Religious Contexts of Thermodynamics and Cosmology
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Jean-Baptiste Charles Joseph Bélanger (1790-1874), the Backwater Equation and the Bélanger Equation
THE UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND DIVISION OF CIVIL ENGINEERING REPORT CH69/08 JEAN-BAPTISTE CHARLES JOSEPH BÉLANGER (1790-1874), THE BACKWATER EQUATION AND THE BÉLANGER EQUATION AUTHOR: Hubert CHANSON HYDRAULIC MODEL REPORTS This report is published by the Division of Civil Engineering at the University of Queensland. Lists of recently-published titles of this series and of other publications are provided at the end of this report. Requests for copies of any of these documents should be addressed to the Civil Engineering Secretary. The interpretation and opinions expressed herein are solely those of the author(s). Considerable care has been taken to ensure accuracy of the material presented. Nevertheless, responsibility for the use of this material rests with the user. Division of Civil Engineering The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 AUSTRALIA Telephone: (61 7) 3365 3619 Fax: (61 7) 3365 4599 URL: http://www.eng.uq.edu.au/civil/ First published in 2008 by Division of Civil Engineering The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia © Chanson This book is copyright ISBN No. 9781864999211 The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD JEAN-BAPTISTE CHARLES JOSEPH BÉLANGER (1790-1874), THE BACKWATER EQUATION AND THE BÉLANGER EQUATION by Hubert CHANSON Professor, Division of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia Ph.: (61 7) 3365 3619, Fax: (61 7) 3365 4599, Email: [email protected] Url: http://www.uq.edu.au/~e2hchans/ REPORT No. CH69/08 ISBN 9781864999211 Division of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland August 2008 Jean-Baptiste BÉLANGER (1790-1874) (Courtesy of the Bibliothèque de l'Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Ponts et Chaussées) Abstract In an open channel, the transition from a high-velocity open channel flow to a fluvial motion is a flow singularity called a hydraulic jump. -
Great Physicists
Great Physicists Great Physicists The Life and Times of Leading Physicists from Galileo to Hawking William H. Cropper 1 2001 1 Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogota´ Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence HongKong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Paris Sao Paulo Shanghai Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Warsaw and associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Copyright ᭧ 2001 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cropper, William H. Great Physicists: the life and times of leadingphysicists from Galileo to Hawking/ William H. Cropper. p. cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–19–513748–5 1. Physicists—Biography. I. Title. QC15 .C76 2001 530'.092'2—dc21 [B] 2001021611 987654321 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper Contents Preface ix Acknowledgments xi I. Mechanics Historical Synopsis 3 1. How the Heavens Go 5 Galileo Galilei 2. A Man Obsessed 18 Isaac Newton II. Thermodynamics Historical Synopsis 41 3. A Tale of Two Revolutions 43 Sadi Carnot 4. On the Dark Side 51 Robert Mayer 5. A Holy Undertaking59 James Joule 6. Unities and a Unifier 71 Hermann Helmholtz 7. The Scientist as Virtuoso 78 William Thomson 8. -
Chapter 4: BISHOP ROBERT GRAY – an ASSESSMENT
A clash of churchmanship? Robert Gray and the Evangelical Anglicans 1847 – 1872 Alan Peter Beckman Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (Church and Dogma History) at the Potchefstroom Campus of the North-West University. Supervisor: Dr J Newby Co-supervisor: Dr P H Fick May 2011. 2 ABSTRACT This study investigates the initial causes of Anglican division in South Africa in order to assess whether the three Evangelical parishes in the Cape Peninsula were justified in declining to join the Church of the Province of South Africa when it was formally constituted as a voluntary association in January 1870. The research covered the following: Background to the period in England and at the Cape, based on the histories pertinent to the period; An assessment of the differences in churchmanship between the Evangelicals and the Anglo-Catholics, through study of the applicable literature; A critical assessment of the character, churchmanship, aims, and actions of the first bishop of Cape Town, Robert Gray, drawn from the two-volume biography of his life, his journals and documents obtained in the archives; An analysis of the disputes between Bishop Gray and two Evangelical clergymen, analyzed from the published correspondence and archive material. The conclusion of the study is that the differences in churchmanship between the Evangelicals and the Anglo Catholics were very substantial and when coupled with the character, aims and actions of Bishop Gray, left the Evangelicals with little option but to decline the invitation to join his voluntary association. KEY WORDS Anglican Evangelical Anglo-Catholic Tractarian Churchmanship 3 UITREKSEL In hierdie studie word die aanvanklike oorsake van Anglikaanse verdeeldheid in Suid-Afrika ondersoek ten einde te bepaal of die drie Evangeliese gemeentes in die Kaapse Skiereiland geregverdig was om nie aan te sluit by die Church of the Province of South Africa nie toe dit formeel gekonstitueer was as 'n vrywillige vereniging in Januarie 1870. -
