Since that time many workers have proved the flea to be & vector ot bubonic plague to man. The causative organism ot plague is a bacillus and is therefore not necessarily dependent on any one insect or vector for its development. It is feasible that any blood-sucking organism may play a part in the tranamission of plague from. animal to a.nima.1, from animal to man, and from man to .man. It has been shown by Riley and Johansen (1938), Verjbitski (1908) and others that lice, b6dbugs and ticks have been f'.-imd infected with plague in nature. However, no evidence has been found which indicates that any arthropod except the flea transmits plague under natural conditions
(Eskey 19.38). Infection by a flea may occur in one of three waysr (l) from infectiGus tecal material of the nea polluting the area of the proboscis 'at tne time o! feeding, (2) from. scratching the irritated portion of a bitten area, or()) from regurgitated blood from the oesophagus of the nea while feeding. According to various workers, mechanical stoppage of the nea•s oesophagus ie caused. by the growth of Pasteurella pestis at the region of the proventriculus. This stoppage may result in starva tion, and repeated reeding attempts by the flea result in regurgitation
7 8 of infected material into the wound of the bite. Once a flea becomes infected, it re.mains infected until its death {ii:akey 1938), and it m.a:- remain alive for as long as tour month.a(Prine• 1947). Holland (l949) believes that a !lea must be capable of transmitting the disease both physically and physiologically, must be of relatively commonoccurrence, and must include man or some other animal closely associated with man on ita list o! hosts. Chabaud (1947) believes that all neas can become plague infected and are capable of disease transmission if the nea population is high enough and the preferred hest is present. Burroughe (1947) states that species ot fleas which are feeble biological vectors of plague, or experimentall.v incapable of serving as such, may, nevertheless, be efficient .mechanical vectors. Altho11gha fiea index (average number of !leas per animal) of five per rat may be considered an epidemic danger point by so.meworkers, Herivaux and Toumanotf (1948) have shown an outbreak of plague to oceur when the nea index was only 2.6:3 per rat. This shows that the standard et a nea index. ma.ynet be reliable in indicating an epidemic danger point. It has been shown that the nu.mber of fieas collected trom an animal is not a reliable factor in determining the true flea index, tor the nests and burrows of an animal should be taken into consideration. Numerous cases have been observed by the writer when a rodent had no fleas on it, yet the nellt of the same animal yielded nearly a hundred fleas. The total
number of •,.fleas present on rats of a comm.unityis not the regulating factor ot plague outbreaks, but rather the species of fleas with which the rate are infested (Eakey l938}.
Thero are, however, other methods by which one may acquire the plague. Hcekenga (1947) aintains that all of the hum.ancases ot plague 9 which have occurred in North America have resulted from direct contact or association with infected wild rodents. Infection has occurred in bare-footed individuals who have walked on floors or on material infected with the bacillus# or through cuts and scratches on the hands or those who have handled or skinned infected rodents {Strong 1942). Handling of a rat which has been dead of plague lor only a tew hours may give alJaost instantaneous int'ection (Public Health Reports 191.4). Septicaemic plague (infection ot the blood) ia most commonly caused by infection trom pathological material containing Pasteurella eestis occurrine through the mucous membranes (Strong 1942). Pneum.onic plague
(infection of the lungs) is transmitted from man to man by aerial means such as droplets of sputum expelled by coughing from the lunge or an infected person (Strong 1942).
~ Follow1ng Hoekenga's theory (1947) that most primary plague infections are acquired through direct contact with infected rodents rather than through the medium.of a flea bite and the domestic rat, it may be assumed that the great danger of human plague epidemics in Utah depends on several factors: (l) the presence ot sylvatic plague, (2) its spread among native rodents by rodent fleas, (3) acquired infection from the blood or handling ot infected rodents or from sputum of human pneumonic cases. The nea may be most important, then, in acting as a vector 1n maintaining plague among rodents rather than as a vector from rodents to man. ( Over sixty species and ·si:i&epecies of .fleas have been implicated with plague throughout the world. Of this number, more than torty-tive species and ..sub-species occur in the United States., and thlrt.y-two species and ·suo,ipec1es a.re kn.ownto occur in Uub.. Twenty-one species and sub- 10 species are herein classed as capable vectors and eleven species and ~SU&speciea are classed as potential vectors in Utah. The fleas listed as potential vectors are those which either have been !~and plague positive in nature or have been infected with plague experimentally, and are not known or have not been shown to be able to transmit the disease. The fleas listed as capable vectors are those which have been found plague positive in nature or have been experimentally infected with the plague bacillus, and are known or have been experim.entally shown to be able to transmit the disease. No effort has been made in this investigation to determine the vector efficiency of the various species of fleas. ANIMALRESERVOIRS
Since the earliest records of plague, it baa been reported to eceur among native rodents on all the continents. Since its discovery in North America in San Francisco in 1900, surveys have been conducted in 600 counties ot the seventeen most western states of the United States, and plague has been found nearly 4,000 ti.mes in wild rodents of lJ2 counties of fifteen states, South Dakota and Nebraska being exceptions (Link 1950). From. the past history of sylvatic plague (plague in rodents), it has been known to occur only in the Rodentia and the Lagomorpha. Since 1910 the rodent population has increased from one animal to tv,o animals per person in the United States (Stewart 1941). This may represent a potential growing reservoir of plague infection •. When migrations of a rodent population occur where sylvatic plague is present, it makes possible the extenaion of the endemic area. No evidence has been t'oWld to indicate the presence of plague in any of the larger mammalsexcept man. The transference of plague from. place to place usually occurs from the movement of infected rats or fleas by means of some method. of animal associations, and by way or modem transportation-or conveyance such as railroads, ships, trucks, or even airpl:ailes. Increased populations and movements o! wild rodents also- furn.J.ah a ••~ ot plague distribution. From.field a.nd laboratory studies, Jellison (1938) believes that predatory birds are potential agents 1n the dissemination of plague by their feeding on diseased rodente. Me¥er and Holdenried {1949) have shown through ecological studies ll 12 that plague ma.y be spread frQ111 wild rodents to domestic rodents. In as much as rats are knQwn to migrate as tar as eleven miles (Stewart 1946), it is likely that these animals are possible carriers 0£ plague from wild rodents to man. Creel (1915), Liston (1905), and others have shown that rats may migrate as a community due to various factors. Thia may remove or impose an important plague reaervoir or transmission link very abruptly. Eakey and Haas (1939), Hampton {1940 and 1945), Mohr (1948), and vario11S public health surveys have shown that more than sixty-five species and tsueapecies ef rodents and lagomorphs have been implicated with plague
1n nature in the western United States. These species represent twenty-one genera of rodents and two genera of Lagomorpha. A listing of animals implicated with plague in the western United
States follows. The reference following each species or .1 su&.species refers to the source of bibliographic Wormation where the animal has been referred to ae pl.ague important. It should not be assumed that each animal listed has been shown to be a positive resenoir in nature, In some cases, Wected tissue has been recovered tro.m the specific species of animal itself'. In m.any cases, however, plague infected neas were taken from. an animal, and it was therefore assumed that the host animal was a positive reservoir in nature. Animals listed herein, then, are those which have been shown to harbor the plague bacilli, or which have beet'l known to act as host, either actual or accidental, for plague infected fleas. The system o! taxononv used 1n the following list is taken from Anthony (1928), Hall (1946), and Howell (19:38). l 13.
Plague Imeortant Animals !!!.1h! Western United States Citellua arma.tus (Kennicott) Uinta Ground Squirrel Public Health Reperts* l937e) £• beecheli beecheyi (Richardson) CaU!ornia Ground Squirr•l (HamptG>n1940) £• beechezi fisheri \K•rriam. Fieher•s Ground Squirrel (Pim1936&) Q. beechezi nudipes Huey Juarez Ground Squirrel (PHRl943b) £.• b&ldingi oregonus (Merr18J!l.) Oregon Ground Squirrel (PHR1940b) £.• colwnbianu.s columbian!!.!(Ord) Columbian Ground Squirrel (Hampton1940) Qr. colUDlbianusruficaudus Howell Blue Mountains Ground Squirrel (Hampton1940) .£.•1dahoensis ¥erriam Snake.Valley Ground Squirrel (l?ayson 1947) .Q.. la.teralls chr1sode1rus (Merriam) Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel (PD. l94la) £• richardsonil ele~ans (lennicott) WyomingGround Squirrel (PHR1943:f) .Q.. richardsonii nevadensis ( Howell ~ Nevada Ground Scuirrel (PHR191+la) £.• richardsonii richardsonii (Sabine) Ri~hardson•s Ground Squirrel (Hampton1940) .£• spilosoma maJor (Merriam) NewMexico Spotted Ground Squirrel(PHR 1948c) c. townsendii mollis (Kennicott) - Piute Growid S~u.irrel (PHRl942c) £• tridecemlineatus ssp. Striped Ground Squirrel (Wayson 1947) Q. variegatus ~rammuru.s(Say) Say's Rock Squirrel (PHRl94lb) ~. variegatus ~ Merriam Utah Rock Squirrel ( Ham.pton 1940) Q.. washin«toni ).oringi Howell · Loring•s Ground Squirrel (Hampton1940) £• we.,shingtoni washington1 Howell Washington Ground Squirrel (Hampton1940) Cynp.ys aunnisoni trunnisoni (Baird) Gunnison Prairie-dog (PBR l94Sb) £• gynisoni zuniensis Hollister Zuni Prairie-dog (PHR l94le) £• leucurus Merriam White-tailed Prairie-dog (Eskey and Haas 1939) C. ludovieianua arizonensis Mearns - Arizona Prairie-dog (PHB.1943d)
* Henceforth this publication shall be referred. to by the abbreviation 11PHR" l4 £• parvidens Allen Utah Prairie-dog (PHRl9J6f) E_!pod°'&s ordii ordil Wood.house ,r Ord Kangaroo Rat {Hempton1940) Eu.twas guadrivittatus frater (Allen) Tahoe Chipm.unk (Hampton1940) !!, minimus esp. Chipmunk (PHR 1950c) Glaue?!,¥& oabrinus lascivus (Bangs) Sierra Flying Squirrel (Hempton 1940) Laprus curtatus ssp. Sagebrush Vole (PHRl948e) Le2us cali!ornicus asp. Black-tailed Jack Rabbit (PHRl942e) Marmotaflaviventer avara (Bangs) Yellow-bellied Marmot (PHRl942c) g. flan.venter engelhardti (Allen) Yellow-bellied Marmot (Hampton191+0) !• tlaviventer naviventer (Audubon and Bachman) Yellow-bellied Marmot (PHR19420) M•naviventer ~osophora Howell Yellow-bellied Uarmot {Hampton1940) Mi.crotus callfornicus asp. "' Meadow Mouse (PHRl943a) M. montanus sap, - ~dadow Mouse (PHRl949b) !• nanus sap. MeadowMouse {Prill 1948d) !!• townsendi1 {Bachman) Townsend Meadow Mouse (PHR 1945) !!!! musculus sap. House Mouse (lohr 1948) Jrlustela sp. Weasel (Mohr 1948) Neotoma albi&:!H:!sap. WoodRat (Hampton1945) !• cinerea occidentalis (Baird) Western Bushy-tailed WoodRat ( Hampton l 940) !• fuacipes m.ohavensio Elliot MohaTeDesert WoodRat (Hampton 1940) !• lepida intemed.ia * WoodRat (Hampton1940) !• le.eida lepida Thomas Thomas WoodRat (Hampton 1940) !• .mieropus esp. Wood Rat (PHR 194&) OnychO!,YS leuco,aater asp, Grasshopper Mouse (PHRl94Je) .Q• torridua asp. Grasshopper Mouse (PHR194Ja)
* Author unknown 15
OrxzO!ls sp. Rice Rat (~ohr 1948)
Pocket Mouse {PHR1947a) PerO!,Yecu.aboylii sep. Brush Mouse (PHR1949b) Peroc.yscus leucopus asp. White-footed l!ouse (PHR1949b) f.• maniculatus asp. Deer Uouse (PHR1948!) f• truei gilberti Allen Gilbert White-footed Mouse (Hampton 1940) f• truei truei {Shufeldt) 'l'rue f:bi te-tooted Mouse (Byington. 1940) Rattus norvegicus (Brxlebe.n) Norway Rat (Hampton 1945) R. rattus alexandrinus (Geoffroy) - Roof Rat. (PKR194.3a) .!!• rattus rattus (Linnaeus) Black Rat (Hampton 1945) Reithrodonto.m.ys megalotis sap. Harvest Mouse (PHR1946a) Sismoden hiseidus ssp. Cotton Rat (Hampton 1945) Szlvilagus auduboni ssp. Audubon Cottontail Rabbit (PHR 1950a) ~• bachm.a.ni ssp. ,, Brush Rabbit (PHR.1942b) s. nuttallii nuttallii (Bachman) - Nuttall Cotton.tail Rabbit (PHR 1941.a) Tamia.sciurus doyglasii albolimbatu.s (Allen) Douglas Squirrel (Hampten 194.0) Tax.idea taxwJ neglecta (Mearns) ~ California Badger (PRR1943&} ThQmomystalpoides esp. Northern Pocket Gopher (~eke and Johns~n 1950) In addition to those species and iat1Dspecies listed above, there are the following species and subspecies which in some cases are syncmyma or those already listed. Some ot the following, however, are valid names and are separate and distinct trom those above. These are herein listed in order to point out the probable synonom;rof names and to avoid a possible repetitio~ in listing the sue ani.mal more than once. Reference is made to Howell (1938) wherein the following synonyms are listed. Citellue columbianus ssp. Growid Squirrel (Eskey and Haas 1939) 16
