The Geology and Metamorphism of the Ironwood Iron-Formation

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Geology and Metamorphism of the Ironwood Iron-Formation Th? ·:-;EOLOGY AN[. OF TH3 I.RONWOOD IRON-FORMATION, GOGE3IC RANGE WISCOT'JSIN A 'fii2SIS SUBMITTED TO TPE FACULTY OF T¥.£ GRADUATE SCHOOL OF 'I'liE UNIVERSITY CF MINKE3UTA BY DENNIS PATRICK LAYBOURN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE RFQUIREMENTS lOR THE D:t:GREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE .JANUARY 16 I 1979 ABSTRACT The Ironwood Iron-.fo::c-mati.Jn, of the Go gebic Range of nort'.1.ern 'disconsin and Mi chig.?.n, c:x:tends 80 miles in a generally east-northea3terly direction from near Mineral Wisconsin to Lake Michigan. The iron-formation is considered part of the Group of the Marque tte Range Supergroup. cally , the iron-formation has been divided into five members on the basis of the predominance of cherts or ferrugin ous slates in the stratigraphic section. Total thickness of the Ironwood Formation in Wi sconsin seems to show a progressive thickening from around 500 feet near the Wisconsin-Mi chigan border to about·650 f eet near its westernmost extent. The westernmost 20 of +i-,J,;,e iron-.!... or:-aa ....:,ion . nal s •oeen con ......"ac-c ' me ;:;amorp' h ose d b'.Y tne • Mi neral Lake Intrusive, a Middle Keweenawan gabbroic body. data of present study, four metamorphic zones may be distinguished in the Ironwood Formation by changes in m.ineralogy alo!1g strike length of the iron.- formation toward the intrusive contact. Zone 1 extends to within about 7500 feet (2JOO m.) of the intrusive contact. It is recognized by the pre- s2nce of low-grade metamorphic assemblages containing iron-bearing phyllosilicates (minnesotaite, stilpnome- , hl . ' . rl . , . ' ' 1 ( • ' J..ane, c .. _or1 te) 2.ri-.... iron- oe'.lring ca.roona pnases sia.s - rite, dolomite-ankerite). Primary textural features, such as granules and colites, are generally well pre- served, although they have been slightly modified by recrystallization and replacement. Zone 2 is by a moderate grade of illetamorphism and the development of grunerite, talc, and garnet. Iron-bearing carbonates an d iron-beari ng phyllosili2at2s are absent. The degree of metamo rphic recrvstallization has from Zone 1, such that features ara to totally ob- literated. ii Zone 1 occurs about 4500 feet ( 1- J70•1,-, ·•'•).1 -·::::-;;--·_,_ V- 1,,1 ......h -'-' ......J_llt:;:...., "r"" 0 o _,..u-....,unt-.::;0-'.- ,·.,,n,j.. __i·::: ._.,_,-.;, ,:::;__ ·r. .;.:i.... .,,-,, ·c·- ,.,...;r:: ..... "''.."... d hi.gh-.5ra(le ass ernJ)l3.gi?S ,..., t::.,ne ( 'l'Y'Q l'' \ c '1 ; ·-on \ "Y'n .... 11·:::. I .. -i· ....\,;::;, \ hornblendet actinolite and trsmolita. The has usually undergone a complete recry stallization with primsry t 1:;xtural t ·:;1turss being so:11pJ.2t ely e:--as'2d. Zone 4 occurs about 100 meters of tha in- trusive contact and is ch2racterized by the presence of pigeonite and fayalite. Pressures of are believed to be in excess of J kb. Temper-a"'cures attained in Zone 1 were probably in the 150-JSJC. Maximum temperatures of Zone 2 c ould not h :3.'1e 2. bout the upper limit of talc in rocks. Maxi- mum t2mperatures ·along the intrusive conta ct sculd not have greatly exceeded about 700 C., the spproximate decomposition temperature of grunerita . of the is believed to largely isochemical and the result of a progressive dehvdration and decarbonation of the iron- forma tion as 0 ""' ..... _ c '·\JJ.