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T.C. ANKARA YILDIRIM BEYAZIT ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ VİZİGOT KRALLIĞI (BAŞLANGICINDAN V. YÜZYILIN SONUNA KADAR) YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ MEDİHA KİREMİTCİ CANTÜRK TARİH PROGRAMI Ankara-2020 1 T.C. ANKARA YILDIRIM BEYAZIT ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ VİZİGOT KRALLIĞI (BAŞLANGICINDAN V. YÜZYILIN SONUNA KADAR) YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ MEDİHA KİREMİTCİ CANTÜRK TARİH PROGRAMI Yüksek Lisans Tezi Prof. Dr. Musa Şamil YÜKSEL Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Mert KOZAN BİRİNCİ DANIŞMAN İKİNCİ DANIŞMAN Ankara-2020 1 BEYAN Bu tez içerisindeki bütün bilgilerin akademik kurallar ve etik davranış çerçevesinde elde edilerek sunulduğunu beyan ederim. Ayrıca bu kurallar ve davranışların gerektirdiği gibi bu çalışmada orijinal olmayan her tür kaynak ve sonuçlara tam olarak atıf ve referans yaptığımı da beyan ederim; aksi takdirde tüm yasal sorumluluğu kabul ediyorum. MEDİHA KİREMİTCİ CANTÜRK 2 TEŞEKKÜR Çalışmam boyunca hiçbir zaman deteklerini esirgemen değerli hocalarım Prof. Dr. Musa Şamil YÜKSEL ve Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Mert Kozan’a teşekkürlerimi bir borç bilirim. Ek olarak bu günlere gelmemde ve araştırma sürecinde her daim arkamda olan, maddi manevi destekçim annem Hatice, babam Ümit ve kardeşim Hasan Ali KİREMİTCİ’ye derin teşekkür ve sevgilerimi sunarım. 3 ÖZET Vizigot Krallığı (Başlangıcından V. Yüzyılın Sonuna Kadar) Baltık Denizi Kıyılarında ortaya çıkan Gotlar, Karadeniz ve Tuna Nehri boyunca ilerleyen bir topluluk olarak tarih sahnesinde yerlerini alırlar. Tuna Nehri civarına geldiklerinde yoğun Roma ve Hun saldırıları ile karşılaşmaları sonucu Ostrogot ve Vizigot olarak ayrılan Got topluluklarının her biri kendi yapısını oluştururlar. Vizigotlar, 378 yılına gelindiğinde Roma ordusunu Edirne dolaylarında Hadrianapolis Muharebesi’nde yenmişlerdir. Bu muharebe sonrası Theodosius, Vizigotlarla anlaşmış ve onları Roma ordusuna almıştır. Buna karşın, yapılan barış uzun sürmemiş, Theodosius’un hâkimiyetinin sona ermesiyle Roma içinde Gotlara yapılan baskılar artmıştır. Tezin birinci bölümünde Gotların tarih sahnesine çıkması ile ilgili görüşlerden başlanarak Hadrianapolis Savaşı sonrası duruma kadar ele alınmaktadır. Got topluluğu 395- 410 yılları arası başlarına Alaricus adlı krallarını atamışlardır. Vizigot Kralı Alaricus, saldırılarını başlatarak İtalya’ya girmiş ve Ravenna şehrine ulaşmıştır. Gotlar bu bölgede, imparator Honorius’dan yerleşmelerine izin verilmesini istemişler, Honorius ise bu isteğe olumlu cevap vererek, Roma’ya daha uzak bir bölge olan Gallia ve Hispania’da yerleşmelerine izin vermiş böylece Vandal saldırılarına uğramaları için de ortam hazırlamıştır. Kral Alaricus döneminin son yıllarında imparator Stilicho’nun saldırıları sonucu yerleşim merkezi olarak Sicilya tercih edilse de Athavulf (410-415) döneminde Roma’ya geri dönülmüş, Gallia’da Vizigot İmparatorluğu kurmuşlardır. Vandallara karşı İspanya halkının korunacağına dair teminat verilerek Hispania’nın içlerine girilmiş ve bölge tamamen zapt edilmiştir. Tezin ikinci, üçüncü ve dördüncü bölümlerinde Vizigotlar, Roma ve Hun münasebetleri ele alınarak, Vizigotların Aquitania bölgesine yerleşmeleri, kurulan Vizigot Krallığı ve yapısı ele alınmıştır. Tezin son kısmı olan beşinci bölümde ise Batı Roma İmparatorluğu’nun yıkılması ve Vizigotların durumuna değinilerek sonlandırılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Vizigot, Ostrogot, Roma, Hun, Hispania. i ABSTRACT The Kıngdom Of Visigoth (From The Begınnıng To The End Of The V. Century) The Goths, which emerged on the coasts of the Baltic Sea after the emigration, take their places on the stage of history as a community advancing along the Black Sea and the Danube River. When they arrive near the Danube River, each of the Goths, which are divided into Ostrogot and Visigot as a result of intense Roman and Hun attacks, form their own structure. In 378, the Visigoths defeated the Roman army in the Battle of Hadrianapolis around Edirne. After this battle, Theodosius matched the Visigoths and took them to the Roman army. Peace did not last long, the pressure on the Goths in Rome increased with the end of the rule of Theodosius. In the first part of the dissertation, the views of the Goths on the stage of history are discussed. In the beginning of the years between the years of 395-410 they have appointed the kingsnamed Alaricus. Alaricus, the king of Visigoth, launched his attacks, entered Italy and reached the city of Ravenna. In this region, the Goths asked the emperor to allow them to settle in Honorius, and Honorius, in response to this request, allowed them to settle in a more remote area, Gallia and Hispania, thus preparing the environment for Vandal attacks. In the