International Journal of Evolutionary Biology Cichlid Evolution: Lessons in Diversification Guest Editors: Stephan Koblmüller, R. Craig Albertson, Martin J. Genner, Kristina M. Sefc, and Tetsumi Takahashi Cichlid Evolution: Lessons in Diversification International Journal of Evolutionary Biology Cichlid Evolution: Lessons in Diversification Guest Editors: Stephan Koblmller, R. Craig Albertson, Martin J. Genner, Kristina M. Sefc, and Tetsumi Takahashi Copyright © 2011 SAGE-Hindawi Access to Research. All rights reserved. This is a special issue published in volume 2011 of “International Journal of Evolutionary Biology.” All articles are open access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Editorial Board Giacomo Bernardi, USA Kazuho Ikeo, Japan Hudson Kern Reeve, USA Terr y Burke, UK Yoh Iwasa, Japan Y. Satta, Japan Ignacio Doadrio, Spain Henrik J. Jensen, UK Koji Tamura, Japan Simon Easteal, Australia Amitabh Joshi, India Yoshio Tateno, Japan Santiago F. Elena, Spain Hirohisa Kishino, Japan E. N. Trifonov, Israel Renato Fani, Italy A. Moya, Spain Eske Willerslev, Denmark Dmitry A. Filatov, UK G. Pesole, Italy Shozo Yokoyama, USA F. Gonza’lez-Candelas, Spain I. Popescu, USA D. Graur, USA David Posada, Spain A. Rus Hoelzel, UK Jeffrey R. Powell, USA Contents Cichlid Evolution: Lessons in Diversification,StephanKoblmuller,¨ R. Craig Albertson, Martin J. Genner, Kristina M. Sefc, and Tetsumi Takahashi Volume 2011, Article ID 847969, 3 pages The Adaptive Radiation of Cichlid Fish in Lake Tanganyika: A Morphological Perspective, Tetsumi Takahashi and Stephan Koblmuller¨ Volume 2011, Article ID 620754, 14 pages The Utility of Geometric Morphometrics to Elucidate Pathways of Cichlid Fish Evolution, Michaela Kerschbaumer and Christian Sturmbauer Volume 2011, Article ID 290245, 8 pages Modularity of the Oral Jaws Is Linked to Repeated Changes in the Craniofacial Shape of African Cichlids, Kevin J. Parsons, W. James Cooper, and R. Craig Albertson Volume 2011, Article ID 641501, 10 pages Mating and Parental Care in Lake Tanganyika’s Cichlids, Kristina M. Sefc Volume 2011, Article ID 470875, 20 pages Male-Male Competition as a Force in Evolutionary Diversification: Evidence in Haplochromine Cichlid Fish, Peter D. Dijkstra and Ton G. G. Groothuis Volume 2011, Article ID 689254, 9 pages Segregation of Species-Specific Male Attractiveness in F2 Hybrid Lake Malawi Cichlid Fish, Ola Svensson, Bernd Egger, Boye Gricar, Katie Woodhouse, Cock van Oosterhout, Walter Salzburger, Ole Seehausen, and George F. Turner Volume 2011, Article ID 426179, 7 pages One Fish, Two Fish, Red Fish, Blue Fish: Geography, Ecology, Sympatry, and Male Coloration in the Lake Malawi Cichlid Genus Labeotropheus (Perciformes: Cichlidae),MichaelJ.Pauers Volume 2011, Article ID 575469, 12 pages Repeatability and Heritability of Behavioural Types in a Social Cichlid,Noemie´ Chervet, Markus Zottl,¨ Roger Schurch,¨ Michael Taborsky, and Dik Heg Volume 2011, Article ID 321729, 15 pages Low Genetic and Morphometric Intraspecific Divergence in Peripheral Copadichromis Populations (Perciformes: Cichlidae) in the Lake Malawi Basin, Dieter Anseeuw, Joost A. M. Raeymaekers, Paul Busselen, Erik Verheyen, and Jos Snoeks Volume 2011, Article ID 835946, 11 pages Community Genetics Reveal Elevated Levels of Sympatric Gene Flow among Morphologically Similar but Not among Morphologically Dissimilar Species of Lake Victoria Cichlid Fish, N.Konijnendijk,D.A.Joyce,H.D.J.Mrosso,M.Egas,andO.Seehausen Volume 2011, Article ID 616320, 12 pages A Molecular Perspective on Systematics, Taxonomy and Classification Amazonian Discus Fishes of the Genus Symphysodon, Manuella Villar Amado, Izeni P. Farias, and Tomas Hrbek Volume 2011, Article ID 360654, 16 pages The Monogenean Parasite Fauna of Cichlids: A Potential Tool for Host Biogeography, Antoine Pariselle, Walter A. Boeger, Jos Snoeks, Charles F. Bilong Bilong, Serge Morand, and Maarten P. M. Vanhove Volume 2011, Article ID 471480, 15 pages SAGE-Hindawi Access to Research International Journal of Evolutionary Biology Volume 2011, Article ID 847969, 3 pages doi:10.4061/2011/847969 Editorial Cichlid Evolution: Lessons in Diversification Stephan Koblmuller,¨ 1 R. Craig Albertson,2 Martin J. Genner,3 Kristina M. Sefc,1 and Tetsumi Takahashi4 1 Department of Zoology, Karl-Franzens University, Universitatsplatz¨ 2, 8010 Graz, Austria 2 Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01002, USA 3 School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UG, UK 4 Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan Correspondence should be