·n+ u 3.,,+'-',.,, i·("Ou 1"1e"'r..--...i._ ..... d • Qvifa'"'"'__ '""' o"-'" J. _ :....... ..... ._ v _.._ic: internally buffered with in th2 co:--ifines of various quartz- ferrous silicate-magnetite buffer asse!·nolages. Evidence from Zone 4, however, suggests the decomposition of mag- netite in response to the external reducing influence of the intrusive contact. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT •••••••••• .. .. .. .. ... .. ... i TABLE OF CONTENTS. ......................... • 11.l LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. ...................... • •• v INTRODUCTION ••••••• . .. .. .. .. .. .• 1 ,., ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ••• ............... ... ) LOCATION AND PHYSIOGRAPHY •• . .. .. .. .. GENERAL GEOLOGY •• . .. .. .. • • 8 PHEVIOUS WORK ••• . .. .. .. .. .. •• 27 STUDY METHODS ••• .. .. .. .. '51 STRATIGRAPHY AND STRUCTURE OF ·rHE I RO NW OOD ?ORMA TI ON •••••• I • I ••••••• I ••••• 53 Development of Stratigraphy ••••••.• 53 General Features of the Iron- formation Members ••.••••••••••• 61 Structure of the Ironwood Formation •••••.•••••••••••••••• 70 FETRCGRA.?HY OF 11.'HE IRCNWOOD FORMATION •••••••• 74 •.••••••••••••••••••••• 74 Sedimentary Textures of Iron- .formation ..•••••••.•••••••••••••• 7 5 of Zone 1 •••••••••••••• 77 Textures ••••• , ••••••••••.••••• 77 Mineralog-.1 •••••••••••••••••••• 84 Petrcgraphy of Zone 2 ••.•.•••.••.• 108 Textures ••••••••••••••••••••• 1 08 Mineralogy ••••••••••••••••••• 109 Petrography of Zone J ••••••••••••• 125 Textures ••••••••••••.•.•••••• 125 Mineralogy ••••.•••••••••••••• 126 Petrography of Zone 4 .•.......•..• 140 Textures ••••••••••••.•••••••• 141 Mineralogy •• •••••••••••••••• 14J Summary of Zonal Mineralogy ••••••• 155 ZONAL METAMORPHISM OF THE BIWABIK . FORMATION - A COMPARISON ••••••••••••••• 161 iv Table of Contents (con't) Page METAMORPHISM OF THE IRONWOOD FOHMATION .••••.. 168 Metamorphism of Zone 1 Iron·-formation ••• 168 Metamorphism of Zone 2 •.........•....•.• 174 Metamorphism of Zone J •...•...••.•.••..• 176 Talc and Tremolite in the Ironwood Formation .......................... 180 Origin of Talc •••••••••••••••••• 180 Origin of Tremolite ••••••••••••• 183 Metamorphism of Zone 4 ••••••..• • •••••••• 186 Pyroxenes •••••.••••••••.•••••.•• 188 Fayali te ............. " ........... 1 94 Maene ti te •••••••••••••••.•.•.••• 196 Gruneri te •••••• R • ••••••••••••••• 199 Conditions of rnetamorphism •••••• 200 The Role of Volatiles in the Metamorphism of the Ironwood Formation ••••••• , •••••.•••••••••• 201 Zone 1 and Zone 2 Assemblages ••• 202 Zone 2 and Zone 3 Assemblages ••• 203 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ••...•.•••••.••.•••••• 212 . REFERENCES CITED • ...........•...•...••..•.••• 217 APPEI'IDIX A -- SAMPLE LOCATIONS, STRATIGRAPHIC SECTIONS AND LISTINGS OF ASSEMBLAGES FOR THE IRONWOOD IRON-FORMATION, WISC 0 NS IN • . • . • . • • • •. A-1 v LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ·TABLES Page 1. CORRELATION CHART FOR T¥j!; MARQUETTE RANGE SUPERGROUP •.......•....•....... 1? 2. SUTviMARY OF FEATURES CHARACTERIZING DIFFERENT TYPES OF' IRON-FORMATION ••.• 41 3. SUIVINIARY OF CONTACT l'IT.ETAMORPHIC EFFECTS NEAR MELI3N, WISCONSIN •.•.•••.•..•••. 48 4. MINERALOGY SUMMARY OF THE FOUR N'iE'l'AMORPHIC ZONES OF THE IRONWOOD FORi\'l..ATION ...........••.••..•.....••. 157 FIGURES 1. LOCATION AND EXTENT OF THE IRONWOOD IRON-FORNiliTION ..•.•....••.•.•..•••.