Charles Fréderic Gerhardt Jaime Wisniak
PARA QUITARLE EL POLVO La química en la historia, para la enseñanza Charles Fréderic Gerhardt Jaime Wisniak Resumen Charles-Victor Lobstein (1809-1863). Samuel Ger- Charles Fréderic Gerhardt (1816-1856) fue uno de los hardt, born in Switzerland, came from a well-known químicos más importantes del siglo diecinueve, cu - family of brewers. At a young age he moved to yas investigaciones y teorías ejercieron una poderosa Strasbourg where he found employment in the influencia en el desarrollo de la química. Su teoría Turckheim bank and married. His skills led to a fast de los tipos fue significativa en impulsar hacia ade- career and thus to provide his family with a prosper- lante la clasificación orgánica, poniéndola en una ous and cultured home. forma más racional, y en destronar el enfoque dua - Between 1824 and 1831 Charles attended the lista. La teoría de los tipos evolucionó hacia la idea local Gymnase Protestant, an institution controlled by de valencia. Gerhardt generalizó el concepto de the Lutheran Augsburg Confession. According to homología y equivalentes. Fue asimismo responsa- Carneiro (1993) the Gymnasium had been founded ble de la síntesis de un gran número de compuestos in 1538 by Jean Sturm (1507-1589), a German Lu - orgánicos, entre ellos anhidridos y cloruros de ácido, theran reformed who advocated and practiced the derivados del ácido salicílico, anilidas, y fosfamidas. propagation of knowledge through teaching and publication. This institution was highly regarded in Abstract the educational circle; it had resisted several at- Charles Fréderic Gerhardt (1816-1856) was one of tempts by the Ministry of Instruction to integrate it the most important chemists of the nineteenth cen- into the official Lycée program, particularly after the tury and whose researches and theories exerted a anti clerical atmosphere that was prevalent after powerful influence in the development of chemistry. -
Redalyc.Joseph Achille Le Bel. His Life and Works
Revista CENIC. Ciencias Químicas ISSN: 1015-8553 [email protected] Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Cuba Wisniak, Jaime Joseph Achille Le Bel. His Life and Works Revista CENIC. Ciencias Químicas, vol. 33, núm. 1, enero-abril, 2002, pp. 35-43 Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas La Habana, Cuba Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=181625999008 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Revista CENIC Ciencias Químicas, Vol. 33, No. 1, 2002. RESEÑA BIOGRAFICA Joseph Achille Le Bel. His Life and Works Jaime Wisniak Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel 84105. [email protected]. Recibido: 26 de abril del 2001. Aceptado: 22 de mayo del 2001. Palabras clave: Le Bel, Química, estereoquímica, actividad óptica, cosmogonia Key words: Le Bel, Chemistry, stereoquímica, optical activity, cosmogony. RESUMEN. Joseph Achille Le Bel es un ejemplo de científicos como Réaumur The same year his father passed que investigaron muchÍsimos temas, pero solo son recordados por uno. Le Bel away and his two sisters, Marie and es un nombre bien conocido por los estudiantes de Química en general, y Emma, took charge of the family in- estereoquímica en particular. El nos dejo los principios básicos que determinan dustry and in this way allowed Le las condiciones geométricas que un compuesto de carbón debe satisfacer para Bel to continue chemical studies. -
Early Russian Organic Chemists and Their Legacy
SpringerBriefs in Molecular Science Early Russian Organic Chemists and Their Legacy Bearbeitet von David Lewis 1. Auflage 2012. Taschenbuch. xii, 136 S. Paperback ISBN 978 3 642 28218 8 Format (B x L): 15,5 x 23,5 cm Gewicht: 237 g Weitere Fachgebiete > Chemie, Biowissenschaften, Agrarwissenschaften > Chemie Allgemein > Geschichte der Chemie Zu Inhaltsverzeichnis schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, eBooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte. Chapter 2 Beginnings 2.1 Introduction At the start of the twentieth century, organic chemistry was not yet 75 years old as a separate and legitimate sub-discipline of the science. Considerable progress had been made in these first seven decades, and the stage was set for the dramatic advances in the science to come in the following century. Most practicing organic chemists are familiar with many of the great German, French and English organic chemists whose work helped the fledgling discipline grow, but few are familiar with the role that Russian organic chemists of the nineteenth and early twentieth century played in the development of the science. And this is in spite of the fact that many of the named rules and reactions that one studies in the first course in organic chemistry are, in fact, of Russian origin. It is the intent of this book to help rectify that deficiency. -
The Big Bang: Fact Or Fiction?