addressed to Stephan Koblmuller,¨ [email protected] Received 21 August 2011; Accepted 21 August 2011 Copyright © 2011 Stephan Koblmuller¨ et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. With an estimated 3000 species, distributed from Central and morphological studies that relate to the adaptive radiation of South America, across Africa to Madagascar, the Middle East, Lake Tanganyika’s cichlids. They discuss many of the relevant and southern India, cichlid fishes (Cichlidae) represent the studies that have contributed to our increasing knowledge most species-rich family of vertebrates. In total they account of the evolutionary pathways and mechanisms generating for about 10% of extant teleost diversity. Throughout their this exceptional diversity within a short period of time. distributional range, cichlids have repeatedly demonstrated Furthermore, the authors highlight the potential importance their capacity for undergoing adaptive radiation, generating of ontogenetic changes in morphology for establishing taxa an outstanding variation of body shapes, color patterns, and in complex species-rich communities, a largely neglected behavior, and an enormous diversity of trophic and ecolog- issue in East Africa’s species-rich lacustrine cichlid species ical specializations. This has made them an important model assemblages. system for the field of evolutionary biology. With the comple- Recent advances in morphometric methods provide great tion of the first cichlid genome sequences, cichlid fishes are potential for detailed analyses of cichlid anatomy in an evolu- likely to receive even more attention in evolutionary research. tionary context. In particular the establishment of geometric This special issue presents a collection of papers that morphometric approaches has revolutionized the analysis of tackle various aspects of cichlid biology essential for gaining morphological data in cichlid evolutionary research. In their a deeper understanding of factors and processes responsible review, “The utility of geometric morphometrics to elucidate for generating their diversity. Naturally, the selected topics pathways of cichlid fish evolution,” M. Kerschbaumer and and papers do not fully represent all fields of research that C. Sturmbauer introduce geometric morphometric concepts have contributed to our understanding of cichlid evolution. and methods and also provide a summary of studies that Nevertheless, they do represent rich and diverse knowledge employed this approach for analyzing and comparing cichlid which we are pleased to share with the readers of IJEB. Papers morphologies. The authors promote the tremendous poten- are summarized below in the order in which they appear in tial of this method for answering a variety of evolutionary this special issue. questions involving complex shape changes in cichlid fish. Lake Tanganyika is the oldest of the three East African In the 1970s, Karel Liem demonstrated a functional de- Great Lakes and harbors the morphologically, behaviorally, coupling between the oral and pharyngeal jaws in African ecologically, and genetically most diverse lacustrine cichlid cichlids. He postulated that this attribute had freed the species assemblage. In their review, “Theadaptiveradiationof oral jaws from the functional constraint of food processing, cichlid fish in Lake Tanganyika: a morphological perspective,” thereby allowing the oral jaws to evolve elaborate modi- T. Takahashi and S. Koblmuller¨ give a brief overview about fications for prey capture. Implicit to this assertion is a recent phylogenetic findings and provide a synthesis of degree of independence of the oral jaws from the rest of the 2 International Journal of Evolutionary Biology craniofacial skeleton. In their paper, “Modularity of the oral study. A quantitative genetic model estimated that only as jaws is linked to repeated changes in the craniofacial shape of few as two chromosomal regions may control species-specific African cichlids,” K. J. Parsons et al. tested the hypothesis that attractiveness, which suggests that few genes with major the oral jaw apparatus among East African cichlids represents effects can promote reproductive isolation in the radiation a variational module. Their data offer strong support for the of Lake Malawi cichlids. presenceofsuchamoduleacrossalllakesaswellaswithin Environmental influences on color pattern evolution are each lake. This finding helps to explain why the direction of the focus of a study on another Lake Malawi cichlid genus. cichlid craniofacial radiations has been largely conserved In “One fish,