••• .5 2. REGIONAL GEOLOGIC MAP •.•...•••..••......•• 10 3. RADIOMETRIC AGE DATES OF SOME ROCKS IN NORTHCENTRAL WISCONSIN ....•....•••• 23 4. FENCE DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATING THICKNESS VARIATIONS OF THE VARIOUS MEMBERS OF THE IRONWOOD FOffiliATION ......•..... 69 5. APPROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF IRON- CARBONATE IN TERMS OF CaC03-MgC03-FeC03 ••••••••••••••••• 97 6. APPROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF IRON- FORlV!ATION CARBONATE IN TERMS OF 03 ............................• 98 7. AEROMAGNETIC MAP OF THE GOGEBIC RANGE IN WISCONSIN .................. 124 8. LOCATIONS OF lf!ETAMORPHIC ZONES IN THE IRONWOOD IRON-FORMATION .....•••• 158 9. DIAGRAM SHOWING THE MINERALOGY OF THE IRONWOOD IRON-FORMATION AS A FUNCTION OF DISTANCE FROM THE KEWEENAWAN INTRUSIVE CONTACTS •....•• 159 10. METHOD OF CALCULATING THE TRUE DISTANCE SEPARATING THE IRONWOOD FORMATION FROM KEWEENAWAN Il'ITRUSIV"'ES •••• , ...................... 160 vi List of Illustrations (con't) FIGURE Page 11. GEOLOGIC MAP OF PART OF TJ-f.E MESABI RANGE, SHOWING LOCATIONS OF TJiE FOUR METAMORPHIC ZONES DISTIN- GUISHED BY FRENCH ( 1969 ) ..••••...•• 16 6 12. DIAGRAM SHOWING THE MINERALOGY OF THE BIWABIK FORMATION AS A FUNCTION OF DISTANCE FROM THE DULUTH GABBRO CONTACT .... , .........•....... 167 13. SCHEMA'ric DIAGRAM FOR THE MOST COfJ!MON ASSEMBLAGES IN ZONE 1 IN THE FeO-Fez03-Alz03-Si02- H20-C02 ca: . ••• ·• •••••••••••••••••••••••• 171 14. SCHEMATIC ISOBARIC LOG f o -T DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATING CHANGE FROM MINNESOTAITE TO TALC WITH INCREASING OXYGEN FUGACITY •......... 182 15. EXPERIMENTALLY DETERMINED PP".ASE RELATIONS IN SILICEOUS CARBONATES FOR Pf=2kb .• 185 16. EQUILIBRIUM RELATIONSHIPS PROPOSED TO EXIST BETWEEN PROTOENSTATITE, ORTHOPYROXENE, PIGEONITE AND FAYALITE PLUS QUARTZ COEXISTING WITH CA-PYROXENE FOR RELATIVELY LOW PRESSURE GEOLOGIC CONDITIONS •••• 187 17. IDEALIZED SEQUENCE OF CHANGES DURING THE COOLING FROM INITIAL PIGEONITE GRAINS TO ORTHOPYRO- XENE GRAINS CONTAINING TWO SETS OF CA-PYROXENE LAMELLAE •.•.•••.••.•• 191 18. SCHEMATIC TEMPERATURE-COMPOSITION SECTION THROUGH THE PYROXENE QUADRILATERAL ILLUSTRATING THE CRYSTALLIZATION AND COOLING HISTORY OF ZONE 4 IRON-FOPJ11IATION CONTAINING INVERTED PIGEONITE •• , •.• 192 19A. ISOBARIC, ISOTHERMAL CHEMICAL POTENTIAL DIAGRAM, ){ O-)fC02 FOR THE EQUILIBRIUM AMONG QUARTZ, MINNESOTAITE, GRUNERITE AND SIDERITE IN THE SYSTEM FeO-Si02(-H20-COz) ••.•••.••• 204 vii List of Illustrations (con't) FIGURE Page 19A. SC:P.El\!IATIC T-XC DIAGRAM FOR TP3 02 SYSTEM FeO-Si02-(H20-C02) DEPICTING EQUILIBRIUM RELATIONS AMONG QUARTZ, MINNESOTAITE, GRUNERITE AND SIDERITE •••••••••••• 204 20. ISOBARIC, ISOTHERM.AL C¥.EMICAL ASSEMBLAGES EXPRESSED IN THE SYSTEM Si02-FeO-Ca0-(H20-C02) •••••• 207 21. SCHEMATIC T-Xco2 DIAGRAM FOR EQUILIBRIUIVI MINERAL ASSEJ.VI- BLAGES STABLE IN ZONE 2 AND ZONE J IRONWOOD FORMATION FOR THE SYSTEM Si02-FeO-CaO-(H20-C02) •. 209 PLATES 1. TYPICAL WAVY BEDDED FERRUGINOUS CHERTS OF THE IRONWOOD FORMATION •..•• 55 2. WAVY BEDDED CHERTY IRON-FORlf!ATION
Recommended publications
  • Tectonic Imbrication and Foredeep Development in the Penokean