§.• do~lasii (Synonymof£· beecheyi do¥jlas~i Richardson) Douglas's Ground Squirrel (PHR19431) .Q• ele1ans (Synonym.ot £• richard$onii elegan.! (Kennicott)) Wyoming Ground Squirrel (Eskey and Haas 1939) .£• !iaheri (Syn Knownlocalities and occurrences or sylvatic plague in Utah are as follows. Beaver Countz.- In July of 1936 a plague positive ground squirrel was captured in Beaver Canyon, !ive miles east ot Beaver (PHR l9J6b). During tb.e same month, a plague positive mar.mot was taken .t'rom.Indian Creek Canyon, fourteen miles northeast of Beaver (PHRl9J6c). In August of 1936 a plague positive Citie!lus variegatw, was captured in Indian Creek . Canyon, eleven miles northeast 0£ Beaver (PHR 1936d). Sevier Countzs• Plague positiYe !leas were taken from a Citellwi variegatus collected in Jul,1 of 1936 in Clear Creek Canyon, fifteen miles northeast ot Cove Fort (PHR l936e). In Way ot 1949 plague positive fleas were taken from a Citellus armatus collected in Fish Lake National Forest, thirty-three miles southeast of Richfield on the Fish Lake Road (PHR l949d). Garfield Cowity.... In August of 1936 plague positive fleas were taken trom a Cyaom,sparvidens collected on a ranch two miles east of Hatch, and a plag~• positive animal of the same species was taken from a ranch tive miles northeast of Panguitch. (PHi l936f) • .MorgancJluitz .... Plague positive neas were taken trom a Citellua variegatua 1n Auguat of 1937 one-half mile east of Morgan (PHR 1937d). Kane Cowit1.- In Ma1 &! 1938 plague positive fleas were collect~d from. nests of N'eotooia lep-ld& 'lle·.ren to fourteen miles northwest ot Kanab (PHR 1938a). ~ Cowitz.- Plague positive fleas were taken from a Citellw, armatus collected in July of 19:38on the Dean Ranch, one mile west ot Woodruff (PHR 1938b). Plague positive fleas were also taken from a Citellus armatus during the same month two to three miles southeast of Woodruff (PHRl9J8c). 18 Wasatch Copptz:.- A plague positive Citellus armatus was taken in Auguat of 1937 west ot Strawberry Reservoir (PHRl9J7e), and in June ot 1938 a plague positive animal of the same species was collected at the south end o! the Reservoir (PHRl938b). ~It!!! qowtty.- In Septe.mber of 1948 plague positive fleas were taken from a Citellus variegatus collected one-fitth mile south ot the mouth of Height's Canyon along Wasatch Boulevard east of Salt Lake City (PHR 1948!). The same mo.ntha plague positive flea was taken from. a Per!!lacu.s ma.nicula- ~ collected along the road in Millcreek Canyon one mile ea.st of the Evergreen Picnic Jromu:is {PHR1948f). In March of 1949 plague positive fleas were taken from a Citellus varieaatua collected at a gravel pit west ot Heugh•s (Height's) Canyon between Wasatch and Holladay Boulevards east o! Salt Lake City (PHRl949a). Millard County.- In late November or early December of 1939, a man contracted a light case of plague from skinning a coyote (PHR l940a). There was some doubt as to whether this man received the disease from the coyote er from some other animal. As a result of conversation with people in the county who remember the case, the writer has strong reason to believe that the man had Rocky Mountain spotted fever rather than plague. In addition to the counties listed, the Communicable Disease Center Bulletin (1948, P• 65} lists plague as having occurred in Weber and Iron Counties. No evidence has been tound, however, which indicates the animal, date, or specific geographic location concerned with plague in these two counties. According to Yr. Fred Hamston of the Utah State Board of Health, a great epizootic occurred among prairie dog colonies in Grand and San Juan 19 Counties in 1949• Although it is believed that plague caused the decrease in population, no evidence was found to indicate its being present. TECHNIQUES --Host and -Flea ------Collection ...... Techniaues In order to collect Siphonapterous parasites, one must capture the animal host on which they are found, or collect animal nests wherein they dwell. The collection ot nests entailed the tatd.ng of them wherever and whenever they were found. Whencollecting nests, not onl1 was the nest proper taken, but also the soil and humus to a considerable depth and radius und•r and around the nest. Nests were placed in c().t!'.;JOngrocery store paper sacks which were then·securely folded and- fastened at the top in order to prevent the escape of any parasites. Upon returning to the laboratory, the neat material v,as placed in a specially-:.;onst,.,.,cted and modified "Berlese funnel." Extraction ot fleas from the nest debris 1n the tunnel was usually completed in several hours b1 means of applying a lighted 100 watt electric light-globe above the debris. Parasites were .'· ,.. then separated from. the alcohol "catch bottle" by the use ot tweezers and pipettes as observed under the dissecting microscope. Animals were either trapped, shot, or caught by hand, whichever was most practical at the time. However,the majority e! the smaller animals were trapped with "MuseumSpecial" snap-traps and metal or wire live-traps. Uost practical !or large scale trapping were the snap-traps which allowed !or a greater outlay of traps with a relatively minimumamount of work. Live-traps, although heavy and bulky, were found to give best results 1n trapping. The highest relative percentage ot animals were caught in 21 metal traps which were approximately four inches square and fifteen inches long. Although these traps were relatively heavy and bulky, their effici- ency outweighed their inconvenience when one was not obligated to carry them !or any great distance. Collection of the animals from the snap-traps was made as soon as practical after catching in order to avoid loss of fleas which soon leave a dead host. Each animal was placed in a paper sack, and the top of the sack was folded or twisted tightly to prevent escape ot the ectoparasites. Animals caught in the live traps were retained in the traps until they were examined for parasites. Bait used in trapping was quick-cooking rolled oats. This has proved to be the most practical and most effective tor general trapping. In .many cases the only method of collecting animals, especially the larger ones, was by shooting. Best results •re had using either a 12-gauge or a .410 gauge shotgun, depending on the animal being collected. The dead animal was placed in a paper bag as soon as possible after snooting, and the parasites were removed from it in the same manner as from trapped animals. Parasites were removed tro.m.the host anillals by various methods, depending on whether er not the animal was to be retained as a museum specimen. The best method of collecting parasites from the host was to leave the animal enclosed in a paper bag for approximately twenty-tour hours. At the end of this time, most of the parasites had left the a~imal ''ind were on the bag or on the outer edge of the animal• s fW". In warm weather when it was the intention to make a museum.skin of an animal, this procedure was not practical. If the animal was not to be retained as a museum specimen, it was combed and brushed vigorously and jarred roughly 22 1n a large, white enamel-ware pan. When practical, each animal, regard- less ot whether it was alive or dead, was placed in a large-mouthed glass bottle and an ether-soaked cloth was plaoed in the bottle with the animal. The ether anesthetized the fleas, causing some to loosen their grasp of the animal hairs and tall free in the container. Gently combing and brushing of the animal•s fur after it had been in the ether bottle for a few minutes usually dislodged the remaining fleas. Where positive identification of the animal host was not possible in the field, the animal skin and skull were retained. Two sizes of pans were used in which the animals were examined, the size of the pan depending on the animal being examined. Both pans were approximately eight inches deep which prevented fleas from jumping out of them. The parasites could easily be seen against the white pan, and were then retrieved by using a pair ot forceps or a teasing needle .moistened with alcohol. All neas were preserved 1n 70,, ethyl alcoh(}l. \~-en practical, UYe neaa were dropped into boiling water betore alcohol preservation. Thia usually caused the parasite to extend its appendages away from the body rather than to fold them against the body. lli,!, Mounting Technigues Fleas were taken directly from the alcohol presenative, placed in 10% NaOH,and wer~ left in this solution until they had become clear. This usually required about twelve hours, sometimes longer. In cases where a nea was reluctant to clear, the abdomen was punctured with a fine needle, thus speeding the clearing process. From the NaOHthe fleas were placed in tap water tor approximately tea minutes, and we.re then placed in SOI,ethyl alcohol to which had been 2) added a drop o! HCL. Alter thirty minutes in thie solution., they were transferred to 7t:Jliethyl alcohol for fifteen minutes. The fleas were then pl~ced in successive stages ot 95% ethyl alcohol, absolute alcohol, and oil ot wintergreen !or ten minutes in each solution. Best resulta were had by leaving the specimens in the oil ot wintergreen for several hours. Attor this time, the legs could be carefully .m.ani.pu.lated to an extended position without great danger of their brea.kilig. From the oil of wintergreen, the apecimeua "Nre raounted 1n ~larit~ on slides. Specimens could be left indefinitely in any of the sol11tions following and including 7<:11,alcohol without damage, except absolute alcohol. .~tt:.,: Kost ol the neas were cleared and ~~ted by Lt. Vernon J. Tipton, using a siailar technique to that giv$!1 above. 10% XOMwas used by him, however, and fl.as were mounted in Canada balsam or in alarite. ~· ~ GEOGRAPHICDISTRIBUTION OF PLAGUE IMPORTANTFLEAS IN UTAH The following pages and .maps indicate the known geographic distri- bution in Utah of the fleas discussed 1n this paper. An attempt has been made to follow a definite form throughout this section in order to furnish a maxi.mumof information 1n a minimumot space. Under the name of each species of .flea are listed its plague- // ., trans.mission potentiality (capable or potential)., the reterencee wherein this nea is discussed as plague important, bibliographic references of publications or manuscripts wherein previous Utah collection records ot this flea are listed, and additional records of collections made by the writer and other workers. Following the discussion page (or page.a) of each species of flea is found a map ot the state or Utah on which is plotted the known distri- bution of the fiea previously listed. The unpublished manuscript records of Prince are listed separately. These records were taken from the werk ot Stark (1948), however, and are so designated by the presence or Stark's name and the date ot his work in parentheses following Prince's name. Additional collection records are given under several headings of information, which are self-explanatory. The collectors are indicated by letters or numbers only, the key to their names being found on page 132. Where more than one host or the same species were taken, the number collected is indicated in parentheses immediately below or after the host name. Under the number of fleas is indicated the number of each sex or that particular species taken from the host or hosts, as the case may be. In some instances the exact number or sex is not known, and this may be indi- cated by a number which has no reference to sax, or by the absence of a number. Field numbers which begin with "A" or nc11 are from the field notes of Fred c. Ha:rmaton, Sanitarian, Utah State Board of Health, and Roy J. £ Myklebust, Wildlite Research Biologist, United States Public Health Service. Field numbers w'uich b-agin with the letter 111» refer to the tield notes of "Project Ten," a study of the distribution of parasitic arthropods being conducted by the Zoology Department, Brigham Young University. All collections or !leas made by the writer with regards to this theaio have been entered in the field notes of Project Ten mentioned above. Field numbers were not'available in some cases, and are therefore lacking for some of the collection records. Expl1nation fl! Smbols 12£.Map Plottiy In.die.ates a previou.s o•llection record when the uact or • nearly exact environs is known. Indicate• the locality of a previous collection record as • being listed by county designation only. Indioates additional collection records made by the writer • and others ..., Each collection syabol doea not necessarily represent a single collection record, but may represent several records of one or several collectors in that particular geographic location. With the exception of the solid circle, however, each symbol represents & specific geographic location. 26 . ·.-�.... Atzphloceras multidentatus (C. Fox) 1909 Capable vector of plague: Infected with plague experiraentally (Eskey and Haas l9J9). Positive vector o! plague (Prince, reported by Wayson 1947). Notes An imidentified species of Atyphloceras has been found plague infected in nature (Pili 1950d). Previous Recordst .... Tipton, V,, J. l'949i Springville (Utah Co.) Additional Recordea Field No,, No, Date �oµ, Host Localltz D:!!!. C-1085 ;:r;J49 M Pe?'Offl¥SCUS maniculatu.s Heugh • s Canyon (Salt Lake Co.) lF Ji,'' �· :,( ,'. .