Steady-state cosmologies in context From Arrhenius to Einstein, from Hoyle to Linde The Big Bang: Fact or Fiction? Cormac O’Raifeartaigh FRAS Waterford Institute of Technology Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies Overview Steady-state cosmology (static) The ideas of Arrhenius; Nernst MacMillan; Millikan Steady-state cosmology (non-static) Tolman; Einstein; Mimura; Schrödinger Einstein’s steady-state model The cosmologies of Hoyle, Bondi and Gold Einstein vs Hoyle Steady-state cosmology today Eternal inflation and the steady-state universe The steady-state universe (static) 2nd law of thermodynamics (1850-) Irreversible degenerating universe? ‘Heat death’ Replenishment of energy lost by the stars? William Rankine (1852); Arthur Holmes (1914) William Crookes (1886); George Toulmin (1789) Svante Arrhenius (1859-1927) Catastrophism vs uniformitarianism Svante Arrhenius: infinite, perpetual universe Continuous replenishment of celestial bodies via radiation pressure and galactic collisions (1903) Walther Nernst (1912, 1916) Walther Nernst (1864-1941) Zero point energy of the ether = energy resevoir The static steady-state universe (1920s) William Duncan MacMillan (1918, 1925) Radiant energy from the stars absorbed by the ether Energy reconstituted as new matter Robert Millikan (1928) William MacMillan (1871-1948) Support for MacMillan Cosmic rays from interstellar space (1925) Birth cry of creation of heavier elements (1928) Replenishment of protons from stellar radiation Atom building in interstellar space: media attention James Jeans (1928) -
The Beginnings of Anglican Theological Education in South Africa, 1848–1963
Jnl of Ecclesiastical History, Vol. 63, No. 3, July 2012. f Cambridge University Press 2012 516 doi:10.1017/S0022046910002988 The Beginnings of Anglican Theological Education in South Africa, 1848–1963 by PHILIPPE DENIS University of KwaZulu-Natal E-mail: [email protected] Various attempts at establishing Anglican theological education were made after the arrival in 1848 of Robert Gray, the first bishop of Cape Town, but it was not until 1876 that the first theological school opened in Bloemfontein. As late as 1883 half of the Anglican priests in South Africa had never attended a theological college. The system of theological education which developed afterwards became increasingly segregated. It also became more centralised, in a different manner for each race. A central theological college for white ordinands was established in Grahamstown in 1898 while seven diocesan theological colleges were opened for blacks during the same period. These were reduced to two in the 1930s, St Peter’s College in Johannesburg and St Bede’s in Umtata. The former became one of the constituent colleges of the Federal Theological Seminary in Alice, Eastern Cape, in 1963. n 1963 the Federal Theological Seminary of Southern Africa, an ecumenical seminary jointly established by the Anglican, Methodist, I Presbyterian and Congregational churches, opened in Alice, Eastern Cape. A thorn in the flesh of the apartheid regime, Fedsem, as the seminary was commonly called, trained theological students of all races, even whites at a later stage of its history, in an atmosphere -
La Costruzione Degli Stati Nazionali: L'esperienza Italiana E Americana A
Prefettura di Bologna LA COSTRUZIONE DEGLI STATI NAZIONALI: L’ESPERIENZA ITALIANA E AMERICANA A CONFRONTO Convegni del 150° dell’Unità d’italia Bologna - 25 novemBre 2011 . • , Bononia University Press Via Farini 37 – 40124 Bologna tel.: (+39) 051 232 882 fax: (+39) 051 221 019 www.buponline.com [email protected] © 2012 Bononia University Press Tutti i diritti riservati In copertina: Palazzo Caprara Montpensier Illustrazione di Daniela Guidarini ISBN 978-88-7395-710-2 Progetto grafico: Lucia Bottegaro Stampa: Officine Grafiche Litosei (Crespellano, Bologna) Gennaio 2012 Prefettura di Bologna LA COSTRUZIONE DEGLI STATI NAZIONALI: L’ESPERIENZA ITALIANA E AMERICANA A CONFRONTO Convegni del 150° dell’Unità d’italia Bologna - 25 novemBre 2011 5 Palazzo Caprara Montpensier – Portone d’ingresso . Collana degli Atti dei Convegni . per il 150° Anniversario dell’Unità d’Italia 1. L’unificazione istituzionale e amministrativa dell’Italia 2. Dialogo con le personalità del Risorgimento 3. Le culture politiche in Italia dal Risorgimento alla Costituzione repubblicana 4. La rivoluzione urbanistica nell’Italia post-unitaria e la trasformazione delle città 5. La costruzione degli stati nazionali: l’esperienza italiana e americana a confronto Bologna, Johns Hopkins University – Ingresso SALUTI –––––––––––––––––––––––– Sarah Morrison Console Generale degli Stati Uniti a Firenze A nome dell’Ambasciatore Thorne e dell’Ambasciata degli Stati Uniti d’America, siamo veramente lieti di essere fra i patrocina- tori di questo convegno. Riteniamo infatti particolarmente im- portante avere delle occasioni di incontro come quella odierna per poter esaminare le similarità e le differenze dei nostri paesi. Sono appena rientrata da Kabul, dove ho trascorso un anno; un paese dove l’intero processo di costruzione della nazione è estremamente difficile se non impossibile. -
Our Faustian Bargain