    Tectonic Imbrication and Foredeep Development in the Penokean Orogen, East-Central Minnesota An Interpretation Based on Regional Geophysics and the Results of Test-Drilling The Penokean Orogeny in Minnesota and Upper Michigan A Comparison of Structural Geology U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1904-C, D AVAILABILITY OF BOOKS AND MAPS OF THE U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Instructions on ordering publications of the U.S. Geological Survey, along with prices of the last offerings, are given in the cur­ rent-year issues of the monthly catalog "New Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey." Prices of available U.S. Geological Sur­ vey publications released prior to the current year are listed in the most recent annual "Price and Availability List." Publications that are listed in various U.S. Geological Survey catalogs (see back inside cover) but not listed in the most recent annual "Price and Availability List" are no longer available. Prices of reports released to the open files are given in the listing "U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Reports," updated month­ ly, which is for sale in microfiche from the U.S. Geological Survey, Books and Open-File Reports Section, Federal Center, Box 25425, Denver, CO 80225. Reports released through the NTIS may be obtained by writing to the National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, VA 22161; please include NTIS report number with inquiry. Order U.S. Geological Survey publications by mail or over the counter from the offices given below. BY MAIL OVER THE COUNTER Books Books Professional Papers, Bulletins, Water-Supply Papers, Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, Circulars, publications of general in­ Books of the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Timeline of Natural History
    Timeline of natural history This timeline of natural history summarizes significant geological and Life timeline Ice Ages biological events from the formation of the 0 — Primates Quater nary Flowers ←Earliest apes Earth to the arrival of modern humans. P Birds h Mammals – Plants Dinosaurs Times are listed in millions of years, or Karo o a n ← Andean Tetrapoda megaanni (Ma). -50 0 — e Arthropods Molluscs r ←Cambrian explosion o ← Cryoge nian Ediacara biota – z ←Earliest animals o ←Earliest plants i Multicellular -1000 — c Contents life ←Sexual reproduction Dating of the Geologic record – P r The earliest Solar System -1500 — o t Precambrian Supereon – e r Eukaryotes Hadean Eon o -2000 — z o Archean Eon i Huron ian – c Eoarchean Era ←Oxygen crisis Paleoarchean Era -2500 — ←Atmospheric oxygen Mesoarchean Era – Photosynthesis Neoarchean Era Pong ola Proterozoic Eon -3000 — A r Paleoproterozoic Era c – h Siderian Period e a Rhyacian Period -3500 — n ←Earliest oxygen Orosirian Period Single-celled – life Statherian Period -4000 — ←Earliest life Mesoproterozoic Era H Calymmian Period a water – d e Ectasian Period a ←Earliest water Stenian Period -4500 — n ←Earth (−4540) (million years ago) Clickable Neoproterozoic Era ( Tonian Period Cryogenian Period Ediacaran Period Phanerozoic Eon Paleozoic Era Cambrian Period Ordovician Period Silurian Period Devonian Period Carboniferous Period Permian Period Mesozoic Era Triassic Period Jurassic Period Cretaceous Period Cenozoic Era Paleogene Period Neogene Period Quaternary Period Etymology of period names References See also External links Dating of the Geologic record The Geologic record is the strata (layers) of rock in the planet's crust and the science of geology is much concerned with the age and origin of all rocks to determine the history and formation of Earth and to understand the forces that have acted upon it.