-::, 27 IDAHO < 0 < Atyphloceras multidentatus > (C. Fox) 1909 zI.LI WYOMING BOXEl.OER DAGGETT SUMMIT TOOELE DUCHESNE JUAI UINTAH CARBON SANPETE MILLARD GRAND BEAVER IRON KANE WASHINGTON ARIZONA 0 10203040&0 28 Catallagia deeipiens Rothschild 1915 Potential vector of plague: Infected with plague in nature (PHR 1950d). Previous Records, Stanford, J. s. 1944: Hyrum (Caohe•"Co.) Logan (Cache Co.) Stark, H. E. 19481 Mueller Park (Davis Co.) Peep Creek (Uintah Co.) Soapstone (Wasatch Co.) Additional Records: Field No, No1 Date Coll 1 Host, Localitz Fleas 8/6/48 T ~~ guadrivittatue ~t. Timpa.nogos (Utah Ce.} 12/19/48 T §zlvilagus nuttallli Cedar Valley (Utah Co,) 10/1/48 0 Peroro,scus manicu.la.tus Logan Canyon (Cache Co,) 10/1/48 0 Sorex sp, -do- 3/J0/47 a P8f!1!YSCUS sp, Logan (C4he Co,) 3/'J0/1'7 p -do- -do• C-228 9/16/48 Cm.£ Mi~rotus montanu.s (2) Parleys Canyon -229 "I (Salt Lake Co.) lF C-264 9/22/48 CM Perom.yscusmaniculatu.s Killereek Canyon -271 (8} (Salt Lak~ Co.) lF C-279 9/23/48 CM -do-(24) -do- 2F •.302 C-328 9/27/48 RM -do- Mueller Park (Davis Co,) lll C-1097 4/7/49 14 -d► {4) Millcreek ~anyon -1100 (Salt Lake Co.) lF C-1140 4/20/49 M -do-(:3) Big Cottonwood Canyon -11.42 ,,:, (Salt Lake Co.) 1M C-l.248 6/9/49 XRM Phenaeomys intermedius :Milldreek Canyon -121+9 (2) (Salt Lake Co.) lJ( 11' 29 Field No. No. Date Coll 1 Host Localitz Fleas C-l2'16 6/10/49 M Microtus montanue W.llc:reek Canyon (Salt Lake Co.) lf C-1301 6/22/49 .M Peromlscus maniculatus Lamb*s Canyon -130.3 ,i,illr tJ5 (Salt Lake Co.) U' C-l.301+ 6/22/49 M Zapua erinc•t!! -do- lF X-284 12/2/50 A Nest o! Neotoma cinerea Roek Canyon, Provo (Utah co.) ll( .X-286 12/2/50 A -do- -do- UI 2F X-287 12/2/50 A -do- -do- lF 30 IDAHO < 0 < > eatallagia decipiens l,J z Rothschild !915 WYOMING BOXELOER OAQGETT SUMMIT • TOOELE DUCHESNE JUAI UINTAH MILLARD GIIAND BEAVER IRON KANE WASHINGTON ARIZONA 0 1020304060 31 Ctenocephalides !elis felia (Bouche) 1835 Capable vector of plagues Infected with plague experimentally (Eskey and Haas 19)9). Positive vector o! plague (Verjbitski 1908). Previo~ Recordas Stark, H. E. 1948s Salt Lake City (Salt Lake Co.) Additional Records& None 32 IDAHO < 0 ctenocephalides felis felis < > (Bouche) 1835 l&Jz WYOMING BOXELOER OAQGETT SUMMIT TOOELE DUCHESNE JUAB UINTAlf MILLARD GRAND BEAVER IRON KANE WASHINGTON ARIZONA 0 !0203040111 33 Diamanus montanus (Bak.er) 1895 CapBble vector of plague: Infected with plague experimentally (Eskey and Haas l939). Transmitted plague experimentally (Eske1 and Haas 1939). Previous Records: Stanford, J. s. 1944: Salina {Sevier Co.) Logan {Cache Co.) Avon (Cache Co.) Blanding {San Ju.an Co.) Torry (Wayne Co.) Provo (Utah CG.) Manti (Sanpete Co.) Zion National Park (Washington Co.) Hubbard, C. A. 19471 Ka.nab (Kane Co.) Myklebust, R. J., F. C. Harmston, and D.R. Maddock. 1949t Heughts Canyon (Salt Lake Co.) Stark, H. E. 1948; Salt Lake City (Salt Lake Co.) Kana� (Kane Co.) Monticello {San Juan Co.v Moab (Grand Co.) Mueller Park (Davis Co.) Blanding (San Juan Co.) Green River (&er;r Co.) Tipton, V. J. 1949s Springv-ille (Utah Co.) Provo (Utah Co.) Additional Records: Field No. No, Date Coll, Host Locallt.y Fleas a/2)29 s Citellus sp. Salina Canyon (Sevier Co.) 'J/19/'J'J 4 Citellus variegatus Provo (Utah Co.) 2M lJ' A-l 7/28/48 C Citeltus variegatws Salt Lake City (Salt Lake Co.) JU 6F 34 A-2 7/28/48 C Citellus varieiatus Salt Lake City (Salt Lake Co.) 4M8F A-.3 7/28/48 C -do- -do- 7M4F A-4 7/28/48 C -do- -do- 6MSF A-5 7/28/48 C -do- ..ldo- 27M52F A-10 7/31/48 C Citellus arm.atus Salt Lake City (Salt Lake Co.) lF C-18 8/6/48 RC Citellua variegatus Salt Lake City (Salt Lake Co.) 5M 8/7/48 T Citellus variega\u Springville (Utah Co.) C•33 8/11/48 RC -do- Ogden (;Veber Co.) 6M4F C-34 8/11/48 RC -do- -do- "" ,f; 81 7F C-35 8/ll/48 RC -do- -do- 2F C-36 8/ll/48 RC -do-(3) -do- lF -38 C-39 8/19/48 RY -do-(4) Bountiful -42 (Davis Co.) 5M 20F C-48 S/l9/48 RY Mustela frenata Salt Lake City (Salt Lake co.) lF C-64 8/23/48 RYCMCitellus variegatus Salt Lake t.:ity -66 0) (Salt Lake Co.) 3M SF C-67 8/24/48 RYCM -do-(2) Salt Lake City -68 (Salt Lake Co.) lF C-118 8/31/48 RYCM' -do-(5) Big Cottonwood Canyon -122 (Salt Lake Coii) 1014lOF C-123 8/31/48 RYCJl Marm.ota i'laviventer• -do- -- ll4 21 C-131 9/1/48 Bil Citellua variegatus Salt Lake City -132 (2) (Salt Lake Co.) 5M'8F A-15 9/2/1+8 C -do-(2) Salt Lake City (Salt Lake Co.) 5M 3F C-182 9/l4/48 M Rattua norvesicus Riverton -183 (2} (Salt Lake Co.) lJ' C-188 9/14/42, M C1tellus variegatua -do- ...190 (J} 19M27F C-247 9/20/48 MC -do-(2) Little Cottonwoal Canyon -248 (Salt Lake Co.) 5M5F C-308 9/21/1+8 R -do- Ogden {Weber Co.) 6M9F C-320 9/21/48 R -do- -do- U! lF C-259 9/22/48 MC -clo-(4) Mill Creek Canyon -262 (Salt Lake Co.) J+VU' C-321 9/27/48 RM -do- Eount i.ful (Davia Co.) 3M 2F 35 ll C-3.31 9/28/48 BM Citellue varie,iatua Mueller Park .. (Davis co.) .3M27 C-401 lO/l/48 BMC -d.o-(5} JCaysvllle ... -405 {Davis Co.) SM131 C-415 10/4/48·""' .M -do- Sandy (Salt Lake Co.) :w C-417 l0/4/48 M Spilogale saxatilis Sandy (Salt Lake Co.,) 7MJF C-420 10/4/48 14 Citellua varie,atus Riverton ... (Salt Lake Co.) ll{ 2F C-561 10/14./48 If Mustela .f'renata Lark (Salt Lake Co.) lf C-568 10/14/48 RCM Citellua variee,atus Salt Lake City (Salt Lake Ce.) 6»:6F C-803 ll/17/48 ROM -do- Holladay (Salt Lake Co.) lM 2F C-920 l/18/49 C Rattus norve&icua Salt Lake City (Salt Lake Co.) lF c-1031 3/16/49 }l Citellus varie~atus Bingham Can;ron -1032 {2) (Salt Lake Go. J lOM71 A--41 3/22/49 C -do- Mill Creek Canyon (Salt Lake Co.) l C-llo/7 5/13/49 l( Citellus variegatus Sandy (Salt Lake Co.) ll{ l.F C-U98 5/13/49 M -do- Little Cottonwood Canyon (Salt Lake Co.) 2MlF C-ll99 5/13/49 If -do- -do- lF C-1206 5/17/49 lit -do- -do- 4}42F c-1201 5/17/49 M -do- -do- 5M 3F A-Tl 5/24/49 C -do•{2r ,( Salt Lake City -78 1 (Salt Lake co.) 2¥ llF C-1223 6/l/49 :M -do- Little Cottonwood Canyon ( Salt Lake Co• ) 2M 51 C-1279 6/14/49 M -do- -do- 214 2F X-110 10/21/49 A Thomomysbottae Provo (Utah Co.} lM 1•125 10/31/49 A1 Citellus variegatus Pole Canyon, Provo Canyon (Utah Co.) lM lF X-1.28 10/30/49 AGH Sylvilagus idahoensia Enterprise (Washington Co.) X-l.34 ll/12/49 AD Nest o! Neotoma Rock Canyon, Provo c:."! cinerea (Utah Co.) X-l.47 3/26/50 A Citellua variegatus Cold Spring Ran~h, Lehi (Utah eo.)"" 7M 6F X-198 7/29/50 A Citellus leucurua Arches National Monument {Grand Co.) ll4 11 I-205 8/Z2/'JJ A .,jjjj,, Cit•llu.s variegatus -do- .31431 X-2J8 7/J../,C - A ,f/',, -do- Cold Spring Ranch_. Lehi (Utah Co.) 8M 91 X-285 l2/-2/50 A Nest of Neotoma cinerea Rock Canyon, ProTo (Utah Co.) l.Ulf 37 IDAHO a< Diamanus montanus < > "(Baker)189.5 lJ z WYOMING BOXELOER OAOGETT SUMMIT TOOELE DUCHESNE JUAII UIIITMI CARBON • MILLARD •• GRAND BEAVER • • IAON • KANE WASHINGTON • ARIZONA 10 '20 30 40 Ml 38 Echidnophaga tiallinacea (Westwood) 1875 ~pable vector ot plague, In.feoted with plague in nature (Wheeler, Douglas, and Evans 1941). Infected with plague expe.rimen:ta lly (Burroughs 1947). Transmitted plague experimentally (Burroughs 1947). Previous Records: Prince, F. H. (Stark 1948)1 ;p;, Wa5hington County San Juan County Additional Records: Field No. No. Date Co Loca Fleas X-193 7/14/50 A j t Arches National Monw.nt (Grand. Co.) lF .,.,, X•l96 7/22/;JJ A C1teUua leucurus -do- lF X-198 7/29/50 A ...(le,... -do- 8M 2F X-200 BN;o A Neotoma lepida. -do- lF x-263 U/4/50 AB DiP!9:G!!YSmerriami (5) Springdale (Washington·,co.) 2F X-268 11/4/50 AB Citellus leucurus (2) St. George (Washington Co.) 7F I-271 11/4/50 AB Citellus varieiatus -do- 35F X-J4rf 12/17/50 AB Sylvilagus auduboni (6)Zion Natiooal Park ;,,, (Washington Co.) ll( X-366 i~/19/50 AB -do- st. George (Washington Co.) lF ,,., 4'<·· 39 IDAHO < 0 Echidnophaga gallinacea < > (Wes-f:wood)18'75 w z WYOMING BOXELOER DAGGETT SUMMIT TOOELE DUCHESNE JUU UINTAH CARBON MILLARD GRANI BEAVER • IRON A • A A KANE WASHINGTON ARIZONA 1021130401G 40 t Epitedia wenmanni (Rothschild) 1904 P�t•ntial vector of plagues Infected with plague in natu.re (PHR l950F). Previous Recordst Stanford, J. s. 1944: l�gan Canyon (Cache Co.) Tiptoa, V. J. 19491 Provo {Utah Co.) Additional Records: Field No. No, Date Coll. Host Locality Fleas 2/ /47 s Micl"Otus sp. Logan (Cache Co.) .- 3/29/47 ijlcrotus montanus -do- "' C-437 l0/5/48 co -do-(4) Salt Lake City -41+0 (Salt Lake Co.) C--445 10/5/48 CJIR Pergyscus maniculatus -do- lF C-570 l0/19/1+8 MR -do-(2) -do- -57l C-957 2/25/49 CM Microtus -962 Eennsilvanicus (6) -do- 2M )F X-249 10/24/50 B Nest of Perom.yecus Prove ma.niculatus (Utah Co.) 5F 41 IDAHO < 0 < > Epitedia wenmanni w (Rotfischilct) 19u4 z WYOMING BOXELDER DAGGETT SUMMIT TOOELE DUCHESNE JUA8 UINTAH CARBON SANPETE MILLARD GRAND BEAVER PIUTE IAON KANE WASHINGTON ARIZONA 10ll03040MI Foxella ignota ssp. Potential vector ot plague: Infected with plague in nature (Ecke and Johnson 1950). Previous Records: Stanford, J. s. 1944: Salina (Sevier Co.) Logan (Cache co.) Santaquin (Utah Co.) Vernon (Tooele co.) Avon ( Caehe Co.) Hyrum (Cache Co,} Wellsville (Cache Co.) Park Valley (Box Elder Co.) Fish Lak$ �ountains (Sevier Co.) Stansbury Island (Box Elder Ce.) Stark,. H. E. 1948: Yest (Box Elder Co.) Monticello (San Juan Co.) Tacoma Mountain (Box Elder Co.) Blanding ( San Juan Co.) Yuba Dam ( Jttab Co.) Swasey Springs (Millard Co.) Salt Lake City (Salt Lake Co.) San Rafael Swell (Emery Co.) Tipton, v. J. 19491 Mt. 'l'impanoges (Utah Co.) Additional Records: Field No. • ti,0,1 Date Cell1 Host Localitz: Fleas 5/23/42 s !hememys sp, Logan Canycm (Cache Co.) 8/5/42 s ferc:p.yscw, s P• -do- 12/28/37 5 Mustela sp. Cache County 4/5/49 T Isom.om.vs bott,, Provo (Utah Co.) 8/U/48 T Thomomys talpoidee -do- ✓ 8/6/49 'fE Ibgmgm,n sp. Cedar Breaka Nat. Monument (lron Co.) 5/11/49 A'l'El -do- Arehes National Monument (Grand Co.) 5/13/49 ATE.I ThPJllOfA.Y§ pottu -do- 7/10/46 V Thomomn sp. Peter boro ) (Cache Co. 4J Field No. No, Date Coll. Host Locality . Fleas C-561 10/lJ/48 M Mustel.at:renata Lark(Salt Lake Co.) JF- x-uo l0/21/49 A56 Thoms;s bottae ( 2) Provo {Utah Co.) ll 9P X-ll2 10/13/49 A56 ThomoB\'£sbot.tae Provo (Utah Co.) 2M X-ll8 5/lJ/49 AEIT ThO!'!P,YS bottae Arch.es National Monument ( Orand. Co.) 14 M 4F 1-lJO U/6/49 AL Tho.mom bot taa Springville (Utah Co.) llF l-139 12/2/49 0 Th!!:9!Ys bottae Ora (Utah Co.) 1M 2F X-143 12/6/49 7 M:ustela frenata Springville (Utah Co.) 3F I-152 5/10/50 J Thomo&s bot.tae Arches National Monument (Grand Co.) Ut lF X-165 11/16/49 a Rattus norvegicus Carterville (Utah Co.) lF X-186 9/12/50 B Onzchom,ysleucogaste:r (2) Desert Range Experiment Sta. (Millard Co.,) ll! I-188 9/1.2/50 B Tho&0mysbottae (2) VlahwahSprings (Beaver Co.) 4MllF X-190 9/13/50 B Thomontys bottae (6) Wahwah Springe (Beaver Co.) 7M7F I-246 10/13/50 A6 Tho.mom.vsbottae Provo (Utah Co.) 1M6F 44 IDAHO • • < Q < > Foxella ignota ssp. w :z • WYOMING BOXELOER DAGGETT SUMMIT I TOOELE &i• DUCHESNE JUAB UINTAH CARBON • MILLARD • GRAND BEAVER I I IRON KANE WASHINGTON ARIZONA 010203040&0 45 Hoplopsyllus atfinis (Baker) 1904 Potential vector ot plagues Infected with plague in nature (PHRl950a). Infected with plagu.e experimentally (Eskey and Haas 1939). Previous Recordai Stanford, J. s. 19441 Sallna (Sevier Co.) Henry Mountains (Garfield Co.) Blanding (San Juan Co.) Stark, H. E. 19481 Kanab (Kane Co.) LaSal Junction (San Juan Co.) lonticello (San Juan Co.) Prince, F. M. (Stark l948)s Beaver County Washington County San Juan County Sevier County Kane County Garfield County Iron County Additional Record.st Field No. CoU ______H...Of ...... t ______L_o_c_a_ll..._t.,.Y___ _ No, Date 1 Fleas X-269 U/3/50 AB Lepws calitornious (3) Beaver (Beaver Co,.) l.1 46 IOAHO < 0 < > Hoplonsyllus affin:is la.I ~ (Baker) 190!i z WYOMING BOXELOER DAGGETT SUMMIT TOOELE DUCHESNE JUAII UINTAH MIUARD GRAND • • BEAVER • • • I IRON • • ,-i; .UAN KANE WASHINGTON I ARIZONA 0 10 20 00 40 r,a 47 Hoplopsyllus anomalu.s (Baker) 1904 Capable vector of plagues Infected with plague experiJD.entall.y (Eskey and Haas l9J9). Transmitted plagu.e experimentally (Eskey and Ha.as 1939). Previous Recordaa Stan!ord, J, S, 19311 Salina Canyoa (Sevier Co.) Henry Mountains (Garfield Co.) Stanford, J. s. 1944: Salina (Sevier Co.) Blanding (San Juan Co,) Manti (Sanpete Co,) • Logan (Cache Co.) San Rafael (Emer1 Co.) Iosepa (Tooele Co.) Hubbard, C. A, 1947r Kanab (Kane Co.) Stark, H. E. 1946: Salt La.ke City (Salt Lake Co.) Randolph (Rich Co.) Camp Williams (Utah Co.) Kanab (Kane Co.) Farmington (Davis Co.) "'1<• Prince, F. M. (Stark 1948h 'Emery Count.y 81!.npete County Garfield County Beaver County Davis Count1 Millard County San Juan Cowity Washington County Uintah County Sevier Count.r Kane County Cache County Iron County Morgan County Juab County ,�ber County Utah County Wayne County Additional Reeords1 Field No. No, Oate Coll,, ___Lo..,.c_a_l...,it...,,Y,__ ___ Fleas 10/14/48 T Goshen (Utah Co.) 48 Field :No. No1 Date Coll. Host ~ocalit.i: Fleas A•l 7/28/48 C Qi t@JJ ms xar:Jaeatt.u> Salt Lake City (Salt Lake Co.) 4)1. lF A-2 7/~/48 C -do- -do- UM 6F A-3 7/28/48 C -do- -do- 3M 9F A-4 7/28/48 C -do- -do- 2M2F ·> .A-5 7/28/48 C -do- -do- lM 2F A-l2 8/18/48 C -do- -do- i 3F A-l4 9/2/48 C -do-(2) ...do- -15 5M 6F C-16 8/5/48 RC }tar.meta C a¥:ilal0t.e;c Salt Lake City -17 (2) (Salt Lake Co.) lit lF C-18 8/6/48 RC G1t,eJlua :ur1egatsaa -do- lF C-3) 8/ll/48 RC -do- Ogden {Weber Co.) lOM9F C-34 8/11/48 RC -do- -do- l2M 23F C-35 8/ll/1+8 RC -do- -do- 3Y 3.F C-36 8/ll/48 RC -do-(.3) -do- ... -38 ·,r 6u 24F C-39 8/19/48 RY -do-{4) Bountiful -42 (Davis. Co.) 7Jl.4F C-64 8/2)/48 RCJaY -do-(3) Salt Lake City -66 {Salt Lake Co.) 12M18F C-67 8/24/48 RCMY -do-(2) -do- -66 3MJF C-ll8 8/Jl/48 ~ff -do-(5) Big Cottonwood Canyon -122 (Salt Lake Co.) llf JF C-13.3 9/3/48 ffl1i -do- Salt Lake City {Salt Lake Co.) 2M 51 C-188 9/14/48 M -do-(3) Riverton -190 ( Salt Lake Co• ) 1M 2F C-244 9/20/48 .vc -do-(3) Heughs Canyon -246 (Salt Lake Co.) 7M3F C-250 9/2l/48 MC -do-(2) -do• -251 3M JF C-387 9/29148 BMC -do-(8) Famington ...... 