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2013 Volume 2 2013 Volume 2 The Journal on Advanced Studies in Theoretical and Experimental Physics, including Related Themes from Mathematics PROGRESS IN PHYSICS “All scientists shall have the right to present their scientific research results, in whole or in part, at relevant scientific conferences, and to publish the same in printed scientific journals, electronic archives, and any other media.” — Declaration of Academic Freedom, Article 8 ISSN 1555-5534 The Journal on Advanced Studies in Theoretical and Experimental Physics, including Related Themes from Mathematics PROGRESS IN PHYSICS A quarterly issue scientific journal, registered with the Library of Congress (DC, USA). This journal is peer reviewed and included in the ab- stracting and indexing coverage of: Mathematical Reviews and MathSciNet (AMS, USA), DOAJ of Lund University (Sweden), Zentralblatt MATH (Germany), Scientific Commons of the University of St. Gallen (Switzerland), Open-J-Gate (India), Referativnyi Zhurnal VINITI (Russia), etc. Electronic version of this journal: APRIL 2013 VOLUME 2 http://www.ptep-online.com Editorial Board CONTENTS Dmitri Rabounski, Editor-in-Chief [email protected] Hafele J. C. Causal Version of Newtonian Theory by Time–Retardation of the Gravita- Florentin Smarandache, Assoc. Editor tional Field Explains the Flyby Anomalies............... ........................3 [email protected] Cahill R.T. and Deane S.T. Dynamical 3-Space Gravitational Waves: Reverberation Larissa Borissova, Assoc. Editor Effects............................................... ........................9 [email protected] Millette P.A. Derivation of Electromagnetism from the Elastodynamics of the Space- Editorial Team timeContinuum...................................... .......................12 Gunn Quznetsov [email protected] Seshavatharam U. V.S. and Lakshminarayana S. Peculiar Relations in Cosmology . 16 Andreas Ries Heymann Y. Change of Measure between Light Travel Time and Euclidean Distances . 17 [email protected] Diab S.M. and Eid S.A. E(5) Characters to 100RuIsotope............................20 Ebenezer Chifu [email protected] Kritov A. A New Large Number Numerical Coincidences . .............25 Felix Scholkmann Wade S. ProperSpaceKinematics.............................. ....................29 [email protected] Robitaille P.-M. Liquid Metallic Hydrogen II. A Critical Assessment of Current and Pierre Millette Primordial HeliumLevels in the Sun..................... ......................35 [email protected] Comay E. New Constraints on Quantum Theories .................... ...............48 Postal Address Khalaf A. M. and Ismail A. M. The Nuclear Shape Phase Transitions Studied within Department of Mathematics and Science, the Geometric Collective Model........................ .......................51 University of New Mexico, 705 Gurley Ave., Gallup, NM 87301, USA Tosto S. Quantum Uncertainty and Fundamental Interactions. ...................56 Millette P.A. Strain Energy Density in the Elastodynamics of the Spacetime Continuum Copyright c Progress in Physics, 2013 and theElectromagneticField......................... ........................82 All rights reserved. The authors of the ar- Robitaille J.C. and Robitaille P.-M. Liquid Metallic Hydrogen III. Intercalation and ticles do hereby grant Progress in Physics non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free li- Lattice Exclusion Versus Gravitational Settling and Their Consequences Relative cense to publish and distribute the articles in to Internal Structure, Surface Activity, and Solar Winds in theSun................87 accordance with the Budapest Open Initia- Khalaf A. M. and Ismail A. M. Structure Shape Evolution in Lanthanide and Actinide tive: this means that electronic copying, dis- Nuclei............................................. .........................98 tribution and printing of both full-size ver- sion of the journal and the individual papers Springerˇ J. Double Surface and FineStructure...................... ...............105 published therein for non-commercial, aca- demic or individual use can be made by any user without permission or charge. The au- LETTERS: thors of the articles published in Progress in Robitaille P.-M. Commentary Relative to the Distribution of Gamma-Ray Flares on Physics retain their rights to use this journal the Sun: Further Evidence for a Distinct Solar Surface . .....................L1 as a whole or any part of it in any other pub- lications and in any way they see fit. Any Robitaille P.-M. Commentary Relative to the Seismic Structure of the Sun: Internal part of Progress in Physics howsoever used Rotation, Oblateness, and Solar Shape . .......................L3 in other publications must include an appro- priate citation of this journal. Robitaille P.