    [Show full text]
  • Gogebic Range Escapes Heavy Snowstorm
    Snow possible High: 15 | Low: -2 | Details, page 2 Passion for excellence. Compassion for people. aspirusgrandview.org GV-013a DAILY GLOBE yourdailyglobe.com Thursday, December 5, 2013 75 cents Gogebic Range M O U N T Z I O N School escapes heavy consolidation snowstorm efforts continue The three-day snowstorm n W-M, Bessemer that pounded much of Minnesota residents gather hadn’t arrived on the Gogebic signatures for Range in full force as of Wednes- day afternoon. petition Although Hurley and Iron- wood school officials called off By KATIE PERTTUNEN classes at 1 p.m. on Wednesday, [email protected] the snow stopped in Ironwood BESSEMER — Petitioners around the same time and it was have until Jan. 23 to collect 112 lightly raining after that in 30- signatures from Wakefield- degree temperatures. Marenisco School District resi- The National Weather Service dents, and 140 signatures from in Duluth said as of 2 p.m. Bessemer School District resi- Wednesday, 39 inches of snow dents, Gerry Pelissero, Gogebic had fallen in Two Harbors, County Clerk said. Minn. That was the total since Proposed language for the Monday. ballot circulating on petitions Duluth had received around reads “Shall the territory of the 18 inches. following school districts; Besse- Meanwhile, Gile, Wis., had mer and Wakefield-Marenisco, received only 6.5 inches. form one school district?” Pelis- Superior recorded 12 inches sero said. and Ashland 9 inches. Pelissero said he drafted the A winter weather advisory for language due to a request from the Ironwood area remained in Michael Korpela, an attorney.
    [Show full text]
  • Detrital Zircon Provenance and Lithofacies Associations Of
    geosciences Article Detrital Zircon Provenance and Lithofacies Associations of Montmorillonitic Sands in the Maastrichtian Ripley Formation: Implications for Mississippi Embayment Paleodrainage Patterns and Paleogeography Jennifer N. Gifford 1,*, Elizabeth J. Vitale 1, Brian F. Platt 1 , David H. Malone 2 and Inoka H. Widanagamage 1 1 Department of Geology and Geological Engineering, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA; [email protected] (E.J.V.); [email protected] (B.F.P.); [email protected] (I.H.W.) 2 Department of Geography, Geology, and the Environment, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: jngiff[email protected]; Tel.: +1-(662)-915-2079 Received: 17 January 2020; Accepted: 15 February 2020; Published: 22 February 2020 Abstract: We provide new detrital zircon evidence to support a Maastrichtian age for the establishment of the present-day Mississippi River drainage system. Fieldwork conducted in Pontotoc County,Mississippi, targeted two sites containing montmorillonitic sand in the Maastrichtian Ripley Formation. U-Pb detrital zircon (DZ) ages from these sands (n = 649) ranged from Mesoarchean (~2870 Ma) to Pennsylvanian (~305 Ma) and contained ~91% Appalachian-derived grains, including Appalachian–Ouachita, Gondwanan Terranes, and Grenville source terranes. Other minor source regions include the Mid-Continent Granite–Rhyolite Province, Yavapai–Mazatzal, Trans-Hudson/Penokean, and Superior. This indicates that sediment sourced from the Appalachian Foreland Basin (with very minor input from a northern or northwestern source) was being routed through the Mississippi Embayment (MSE) in the Maastrichtian. We recognize six lithofacies in the field areas interpreted as barrier island to shelf environments. Statistically significant differences between DZ populations and clay mineralogy from both sites indicate that two distinct fluvial systems emptied into a shared back-barrier setting, which experienced volcanic ash input.
    [Show full text]
  • The Geology of the Middle Precambrian Rove Formation in Northeastern Minnesota
    MINNESOTA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 5 P -7 Special Publication Series The Geology of the Middle Precambrian Rove Formation in northeastern Minnesota G. B. Morey UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA MINNEAPOLIS • 1969 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I THE GEOLOGY OF THE MIDDLE PRECAMBRIAN ROVE FORMATION IN NORTHEASTERN MINNESOTA by G. B. Morey CONTENTS Page Abstract ........................................... 1 Introduction. 3 Location and scope of study. 3 Acknowledgements .. 3 Regional geology . 5 Structural geology . 8 Rock nomenclature . 8 Stratigraphy . .. 11 Introduction . .. 11 Nomenclature and correlation. .. 11 Type section . .. 11 Thickness . .. .. 14 Lower argillite unit. .. 16 Definition, distribution, and thickness. .. 16 Lithologic character . .. 16 Limestones. .. 17 Concretions. .. 17 Transition unit . .. 17 Definition, distribution, and thickness. .. 17 Lithologic character . .. 19 Thin-bedded graywacke unit . .. 19 Definition, distribution, and thickness. .. 19 Lithologic character. .. 20 Concretions ... .. 20 Sedimentary structures. .. 22 Internal bedding structures. .. 22 Structureless bedding . .. 23 Laminated bedding . .. 23 Graded bedding. .. 23 Cross-bedding . .. 25 Convolute bedding. .. 26 Internal bedding sequences . .. 26 Post-deposition soft sediment deformation structures. .. 27 Bed pull-aparts . .. 27 Clastic dikes . .. 27 Load pockets .. .. 28 Flame structures . .. 28 Overfolds . .. 28 Microfaults. .. 28 Ripple marks .................................. 28 Sole marks . .. 28 Groove casts . .. 30 Flute casts .