394 ,il!li,. . {Davia co.) 2M C-401 10/l/~ BMC -do-(5) Kaysville -405 (Davis co.) 2M c... 414 10/4/48 }l -do- Riverton (Salt Lake Co.) lF C--415 10/~/48 M -do- Sandy (Salt Lake Co.) lF 49 Field No. No CoJ:il Hoat 1 Date 1------Localit,l Fleas -C-568------l0/lJ+/48 Rl!C- - Citellus varie,atu.s Salt Lake City (Salt Lake Co.) ll' C-995 3/2/49 M -do- -d.o- ,., lF C-1080 4/4/49 li( -do- Heughs Canyon (Salt Lake Co.) ll4 lF C-1087 4/5/49 M -do- -do- lF C-1089 4/6/4,9 M -do- Big Cottonwood Canyon {Salt Lake Co.) U1 lF C-1090 4/6/49 u -do- Heughs Canyon (Salt Lake Co.) ll' C-UOl 4/7/49 M -do- -do- lF C•lll4 4/13/49 )( -do- Mill Creek Canyon ( Salt Lake Ct,.) 1M c-111; 4/1.4/49 ti -do- -do- lF C-lll7 4/lJ+/49 u -do- Heughs Canyon (Salt Lake Co.) lF C-1139 4/19/49 M -do- Little Cottonwood Canyon (Salt Lake Co.) lF C-1164 4/28/49 M -do- Heughs Canyon (Salt. Lake Co.) Ul lF e-1187 5l5/49 M -do- Little Cottonwood Canyon (Salt Lake Co.) lF C-ll99 5/13/49 )I -do- -do- JI 2F 0-lJlS 7/7/49 If "-: --clo- Heughs Canyon (Salt Lake Co.) ll{ 2F X-l?6a 9/10/50 9 Citellus leucurus Wahwah Springs (Beaver Co.) 71' 6F X-179 9/10/50 B -do- Desert Range Exp. Sta. (Millard Co.} JM 2F X-187 9/12/50 B -do-(3} Wahwah Pa.as (Beaver Co.) 71li l5F X-194 7/22/50 A Citellus variegatu.s Arches National Monument (Grand Co.) 2M 2F x... 195 7/22/50 A ....clo- -do- JV 'JI X-196 7/22/50 A Citellus leucuru.s Arches National Monument (Grand Co.) lM 41 l•l97 7/22/50 J -do- -do- 2M X-198 7/29/50 A -d► -do- 2V X-199 7-29-50 A -do- -do- lM lF X-202 8/19/50 A Citellus priegatus -do- 2M X-20.5 8/22/50 A -do- -do- 1M 6F 50 Field No. No. Date Coll. Host Loca}:it,t Flea.a 1•2.38 7/l/50 A Citellus variegatus Lehi (Utah Co.) 1-252 10/21/50 A Nest ot Neotoma Rock Canyon. Provo cinerea (Utah Co.) l9M x-268 ll/4/50 AB Citellus leucurus (2) St. George (Washington Co.) X-271 11/4/50 AB Citellus variegatus st. George (Washington Co.) lM lF IDAHO < Q < • > Houlopsyllus anomalus l.J (Baker) 1904 z WYOMING BOXELOER OAGGm SUMMIT • • TOOELE DUCHESNE • JUAB UINTAH CARBON • • MILL.ARO GRAND • BEAVER • • I IRON • • KANE WASHINGTON • ARIZONA 10lll30«1i0 HISTORIAN'S OFFICE Churchof jesttS Christof Latttr-.daySa 52 HystriphoP!ylla ginas dippiei Rothschild 19~ Capable vector or plague: Infected with plague in nature (PHR 1950!). In!ected with plague experimentally (Eskey .nd Haaa 19:39}. Positive vector ot plag11e (Prince., reported by Wayson 1947). Previous Records: Stanford, J. s. l9Jlt Salina Canyon (Sevier Co.) Stanford, J. s. 194/+t Logan Peak (Cache Co.) Etna (Box Elder Co.) Stark, H. E. 1948: Paradise Park (Uil'ltah Co.) Salt Lake City (Salt Lake Co.) Lake Creek (Duchesne Co.) Prince, F. M. (Stark 1948)1 Iron County Wasatch County Summit County Tipton, V. J. 19491 Springville (Utah Co.) Elbert& (Utah Co.) Additional Records: Field No. No, Date Coll, Host ___ to_c_a_l_J..,..t>-'---Fleas 6/29/49 T Zapus erinceps Mt. Tim.panogos (Utah Co.) 8/9/48 T Tamiasciurus hudsonicus C-86 8/26/48 RIM -do- Brighton (Salt Lake Co.) lF C-235 9/17/48 RMC Per'1?ffll'.scusmanioulatus Parleys Canyon -236 (2) (Salt Lake Co.) lM lF C-700 ll/J/48 RM -do-(9) Mill Creek Can,yon -708 (Salt Lake Co.) lll 53 Field No. No. Date Coll. Host Locallt,t Fleas C-781 ll/16/4.8 RMC Peromiscus boylii (5) Heughs Canyon -785 (Salt Lake Co.) ll{ C-S6) ll/2.k/48 mm Peromyseus boi:li1 (4) Heughs Canyon -866 {Salt Lake Co.) lF C-1248 6/8/49 lWX Phena.cm;s Mill Creek Ga.nyon -1249 i.ntermedius (2) ( Salt Lake Cc.) lF C-l272 6/10/49 M Microtus montanus Mill Creek Canyon (Salt L!4ke Co.) l (?) C-1278 6/10/49 M Citellus armatus Big Cottonwood Canyon (Salt Lake Co.) l (?) C-1290 6/14/49 .It ZaRUS er ine!P8 -do- ll( X-248 10/18/50 B Nest of Mus musculus Provo (Utah Co. J 2F 54 IDAHO < 0 • < l:\Ystrlchop,lla gigas di.Wiei >l,J z .otlisch3..1d 19 WYOMING SOXEIDER OAGGETT SUMMIT • I I TOOtl-E JUAI UINTAH CIIRBOII MILi.ARP GRAND BU.VER • IRON KANE WASHINGTOII ARIZONA 0 103030.0IO 55 Malaraeus telehinu.m. (Rothschild.) 1905 Capable vector of plagues Infected with plague in nature (PHRl950e). Infected with plague experimentally (l3u.rroughs 1947), (F•key and Haas 1939). Positive vector ot plague {Bu.rrou.ghe1944). Transmitted plague experimentally (Burroughs 1947)• .fo~ Previous Records, Stanford, J. s. 19441 Etna (Box Elder Co,) Fillmore (Millard Co.) Logan Canyon (Caohe Co.) Hubbard, C. A. l947t Rubys Inn (Garfield Co.) Stark, H. E."1948; Maeller ?ark tDavis ~o.) Tipton, v. J. 1949• Springville {Utah Co.) Elberta (Utah Co.) Additional Records, Field No. No1 J21!c1 QQl.1.. Bait J;.QCilJ.tX: flliS 10/1/48 0 Peroyscue m.aniculatus Logan Can,:on (Cache Cc.} lO/l/48 0 Mi.crot.us sp. -d.o- 10/2/48 0 Per9&scus maniculatus -do- J/'J0/47 p Peromyscussp. Logan (Cache Co.) A""42 3/22/49 C Peromyacus maniculatus Salt Lake City -47 (6) ($alt Lake Co.) ll{ A-58 4/5/49 C -do-(5) -d.o- -62 "'2F C-237 9/1$/48 Cl?M -do-(4) Parleys Canyon -240 {Salt Lake Co.) 1M 56 Field No.- No. Date Coll! .Host. Localitz Fleas C-700 ii/3748 RM Perorr~·scus maniculatus Uill4reek Canyon -708 (9) (Salt Lake Co.) 1M C-812 ll/19/48 CRM PerOOlyscusboylii (2) Heugh's Canyon -813 (Salt Lake Co.) ll! C-863 11/24/48 CRM -do-(4) -do- -866 1M C-1054 3/31/49 M Peromyscus manieulatus -do- lM -1057 (4) C-10944/7/49 M -do-(3) Millcreek Canyon -1096 (Salt Lake Co.) lF C-11344/18/49 Jr -do-(2) Salt Lake Citf -1135 (Salt Lake Co.) lF C-1159 4/26/49 11 -do-(,3) •· ..do- -ll6l lU C-1165 4-28-49 M ....q... .i.d.o- 2F C-1176 5/3/49 ru.l .. -do- Heughts Canyon . (Salt Lake Co.J lF c-us2 5/5/49 rut -de- -do- lJl lF 57 IDAHO < 0 • M.alaraeus telchinum ~ (Rothschild) 190.5 wz WYOMING BOXELOER DAGGETT SUMMIT TOOELE DUCHESNE JUAI UINTAH CARBON SANPETE MILLARD GRAND BEAVER • IRON KANE WASHINGTON ARIZONA 0 i0203040IIO 58 Megabothris abantis (Rothschild} 1905 Capable vector of plasues Wected with plague in nature (PHR19;oe). Inrecte Previous Recorder Stanford, J. s. 19441 Logan Canyon (Cache Co.) Myklebust, R, J. 1 F. C, ffarmston, and D, R, Maddock, 1949: Millcreek Canyon (Salt Lake Co,) ,.... Stark, H. E, 1948: Deep Creek (Uintah Co,) Tipton, V. J. l949t lit. Tim.panogos(Utah Co,) Additional Recordss Field, No, _____ L_o__c_a_li ... Fleas No! Date Coll 1 Host t_z___ 8/2/46 s Clethrionom:s gap£)!ri East Uint.a Mountains (Daggett Co,) A•l3 8/18/48 C Perom,yacusmaniculatus Salt Lake City (Salt Lake Co,) 21 C-228 9/l6/48 mac Mtcrotua montanus (2) P&l"leys Canyon -229 (Salt Lake Co.) 2F C-1290 6/14/1+9 M Zaeuo princega Big Cottonwood Oan,yon (Salt Lake Co,) l.K 2F 59 IDAHO < 0 Megabothris abantis t..J (Ro£lischi1d) 1�05 z BOX ELOER WYOMING DAGGETT SUMMIT I TOOELE DUCHESNE JUAB UINTAH I CARBON St.NPETE MILLARD GRAND IBEAVER IRON WASHINGTON KANE ARIZONA 10 2D3040IIO Megarthroslossus divisus divisua (Baker) 1895 Potential vector ot plague• Infected with plague e.xperilllentally (Eskey and Hass 1939). Previous Records: Stanford, J. s. 19441 Logan Canyon (Cache Co.) Additional Record.st Field NO. No. Date Coll. ,,.,; Host -�-L o... c a_lit_z�-- Fleas ... '""'! -----8/7749- '.l'B Tevaaciggus trwnti Brian Head Peak... (Iron Co.) 61 IDAHO < 0 Megarthroglossus divisu.s w clinsus (Baker) 1895 z BOX ELDER WYOMING OAQGaT SUMMIT TOOELE DUCHESNE JUAI UINTMI I CARBON SANPETE MILURO GRAND IBEAVER IRON WASHINGTON KANE ARIZONA IO II03040&0 Monopsyllus eumolpi eumolei (Rothschild) 1905 Capable vector of plague: Infected with plague in nature (PHR l950c). Infected with plague experimentally (Eskey and. Haas l9J9). Transmitted plague experimentally (Eskey and Haas 1939). Previous Recordsa Stanford., J. S. 1944t Etna (Box Elder Co.) Salina (Sevier Co.) Logan Canyon (Cache Co.) Additional Records; Field No. ____ Lo~e___al_.i.,_t.,_Y ___ Fleaa No, DaS:e £oll 1 , Host 9/12/42 s Eutamias m.inimus Snowville (Box Elder Co.) 6/26/48 T Glaucom,yssabrinus Mt. Timpanogos (Utah Co.) 7/31/48 C Eutamias mini.mus Salt Lake City (Salt Lake Co.) 1MlF C-96 8/26/48 RYM Eutandas Brighton quadrivittatus {Salt Lake Co.) lF C-162 · 9/8/48 Eutamias minimus (2) Alta -163 (Salt Lake Co.) 3F C-227 9/16/Ml Eutamias .mini.mus Parleys Canyon (Salt Lake Co.) lF e-324 9/27/48 Perom.yscusm.anieulatus Mueller Park (Davis Co.) lF C-428 l0/6/48 RMC Per2m;£seuamaniculatus Mill Creek Canyon -436 (9} (Salt Lake Co.) ll' C-528 10/13/48 RC W.crotus montanus (4) Weber Canyon -5.31 (Weber Co.) lJ' C-606 10/21/48 ll Pef I i 64 IDAHO < I 0 Monopsyllus eumo~i eumolpi < (Rothschild 1905 >..... z WYOMING BOXELOER DAGGETT SUMMIT TOOELE DUCHESNE JUAB UINTAH CARBON I MILLARD GRAND BEAVER IRON KAN£ WASHINGTON ARIZONA 0 10203040&0 Monopsyllus wagneri wacneri (Baker) 1904 Potential vector o! plaguea In.teated with plagu.e ill nature (PHa l950c). Infected with plague experimentally (!!:Skey and Haas 19.39). Previous Recordar Stanford, J. s. l944t Tim.pie (Tooele Co.) Fillmore (Millara Go.) Henry Mountains (Gartitld Co.)Logan Canyon (Cache Co.) Yost (Box �lder Co.) Logan (Cache Co.) Etna {Box Elder Co.) Aspen Grove (Utah Co.} Salina (Sevier Co.) Hubbard, C. A. 1947; Rubya Inn (Garfield Co.) Stark, B. E. 19481 Monticello (San Juan Co.) Mueller Park (Davis eo.) Deep Creek (Uintah C0.) Elk Ridge {San Juan Co.) Salt Lake City (Salt Lake Co.)Soapstone (Wasatch Co.) Kanab (Kane Co.) Tipton, V. J. 19491 Chimney Rook Pass (Utah Co.) Mt. Tim.panogos (Utah Co.) Cedar Valley (Utah Co.) Aspen urove (Utah Co.) Provo {Utah Co.; Elberta {Utah Co.} Additional Record.st Field No. .N te o, _,.Da._...,...._Coll. Host Locali�z. Fleas 5/3/36 S ReitJiradcntom,ys sp. Vernon · (Tooele Co.) � Yk&iJti• I anusI ., Lehi {Utah Co.) 6/26/48 T Eutami11 Mt. Timpanogos QMAdriyit;t.at»,s (Utah Co.) S/ll/49 ATEI Pergayscu,s uoieulatns Arches National Monument (Grand Co.) 10/1/48 0 -do- Logan Canyon (Cache Co.) 66 Field No. No1 Date Coll 1 Host Loealitz Fleas 1072/48 0 Pergmyscus maniculatus.Logan. Canyon (Cache Co.) 3/29/47 u Microtus montanus Logan (Cache Co.) J/J0/47 p Pero.nurecus sp. -do- A-40 J/15/49 C Microtus motttau1us Salt Lake City (Salt Lake Co.} ll C-5 8/5/48 ltC -do- -do- lM lF c-20 S/U/46 RC -do- Ogden, (Weber Co.) ll( C-149 9/8/48 HM Per5scus manicul.at.ws Salt. Lake City -l.55 ~7) (Salt Lake Co.) 4K lJ' C-157 9/8/48 1W -do- -do- lM C-235 9/17/48 RMG -do-(2) Parle1s Canyon -236 (Salt Lake Co.) lF C-264 9/22/48 MC -do-(8) Mill Creek Canyon -271 (Salt. Lake Co.) ll! lF C-279 9/23/48 MC -do-(24) -do- -302 2M 2F C-313 9/21/48 R -do-(7) Ogden •Jl9 (Weber Co.) lf C-448 l0/5/48 RMC Mierotu.s mont&nu.s{2) Salt Lake City -449 (Salt Lake Co.) lF C-466 10/.9/48 RUC Mustela frena.ta -do- 6M 6F c-;s2 l0/13/48 Peromzecus maniculatus Lark -560 " {9} (Salt Lake C$.) lF C-570 l0/19/48 RM -do-(2) Salt Lake City -571 (Salt Lake Co.) 1MlF C-616 10/21/48 RC -do-{27) -de- -642 2M 3F C...680 ll/2/48 C -d.o-(2} -do- -681 lF C-774 ll/9/48 UC Mustela i'renata Farmington (Davis Co.) lF C-898 12/17/48 RMC Permscus .maniculatus Salt Lake City -902 {5) (Salt Lake Co.) lF C-903 12/17/48 RMC Nest o! Per?!!lacus -de- .manicw.atus {Salt Lake Co.) JU lF c-998 J/4/49 M Pef0:11YSCWI.uniculatus CampWilliama -1006 (9) (Salt Lake Co.) lM 2F C-1012 3/9/49 RM Hest ot Per9l&Cus Salt Lake City maniculatus (Salt Lake Co.) 5F C-1256 6/9/49 M Peromyscu.s mam.eulatus Mill Creek Canyon -1257 {2) (Salt Lake Ce.) lF C-1259 6/10/1+9 M -do-(3) -do- -1261 lF 67 Field No. No. Date Col,11 Host Locality Fleas C-l.265 1;/10/49 Jt ferOf1lY§CUSmaniculatus Mill C.re.ic Canyon -1266 (2) {Salt Lake Co.) lM lF .:-l278 6/10/49 l( Qi~ellg trm.atY.! Big Cottonwood Can,on (Salt Lake Co.) lF C-1280 6/U/49 ¥ Citel}.:us yat1,egatua Uttle Cottonwood Canyon (Salt Lake Co.) lF C-1284 6/U/49 }.( f!W,'(§Cys B£1~culatu1 Big Cottonwood Ca.n,yon -1285 (2) (Salt Lake Co.) l1 C-1286 6/14/49 M -do-(3) -do- -1288 4K 2F C-1295 6/l;/49 M -do-(,3) -do- -1297 ll( U' C-1301 6/22,/49 M -d.o-(3) Little CottonwoodCanyon -1303 (Salt Lake Co.) U' X-ll4 10/15/49 .5A6 -do- Chimney Iioclc Pass (Utah Co.. ) U{ l-157 5/l0/50 AJ -do- Arches National Monument {Grand Co,) 1-167 9/9/50 EBS -do- Desert Range Exp, Sta. (Millard Co.) l.1171 X-172 9/10/50 EB; Dipodomysordii (13) Desert Range Exp. Sta. (:Milla.rd Co.) l.M X-176 9/10/50 D5 Pergm,ysclJI2rwtu.; (J)-do- ll( 2F X•l80 9/ll/50 EB5 PermscY.§manismlatus -do- (16) 4ll SF X-184 9/12./;o EB5 -do-(8) -do- X-186 9/12/50 · BES Qn!~ba.tl l&Ui&l~t -do- (2) 1M X-189 9/13/SO EB.5 Poromyacqgmaniculatga wahwah Springs {JO) (Beaver Co.) 9MSF X-192 9/13/50 .EB5 RS&i.tnt2Y !micWU:i -do- ataiil.lt;l.1 (5} X-232 10/7/50 AJ fprQJlY§eus maniculatU@Lynndyl (8) (Millard Co.. ) ~ 6F X-23) 10/8/50 AJ W.pqdQRIJC.§Qrdi~ (34) Lynndyl (Uillard Co.) 1M2F X-235 10/8/50 AJ Neotqga1epid§ -do- ll' X-236 10/7/50 AJ P1pQdqmysetdU ( ;o) -do- lF X-237 l0/8/50 AJ du•om,ucusMo1eQ1.atus -do- (15) 2U 281 x... 249 l0/24/50 B Nest of PetRP\Y"IAAI Provo m&D:i.