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Diversity, Distribution and Sustainability of Western Himalayan Highland Flora of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan

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Diversity, Distribution and Sustainability of Western Himalayan Highland Flora of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan DIVERSITY, DISTRIBUTION AND SUSTAINABILITY OF WESTERN HIMALAYAN HIGHLAND FLORA OF AZAD JAMMU AND KASHMIR, PAKISTAN By SHAMSHAD AZIZ (Regd. No. 2005-Gmdg-6028) Session: 2014-2017 Department of Botany Faculty of Sciences UNIVERSITY OF AZAD JAMMU AND KASHMIR, MUZAFFARABAD DIVERSITY, DISTRIBUTION AND SUSTAINABILITY OF WESTERN HIMALAYAN HIGHLAND FLORA OF AZAD JAMMU AND KASHMIR, PAKISTAN By Shamshad Aziz (Regd. No. 2005-Gmdg-6028) A Thesis Submitted in partial fulfillment of requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Botany Session: 2014-2017 Department of botany Faculty of Sciences UNIVERSITY OF AZAD JAMMU AND KASHMIR, MUZAFFARABAD ii Certificate of Approval This is to certify that the research work presented in this thesis “Diversity, Distribution and Sustainability of Western Himalayan Highland Flora of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan” was conducted by Shamshad Aziz under the supervision of Dr. Hamayun Shaheen. No part of this thesis has been submitted anywhere else for any other degree. This thesis is submitted to the Department of Botany, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir Muzaffarabad in any fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of Philosophy in field of Botany, Department of Botany, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad. Student name: ____________________ Signature:______________________ Examination Committee: a) External Examiner 1: Name Signature:______________________ (Designation & Office Address) …………………………………. …………………………………. b) External Examiner 2: Name Signature:______________________ (Designation & Office Address) …………………………………. …………………………………. c) Internal Examiner 1: Name Signature:______________________ (Designation & Office Address) …………………………………. …………………………………. Supervisor Name Signature: ______________________ Dr. Hamayun Shaheen Name of Head of Department: Signature: ______________________ Dr. Rehana kauser Name of Dean Signature: ______________________ Prof. Dr. Muhammad Qayyum Khan Director Advanced Studies & Research Signature: ________________ iii CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ……………………………………………………….….………….ix LIST OF FIGURES….……………………………………….…………………………x LIST OF APPENDICES ………………………………………………………………xi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……………………………………..…………………….xii ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………………........xiv 1. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………...1 1.1. ECOLOGICAL ZONES AND DOMINANT VEGETATION TYPES OF AJK………………………………………………………………………...5 1.2. SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS AND FLORAL DIVERSTY…...….6 1.3. THREATS TO THE WESTERN HIMALAYAN HIGHLAND VEGETATION……………………………………………………………8 1.4. JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY………………………………………9 1.5. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES……………………………………………....11 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE……………………………. ………12 2.1. ECOLOGICAL FACTORS CONTROLLING HIMALAYAN HIGHLAND VEGETATION…………………………………………....14 2.2. CLIMATE CHANGE AND ALPINE VEGETATION…………………18 2.3. ECOSYSTEM SERVICES PROVIDED BY HIGHLANDS OF THE HIMALAYAS…………………………………..………………………..22 2.4. THREATS TO THE FLORAL DIVERSITY OF HIMALAYAN SUB ALPINE AND ALPINE VEGETATION………………………………..28 2.5. OVERVIEW OF PREVIOUS VEGETATION STUDIES………………31 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS ………………………………….34 3.1. STUDY AREA…………………………………………………………...34 3.2. CLIMATE………………………………………………………………..41 3.3. EDAFHIC FACTORS………………………………..………………….41 3.4. HYDROLOGY…………………………………………………………...42 3.5. SAMPLING METHODOLOGY……………………………...................42 3.6. PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES………………………………43 3.7. PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS………………………………...44 iv 3.8. DIVERSITY INDICES………………………………………………….47 3.9. COMPONENTS OF DIVERSITY………………………………………47 3.10. ASPECT………………………………………………………………….48 3.11. SLOPE……………………………………………………………………49 3.12. GRAZING INTENSITY…………………………………………………49 3.13. SOIL EROSION…………………………………………………………48 3.14. BIOLOGICAL SPECTRUM…………………………………………….50 3.15. ECOSYSTEM SERVICES FROM WESTERN HIMALAYAN HIGH LANDS………………………………………………………..……….. ..50 3.16. SOCIOECONOMIC VARIABLES MEASURED……………..………..50 3.17. METHODS USED FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF MEDICINAL PLANT OF THE AREA…………………………………………………………..52 3.18. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS…………………………………………….52 4. RESULTS …………………………………...