last years of the reign of King Alaricus, emperor Stilicho was attacked by Sicily as a center of residence, but in Athavulf (410-415) he returned to Rome and founded the Visigothic Empire in Gallia. Against the vandals, the people of Spain have been assured of the protection of the people of Hispania. In the second, third and fourth chapters of the thesis, Visigoths, Roman and Hun relations were examined, the Visigoths settled in the Aquitania region, the Vizigot Kingdom and its structure were discussed. The last part of the thesis, in the fifth chapter, was ended with the collapse of the Western Roman Empire and the state of Visigoths. Key Words: Visigoth, Ostrogoth, Rome, Huns, Hispania. ii İÇİNDEKİLER ÖZET ...................................................................................................................................... i ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................... ii İÇİNDEKİLER ..................................................................................................................... iii 1. GİRİŞ ................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Önsöz .................................................................................................................. 1 1.2. Kaynaklara Dair .................................................................................................. 2 1.3. Konuya Giriş ...................................................................................................... 5 2. IV. YÜZYILA KADAR GOTLAR ................................................................................... 7 2.1. Gotların Kökeni Tartışması ................................................................................ 7 2.1.1. Got Coğrafi Kökeni ............................................................................. 7 2.1.2. Got İsminin Kökeni ............................................................................. 9 2.2. Vizigot-Ostrogot Ayrımı .................................................................................. 10 2.3. Hadrianapolis Savaşı ve Gotların Yeni Durumu .............................................. 14 2.4. Hadrianapolis Savaşı Sonrası Durum ............................................................... 19 3. ALARİCUS DÖNEMİ VE SONRASINDA OLUŞAN YENİ KONJONKTÜR ........... 23 3.1. Romanın Hizmetinde Vizigotlar ....................................................................... 23 3.2. Oluşan Yeni Durum ve Vizigotların Roma’nın Hâkimiyetini Reddetmesi ...... 25 3.3. Roma İmparatorluğu’nun Durumu ................................................................... 26 3.4. Roma’ya Yürüyüş ............................................................................................. 30 3.5. Roma’nın Yağmalanması ve Sonrası ............................................................... 35 3.6. Vizigotların Aquitania Bölgesine Yerleşmesi ve Yeni Foedus Durumu .......... 37 3.7. Campus Mauriacus Savaşı ................................................................................ 55 4. HİSPANİA’DA VİZİGOT KRALLIĞI .......................................................................... 61 4.1. Siyasi ve Toplumsal Yapı ................................................................................. 61 4.2. Ekonomik Yapı ................................................................................................. 68 4.3. Dini Yapı .......................................................................................................... 72 5. BATI ROMA İMPARATORLUĞU’NUN YIKILMASI VE VİZİGOTLARIN DURUMU ........................................................................................................................... 78 5.1. Batı Roma İmparatorluğu’nun Yıkılması ......................................................... 78 5.2. Batı Roma İmparatorluğu Sonrası Durum ve Birleşen Got Tacı ...................... 87 SONUÇ ................................................................................................................................ 96 KAYNAKÇA ...................................................................................................................... 98 iii EK-1 .................................................................................................................................. 105 ÖZGEÇMİŞ ....................................................................................................................... 106 iv 1. GİRİŞ 1.1 Önsöz Tez çalışmasında incelemeye alınan konu Avrupa tarihinin şekillenmesine vesile olan ve aynı zamanda Roma İmparatorluğu’nun da yıkımına sebebiyet veren kavimlerden biri olan Vizigotlardır. Çalışmada, Vizigotlar ortaya çıkışı, coğrafyası, genişleme alanları, siyasi ve sosyal yapısı ile bir bütün olarak incelenmiştir. Avrupa tarihi merkezli yola çıktığımız,
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