~!.lli!tWi (Utah Co.) 5Ml7F X-JlO 12/9/50 A.B Nest ot £fiDlll.Yle;p,s sp~ Spanish Fork or m. ap. (Utah Co.) 1M1F 68 IOAHO • < 0 • Monopsyllus -wa.Tueriwagneri < > Baker) 1904 w :z: WYOMING ELOER aox OAOGETT SUMMIT • • TOOELE DUCHESNE JUAI UINTAH CARBON • MILLARD • GRAND • BEAVER • ■ • IRON KANE WASHINGTON • ARIZONA 102030,IOIO Neopsylla inopina Rothschild 1915 Potential vector of plague: In.t'ected with plague experimentally (Eekey and Haas l9J9). Previous Records, Stanford., J. s. l944t Logan (Cache Co.) Prince, F. M. (Stark l948)i Cache County Wasatch County Summit County Weber County • I·. ' Additional Records: Field No. No, Date Coll, Host Locality Fleas 4/25743 R Citellus armatua Huntsville ~WeberCo.) C-1121 4/14/49 Uountain Dell Reservoir (Salt Lake eo.) lli 70 lOAHO < 0 Neopsylla inopina < > RoUischiliiI:tl5 w z WYOMING BOXELOER DAGGETT SUMMIT • TOOELE DUCHESNE JUAI UINTAH CARBON MILi.ARO GRAND BEAVER IAON KANE WASHINGTON ARIZONA 0 10l!D3040i0 71 Nosopsyllu.s fasciatus (Bose) 1801 Capable vector o! plague1 Infected with plague experimentally (Eaker and Haas 1939). Transmitted plague experiment.ally {Esker and Haas 19:39). Previous Records, Prince, F. H. l94Jas Salt Lake City (Salt Lake Co.) Provo (Utah Co,) Payson (Utah Co.) Stark, H. E. 19481 Salt Lake City (Salt Lake Co.) Additional Recordas Field No. No. Da~e £2lh Host Localltz Fleas C-l aJJT48 R Rattua n,rvegicus (3) Salt Lake Cit1 _, {Salt Lake Co.) 12M 181 c-i. 8/J/~ R Mus musculus -do- - ll( C-12 8/5/48 RC Rattus norveiicus -do- lM C-18 8/6/48 RC Citellus variegatu1 -do- ll( C-19 8/6/48 R.C Rattus no:rvesicus -do- lF C-43 8/19/48 RY Rattus norvegicus -do- 1M C-48 8/19/48 RY Jlustela frenata -do- lJl 2F c-1s2 9/1.4/48 I Ra.ttus norvegicua(2) Riverton -183 (Salt r~ake Co.) 6MJF C-203 9/15/48 mw -do-{)) Salt Lake City -20, {Salt Lake Co.) 21 C-539 10/13/48 M -do-(.:;) Lark -541 (Salt Lake Co.,) llllF c-;66 lO/J.A/48 RMC -do-(2) Salt Lake City -567 {Salt Lake Co.) 2.M 2F C-819 ll/23/48 IillC -do-(28) -do- -846 4M2F ·~\ ',' 72 Field No.. No1 .... Date Coll 1 •• Ijost Localitz Fleas C-847 U/23/48 RMC Rattu.a norvegicus (4) Salt Lake City -850 (Salt Lake Co.) 1M U' C-906 l/13/49 M -do-(9) Sand7 -914 (Salt Lake Co.) 6M2F c-967 2/25/49 MC Mus musculus (4) Salt La.kc&City -970 - (Salt Lake Co.)' :w c-1022 3/lJ/49 )4 Rattus norvegicus (3) Sandy -1024 (Salt Lake Co.) llt:lF ·C-1027 3/1.4/49 M h· Perom,acus maniculatws Sandy -1029 {J) (Salt Lake Co.) lM C-1150 4/26/49 1( Rattu.a norvegicus {,e) Salt Lake Cit1 -1155 (Salt Lake Co.) ill" C-ll56 4/26/49 M -d•-(2) -do- -1157 lM C-ll62 4/27/49 M -do- -do- 2F C-ll88 5/6/49 Ji! -do- Sandy (Salt Lake Co.) 2F c-1213 6/1/1+9 ma. -do-(9} Salt. Lake City -1221 (Salt Lake Co.) lF C-1335 8/9/49 b -do- -do- 2M 2F X-247 10/18/50 A -do- Lehi (Utah Co.) lF x-266 ll/5/50 ABQ -do- Draper (Salt Lake Co.) lF X-276 ll/9/50 At.1 -do• Draper {Salt Lake Co.) 21 73 IDAHO < 0 Nosopsyllus fasciatus ~ (Bose) 1801 I.a.Iz WYOMING BOXELDER OAGGETT SUMMIT TOOELE DUCHESNE JUAI UINTAH CARBON MILLARD GRAND BEAVER IAON KANE WASHINGTON ARIZONA 010lll3040IIO 74 Opisocrostis hirsutus (Baker) 1895 Capable vector or plague Infected with plague in nature (PHR l950g). Infected ldth plague experimentally (Eskey and Haas 1939). Transmitted plague experimentally (Eskey and Haas l9)9). Previous Records, Stanford, J. s. 1944, • Blanding (San Juan Co.) Garfield Ct>unty , Myton (Duchesne Co. ) Hubbard, C. A. 19471 Iron County Millard Count1 WayneCowit1 Garfield County Stark, fl. E. 1948: Monticello (San JW/Ul Co.) Prince, F. M. (Stark, 1948)1 San Juan County Iron County Wayne Cowity Duchesne Count.r Sevier County Garfield County Uintah Count,1 Rich County Faery Cowity Kane County Carbon County Millard County Daggett County Additional Recordss None 75 IDAHO < Q • Ooisocrostis hirsutus ~ , (Mer) 1895 w z; WYOMING BOXELOER OAOGETT SUMMIT • • • • TOOELE DUCHESNE JUA8 • UINTAH CARBON SANPETE • • • MILi.ARD GRAND BEAVER • • • IRON • ~!; .IIAN KANE WASHINGTOM ARIZONA 0 10 20 30 40 r,o 76 QJ?isocrostis labis (Jordan and Rothschild) 1922 Capable vector of plague: Infected with plague in nature (Prince l943b). Infected with plagu~ experimentally (Eskey and Haas 1939). ,,, Transmitted pl:ague experimentally (Eskey and Haas 1939). Previous Records: Prince, F. v. (Stark 1948)a Daggett County .Hillard County Beaver Count1 Summit County Rich County Sevier CoWlty Additional Recordss Field No. No. Date Coll 1 Host ---L ...o... c_a_l..,1t.,..~ ....• ___ Fleas C-177 9/9/48 RM Cj-nom;vsJ:eucurua (J) Wasateh -l79 (Summit Co.) lli lF .. 77 IDAHO t:Tisocrostis labis • ordan and Rothschild) 1922 WYOMING BOXELDER DAGGETT SUMMIT • • TOOELE OUCHESNE JUAI UINTAH CARBON • • MILi.ARD GRAND • BEAVER IRON KANE WASHINGTON ARIZONA 0 1011113040li0 78 0 Opiaocroatis tuberculatus cynomuria Jellison 1939 Potential vect.or ot plaguer Infected with plague in nature {Ecke and Johnson 1950). Previous Recordst Prince, F. K. {Stark 1948): Iron County Additional Recordst Field No. No. Date .Q?ll, Host ___&... o.... ca_.1 ...1...,t._Y ____ fieaa A-69 1/5/49 C Citellua armatua Weber Can,on {Weber Co.) c-1031 3/16/,1+9 J« Citellus variegatus (2)Midvale -1032 (Salt Lake Co.) 11 C-ll2J 4/14/49 14 Citellu.s a.naatua (4) Mountain Dell Reservoir -1126 (Salt Lake Co.) lll C-1127 4/U/49 Ii -do- -do- 2M 79 IOAHO < 0 >< Opisocrostis tuberculatus w cynomuris Jellison 1939 z BOX ELDER WYOMING DAGGm SUMMIT TOOELE DUCHESNE JUAB UINTAH I CARBON MILLARD GRAND BEAVER • IRON 51c?; .IIAN WASHINGTON KAN£ ARIZONA 0 10 ll03040IIO 80 Opisocroetis tubereulatws tuberculatus (Baker) 1904 Capable vector o! plague: Infected with plague in nature (Prine• 1943b). Infected with plague experimentally (Esker and Haas 1939). Transmitted plague experimentally (Eskey and Haas 1939). Previous Records: Stark, H. E. 19481 Randolph (Rich Co.) Salt Lake City (Salt Lake Co.) Avon (Cache Co.) # Pelican Pout (Utah Co.) Upton (SWlll11itCo.) Lake Creek, (Duchesne Co.) Castle Rock (Swnm:itCo.) Delt.a {Millard Co,.) Adamsville (Beaver Co.) Prince, F. K. (Stark l94Sh San Juan Count, Additional Records, Field No. No. Date Coll. Het Localiti Fleas 7/8/37 s Cittllss ap. ;/6/38 w ·cu,uv •· wJ1 !1 Salt Lake County 4/25/43 R Citfllus armatW)! Huntsville (WeberCo.) 6/9/42 s -do- Cacbe CoWlt.Y A-81 5/24/49 C -do-(6) Eden -86 (Weber Co.) lJl C-1121 4/14/49 I -do- Mountain Dell Reservoir (Salt Lake co.) 4M 2F C-1123 4/1.4/49 u -do-(4) -do- 31 -1126 C-1128 4/lJ+/49 ¥ -do-(4,) -d.o- 2M4P -1131 C-1192 5/11/49 M -do- Big Cottonwood.Canron (Salt Lake Co.) 2M C-119.3 5/ll/49 .14 -do- -do- 2M 2F c-1202 5/lJ/49 Pl -do- Alta (Salt Lake Co.} 2M2F • 81 Field .. No. No, Date Coll. Host _ Locality Fleas C-1246 6J8749 .M.RX. Citellus arutus Millcreek Canyon (Salt Lake co.) 2F C-1246 6/8/49 MRI -do- -do- lM lF A C-1253 6/9/ 49 J: -do- lF C-l279 6/14/49 M Citellw, �ariegatu.s Little Cottonwood Canyon (Salt Lake Co.) ll C-1292 6/15/49 M Citellus a.rmatus Big Cottonwood Canyon (Salt Lake Co.} 3M J 82 IDAHO < 0 • Opisocrostis tuberculatus ~ tuberculatus (Baker) 1904 la.Iz WYOMING BOXELDER DAGGETT SUMMIT • TOOELE DUCHESNE JUAB UINTAH CARBON • MILLARD GRAND BEAVER • • IAON KANE WASHINGTON ARIZONA IOIID3040IO OrchOJ>!!S sexdentatus ag!lls (Rothschild) 1905 Potential vector ot plague, Infected with plague in nature (Hubbard 1947). Prenous Records, Stanford, J. 8. 1944: Legan Canyon {Cache Co.) Hubba.rd, C'! A. 19471 Kanab(Kane Co.) Tipton, V. J. 19491 Springville (Utah Co.) Mt. 'fimpuogoa (Utah Co.) Lehi (Utah Co. ) Goshen (Utah Co.) ChimneyRock Pass (Utah Co,) Provo (Utah Co.) Additional Record.et Field No. No1 Date Coll1 Het Localitz , Fleas 5712148 T Neot.omasp. Arches National Monument (Grand Co.) 5/ll/49 AT.El -do- -do- J,t;~», fl/!(< 5/12/4.9 .U.'El leithrodontom.vs meealotis -do- 5/12/49 ATEI Neotoma ap. -do- 8/8/49 TE Neotoma lepida .Antelope Springs (Iron co.} 1-115 10/15/49 SA6 -do-(2) ChimneyRock Pass (Utah Co.) 2V 4F X-l.24 ll/l/49 5.A Peroa:rscus manicula.tua Rock Ganyon, Provo (4J 1 {Utah Co.) lM X-134 ll/12/1+9 Nest ot Neotoma cinerea.; .. -do- 3611,OF ~ I-135 ll/12/49 ·~H Neotoma cinerea Provo Canyon (Utah Co.) 4M'.91 X-lJ6 ll/,2.S/49 Aa Neotoma.lepida (2) St. George (Washington Co.) 4J4 2F 84 Field No., No. Date Coll 1 Host Localit....t,_ Fleas X-138 ll/26/49 a Peromyscus orinitus (3) st. George {Washington Co.) l-141 11/24/49 A Nest of Neotomacinerea Rock Canyon, Provo (Utah Co.) 4M SF X-142 ll/24/49 A -do- -do- X-150 5/10/50 AJ Neotoma sp. Arches National Monume.nt (Grand Co,) 1M X-155 5/10/50 AJ -do- -do- 1M 4F X-170 9/8/50 BE; Neot<.Hlliilepida WahwahSprings (Beaver Co.,} 7),12F I-180 9/ll/50 BE5 Perom.yscus.maniculatua Desert Range Exp. Station {l6) (lUJJ.ard Co.) ll{ X-189 9/l'J/50 Bl:5 ;>· -do-(JO) WahwahSprings ,t'• ;f;: (Beaver Co.) lV X-l92a 9/14/50 BE5 ~N9otoma lepida. (2) -d► lM lF X-204 8/19/50 A -do- Arches National Monument (Grand Co.) lOM71 .X:-250 l0/21/50 A Nest of NeotO!!I,!cinerea Rock Can,on, Provo (Utah Co.) UlF X-2.52 l0/2.1/50 A -do- -do- ~· ')}I. 71 X-253 10/21/50 A -do- -do- 3F X-254 10/7/50 AJ Neotoma lepida Lynndyl (:Millard Ce.) lF X-285 12/2/50 A Nest ot Neotoma cinerea Rock Canyon, Provo {Utah Co.) 3M2F I-287 12/2/50 A -do- -do- 21 lF X-288 12/2/50 A -do- -do- X-430 5/6/49 z Neotomalepida Cedar Cit1 (Iron co.) 2M 2F 85 IDAHO < 0 Orchopeas sexdent,atus agilis < > (Rothschild) 1905 ""'z WYOMING BOXELDER DAGGETT SUMMIT TOOELE DUCHESNE JUAB UINTAH CARBON MILLARD & GRAND • BEAVER • IRON pr: ~AN KANE • WASHINGTON • ARIZONA 0 10ll03040li0 86 Orchopeas sexdentatus nevadensia (Jordan) 1929 Potential vector o! plague: Infected with plague in nature (Hubbard 1947). Previous R6cerdss Hubbard, C. A. 1947: Kane Cowit1 Additional Records: .None. 87 IDAHO < 0 < > Orchoueas sexdentatus t.J nevadensis-·---·- (Jordan) I�29 z aox ELDER WYOMING OAGGm SUMMIT TOOELE DUCHESNE JUAI I UINTAH MIi.LARO GRAND IBEAVER IRON • WASHINGTON KAN£ ARIZONA 0 10 20304011G 88 Oropsylla idahoensis (Baker) 1904 Capable vector or plague& Infected with plague experiraentall.y {Eskey and Haas 1939), and (Burroughs 1947). Transmitted plague experimentally (Burroughs 1947). Previous Recordss . ' Stan!ord 1 J. S. 19311 Salina Canyon (Sevier Co.) Stanford, J,. S, l944t Logan Canyon {Cache Co.) Salina (Strd.e:r Co.) Wellaville Mountains (Cache Co.) Stark, H, E. l94St Salt Lake City (Salt Lake Co.,) Castle Rock (Summit Co.) Upton (Summit Co,} Paradise Park (Uintah Oo.) Vernal (Uintah Co,) Yost (Box Elder Co.) Lake Creek (Duchesne Co.) Heber (Wasatch Oo.) Strawberr1 Reservoir {Wasatch Co.) Prince, F. M. (Stark l948)c Uintah C•unty- Sevier County t!tah County Dl\ery Count1 Garfield County Morgan Count1 Iron County Sanpete Count7 Box Elder Count.7 Beaver Cotmty Wasatch County Summit County Cache Count1 Weber Comity Rich County Kane County Tipton, v. J. 1949& Aspen Greve {Utah Co.) Additional Reeordar Field Ho. _____ iio1 Date Coll 1 a_o_s...,t___ Locality Fleas 4/25/43 R Citellua armatua Huntsville (Weber co.) 89 Field No. No1 Date Co~! Roat Localitz Fleas 8/5742 s Citellus ar.matus Beaver Mountain (Beaver Co.) 6/15/48 T -do- Mt. Timpanogos (Utah Co.} A-9 7/J0/4S C -do• Salt Lake City .(Salt Lake Co.) lF C-84 8/26/48 MRY Citellus lateralis Brighton (Salt Lake Co.) 5lt lF C-1122 4/14/49 M Citellus armatua Mountain Dell Reservoir (Salt Lake Co.) ll4 C-ll27 4/14/49 M -do- -do- lF C-1192 5/ll/49 »: -do- Big Gottonwood Canyon {Salt Lake Co.) 1M 2F C-124,6 6/8/49 nm -do- Millcreek Canyon A (Salt Lake Co.) lF c-12;2 6/9/49 M -do- -do- lM 2F C-1292 6/15/49 M -do- Big Cottonwood Can.yon (Salt Lake Co.) lF I /25 z -do- Mt. Timpanogos (Utah Co.,) lJl C-1246 6/8/49 .:am -do- Millcreek Canyon (Salt Lake Co.) lll 90 IOAHO • < 0 Oropsylla idahoensis < • > (Balcer) 1904 w • ::z WYOMING BOXELDER OAOGETT SUMMIT • ( ( • r ( & • • • • TOOELE v· DUCHESNE JUAB UINTAH CARBON • • • MILLARO GRAND • BEAVER • IRON • KANE WASHINGTON ARIZONA 0 I011113040i0 91 ! Pulex irritana (Linnaeus) 1758 Capable vector of pl.ague, Infected with plague experimentally (Eskey and Haas 1939), and (Burroughs 1947). Transmitted plague experimentally (Burroughs 1947). Positive vector o! plague (Verjbitski 1908). Previous Record.at Prince, F. M. (Stark 1948)1 Carbon County Duchesne Count1 &ery Count,- Uintah Count.r Additional Records& Field No •. No, Date CqllL Host Fleas A-54 3J2.3/49 C Speotyto cunicularia Ogden nypugaea (Weber Co.) A-;5 3/30/49 C Nest ot Speotyto e. hypugaea C-177 9/9/48 CR ClnOlllf! leucurus (J) Wasatch -179 (Summit Co.) U' l/23/25 :z Canis latrana St. George (Washington Go})l( lF I /25 3 Delta Desert (Kil-lard Co.) 2M 3F 92 IDAHO < 0 PuJ.ex irritans < (Linnaeus) > 17.58 w z WYOMING BOXELOER OAGGETT SUMMIT • • TOOELE DUCHESNE JUA8 • UINTAH CARBON • MILURO GRAND BEAVER IRON KANE WASHINGTON ARIZONA 0 J0803040li0 93 Thrassis acamantis (Rothschild) 1905 Capable vector o! plaguei Infected with plague experimentall,Y (Eskey and Haas 19.39). Transmitted plague experimentally (Eakey and Haas l939). Previous Recordsl Stanford, J. s. 19441 Salina Mountains (Sevier Co.) Fish Lake (Sevier Co.) Stark, H. E. 191..Sa Tabiona (Duchesne Co.) Additional Record.st None. 94 IDAHO < 0 'l'hrassis acamantis < (Rothschild) 1905 >w z WYOMING BOXELOER OAGGETT SUMMIT I •I TOOEI.E DUCHESNE JUAI UINTAK CARBON Miu.ARO GRAND • SEVIER BEAVER IRON KANE WASHINGTON ARIZONA !Oll03040IIO 9; Thrassis arizonensis arisonensis (Baker) 1898 Capable vector of pl&eue; Infected with plague rucperimentally (Eskey ed .Haas 1939). Transmitted plague experimentally (Eskey and Haas 1939). Previous Records: Stanford, J, s. · 1944: Logan Canyon (Cache Co.) Additional Record.st None. 96 IDAHO < 0 < _, _____ > Thrassis arizonensis w arizonensis (Baker) 1898 BOX ELDER WYOMING SUMMIT DAGGETT TOOELE DUCHESNE JUAII UIKl'AH I CARBON MILLARD GRAND ., IBEAVER IRON WASHINGTON KANE ARIZONA 10 203040111 Thrassis tra.noisi (c. Fox) 1927 Capable vector of plague1 Intscted with plague exper:lmentally (Eskey w:1dHa&& 1939). Trans.nrl,.tt&dplague experinen.tall:, (Eskey and Haas 1939). Previous Records, Stantord, J. s~ 19441 ,~.; Snowville (Box llder Co.) Salina Canyon (Sevier C(>.) Ephraim (Sanpete C9.) Hubbard, C. A,. l91+7i Sevier Count.r Sanpete County . Salt Lak'9 Cow:ttf Tooele County Utah CountJ Box Elder County Stark• H. E. 19481 Randolph (Rich Co.) CampWilliams (Utah Co.) Del ta {Millard Co,) Heber (Wasatch Co,) Salt Lake City (S•lt Lake Co.) Pelican Point (Utah c..) Adauvill• (Beaver Co.) .Additional Rectu•dst Field No. No, .,...,,."'"iD,..at...,e____ Coll 1 Host tocalltz Fleas 8/2/29 S Crnotys•P• Salina ( Sevier Co,) 4/5/49 0 Citellue armatus Weber Canyob {Weber Co.) 98 IDAHO • < 0 Thrassis francisi < • > • (C. Fox) 1927 l.