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Tectonic Evolution of Bell Regio, Venus: Regional Stress, Lithospheric Flexure, and Edifice Stresses

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Tectonic Evolution of Bell Regio, Venus: Regional Stress, Lithospheric Flexure, and Edifice Stresses JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 103, NO. E7, PAGES 16,841-16,853,JULY 25, 1998 Tectonic evolution of Bell Regio, Venus: Regional stress, lithospheric flexure, and edifice stresses PatriciaG. Rogersl RAND, Washington,D.C. Maria T. Zuber Departmentof Earth,Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Cambridge Abstract. In orderto understandthe relationship between volcanic and tectonic processes and the stressstate in the lithosphereof Venus,we analyzedthe stress environments and resulting tectonic featuresassociated with the major volcanic edifices in Bell Regio,using Magellan synthetic aper- tureradar (SAR) imagesand altimeter measurements of topography. The major volcanoes of Bell Regio,Tepev Mons and Nyx Mons,exhibit tectonic characteristics that are unique relative to othervolcanic edifices on Venus. The mostprominent distinction is the lackof largerift zones withinthe overall highland uplift, which characterize many other highland rises on Venus. Also, previousstudies have determined that many large Venus volcanoes exhibit radial tectonic struc- tureson their flanks but generally lack the circumferential graben which surround volcanoes on Earthand Mars. Tepevand Nyx Montesexhibit both the radial tectonic features associated with otherVenusJan edifices and numerous concentric graben. Nyx Monsimplies a moredistributed magmaticsystem by its broadshape, radial chains of pit craters,and expansive flow fields, whereasTepev Mons is a morecentralized volcanic system, with limitedassociated long flows. We investigatethe regional stresses associated with Bell Regio and structural features believed to be a consequenceof lithospheric flexure due to volcanicloading, modeling both Nyx Monsand TepevMons as axisymmetric loads with Gaussianmass distributions on an elasticplate. The re- lationshipbetween the tectonic features surrounding Tepev Mons and stresses associated with magmachamber inflation are also examined through finite element analysis. Using topography datato modelthe shape of thevolcano, we determinethat a horizontallyellipsoidal or tabularres- ervoirat a rangeof depthsfrom approximately 20 to 40 km cansatisfy the locations of graben formationobserved in Magellanimages. These results imply a shiftin volcanicstyle within Bell Regiofrom an early phase of broad,low shield formation to latersteep-sided, more centralized edificedevelopment. Such changes are consistent with an increase in thethickness of thelitho- sphereover time. 1. Introduction lithospheric flexure [Comer et al., 1985; McGovern and Solomon, 1992]. Tepev Mons and Nyx Mons (provisional Geophysicalanalyses of the tectonicfeatures associated name) exhibit both the radial tectonicfeatures associated with with the Venus highlandsand major volcanoesprovide impor- other venusJanedifices and numerousdistinct concentric gra- tant insight into the relationship between volcanic and ben [Campbell and Rogers, 1994]. tectonicprocesses and the stressstate of the venusJancrust To understandthe geophysicalevolution of Bell Regio, overtime. Bell Regio is unique relative to manyof the other this studyexamines the structuralfeatures associated with the volcanichighland regionson Venus,such as WesternEistla major volcanoesusing Magellan synthetic apertureradar or Dione Regiones[Senske et al., 1992],in its apparentlack of (SAR) imagesand altimetermeasurements of topography.First, rift zonesdissecting the topographicswell. Most large Venus we analyzethe regionalstress field in Bell Regiobased on the volcanoes also exhibit radial tectonic structures on their style and distributionof tectonicfeatures in the region. Next flanks, and typically lack the circumferentialgraben which we examine structuralfeatures we believe to be a consequence surround volcanoes on Earth and Mars, indicating of lithosphericflexure due to volcanic loading. Analytical models for the formation of similar features on Earth and other planetarysurfaces are examined,and a modelfor the stressre- • Currentlyat Centerfor Earthand Planetary Studies, Smithsonian gime and formation of tectonicstructures within Bell Regio is Institution,Washington, D.C. developed. This analysisof lithosphericflexure and associ- ated deformationmodels the volcano as an axisymmetricload Copyright1998 by the AmericanGeophysical Union. with a Gaussianmass distribution on an elastic plate of vari- Paper Number 98JE00585. able thickness,and incorporatescriteria for tensile and shear 0148-0227/98/98JE-00585 $09.00 failure. Finally, the relationshipbetween the tectonicfeatures 16,841 16,842 ROGERSAND ZUBER: TECTONICEVOLUTION OF BELL REGIO,VENUS ons Figure1. MagellanSAR image of BellRegio. Resolution isapproximately 1.2km. Forscale, the large caldera on TepevMons, the prominentcentral edifice in the image,is approximately30 km. associatedwith the Tepev Mons edifice and stressesassoci- trendS W-NE. The preexistingtessera plateaus are thought to atedwith magmachamber inflation is examinedthrough finite be regionsof thickenedcrust [Bindschadler and Head, 1991] element analysis. andmay have inhibited lateral spreading and the formationof ß majorrift zonesduring the earlyperiod of highlandformation. 