……………………...53 4.1. FLORISTIC COMPOSITION…………………………………………...53 4.2. DOMINANT SPECIES BASED UPON IMPORTANCE VALUES…...93 4.3. BIOLOGICAL SPECTRUM…………………………………………….94 4.4. PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES OF THE SUB ALINE AND ALPINE FLORA…………………………………………………………95 4.5. DIVERSITY INDICES………………………………………………….96 4.6. Polygonum - Rheum - Astragalus Community (Community 1)………...100 4.7. Myricaria - Carex - Sewerttia Community (Community 2)……………102 4.8. Salix - Polygonum - Senecio Community (Community 3)……………..104 4.9. Rosa – Artemisia – Pedicularis Community (Community 4)…………..106 4.10. Juniperus - Rosa – Artemisia Community (Community 5)…………….108 4.11. Betula - Fragaria – Impatiens Community (Community 6)……………111 4.12. Carex – Caltha- Trifolium Community (Community 7)………………..113 4.13. Betula – Saussuria-Senecio Community (Community 8)………………114 4.14. Bistorta – Geranium - Aconitum Community (Community 9)…………117 4.15. Bistorta - Sibbaldia –Geum Community (Community 10)……………..118 4.16. Bistorta - Potentilla - Sibbaldia Community (Community 11)………...120 4.17. Bistorta–Thymus- Corydalis Community (Community 12)………….…122 4.18. Juniperus- Rosa- Lonicera Community (Community 13) ……………..124 v 4.19. Rhododendron - Swertia –Juniperus Community (Community 14)…... 126 4.20. Rubus - Abies- Picea Community (Community 15)………………….. .128 4.21. Pinus- Indigofera-Viburnum Community (Community 16)……...…….130 4.22. Juniperus- Aconitum- Agrorstis Community (Community 17)………….132 4.23. Betula - Salix - Juniperus Community (Community 18)……………….134 4.24. Betula -Lonicera- Juniperus Community (Community 19)……………136 4.25. Artemisia- Abies- Betula Community (Community 20) ……………….138 4.26. Pinus-Berberis -Lonicera Community (Community 21)……………….139 4.27. Abies – Berberis – Viburnum Community (Community 22)……….. …142 4.28. Abies - Picea –Juniperus Community (Community 23)………………..144 4.29. Abies -Rosa - Viburnum Community (Community 24)…………………146 4.30. Bistorta - Rhododendron - Juniperus Community (Community 25)…...148 4.31. Gaultheria - Sibbaldia - Geum Community (Community 26)………….150 4.32. Juniperus - Sibbaldia - Anaphalis Community (Community 27)………152 4.33. Rhododendron- Potentilla - Cassiope Community (Community 28)......154 4.34. Rhododendron- Bistorta - Poa Community (Community 29)……….....156 4.35. Salix -Betula –Sibbaldia Community (Community 30)………………...157 4.36. Anaphalis–Poa- Poa Community (Community 31) ……………………159 4.37. Allium- Bistorta- Rheum Community (Community 32)………………...161 4.38. Sibbaldia – Gaultheria - Salix Community (Community 33) ………….162 4.39. Sibbaldia - Pedicularis - Lagotis Community (Community 34)………..164 4.40. Abies - Skimmea-Juniperus Community (Community 35)……………..165 4.41. Abies- Potentilla - Fragaria Community (Community 36)…………….167 4.42. Viburnum- Festuca - Lonicera Community (Community 37)………….169 4.43. Lonicera - Berberis -Juniperus Community (Community 38) ………...171 4.44. Abies – Primula-Erigeron Community (Community 39)………………173 4.45. Viburnum- Berberis- Salix Community (Community 40)………………175 4.46. Abies - Viburnum-Trillium Community (Community 41)……………...177 4.47. Viburnum- Juniperus - Lonicera Community (Community 42)………..179 4.48. Salix - Lonicera -Viburnum Community (Community 43) …………….181 4.49. Pinus-Abies-Viburnum Community (Community 44)………………….183 4.50. Salix - Junperus - Pennaisetum Community (Community 45)…………185 4.51. Juniperus - Rosa - Lonicera Community (Community 46)…………….187 4.52. Juniperus -Potentilla -Primula Community (Community 47)………….189 vi 4.53. Salix - Pinus- Prunus Community (Community 48)……………………191 4.54. Poa- Osmunda – Salix Community (Community 49) ………………….193 4.55. Salix - Juniperus – Epilobium Community (Community 50)……………195 4.56. Juniperus - Bergenia - Berberis Community (Community 51)………...197 4.57. Salix- Viburnum - Pseudomerntensia Community (Community 52)…...199 4.58. Sibbaldia - Viburnum –Carex Community (Community 53)…………...201 4.59. Viburnum - Thymus – Juniperus Community (Community 54)………...203 4.60. Potentilla- Rosa - Sibbaldia Community (Community 55)…………….205 4.61. Salix -Sibbaldia- Fragaria Community (Community 56) ……………..208 4.62. ECOSYSETEM SERVICES OF HIGHLAND FLORA IN AJK………210 4.62.1. Socioeconomic Attributes of the local population………………….210 4.62.2. Medicinal Plants Used by Local People…………………………….211 4.62.3. Wild Vegetables Used………………………………………………221 4.62.4. Mushroom Extraction……………………………………………….222 4.63. VILLAGE WISE ANALYSIS OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES……….224 4.64. FODDER AND FOR AGE COLLECTED FROM FOREST AND GRASS LANDS………………………………………………….........................239 4.65. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS……………………………………………243 4.66. PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS……………………………..244 4.67. CLUSTER ANALYSIS……………………………………………...…247 5. DISCUSSION……………………………………………..……....253 5.1. FLORISTIC COMPOSITION…………………………………………252 5.2. BIOLOGICAL SPECTRUM OF THE HIGHLAND FLORA………..255 5.3. PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES OF THE PLANT COMMUNITIES……………………………………………………….256 5.4. DIVERSTY AND ITS COMPONENT………………………………..260 5.4.1. Species Richness…………………………………………………...262 5.4.2. Species Evenness……………………………………………………263 5.4.3. Community Maturity…………………………………………………...264 5.5. FUEL WOOD CONSUMPTION PATTERNS AND IMPACTS ON LOCAL FLORA………………………………………………………...265 5.6. INDIGENOUS ENTHOMEDICINAL UTILIZATIONS OF LOCAL FLORA……………………………………………………………….…267 vii 5.7. MUSHROOM EXTRACTION…………………………………………269 5.8. WILD VEGETABLES COLLECTION………………………………..261 5.9. HERD SIZE, GRAZING AREA AND FORAGE, FODDER COLLECTION………………………………………….……………....272 5.10. CONSERVATION
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