    [Show full text]
  • Northshore Mining Fact Sheet
    CLEVELAND-CLIFFS INC. NORTHSHORE MINING FACT SHEET Northshore Mining (NSM), which originally operated as Reserve Mining Company, was the first taconite processing facility in North America when it opened in 1956. It was purchased by Cyprus Minerals in 1989, and Cleveland-Cliffs became the sole owner of the property in 1994. Northshore Mining’s Peter Mitchell Mine is located in Babbitt and the taconite is transported 47 miles by rail to the processing facility in Silver Bay, near Lake Superior. Northshore operations consist of an open pit truck Operational Statistics and shovel mine where two stages of crushing occur before the ore is transported along a wholly owned rail • Type of Ore: Magnetite line to the plant site in Silver Bay. At the plant site, two additional stages of crushing occur before the ore is • 2018 Pellet Production: 5.6 million gross tons sent to the concentrator. The concentrator utilizes rod mills, ball mills and magnetic separation to produce a • Annual Rated Capacity (includes concentrate): magnetite concentrate, which is delivered to the pellet 6.0 million tons plant located on-site. The plant site has its own ship loading port located on Lake Superior. In 2018, Cliffs began a capital upgrade to produce Annual Economic Impact low silica DR-grade pellets on a commercial scale. Throughout the construction project, management has • Workforce: 529 employees maintained production of its standard iron ore pellets for its blast furnace customers. The upgrade project is • Payroll (including benefits) $85 million expected to be completed in mid-2019. While overall production capacity at the processing facility will remain • Local services/supplies purchased: $200 million the same, Northshore will be able to produce up to 3.5 • Minnesota, local & taconite taxes: $16 million million long tons of DR-grade pellets.
    [Show full text]
  • 2013 Minnesota Mining Tax Guide
    Mining Tax Guide SS J. A. Campbell in Taconite Harbor, ca. 1957-1964 (2005.0038.3318), Minnesota State Representative Fred A. Cina Papers, Iron Range Research Center, Chisholm, MN November 2013 2013 Distribution of Taconite Production Tax (2012 Production Year) Total Taconite Production Tax $102,633,021* Production tax is $2.465 per taxable ton. The average taxable tonnage was 38,310,339 tons. * Includes $8,428,275 from the State General Fund (22.0 cpt) cpt = cents per taxable ton Property tax Cities and townships School districts Counties IRRRB Other relief and misc. $13,893,864 $15,799,889 $14,270,998 $29,729,364 $16,493,071 $12,445,835 32.5 cpt 36.3 cpt 41.2 cpt 37.2 cpt 43.1 cpt 77.6 cpt City and Township Taconite School Regular IRRRB Fund** Taconite Economic Mining & Conc $0.0343 Fund** County Fund** Taconite Property $3,636,468 Development Fund Fund** $1,566,247 $9,000,065 Tax Relief $1,666,971 9.5 cpt $12,231,412 $2,066,752 4.1 cpt*** 23.5 cpt 31.9 cpt 5.4 cpt 4.4 cpt Regular School County Road and IRRRB $.1572 Fund** Bridge Fund** Fixed Fund Range Association Township Fund $6,908,326 $4,486,556 Public Works $1,252,520 of Municipalities & $1,223,128 18.0 cpt*** 11.7 cpt Projects 3.2 cpt Schools** 3.2 cpt $14,826,100 $137,802 Taconite Taconite 38.7 cpt Iron Range Higher Education Acct. 0.4 cpt Taconite railroad railroad $1,915,517 5.0 cpt Municipal Aid** $1,106,935 $784,377 2.0 cpt $6,355,475 2.9 cpt *** Producer Grant Hockey 16.6 cpt & Loan Fund Hall of Fame Building $3,176,600 $76,621 Maintenance Fund 8.3 cpt 0.2 cpt Taconite railroad $1,506,072 $591,142 3.9 cpt IRR Educational 1.5 cpt Revenue Bonds Taconite $1,411,925 Referendum** 3.7 cpt Mining effects** $3,091,236 $1,758,238 8.1 cpt Taconite Env.