&J z; WYOMING BOXELDER DAGGETT SUMMIT • • TOOELE DUCHESNE JUA8 UIKTAK CARBON • • SANPETE •• • MILURD GRANO SEVIER BEAVER • IRON KANE WASHINGTON ARIZONA 0 10ll03040IIO 99 Thrassis howelli howelli (Jordan) 1925 Capable vector o! plaguer Infected with plague eY..pGrimentall,y (Eskey and Haas 1939). Transmitted plague experimentally (Eskey and Haas 1939). Previous Recordei None. ) Additional Record.as Date Col! 1 Host . , Locality --s/""'5~/~4""J"8--CR Varmota O..viver..ter:1'2) Salt Lake City (Salt Lake Co.) lF 5/13/49 M Citell¥, v5rieeatw:i Big Cottonwood Canyon (Salt Lake Co.) ll{ 100 IDAHO < 0 Thrassis hovrelli howelli < > (Jordan) 1925 bJz WYOMING BOX ELDER DAGGETT SUMMIT TOOELE DUCHESNE UINTAK IJUAI MILi.ARD GRAND BEAVER IRON KANE WASHINGTON ARIZONA 0 lO II030401iO 101 Thrasais pandorae Jellison 1937 Capable v·eetor of plague1 Infected with plague experimentally (E.skey and Haas l9J9). Transmitted plague experilaentally (Eakey and Haas 1939,. Previous Records1 Stark, H. E. 19481 Heber (Wasatch Co.) Avon (Cache Co.) Upton (Sur:mdt Co.) Randolph (Rich Co.) Lake Creek (Duchesne Co.) Strawberry Reservoir(Wasatch CQJ Castle Rock (Summit Co.) Woodruff (Rich Co.) Prince, F. M. (Stark 1948): Cache CoW1t1, Davie County Utah County Morgan County Weber Count1 Bex Elder Count1 Summit Count:, Rich County Daggett CoWlty Wasatch County Duchesne Count.r Sanpete County Piute County Emery County- Additional Records: Field No. No. Date Coll. Host i,ocality Fleas o/18/Jl 3, Citellus armatus Logan . .. -·- (Cachf9Co.) 5/2/29 s Citellws moll.is Salina ,_,,,.,,, (Sevier Co.) 4/25/4; R ... Citellus ar!'Utus lluntsville (WeberCo.) A-81 ;/24/1+9 C -do- Eden -86 (W•ber Co.) 11( 5F C-177 9/9/48 CR Gpl9&s leueurus (3) Wasatch -179 (Summit Co.) :w: C-1121 4/14/49 H Citallus anutus MoW1tiinDell Reservoir (Salt Lake Co.) 2M3F C-ll.28~ 4/1.4/49 M -do-(4) -do- ti! 9F -1131 c.... 119~ 5/11./49 )if -do- Big Cottonwood Canyo!'l (Salt Lake Co.) 1M C-ll9J 5/11/49 1f -do- -do- Uf lF 102 Field No. No. D& ta _ Q<,J.11 tt,et .... Loca.lity Fleas C-l24b 6/8-----/49 nm Citellus az-...atus•,' Millcreek Canyoa {Salt Lake Co.) llt C-1252 6/9/49 M -do- -do- ll{ 103 IDAHO < • 0 Thrassis pandorae < • > • Jellison 1937 l&Jz • WYOMING BOXELOER DAGGETT SUMMIT • • ■ • TOOELE DUCHESNE JUAI UINTAH CARBON • MIi.LARO GRAND • BEAVER IRON KANE WASHINGTON ARIZONA 0 10111304050 . . l04 Thraesie petiolatus (Baker) 1904 Potwtial vector ot plagues Infected with plague expEllrim.entally (Eskey and Haas 19.39). Previous Record.st None. Additioru..l Record.ea Field No. No. ....,.D;;.;;;a...,t,...e..,_.._CollL Host Locality Fl.!!! c-89 8/26/48 M.RY Citellus armatus (3) Brighton -91 (Salt Lake Co.) lF C-1202 5/lJ/49 M -do- Alta (Salt Lako Co.) 2F 10.5 IDAHO < 0 Thrassis uetiolatus < ~ > (Baker) 1:t04 41 2: WYOMING BOXELDER OAGGETT SUMMIT TOOELE DUCHESNE JUAI UINTAH CARBON MILLARD GRAND BEAVER IRON s,,r; .IJAN KANE WASHINGTON ARIZONA 10 20 30 40 iO 106 Xenopsylla cheopis (Rothschild) 1903 �.pable veotgr o! pl.i.guea In.t'ec'I.� with pl.ague experimentally (Bakey andHallj.s l9J9). Transaiitted plague experiment.t.ll.Y (�skey and Haas 1939). Previous Records; Prince_. ,. M. 1943&: Salt Lake City (Salt Lake Co.) Additional Records: Field !lo. . io Date Coll1 Host Localitz Fleas Salt Lake Cit,r A-50 ' 3/23/49 0 Bfttua rattus &lexandrinua {4) (Salt Lake Co.) la C-9JJ 2/2/49 Cb -do-(25 ' -do- lF -934 C-938 2/4/49 ClW 107 IDAHO < 0 < > Xenopsylla cheotis la.Iz (RoTh.schi cl) 1903 BOX ELOER WYOMING SUMMIT DAGGETT TOOELE DUCHESNE JUAI UINTAH I CARBON SANPETE MILLARO GRAND IBEAVER IRON WASHINGTON KANE ARIZONA ID 30 to r,o SUMMARY Thirty-two species and subspecies of fleas herein classed aa plague important are known to occur in Utah. They are found as ectoparasites of fifty-eight species and subspecies of animal h~sts. Of this number of fleas, twenty-one species and subspecies are classed as capable vectors. Eleven species and subspecies-are classed as potential vectors. Over sixty-five species and subspecies of animals have been demon- strated to possess the plague organism or aot as hosts for plague-positive fleas in the western United States. Six. of these species of hosts have been implicated with plague in eleven of the twenty-nine counties in Utah. In this study over four-hundred entries of collections of plague important fleas in Utah are listed. These collections are those which have not been listed in previous publications or manuscripts. In addition, geographic locations of previously 11.ated collections are given. Two species of fleas listed in this paper are new records tor Utah. Sixty-seven new nea-host associations for Utah are herein listed. Dates of collections, localities, c.;,~leotors, nu:abers of neas collected, and flea-host associations are given in tabular form. Illustrated .mapsalso show the distribution or plague-important !leas in Utah. 108 FL&l--HOSTASSOCIATIONS KNOWN TO OCCURIN UTAH ff,, Following is a quick-reference listing ot flea collection records from hosts in Utah. After each host name is a bibliographic reference to the publication wherein the collection reeord is listed. It no ref- erence is given, the collection record is listed in this paper for the first time. An asterisk preceding the name of a host indicates the host as being implicated with plague in Utah. An asterisk preceding the name o! a flea indicates the nea as a capable vector of plague. * At.,tphloceras m.ultidentatus (C. Fex) Neotoma cinerea acraia (Tipton 1949) * Peromyscus manieulatu.s Catallagia decipiens Rothschild * Citellus variegatu.s ~ (Stark 1948) Eu.twas guadrivittatus umbrinu~ (Tipton 1950) Microtus m.ontanus ~icrotus sp. (Stanford 1944) Neotoma cinerea nest * Per2&ecus manicula~ (Stanford. 1944) Peromzscue sp. (Stanford ~944) Phenaco.mys intermedius Sorex sp., Sylvilagus nuttallii (Tipton 1950) Thomom.ystalpoides Zapus Erinceps (Stark 1948) * Ctenocephalides l,!lis felis (Bouche) Canis familiaris (Stark 1948) Felis domestica (Stark 1948) * Diamanus montanu.s (Baker) * Citellus armatus (Stanford 1944) Q.a_lateralis (Stark 1948) .Q,:_leucurus 109 110 Citellua townsendii mollis (Stark 1948) £L townsendii (Stark 1948) .Q. varieeatus grammurus (Stark 1948) * Q. varieaatus utah (Stanford 1944) * .Q. varie6atus {Stark 1948) Citellus sp. (Stark 1948) Cznom,.ys gunnisoni (Stark 1948) f• leueurus (Stark 1948) * Q. parvidens (Stark 1948) Dipodomya ord.ii (Stark 1948) Eutudas !P� (Stark 1948} Lep"s californicus (Stark 1948) �&rf!\ota naviventer en a hardti (Stanford 1944) * Marmot& flaviventer Stark 1948) Muatela !renata Neotom.a �inerea acraia (Stark 1948) !i• cinerea {Tipton 1950) N. cinerea nest Neotoma ap. (Stark 1948) * Per-,scu� .manicul.atus (Stark 1948) Rattus norvegicus Spilogale sa.xatilia Sylvilagy,s idahoensis Sylvilagus sp. (Stark 1948) Thomomys �.ll!!. * Ectlidnopha&:a gallinacea (Westwood) Cite4lus leucurus (Stark 1948) * Q. variegatua (Stark 1948) Dipodom,Ys merriami * Neotoma lepi a Neotoma sp. (Stark 1948) Sylvilagus audubonii Epitedia wenm.anni (Rothschild) Microtus montanus nanus !!• montanus nexue (Tipton,1949) M. pennszlvanieua ius musculus (Tipton 1949) * Pero.ryscus manicul.a.tus sonoriensis (Tipton 1949) * P. maniculatus (Stanford 1944} f• maniculatus nest Foxella ignota (Baker) Citellus v�riegatus grammu.ru.s (Stark 1948) Cletb.rionO!la gapper1 galei (Tipton 1949) Mustela arizonensis (Stanford 1931) M. f'rena.ta Perognathus paM' s elevaceoua (Stark 1948) Perognathus sp. (Stanford 1944) lll * Per?!lacus m.anieulatus �onoriensis (Stark 1948) Peromzsous ap. (Stanford 1931) Rattus norvegicus .§.ylvilagu� audubonii {Stark 1948) ThomQm.Ya bottae centralis (Stark 1948) ThOfflO.llU'& bottae Zstark 1948) !• perpallidus aureus (Stantord 1931) !• talpoidea foesor (Stark 1948) !• talpoides racilis (Stark 1948) 1• talpoides fStark 1948) Thomo,m,ys .!.2.• (Stanford 1944) Hoplopa41lus atfinis (Baker) Leeus californicu.s deserticola {Stanford 1931) 1• ealifornicus tstanford 1944) §llvilagus aij.dubonii warreni (Stanford 1931) 2.• audubonil (Stark 1948) Szlvilagua �P• (Stark 1948) * HoplopagllU8 anomalus (Baker) ,. Citellus grUll!lUrus !!!h (Stanford 19.31) c. lateralls lateralia (Stanford 1931) £• lateralls �Stark 1948) k c. leucurus oinna.momeus {Stanford l9Jl) f• leueurus �Stanford 1944) c. townse.h�ii m.ollis (Stark 1948} * c. variegatus utah (Stanford 1944) * c, variegatus (Stark 1948) C4n5?1&s leucurue (Stark 1948) * Q. earvidens {Stark 1948) Eu.tamias sp. (Stark 1948) Yarmota naviventer nosophora (Stanford 1944) * M. flaviventer (Stark 1948) Micrott!e .montanus !!• pennsylvanicus Mustela !renata Onzchom.ys leuoo aster (Stark 1948) · Pero.m;scue sp. ?Stark 1948) --. Spilo;;ale saxatilis (Stark 1948) §zlvilagus �?• (Stark 1948) * Hzatrichopsylla gigas dippiei Rothschild * Citellus armatus (Stark 1948) c. lateralis lateralis (Stanford 1931) £lethrionomzs sp. (Stanford 1944) * Kam.ota !laviventer (Stark 1948) ,. ..Microtus montanus nexus {Tipton 1949) M. montanus Mierotus sp. [Stanford 1944) Neotoma cinerea acraia ;(Tipton 1949) / ll2 Pero,ayscu.s boylii * P• .m.aniculatua soneriensis (Tipton 1949) * P. maniculatus (st~rk 1948) Phenacom.ys intermedius Tamiasciurus hudsonicus ventorwa (Tipton 1950) !• hudsonicus (Stark 1948} Tamiasciurus sp. (Stanford 1944) Zapus princepe * Malaraeus telcbinum (Rothschild) Microtws montanu.s nexus (Tipton 1949) Neotoma sp. (Stanford 1944) Pergmyscue boylil .f• maniculatus rufinus (Hubbard 1947) * f• maniculatua sonoriensia (Tipton 1949) * P. ma.nioul.atu.s (Stark 1948) fl truei nevadeneia (Tipton 1949) Pere,y;scus !1?.t.(Stanford 1944) * Megabothris abantis (Rothschild) * Citellus armatUB 11" I(; glethrion~ gapR!;ri ,&alei (Tipton 1949) Mierotus longicaudus mordax (Tipton 191.W M. montanus iicrotus sp. (Stantord 1944) * Perorgy·acusmaniculatus sonoriensis (Tipton 1949) * Perom.,yscusmaniculatus {Stark 1948) Phenacomys intermediu.s Rattua norvegicus Zapua prineeps Megarthroglossws divisus divisu.s {Baker) Neotoma cinerea (Stark 1948) Tamiasciurus f'remonti (Tipton 1950) * Kontpsillu.s eumolpi eumolpi (Rothschild) * Citellus ar.matu.s Eutamias mioi.ml.Wscrutator E. minimus !• e1ctu.s B;. _guadrivittatua Eutamias sp. [Stanford 1944) Glaucms sabrinu.s 1/.icrotus montanu.a Pero&scus boylii * P • .maiu.ctll.atws .i Reithrodont9&s megalotis t p llJ Monopsyllus wagneri wagneri {Baker) Bubo virginianus (Stark 1948) * m:tilfus araatws C. lateraiis (Stark 1948) c'. townsendfi (Stark 1948) * c. variegatus c'lethrionm• iaPzeri ~alei (Tipton 1949) Cynomys leucurus Star 1948) Dieodomyeordii Dipodo&e sp. tstark 1948) Eutamias mi.nimus (Stark~l948) E. guadrivlttatus wabrinua Leeu.scali?ornI'ciis (stark 1948) Uicrotus macropus (Stark 1948) M. montanua ne.nus ir. montanus Microtus sp. (Stanford 1944) - ·.., Mus museulus museuius (Tipton 1949) iTustela arizonensis {Stanford 1944) !• fre9ata arizonenais (Stark 1948) 1G !'renata ifustela sp.. (Stark 1948) * Neotoma +epi.d( lefida (Tipton 1949) !• stephensi Stark 1948) Neotom.asp. (Stanferd 1944) Ochetona princeps (Stanford 1944) 9n,tchms leuco~aster brevicaudua (Tipt~n 1949) Peromyscus crinitua f. manicu.latus rufinus (Hubbard 1947) * P. maniculatus aoneriensis (Tipton 1949) * P. maniculatus tstantord 1944) P. maniculatus neat f• truei (Stanford 1944) Permacue sp. (Stark 1948) Rattua norvegicws ' Reithrodonto&s megalotis (Stark 1948) Sylvilagua auduuoni (Stark 1948) Ne•f?!Ylla inopina Rothschild * Citellus armatus (Stanford 1944) * Noaopayllu faaoiatus {Bose) * Citellus armatu.s (Stark 1948) * £.• variegatus ~ {Stark 1948) Microtus montanua !!• gen.nsylvanicus Mus mu.sculus iiu'etelatrenata * PerOf!l,Yscusmaniculatua Phenacop.ya interm.ediua Rattue norvegicua (Stark 1948) lll+ Rattus rattus rattus (Stark 1948) !!• rattus (Stark 1948) * Opiaocrostis hirsutua (Baker) * Citellws armatus {Stark 1948) C. lateraiia (Stark 1948) �lnomz• soni (Stark 1948) * C: parvicms{Hubbard.. 1947) Qmom,s sp. (Stanford 1944) Diwdomys ordii (Stark 1948) Lepua callfomioua (Stark 1948) Mustela sp. (Stark 1948) Neotoma ap. (Stark 1948) "Rabbit" (stark 1948) * Opiaocrostia labia (Jordan and Rothschild) * Citellus armatus (Stark 1948) c. townsendll (Stark 1948) Cynomys leucurus {Stark 1948) Opisocrostis tuberculatus CYJ?:omuris Jellison * Citellus armatu * c. variegatus * Cynomys parvidena (Stark 1948) * Opisoerostis tuberculatu tuberculatus (Baker) * Citellus armatus (Stark 1948) c. leucurus (Stark 1948) ,.. c., aollis molli.s c. townsendil mollis (Stark 1948) * c. variegatus Cynoys leucurus (Stark 1948) ii: .!Aarmota tlaviventer (Stark 1948) Lepws calilomicus (Stark 1948) Orehopaas .!,!!d•ntatu.s agilis (Rothschild) Neotoma cinerea aeraia (Tiptoa 1949) N. cinerea ciaerea (Stanford 1944) i. cinerea {stark 1948) i. cinerea nut * i. deaertorum (Hubbard 1947) * ii. repida (Tipton 1949) * !• lepicla t•eidaStark 1948) Peroarscus crinitu.a * P. maniculatu.s sonoriensis (Tipton 1949) * P. manicuiatus (Stanford 1944) Reithrodontomys megalotis u, Orchopeas eexdentatus nevadensis (Jordan) * Neotoma deserterum {Hubbard 1947) *..!• leeid' (Stark 1948} * Oropa1lla idahoensia (Baker) * Citellw. armatua ( Stanford 1931) c. cast�nurus (Stanford 1944) c. lateralis castanurus (Stark 1948) c. l.ateralis (Stark 1948) c. leueu.rus (Stark 1948} c. townsend11 mollia (Stark 1948) c. townsendii {stark 1948) * f• variegatus (St.ark 1948) * Cyncmye ea:rvidens (Stanford l9Jl) Eutamias sp. (Stark 1948) F'alco mexicanus {Stark 1948) Marmota naviventer nosophora (Stark 1948) * !• i'l.aviventer (Sta:rk. 1948� Mustela arizonensis (Stanford 1944) Mutela •P• (Stark 1948) * Per5!!!ZSCUS maniculatus &onorienais (Tipton 1949) Sylvilagus •P• {Stark 1948) ThgmomYs sp. (Stark 1946) * Pulex irritans (Linnaeus) Qanis ltlrAAs Cypemy? leµcqrug {Stark 1948) Cyn9IllY:8 sp. (Stanford 1944) §peotytg .