Our Faustian Bargain J. Edward Anderson, PhD, Retired P.E.1 1 Seventy years Engineering Experience, M.I.T. PhD, Aeronautical Research Scientist NACA, Principal Research Engineer Honeywell, Professor of Mechanical Engineering, 23 yrs. University of Minnesota, 8 yrs. Boston University, Fellow AAAS, Life Member ASME. You can make as many copies of this document as you wish. 1 Intentionally blank. 2 Have We Unwittingly made a Faustian Bargain? This is an account of events that have led to our ever-growing climate crisis. Young people wonder if they have a future. How is it that climate scientists discuss such an outcome of advancements in technology and the comforts associated with them? This is about the consequences of the use of coal, oil, and gas for fuel as well as about the science that has enlightened us. These fuels drive heat engines that provide motive power and electricity to run our civilization, which has thus far been to the benefit of all of us. Is there a cost looming ahead? If so, how might we avoid that cost? I start with Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727).2 In the 1660’s he discov- ered three laws of motion plus the law of gravitation, which required the concept of action at a distance, a concept that scientists of his day reacted to with horror. Yet without that strange action at a distance we would have no way to explain the motion of planets. The main law is Force = Mass × Acceleration. This is a differential equation that must be integrated twice to obtain position. -
This Electronic Thesis Or Dissertation Has Been Downloaded from Explore Bristol Research
This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from Explore Bristol Research, http://research-information.bristol.ac.uk Author: Burnett, Philip T Title: Music and Mission: A Case Study of the Anglican-Xhosa Missions of the Eastern Cape, 1854-1880 General rights Access to the thesis is subject to the Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International Public License. A copy of this may be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode This license sets out your rights and the restrictions that apply to your access to the thesis so it is important you read this before proceeding. Take down policy Some pages of this thesis may have been removed for copyright restrictions prior to having it been deposited in Explore Bristol Research. However, if you have discovered material within the thesis that you consider to be unlawful e.g. breaches of copyright (either yours or that of a third party) or any other law, including but not limited to those relating to patent, trademark, confidentiality, data protection, obscenity, defamation, libel, then please contact [email protected] and include the following information in your message: •Your contact details •Bibliographic details for the item, including a URL •An outline nature of the complaint Your claim will be investigated and, where appropriate, the item in question will be removed from public view as soon as possible. Music and Mission: A Case Study of the Anglican-Xhosa Missions of the Eastern Cape, 1854-1880 Philip Timothy Burnett A dissertation submitted to the University of Bristol in accordance with the requirements for award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Arts January 2020 Word count: 80,740 ii ABSTRACT The aim of this thesis is to examine the music and soundscape of the Anglican-Xhosa missions established in the Eastern Cape region of South Africa in the mid-nineteenth century. -
The New Cosmology
310 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN MAY, 1926 The New Cosmology The Hypothesis that Atoms Are Being Evolved in Interstellar Space Is Confirmed by Millikan's Analysis of the Penetrating or Cosmic Rays By William Duncan MacMillan Professor of Astronomy at the University of Chicago grandfathe ·s believed very firmly in F. R. Moulton of the department of astronomy, a significance might well be extended to include the the eosmogon:' of the book of Genesis. mathen1atician of high attainments, not only were the origin of cells, crystals, molecules, atoms and elec God made the hc·aven and the earth, the weaknesses of the nebular hypothesis subjected to trons. The origin of cells, crystals and molecules sun, the moon a1 d the stars, and all the adverse criticism, but a new hypothesis was pnt has received a great deal of attention, but there has living things th 1t inhabit the waters, forward, an hypothesis which Chamberlin called been very little discussion of the origin of atoms the land and the air, in the sp.tce of six days, resting The Planetesimal Hypothesis. and electrons. from all his labors on the sc\ cnth day; and all·this The central idea of the old cosmogony had been The tern1 "cosmology" signifies the effort to coOr occurred son1c six thousand years ago. rotational instability: rotational instability of gases dinate all of the physical processes which we can After a lifetime devoted to a mathematical study in the nebular hypothesis of Laplace; rotational detect in the visible universe, and to derive from that of the consequences of the hw of gravitation as instability of liquids in the fission theory of Poin coordination all of the inferences which logically manifested in our solar systern, Laplace was much car6 and Sir George Darwin as to the origin of .the flow from it, whether they refer to the past, the impressed, a little over one hunclred years ago, with moon.