    [Show full text]
  • Joe Curran Microfossils and the Depositional Environment of The
    Joe Curran Microfossils and the Depositional Environment of the Gunflint Iron Formation A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts (Geology) at GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS COLLEGE 2012 Abstract The Gunflint Iron Formation was deposited during the mid-Paleoproterozoic, shortly after the early Paleoproterozoic Great Oxygenation Event(GOE), when the atmosphere and oceans became oxygenated for the first time. The lowermost portions of the Gunflint Iron Formation contain black, early diagenetic chert with locally abundant microfossils. Reconstructing the life habits and ecology of the microfossil assemblages allows us to better understand the shallow water sedimantary conditions during the post GOE interval. Eosphaera and Kakabekia are two distinctive genera that occur in the Gunflint, but they likely had different habitats. Kakabekia has a morphology similar to iron metabolizing bacteria that live today in anoxic soil microhabitats. In the Gunflint, Kakabekia occurs in association with filamehts and coccoidal microfossils that likely lived in or near stromatolites on the sea floor. The association with this likely iron bacteria and a benthic microbial community suggests that most of the Gunflint microflora was benthic and possibly living in ferruginous, anoxic conditions. In contrast, Eosphaera fossils are rare and not strongly associated with the main community components. Eosphaera’s morphological similarity with the modern alga Volvox suggests that Eosphaera may also have hada photosynthetic metabolism. Eosphaera is plausibly interpreted as an oxygenic photosyhthesizer that lived in an oxic zone above the seafloor. If correct, this interpretation suggests close spatial proximity of oxic and anoxic environments in the Paleoproterozoic iron formations.
    [Show full text]
  • Glimpses of Early Dickinson County
    GLIMPSES OF EARLY DICKINSON COUNTY by William J. Cummings March, 2004 Evolution of Michigan from Northwest Territory to Statehood From 1787 to 1800 the lands now comprising Michigan were a part of the Northwest Territory. From 1800 to 1803 half of what is now the Lower Peninsula of Michigan and all of the Upper Peninsula were part of Indiana Territory. From 1803 to 1805 what is now Michigan was again part of the Northwest Territory which was smaller due to Ohio achieving statehood on March 1, 1803. From 1805 to 1836 Michigan Territory consisted of the Lower Peninsula and a small portion of the eastern Upper Peninsula. In 1836 the lands comprising the remainder of the Upper Peninsula were given to Michigan in exchange for the Toledo Strip. Michigan Territory Map, 1822 This map of Michigan Territory appeared in A Complete Historical, Chronological and Geographical American Atlas published by H.S. Carey and I. Lea in Philadelphia in 1822. Note the lack of detail in the northern Lower Peninsula and the Upper Peninsula which were largely unexplored and inhabited by Native Americans at this time. Wiskonsan and Iowa, 1838 Michigan and Wiskonsan, 1840 EXTRA! EXTRA! READ ALL ABOUT IT! VULCAN – A number of Indians – men, women and children – came into town Wednesday last from Bad Water [sic] for the purpose of selling berries, furs, etc., having with them a lot of regular Indian ponies. They make a novel picture as they go along one after the other, looking more like Indians we read about than those usually seen in civilization, and are always looked upon in wonderment by strangers, though it has long since lost its novelty to the residents here.