£..l.,µlic.1!1!r_j,Ja. h,:g,puga.ea §.. gypiculai:ia. neat * Tnrassis aoamantis (Rothschild) l!annqta !laviventer engelhard�• {Stanford 1944) * A• fayivente;r (St.i.rk 1948) * .I!Fassi§ arizgnGn§is Afizonensis (Baker) * Citel�us aru�tv (Stanford 1944) * Thfit§i§ trancisi (c. Fox) * CittllU§ arptu12_ (Stan.ford 194'*) &.. ,l.eacurU§ (stark 1948) &.. toWA§Md5.i .moti!t (Stanford 1944) Cyn@Ys leucu.rus {stark 1948) IAQtll99\.Y§ sp. {Stark 1948) * Thrysi; howelli bowelli (Jordan) * Citellua variegatus * iarmota f!aviTenteri 116 * Thrassis [>!ndorae Jellison * Citellus armatus (Stark 1948) c. mollis c. townsendii moll1$· (Stark 1944) * f• variegatua �Stark 1948) Cynomys leucurus (Stark 1948) Eutamias sp. (Stark 1948) Marmota naviven�e.£ nosophora (Stark 1948) * !!• tl.a.viventer {Stark 1948) PeroJIYSCUS sp. (Stark 1948) T4omamys ap. (Stark 1948) Thrassis i?!tiol.atus (Baker} * Citellus armatua * Xenopsylla cheopis (Rothschild) Rattus norvegicus (Stark 1948) •· !• rattus alEIXAlldrinws {Stark 1948) HOST-FLEAASSOCIATIONS KNOWN TO OCCUR IN UTAH ~ virgirdanus asp. Horned Owl Monopsyllua wagneri wagperi Canis familiaria Linnaeus Dom-estic Dog Ctenocephalidu felis felis Canis latrans Say Co1ete Pulex irritans Citellus arm.atus (lennicott) Uinta Ground Squi:rNl Diamanus montanua H,Ystrichopsilli gigas dipp1e1 Megabothris abantis ~onopsyllus ewaolai eumolpi ~- wagneri wa«neri Neopsylla inopina Noaopsyllua tasciatus Opiaocrostis hirautu.s o. labia ~ 't'utiirculat.u c,rnomuris o. tubercw..atua tubereulatua Orops1Ua idaheensis Thraasis arizonensia arizonensis T. francisi T. pandorae \ · ! • petioia tus Citellua lateralls castanurus (Merriam.} Wasatch Mantled Ground Squirrel Oropsylla idahoensis Citellua lateralis lateralls (Say) Sa1•s Mantled Ground Squirrel Hoplopsyllus anomalua ttzstrichopsylla gigas dippie1 C1t,el l m, lat era) 11 asp. Mantled Ground Squirrel Diamanus montanus 11.oPlt.RfYllusiAPMlus ¥0Jl2pay\lus yagner~nmui ll7 ) ll8 Opisocrostis h1rsutus gropsylla idahoensia Citellue leucurua cinnamomeus (Merriam) Rusty Antelope Squirrel HoplopsyUus anomalus Citellus leucurw, sop. Antelope Squirrel ' Diamanus montanus �hidnoeha«a gallinacea tloelopszllus anocaalus Opisocrostis tuberculatus tuberculatus Oropsllla idahoensis fhrassia francisi Citellus townsendii mollis (lennicott) Piute Ground Squirrel Diamanus montanus Hoplopsyllus anomalus Opisocrostis tuberculatus tuberculatua Oropsylla idahoensia Thrassia !rancisi !• p�dorae Citellus tewnsend.ii asp. Ground Squirrel Diam.anus montanus Monoeazllua !i•sneri wagneri Opisocrostis labia Oroeazlla id&hoensia Citellua varie�atus grammurua (Say) Say•a Rock Squirrel ll!1maWM aontIA!&! fox,U1 i&.9:t:& Citelli! v1fiuatu.s lll!b. Merriam Utah Rock Squirrel QataU1g1a stcipiena ViWQQS montpS§ l;loal,tpsglJ.as anomalq§ !!,oeopsyllua faseiatus 91tellu.§ variegatua .ssp. Rock Squirrel niill!!nUS mont@PJ1$ 3chidnophaga gaJ.J.inacea ijo(,?lopsY1lus anoma+ua Monopsvllu.s wagneri wagneri Opisoeroatis tMbercqlatus 21nomuris .Q. tubjrcµlsat;v.s tuberculatua psy la id.ahoens11 �ass7i} howelli howelli !I �aorae ll9 Clethrion55Y• &apperi gal•i (Merriam.) Gale Red-backed Mouse Foxella imeota )(egabothr1s abantis Monops1Uus wagneri wagnerJ Clethrionom,ys sp 11 Red-ha.eked Mou.ae Hystricho2azlla gigas dippi~i Cm9!18 aunnisoni asp. Prarie-dog Oiamanus .montanus Qpisoeroetis ha,t:sutua C.yngys leucurus Merriam White-tailed Prairie-dog piUJ&QUS.m.oni&nUS ttoplopsyll;.usyomalu Qpisocroatis labis o. tuberculatu1 tubercµlatus fulex kritane Ihra•aia f;anci•~ 1• pandont Cmom.vaearn,denp Allen Utah Prairie-dog Diwnus g9tyua Hoplopyllw, anorYrJ.s! Qpiaocrostia hirautua Q. tuberc!Yeatup cmom.uris '!W•"'·OropsxlJ.a id9h2ena~1 ' Di:eo,isY! merriag eap.; Kangaroo Rat i9hidnophaga i•llinacea Dieodt!\t!, 2rdi~ asp. Kangaroo Rat Diam.anusmontanus MonopsiY.WIwagperi waaneri Opisocr9st¼s hirsu\ue Eutamias .mini.mustcx:utator Hall and Hatfield Least Chipmunk Monopsyllus mumo.pi ewnolpi E9tf.llda.s miQ.imua aap. Chip,11l'W'lk Mo.o.ogeyllusewaolpi ewp.olpi M, wae:3neriw1gnerl Eutamias guadrivittatus aap. 120 Catallasia decipien• Monopszllus eum.olpi eum.olpi !• }!&_gneriwagneri Eutu.d.as ap. Chipmunk Diam.anusmontanus tioplopa{llus anomalus Monops~7:useumoipi ewn.olpi Oropsyla ldahoensla !hrassis Eandorae Falco mexicanus Sehlegel Prairie Falcon Oropsylla idahoensia J<'elis domeatica (Linnaeus) ~tenoc~phalides fells !ells Glaucomys aabr1.nus ssp. Flying Squirrel Monopa1Uuseumolei eumolpi Leeue caUtornicua' deserticola Hearns Black-tailed Jack Rabbit Hoplopezllus attinis Lepus californicua asp. Jack Rabbit Diam.anusm.ontanus Ho~lopsylius ~!finis Monopsillus wagnerI wagner! opisocrostis hirsutus .Q• tuberculatus tubereulatus Marm.otanaviventer engelhardti (Allen) Engelhardt Mar.m.ot Diam.anusmontanws Thrassis acamantis Karmota flaviventer noso2hora Howell Yellow-bellied Marmot Hoplopszllus anomalus Oropayila idahoensia Thrassis .e!ndorae Marmota naviventer ssp. Yellow-bellied Jiu.mot Diamanusmontanus Ho2loesillus anomalus Hystrichopsylla ~igas diepiei QP.isocrostis tuberculatus tuberculatus 121 Oropsylla idahoensis Thrassis acamantis T. howeUi howelli ! . pa.ndorae f Microtus !_ongicaudus mordax (Merriam) Long-tailed Yeado~ Mouse W.eiabothris abantis W.crotu.s montanus nanus (Merriam) Montane MeadowMouse Epitedia wenmanni ligpopsyµu.s wagneri wagneri W.crotus montanus ssp. Meadow Mouse Cata!J.agia decipiens Epitedia wepmanra Hoplopsyllus anelua ij,vstrichopsylli gies AARPi!i Me6abothr1s~antis Malaraeus telchinllll ijonopsyllus eum.olpi tumolpi M•~aBneri waeneri Nosops4µus !asciatus &crotus pennsylv1!4cus esp. MeadowMouse ~p1t!dia werunaaj Hoi;al9psyllus anomalue • Nosopsyllus fasciatus Microtua macroeY,s sap. Monoesxllus waanert ~aifler1 H.!!!,muscul;W! sap. HottSe Mouse Epitedia wenmann1 Uonops3llus wa@eri wagneri ~osopsyllus £asciatua Mustela frenata asp. Weasel D~amanu.smontanua foxella ignota li9plopsYllu.sanS)m!lus MonoRs4)J.us wagneri wagperi ~O§ORSYllu.sfasciatu.a Mustel& •P• Foxell.a ignota Konopeylluawameri wagperi 122 Op1socrost1a hirsutus oiopeylla rdafioensla ieot.omacinerea acraia (Elliot) Atyphloceras m.ultidentatus '!Jiamanus mootanus Hystrichopsylla atsas dippiei Orchopeae ~exdentatue agilis Neotoma einerea cinerea (Ord) Gray Bushy-tailed WoodRat ,Qrcbopeas se.xdentatus agilis N•otoma cinerea ssp. Bushy-tailed WoodRat Catallagia decipiena Diamanusmo9tanus Megarthroalossua divisua diviaua Qrchopeae aexdentatua agild:! Neotoma lepida lepida Thomas Desert WoodRat Yonopsyllus wagne:ti wameri Orchopeas sexdentatus agilis .Q•eexd,entat!¼§ nevadenais Neotoma leeiq.a ssp. Desert WoodRat Echidnophami1 t;:&llinacea Orchopeas se.xdentatus agills !• sexdenta~ nevadensis Neotoma sp. WoodRat Diamanus montanus Echidnophaga gallinacea Malaraeus telchinum Monopsyllus. wa@eri wagneri Qpisocroatis hiroutus Ochotona er;Lnceps ssp:. Pika ~onopsyllua wagneri ~agneri Onychom,ysleucogaater ssp. Northern Grasshopper Mouse Hoplopsyllua anomalB! MonoPfy!lY! wa1neri wagneri Perogn1thue earrqs o],ivaceg (Merriam) Great Basin Pocket Youse Fo.x.ella i&!}ota 12) Perognathus sp. Pocket Mouse Foxella ignota Per~scus bollii sap. Brush Mouse Hystrichopsylla ~igas dippiei Laiaraeus te1eh1iium ~onops1Iluseumoter eumolei Peremirscus crinitus sap. Canyon Mouse Monoes.yllus wai;neri wagneri ~rchopeas sexdentatua ajlils PeN>!lsctf:S•nicwtus ru!inus (Merriam) TawnyWhite-footed ~ouse Malaraeus telchinum !{_onOfB[lluswagnerl wagneri Perem,scus maniculatus aoooriensis {LeConte) Deer Mouse Efitedia wenmanni Foxella igpo!a Ryetrichopallla ~!Jaadi£p1e1 DaiaraeusTetcfiinum Yega'6otliriiabant!a 1lonopal11uawa,ner! wagneri Orchohas sexdentatus agills 0rO£SYfa !dahoenais Peromyscus maniculatus ssp. Deer Mouse At{phloceraa multidentatus ea a1la1ia dec!plene Dia.minusmontanua Eplted!a werunannl Rystrichoes1llailia~ d1pp1e1 Liaraeus telchinum DegaEotbris abaniis lionops.;,1llusiuiioljI eumolpi u. wagnerrwagner lrosoesir11us?a~cfitus • Orchopeas sexdentatus agills Peroyscus truei nevadensis Hall and Hottmeieter Pinon Mouse ;< ;Ii'/, Malaraew, telchinum Per5seus truei ssp. Pinon Mouse Monopslllue wa1i1~riwagneri Peromyscus sp. White-tooted Mouse Gatallagia declpiena Foxellaifnota lo!lopsr u.s anomalua Maaraeus telchi.num Monopsfllus waeeri wagneri Thras~ s endorae Phenacom,ysintermedius sap. ).. Catallagia decipiena }kstt;chopsylla gigas dippiei . eaa . thris a'lintia ..NosOJ?!¥1Ius fasciatua Rattus norvegicus (Erxleben) NorwayItat Diamanus montanu.s 'Foxella ifnota Me~aboihr s abantis Monopsyllua wagneri wagneri Mosopsyilus f aad.atus ~,!!OfBllla cheopis Rattus rattus alexandrinus (Geottroy) Roof Rat lenoeszlla eheoEiS Rattu.s rattus rattus {Linnaeus) Blaek Rat Nosoeyllus fasciatua Rattu.a rattus ssp. Rat ·•~ MosoF•~llus lasciatua Reitf}rpd~tom.ys meplotis ssp. Harvest Mouse Monoesillus eumolpi eumolei M.•wagneri wagneri Oroh~peae se.x.dentatus agilia I Sorex sp. Shrew Catallagia decipiena Speotra cu.nicularia &I?!laaea(Bonaparte) Western Burrowing Owl Pulex irri.tans Spilogale gracllis saxatilis (Merriam) Great Basin Spotted Skunk l25 Sylvlli&4a aud.uboni warreni Nelson Colorado Cottontail Rabbit Hoplops.:tllus affinia Sylvila,rns audubo.n.issp. Cottontail Rabbit Ec~dno,ehaga ,,e_a.llinacea Foxella ignot, Hoeloesyllua affinia Monoesz:lluawaggeri, wagneri Sylvilap idahoenais {Merriam) Idaho Pigmy Rabbit Dia.ma.nusmontanus Sylvilap nuttallil sap. Cottontail Rabbit Catallagia decipiene Sylvilagy •P• Cottontail Rabbit Diamanus montanus Hop1.02syllus affinis H. anom.alus Oroesylla idahoensis Tandasciurua !remonti asp. Chickaree Mesarthrogloss.1¥! divisus diviaus Ta.mi.asciurus hudaonicua ssp • Red Squirnl ..,.,,. Hzstrichopsylla gigas diepiei Thom2ffi.1!:sbottae centralis Hall Botta Pocket Gopher Foxella itmota ThOJl'!:2NSbottae sap. Botta Pocket Gopher Diyumus montany fgxell:a !B,no,t., Thp:!2ffiXS,pere:llidl!,! aureus (Allen) Iellow Pocket Gopher f.<>eella ignq,~a Thomw;s t•lP£idg gracilie Durrant Northern Pocket Gopher Thpmg;ys tflpoides asp. Northern Pocket Gopher Catallagia decipiena toxeila Iinof.a Pocket Gopher Foxella igno~ idahoensis '1'Or;:~ franciei. !• i!ndora,e Zapua princepe esp. Jumping Mouse Catallagia decipiens Hyetrichopsylla gigas dippiei Megabothrie abantis ·l nmEX TO COLLECTIOO LOCALITIES Beaver Count,Yt Listed only by county • 45, 47, 76, 88 Adamsville - 80, 97 Beaver - 45 Beaver Mountain ... 89 Wahwah Pa.as - 49 Wahwah Springs - 4J, 491 67, 64 Box Elder Countn Listed only by county - ss, 97, 101 Etna - 52 1 551 62, 65 Park Valley - 42 Snowville - 62, 97 Stansbury lsl.and - 42 Ta.com.a Mountain - 42 Yost - 42, 65, 88 Cache Count.rs Listed only by county• 42, 47, 69, BO, 881 101 Avon - :JJ, 42, 801 101 Hyrum. - 28, 42 Logan - 28, 33, 40, 42, 41 1 55, 65, 6 6, 69, lOl .,,� Logan Canyon - 28 1 401 42, 55, 58, 60, 62, 6;, 66, 83, 88, 95 Logan Peak - 52 Petersboro ... 42 Wellsville - 42 Wellsville kountaina - 88 Carbon County, Listed only by county - 74, 91 Daggett C•unt,a Listed only by county - 74, 76, 101 &st Uintah Mountains - 58 Davis County, Listed only by county - 47,101 Bountiful - 34, 48 Farmington - 47, 48, 66 127 128 Kaysville - 35, 48 Mueller Park - 281 33, 35, 55, 62, 65 Duchesne Countyt Listed only by county• 74, 91, 101 Lake Creek - 52, 801 881 lOl Myton - 74 Tabiona - 93 F.meryCountyt Listed o.nl..rby county - 47, 74, 881 91, 101 Green River - J:3 Sa.n Ra.fael ... 47 San Rafael Swell - 42 Garfield Countya Listed only by county - 45i 47, 74, 88 Henry Mountains - 45, 47, 65 Itubys Inn - 55, 65 Grand Count)Jt Arches National MonUIJlent• 36, 38, 42, 4l, 49, 65, 67 83,. 84 Moab - 33 Iron County: Listed only by county - 45, 47, 51, 74, 78, 88 Antelope Springs• 83 Brian Head Peak ... 60 ~' Cedar Breaks National Monument• 42 Cedar City .... 84 ~. Juab Ccnmty: Listed only by county - 47 Yuba Dam.. 42 lane Countyt Listed only by county - 45, 47, 74-, 86, 88 Kanab - 33, 45, 47, 65, SJ Millard Count11 Listed only by county - 47, 74, 76 Delta ... 80, 97 Delta Desert - 91 Desert Range Experiment Station - 43, 49, 671 84 129 Fil.lmore - 55, 65 Lynndyl - 67, 84 Swasey Spr in.gs - 42 Morgan Cou.ntya Listed only by county - 47, 88, lOl Piute Countys Listed only by county - lOl .. I Rich Countyt · · ~,-Listed only by county ... 74, 76, 881 lOl Randolph - 47, 801 97, 101 Woodruff,- lOl Salt Lake County, . Listed only by c.:>unty- 80, 97 Alta - 62, 80,lD4 ~ig Cottonwood Canyon - 28, 34, ,;, 48, 49, 53, 581 62 bJ, 67, 80, 81, 89, 99, 101 Bingham Canyon - 35 Brigbton - 52, 62, 89, 104 Draper - 72 Heut;hs Canyon .... 26 1 :n, 48, 49, 53, 56 Holaday - 35 Lam.bsCanyon - 29 L.l"k - 35, Z.3, 66, 71 Little Cottonwood Canyon - 34, J5, 36, 49, 67, 81 :W.dvale- 62, 78 llillcreek Canyon - 28, 29, 34, 35, 49, 51?,53, 56, 58 62, 66, 67, Sl, 89, 102 Mountain Dell Reservoir - 35, 69, ?'81 SO, 89., 101 Parleys Canyon - 28, ;2, 55, ;8, 62, 66 Riverton - 34, JS, 48, 71 Salt Lake City - Jl, 33, 34, 35, 36, 40, k2, 41, 48 49, 52, 55, 56, 58, 62, 65, 66, 71, 72. so, 88, 89, 97) 99, 106 Sandy - 35, 36, 48, 62, 72 San Juan Countya Listed only by county - 38, 45, 47, 74 Blanding - J3, 421 45, 47, 74 Elk Ridge - 65 LaSal Junction - 45 Monticello - 33, 42, 45, 65, 74 130 SanP44teCountn Listed only by county - 47, 88, 97, 101 Ephraim ... 97 :Vanti ... :n, 47 Sevier Countyr Listed only by county - 45, 47, 74, 76, 88, 97 Fish Lake - 9J Fish Lake Mountains• 42 Salina - 33, 42, 45,47 1 62, 65,88 1 97, lOl Salina Canyon - 33, 1+7, ,2, 881 97 Salina Mountains - 93 Listed only by comity - 521 691 76, 88, lOl Castle Roek,- 80, 881 101 Upton - 801 881 101 Wasatch ... 76, 91, 101. ,._, Tooele County, Listed only by county - 97 ·"""Iosepa - 4'7 ~.