-M. Commentary on the Radius of the Sun: Optical Illusion or Manifest- ationofaRealSurface?............................... .......................L5 This journal is powered by LAT X E Robitaille P.-M. Commentary on the Liquid Metallic Hydrogen Model of the Sun: A variety of books can be downloaded free Insight Relative to Coronal Holes, Sunspots, and Solar Activity..................L7 from the Digital Library of Science: http://www.gallup.unm.edu/∼smarandache Robitaille P.-M. Commentary on the Liquid Metallic Hydrogen Model of the Sun II. Insight Relative to Coronal Rain and Splashdown Events . ...................L10 ISSN: 1555-5534 (print) Robitaille P.-M. Commentary on the Liquid Metallic Hydrogen Model of the Sun III. ISSN: 1555-5615 (online) Insight into Solar Lithium Abundances . .....................L12 Standard Address Number: 297-5092 Printed in the United States of America Information for Authors and Subscribers Progress in Physics has been created for publications on advanced studies in theoretical and experimental physics, including related themes from mathe- matics and astronomy. All submitted papers should be professional, in good English, containing a brief review of a problem and obtained results. All submissions should be designed in LATEX format using Progress in Physics template. This template can be downloaded from Progress in Physics home page http://www.ptep-online.com. Abstract and the necessary informa- tion about author(s) should be included into the papers. To submit a paper, mail the file(s) to the Editor-in-Chief. All submitted papers should be as brief as possible. We accept brief pa- pers, no larger than 8 typeset journal pages. Short articles are preferable. Large papers can be considered in exceptional cases to the section Special Reports intended for such publications in the journal. Letters related to the publications in the journal or to the events among the science community can be applied to the section Letters to Progress in Physics. All that has been accepted for the online issue of Progress in Physics is printed in the paper version of the journal. To order printed issues, contact the Editors. This journal is non-commercial, academic edition. It is printed from pri- vate donations. (Look for the current author fee in the online version of the journal.) April,2013 PROGRESSINPHYSICS Volume2 Causal Version of Newtonian Theory by Time–Retardation of the Gravitational Field Explains the Flyby Anomalies Joseph C. Hafele Retired Physicist; Home Office: 618 S. 24th St., Laramie, WY, USA E-mail: [email protected] Classical Newtonian gravitational theory does not satisfy the causality principle because it is based on instantaneous action-at-a-distance. A causal version of Newtonian theory for a large rotating sphere is derived herein by time-retarding the distance between interior circulating point-mass sources and an exterior field-point. The resulting causal theory explains exactly the six flyby anomalies reported by Anderson et al. in 2008. It also explains exactly an anomalous decrease in the Moon’s orbital speed. No other known theory has been shown to explain both the flyby anomalies and the lunar orbit anomaly. 1 Introduction tional physics and experimentalsystems, or are they the In 2008 Anderson et al. reported that anomalous orbital- harbingers of exciting new physics?” energy changes have been observed during six spacecraft fly- It appears that a new and possibly unconventional theory is bys of the Earth [1]. The reportedspeed-changesrangefrom a needed. maximum of +13.28 mm/sfor the NEAR flybyto a minimum The empirical prediction formula found by Anderson of −4.6 mm/s for the Galileo-II flyby. Anderson et al. also et al. is not based on any mainstream theory (it was sim- found an empirical prediction formula that gives calculated ply “picked out of the air”), but it is remarkably simple and speed-changes that are close to the observed speed-changes. does produce calculated speed-changes that are surprisingly If the speed-change for the empirical prediction formula is close to the observed speed-changes. The formula for δvemp designated by δvemp, it can be expressed as follows (1) gives three clues for properties that need to be satisfied by any theory that is developed to explain the flyby anomaly: 2veq 1) the theory must produce a speed-change that is propor- δvemp = vin (cos λin − cos λout) = c tional to the ratio veq/c, 2) the anomalous force acting on the t 2veq out dλ spacecraft must change the λ component of the spacecraft’s = − v sin λ(t) dt , (1) in v c tin dt speed, and 3) the speed-change must be proportional to in. The objective of this article is threefold: 1) derive a new where veq is the Earth’s equatorial rotational surface speed, causal
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