2. Regional Stress Regime If the stressesthat governedthe formationof the SW-NE tessera blocks still existed at the time the volcanic edifices Analysisof regionalstresses provides a frameworkfor un- formed,similar trends in the subsequentvolcanic and tectonic derstanding smaller-scaletectonic features within the featuresmight be observed.However, although some of the highland. As indicatedabove, this regionlacks rift zones; Nyx Mons lava flowstrend SW-NE, little directevidence of however,large-scale tectonic deformationis exhibited by significantSW-NE fracturepatterns exists. This impliesthat tesserablocks which surround the major volcanic edifices the formationof TepevMons andNyx Mons postdatethe re- (Figure 1) [Campbelland Rogers,1994]. Tesseraare gener- gional stressregime which producedthe tesseraor that ally the stratigraphicallyoldest units in this region and stressesin the regionsthat lack fracturesdid not exceedthe preservea recordof periodsof intensetectonic deformation. lithosphericfailure criteria. The fractureswithin someblocks are irregularlyoriented, but Plains regionssurrounding Bell Regio are next in the the prevailingfracture patterns within the tesseraregions stratigraphicsequence after the tesseraand maybe divided ROGERS AND ZUBER: TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF BELL REGIO, VENUS 16,843 ß i:' Figure2. MagellanSAR image of Nyx Monswith concentricfracture map overlay, centered at approximately 29.9øN,48.5øE. Note the radial chains of pit cratersand concentric fractures surrounding the edificeoutlined in the image. into at leastthree distinct units: bright plains, dark plains, topographyof Nyx Mons and surroundingregions. This edi- and ridgedplains [Campbell and Rogers,1994]. The ridged fice risesapproximately I km abovethe surroundingapron of plains arethe oldestof theseunits and recordan intensepe- flows; the central bulge and wishbone ridges contain the riod of deformationwith ridgesand grabenoriented SE-NW highestelevations of the featureat approximately6053.5 kin. and SW-NE. The brightand dark plainsare lessdeformed than Slopeson the southernflanks of the edificeare generally 1ø - the ridged plains or the tessera,with deformationprimarily 2ø , gradinginto slopes less than 0.5 ø continuingsouthward, representedby SE-NW trending fractures. Since the lava correspondingto the flow apronthat typically surroundsvol- flowsfrom the majorvolcanic edifices in thisregion embay the canoeson Venus [McGovern and Solomon, 1995]. It is in tessera,superpose most of the plainsunits, and do not contain this gently slopingregion that the mostprominent concentric majordeformation patterns, it is reasonableto concludethat grabenoccur. Detailed structuralmapping of these features the last largevolcanic events in this regionpostdate the re- indicatesthat the innermostconcentric graben occur at a radial gional stressregime which producedthe tesseraand ridged distanceof approximately280 km from the centerof the edifice, plains. These volcanicunits thus recordmore recent localized while the outerradius of thesefeatures lies at approximately stressesin the regionand are the subjectof the next sections. 470 kin. A 500-m change in elevation occursbetween these two radii. The most prominentvolcanic flow fields in the re- 3. Lithospheric Flexure and Nyx Mons gion (the youngest flows of Nyx Mons) emanatefrom these concentricfractures [Campbell and Rogers,1994]. The oldest volcanic edifice within Bell Regio is Nyx Mons, a featurecharacterized by a wishbone pattern of ridges 3.1. Models of Lithospheric Flexure and gentle flank slopes. The inner region contains a central bulge and radial chains of pit craters[Campbell and Rogers, The distributionof fracturesaround large volcanic loads is 1994]. Surroundingthe edificeto the east,south, and north- an important indicator of the stressstate and effectivethick- west are large sets of circumferentialfractures, which are the ness of the elastic lithosphere. Comparing the tectonic main focusof this section (Figure 2). Figure 3 illustrates the featuresformed in responseto large volcanic loads on various 16,844 ROGERS AND ZUBER: TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF BELL REGIO, VENUS 6055 ' ' ' ' I ' ' ' ' I ' ' ' ' I ' ' ' ' I ' ' 6054 6053_ 605 I I I I I I I I I I 0 100 800 300 400 DISTANCE(KM) Figure3. Topographicprofile through Nyx Monstrending approximately west to east.Note the higherele- vatedridges and centralregions.
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