    [Show full text]
  • ! 1! ! ! FINAL REPORT to the LEGISLATURE MINNESOTA TACONITE WORKERS HEALTH STUDY DATE: November 24, 2014 TO: FROM: COPIES
    ! ! FINAL REPORT TO THE LEGISLATURE MINNESOTA TACONITE WORKERS HEALTH STUDY DATE: November 24, 2014 TO: Sen. David Tomassoni, chair Senate Jobs and Economic Growth Committee 317 Capitol Sen. Tony Lourey, chair Senate Health and Human Services Finance Division 120 Capitol Sen. Kathy Sheran, chair Senate Health, Human Services and Housing Committee 120 Capitol Rep. Tim Mahoney, chair House Jobs and Economic Development Finance & Policy Committee 591 State Office Building Rep. Sheldon Johnson, chair House Labor, Workplace and Regulated Industries 549 State Office Building Rep. Tom Huntley, chair Health and Human Services Finance Committee 585 State Office Building Rep. Tina Liebling, chair House Health and Human Services Policy Committee 367 State Office Building FROM: John R. Finnegan, Jr., dean and professor (E-mail: [email protected]; Phone: 612 625 1179) Jeffrey Mandel, associate professor, principal investigator (E-mail: [email protected]; Phone: 612 626 9308) COPIES: Iron Range Legislative Delegation Rep. David Dill Rep. Mary Murphy Sen. Tom Bakk Rep. John Persell Rep. Tom Anzelc Sen. Tom Saxhaug Rep. Carly Melin Rep. Jason Metsa 1! ! ! November 24, 2014 Dear Legislators: We are pleased to present the final report on our research regarding the health status of taconite workers. This report covers the assessments made by the University of Minnesota School of Public Health (SPH). The Natural Resources Research Institute will be submitting a separate report on the environmental characterization work that they have been doing. This report contains the SPH’s efforts in occupational exposure, mortality and cancer incidence, case-control studies and the respiratory health survey of taconite workers and spouses.
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Register/Vol. 80, No. 238/Friday, December 11, 2015
    77124 Federal Register / Vol. 80, No. 238 / Friday, December 11, 2015 / Notices DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND The FY 2016 FMRs incorporate a Peter B. Kahn, Economic and Market URBAN DEVELOPMENT change in the level of statistical Analysis Division, Office of Economic reliability that allowed for an ACS Affairs, Office of Policy Development [Docket No. FR–5885–N–02] estimate to be used in the calculation of and Research, telephone 202–402–2409. FMRs. Previously, if the error of the Persons with hearing or speech Final Fair Market Rents for the Housing estimate was less than the estimate impairments may access this number Choice Voucher Program and itself, HUD used the estimate. The FY through TTY by calling the toll-free Moderate Rehabilitation Single Room 2016 FMRs use ACS estimates where Federal Relay Service at 800–877–8339. Occupancy Program and Other the size of the error is limited to half of (Other than the HUD USER information Programs Fiscal Year 2016 the estimate. An additional change to line and TDD numbers, telephone AGENCY: Office of the Assistant the FY 2016 FMRs is the incorporation numbers are not toll-free.) Secretary for Policy Development and of the February 28, 2013, Office of Electronic Data Availability: This Research, HUD. Management and Budget (OMB) Federal Register notice is available metropolitan area definition update electronically from the HUD User page ACTION: Notice of Final Fiscal Year (FY) based on the 2010 Decennial Census at http://www.huduser.gov/portal/ 2016 Fair Market Rents (FMRs). data. The 2013 ACS data are the first to datasets/fmr.html.
    [Show full text]
  • ITP Mining: Energy and Environmental Profile of the U.S. Mining Industry: Chapter 4: Iron
    Energy and Environmental Profile of the U.S. Mining Industry 4 Iron The chemical element iron is the fourth most common element in the Earth's crust and the second most abundant metal. About five percent of the Earth's crust is composed of iron. The metal is chemically active and is found in nature combined with other elements in rocks and soils. In its natural state, iron is chemically bonded with oxygen, water, carbon dioxide, or sulfur in a variety of minerals. Forms of Iron Minerals, Ores, and Rocks Iron occurs mainly in iron-oxide ores. Some ores are a mixture of minerals rich in iron. Other iron ores are less rich and have a large number of impurities. The most important iron ore- forming minerals are: • Magnetite - Magnetite (Fe3O4) forms magnetic black iron ore. There are large deposits of magnetite in Russia and Sweden. • Hematite - Hematite (Fe2O3) is a red iron ore. Hematite occurs in almost all forms, from solid rock to loose earth. It is the most plentiful iron ore and occurs in large quantities throughout the world. • Goethite - Goethite (Fe2O3.H2O), a brown ore, contains iron. • Limonite - Limonite (Fe2O3.H2O) is a yellow-brown iron ore. Limonite is a collective term for impure goethite and a mixture of hydrated iron oxides. Iron 4-1 Energy and Environmental Profile of the U.S. Mining Industry Taconite contains low-grade iron in fine specks and bands. It is an extremely hard and flinty - containing about 25 - 30 percent iron. The iron in taconite occurs principally as magnetite and hematite and finely dispersed with silica in sedimentary deposits.
    [Show full text]