• Tim.pie - 65 v~rnon ... 42, 65 Uintah Count7t Listed only by county - 47, 74, 88, 91 Deep Creek• 28, 581 65 Paradise Park - ;2, 88 Vernal ... 88 Utah Countn Listed only by county ... 1+7,88 1 97, lOl Aspen Grove - 65 CampWilliams ... 471 66, 97 Carterville - 43 Cedar Valle1 - 281 65 ChimneyRock Pass - 651 67, 83 Cold Spring Ranch - 36 Elbert& - 52, 55, 65 Goshen - 47, 83 Lehi - 501 65, 721 83 Mt. Timpanogos- 281 42, 52, 581 62, 65, SJ, 89 Orem - 43 Payson - 71 Pelican Point - 80, 97 Pole Canyon - )6 Provo - 33, 36, 401 42, 4J, 53, 65, 67, 71, 83 l.3l Rook Cm.nyon- 29, 361 501 83, 84 Santaquin ... 42 Spanish Ferk - 67 Springville• 26, 331 )41 43, 521 551 S) Wasatch County: Listed only by county - 52, 69, 881 101 Heber - 881 97, lOl Soapstone• 26 1 6S Strawberry Reservoir - 88, 101 Washington Count11 Listed only by county - 381 45, 47 :Enterprise - J6 Springdale - JS st. George - JS, ;o, 83, 84, 91 Zion National Park - 33, J8 Wayne County: Listed only by county - 47, 74 Torry - 3.3 Weber County, Listed only bt county• 47, 69, 88, 101 Eden ... 801 lOl Huntsville - 69, so, 881 101 Ogden,- 34, 48, 66, 91 Weber Canyon - 62, 78, 97 m TO NA.MES OF COU.ECTORS A D. M. Allred B D. E. Beck C F. C. Hamstcm J) A. Doty E c. L. Hayward F R. Frogley 0 E. Gonzales H H. Goldscbmi.dt. I D. Rupert J Mamiulogy Claaa of c. L. Hayward K a. F. Knowlton L J. Lalhmyon )4 R. J. 1tiyklebu.st H c. L. Nielson 0 R. Traub p Ml-. Green Q J. Fletcher R D. R. Maddock s J. s. Stanford T v. J. Tipton O' 11:r. Snodgrass V c. J. Sorenson. w N. Walter X w. H. Slaughter, Jr. y O. K. Todd z v. u. Tanner 2 w. :Meehan ) D. E. Hardy 4 D. E. Jonnson 5 T. Dase 6 L. Allen 7 R. Allen 4 c., Farnsworth 9 L. Hutchings • A. Bamum. b »r. Miller 132 Anthony, H. E. 1928. Field Book ot North American Mammals. New Yorke o. P. Putnam's Sons. Augustson, o. F. 1943. "Prel.iainary records and discussion of some species of Siphonaptera from the Pacific Southwest." Bul. So. Calit. Acad. Se1. 42t69. 1944. "The flea genus Thrassis and sylvatic plague, with the de- scription of!• brennani n. sp." Jour. Parasit. 30(~):237-40. Bacot, A. w. 1919. "The fleas tound on rats and their relation to plague." J. R. Sanitary Inst. London ll:53-60. Brown, J. H. 1944. "The !loas (Siphonaptera) of Alberta, with a liat of the known vectors of sylvatic plague.~ Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 37(2h207-lJ. .~. Burroughs, A. L. 1944. "The flea Malarae\lS telchinwn a vector ot f• pestis." Proc. Soc. Eicp. Biol. and Med. 55sl0-ll. 1947. "Tb• vector efficiency of nine species ot fleas compared with Xenopaylla eheogis.« Jour. Hygiene 45{3)t37l-96. Byington, L. B. 1940. 11Two epizootics of plague infection ...in wild rodents in tb.e western United States 1n 1938." Public Health Reports 55()3):1496-15()1. Chabaud., .A,. G. 1947. "Arthropod vectors of plague." Ann. Parasit. Humaine et Comparee. 22(.3-4):169-200J (5-6)1357-79. 133 l.34 CODlllun.icableDisease Center Bulletin. 1948. Fed. Sec. Agency, Public Health Service, Com. Dis. Center, Atlanta, Georgia. Jul.J', August, September. Creel, R.H. 1915. "'l'he migratory habits of rats." Public Health. Reports ,;o< 23 h 1679-s;. Dubos, B.. J. 1948. Bacterial and Uycotic Infections of Man. Philadelphiat J.B. Lippincott Company. Ecke, D. H., and c. w. Johnson. 1950• "Sylvat1c plague in Park County, Colorado." Trans. XV North Amer. Wildlife Confereno•, March 6,719. Pp. 191-97, F..akey, C. R. 1938. "Recent developments in our knowledge of plague transmission." Public Health Reports 53(2):49-57. Eakey, c. R., and v. H. Haan. l9J9. "Pl.ague in the western part or the United States. Infection in rodents, experimental transmission by !leas, and innocu- lation teats for infection." Public Health Reports 54(32): l.467-81. Girard; o. l948. "•Sylvatie Plague• an error." Dul. Soc. Path. Ex»t. 4l(l-2)t 15-16. Hall, E. R. 194-6 Ma.mm.alaot Nevada. Berkeley and Los Angeles, University ot California Presa. Hampton, B. c. 1940. "Plague in the United States." Puhlie Health Reporta 55(26)111.43-58. 194;. »Pl.ague infection reported in the United States during 1944 and summaryof hu.mancases, 1900-44.n Public Health Reports 60(46),1361-65. Herlvaux, a., and c. Toum.anotf. 1948. "Rat fleas and plague in Saigon.» Bul. Soe. Path. Ex.ot. 41.(1-2)#47-59. 135 Hoekenga1 K. T. 1947. "Plague 1n the Am.ericas.11 Jour. Trop. Med. and Hyg• .50:190-201. Holland, G. P. 1949. Th• Siphonaptera ot Canada. Dominion o! Canada Dept. ot Agriculture Pub. 817, Tech. Bul. 70. Howell, A. I, 1938. Revision of the North American Ground Squirrels. U. s. Dept. of Agric., Bur. Biol.Surv., N. Amer. Fauna, No. 56. Hubbard, C. A. 1947. Fleas of Western North America. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State College Preas. Jellison, v,.L. 19,38. 11The possible role of birds in the epidemiology of sylvatic plague." Jour. Parasit. v. 24 (Supplement), Abstract No. 14, P• 12. Kitasat.o, s. 1894. ~"The bacillus ot bubonic plague (preliminary notice)." Lancet 211+28. Link, V. B. 1950. "Plague epizootic 1n Cottontail Rabbits," Public Health Reports 65(21)1696. Liston, o. 1905, "Abstract ot a paper on plague, rats, and fleas." Public Health Reports 20(3),;5-;7. Mackie, T. T., G. W. Hunter., and c. B. Werth. 1945, A Manual of Tropical Medicine. Philadelphia: w. B. Saunders Company. Ueyer, K. F,, and R. Moldenried. l9lt;9. uRodents and. !leas 1n a plague epizootic in a rural area of California.."' Puerto Rico Jour. Pub. Health and Trop. Med, 24t20l-9. l.36 Mohr, c. o. 1948. "Domestic rate, !leas and native rodents 1n relation to plague in the United States." CommunicableDisease Center Bul.,. Federal Sec. Agency, Atlanta, Georgia. Myklebust, R. J., F. C. Haraston, and D.R. Maddock. 1949• "Sylvatic plague investigations in Utah." Communicable Disease Center Bu.l.,Federal Sec. Agene,v. Atlanta, Georgia. (Mimeographed}. Prince, F. M. l943a. "Species of flea.a on rats collected in states west of the 102nd meridian and their relation to the dissemination ot plague." Public Health Reports ;S(l8)1700-708. 1943b. "Report on the fleas Opisocrostls bruneri (Baker) and Thrasais bacchi (Rotha.} ao vectors ot plague." Public Health Reports 58(27),lOlJ-16. Prince, r • .M.,and N. E. ilayson. 1947. "Plague - The survival o! the infection 1n fleas of hiber- nating ground squirrels.» Public Health Reports 62(13):463-67. Public Health Reports. 1914. 11Howpl.ague ia tranemitted from rats to man by means ot !leas." 29(.34)1217.5-76. •' ,, 1936&. "HWIUUland rodent plague in California, Idano, and Utah.~ 51(30)11019. 1936b. "Rodent plague in California and Utah." 51(33):UlS. 1936c. "Plague infection discovered 1n fleas and lice taken from . marmots in Montana and 1n a marmot 1n Utah." 51(34):1159-60. 1936d. "Rodent plague in Beaver County, Utah." 51{3fihl207. l9J6e. "Plague infection in Callfomia and Utah." 5l(J6):l257. l9J6f. "Plague in prairie dogs in Garfield County, Utah." 5l(37)i 1287. 1936g. "Pla,gue infection in San Bernardino County, California•" 51(48):1651• ...:)f 1937a. "Plague in!ection tound in !leas taken from ground squirrels ,.,,. in Oregon." 52(21):677. l'J7 1937b. 11Plagu infection tound in !leas and lice in etat.e of lashington.• 52(23):154. l9J7c. "Floaa, t1eke 1 and lice ret.a.fa plague infection after lO monthtt in i~ebox.n 52(35)11179~ l937d. Mp.1.s,gu.einfection in fleas in Callt'ornia, Nenda, and Utah. rt 52(35 h ll&t.-85. l937e. "Plague in!eetion in Wasatch County, Utan, and Madiaon County, Montana. 11 52('.3S)c 1321. ·. 193&. "Plague inf'eetion found in neas from. desert. wood rats in Utah." 53(25)11042. l9;38b. "Plague inteetion found in ground squirrel. and. in fleas !rem ground squirrels in Utah." 53(30)11318. l'938c. ttflagu.e infection in .fleas £ram.ground squirrels in Rich CoW1ty, Utan." 53( 32h 1436+ ~ ~ l9J9. ~ "1-'la,ue infection a Bevad.aand NewVexico." .54(20)1849-SO. 1940&. ".Bubonic plague in Utah." ;5(6)12;8. 1940b. "Plague infeotioa in flea, and greund squirrels in Elko Count1, Nevada.,« 55(20h907• 194la. '*Plague infection reported 1A the United state• during 194,0." 56(9),399-400. l94lb. "Plague infection in Colorado, Montana, Berth Dakota• and Waehington. n ;6(:;3): 1669... 70. l94lc. "Plague infection in fleas tru. prairie dogs in Valencia County, New Mexico." 56(41.),2028. 1942a. "Plague infection in the United States during 1941.," 57(24)190:,...905. l942b, "Plague infeetioa in the United States during March &Ad April 1942." 57(26),979. l942e. "Plague inteotion in California, Idaho, and oregon. 11 57( 27) I l.006-07• · 1943a. "Plague infeotio.n reported in the United States during 1942.-" '8{l6h640-4S. " $!~ l943b. "Plague intectien in California and Washington." 58(18)1715, l94Je. "Plague infection in California and NewMmdco." 58(22)1 849-50. 138 ii, l94.3d• ''Plague intection in California, New :Mexico, and Washingte." 5<1(2'.3)1888. 194J•. 11Plague infection in NewMexico and Oregon." 58(27):1027-28. 194.31'. "Plague infect.ion in Colorado and Wyoming.'' 58(34hl29(). l943eh »Plague infection in California and Montana.•• 58(36): lJ6l-62. l94Jh. "Plague inteetioo in C•lif'ornia, Montana., and Wyoming.*' 58(43):1599-1600. l94Ji. "Plague infection in Siskiyou County, California." 58(46): ,.. 1697. Ci,· 1 1944. • Plague Weetion reported in the United St.ate• during 1943." 59(28):9ll-l5. 1945. "Pla&11ein!eotion in Taccma.1 Washington.• 60(4):lll. 1946a. "Plague intectioa in San Benito, Su Luis Obispo, and Veatu.ra Countie&, California." 61(30):1123•24. 1946b. "Plague Wection in San Bernardino, San Luia Obispo., and Ventura Count!$&, California•" 6l(Jl)1ll67...68. t 1947•• 11Plag\.l.e infection in Yakima County, Viashington." 62(21): 774. 1947b. "Plague infection r·epQrted in the United States in 1946." 62( 37h 1336-40. 1948a. •Plague infection 1n. DawsonCount1, Tene,.n 63(!):243. 194.Sb. "Plague in!~ction in..New Mexico and Texas." 63(25)1833-34. l948c. "Plague infection in Catron and Rio Arriba Countie,;,, New Mexico.» 6)(26)1858•59. l948d. 11Plagu& intecti<>n in Douglas County, ,,ashington." o3(28h 930. 1948e. "Plague infection 1n Yllld.maCount,, Waslli.ngton." 63(44):14)2. 1948.t'. "Plague in.fe1iction in Salt Lake Count.y, Utah." 6J(J..5hl478. 1949&. "Plague infectien in Utah and Washingt,011." 64(15):496. 1949b. "Plague infection in .Arizona, NewMexico., Texas, and Washington.rt 6ii{21), 678:-79. 1949c. "Plague infection in Arizona, NewMexico, a.n.dWaahington. 11 64(22) C7l2. ··i_, 139 1949d. "Plagu.e infection in San Juan County, NewMexico, and Sevier Cowity, Utah." 64(25):810. 1950a. "Plague infeotion in Nye County, Nevada., and Lea County, New Merle••" 65(ll)t378. 11 19.50b. "Plague 1.n:f'eetion 1n Lea Cowity I New Mexico. 65( 13 h 454. 1950c. 11Plague infection in Grant Cowity, Washington." 6;(17)t575. l950d.. "Plngue in!ectioo in the atate o! Washington." 65(18):614. 19,0e .. "Plague Weetion in Kittitas Ceunty, flabhlngton." 65(28)1901. 1950!. "Plague infection in San Miguel County, NewMexico." 65(36)11174. l950g. "Plague infectie in Rawlins County, Kanaas." 65(39)11274. Riley, w.A., and o. A. JobaMsen. 1938. Medical Ento.t110legy. New Yer.kt McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. Robertson, H. Mc• ._:: -.,., .1923. uA poesible explanation of the absence of bubonic pla&Ue in cold countries." Public Health Reports 38(27)11519-31. Rosenau, M. J. 1.,4-0. PreYe.n.tive :Medicine and H,ygiene. NewYork: D. Appleton- Century Company, Inc. Rucker; .w.c. 1915. nrla.gt,1e, Its geographic distribution and i.ta menace to the United States." Public Health Reports j0(20}sl428-Jl • .•. Sim.end,P. L. 1898.·" ttI,a propagation de la peste.,tt Ann. Inst. Pa&tt»ur l2(10)1 625-87. Stt:Uliord, J. S. 19)1. ~A prelim1Aar1 list ot Utah Siphonaptera.,n Proc. Utah Aa..d. Sci. 8:153-54. 1944. "More Utah Siphonaptera. 11 Proc. Utah Acad. Sat., Arts and Letters, 19 and. 201173-78, Stark, Ii. E. 1948. "Fleas of Utah." Unpublished Master's thesis, Department ot Biology, University ot Utah. 140 Stewart, c. K. l Strong, R. P. 1942. Stitt•s Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment 0£ Tropical Diseases, Vol. l. Philadelphia: The Bla.kiston Company. Tipton, v. J. 1949. "A preliJl.inary study of the Siphonapteroue Ectcpara.sites fou.n.don. the Mammalsof the families Crieetidae ud Muridae. 1n Utah County. tt Unpublished Master ts thesis I Depart.meat · ot Zoology and En.tomclogy1 Brigh&'.uYoung University. 19;0. nNewDistributional Records for Otah Siphonaptera." The Great. Basin Naturalist 10(1-4)162-65. Verjbitski 1 D. T. 1908. UThepart pla7ed by insects in the epidemiology of plague.tt (translated troa Rud.an) Jour. Hygien.e 81162-208. Wayson, N. E. 191+7• 1tPlague - Field surveys in weetern United Stat.es during ten years (1936-1945). n Public Health RepertA 62(22}: 780-91. Wheeler, c. »., J. R. Douglas, and F. c. Evans. 1941. "The :-ole of the burrowing owl and the sticktight nea in the spread ot plague." Seienee 94156o-6l. 1894. "La peste bubonique a H@ngKong." Ann. Inst. Pasteur 81 662-67. ABSTRACT Thia paper sbon the known geographio distribution and ho:st associations of thirty-two apeciea and aubspeciea of plague-important tleae in Utan. Flea-boat associations tor fifty-eight species and subapecies·ot animals are given in tabular form. Alao liated are those animals which have been implicated with plague in the weetern United States. A detailed discussioA of the occurrence o! aylvatic plague in Utah ia given. Methods of plague transmiasion, host and nea collection techniques, and t.ecnniquea for mcnmtiag tlus are discussed. The bibliography include& over one-hundred references to publica tions deallae with plague important .fleas and implicated animals of the western United States. 141