LAZAROA 34: 19-27. 2013 doi: 10.5209/rev_LAZA.2013.v34.n1.41685 ISSN: 0210-9778
Chorology and habitat characterization of Fritillaria caballeroi an endemic and threatened species in the Central System (Iberian Peninsula) Francisco Amich & Sonia Bernardos (*)
Abstract: Amich, F. & Bernardos, S. Chorology and habitat characterization of Fritillaria caballeroi an endemic and threatened species in the Central System (Iberian Peninsula). Lazaroa 34: 19-27 (2013).
Fritillaria caballeroi F.M. Vázquez is an endemic threatened plant whose distribution is restricted to the mountains of the western sector of the Central System (Tormantos, Béjar, Francia and Estrela) and the Montes de León. Here we give a detailed description of its distribution in these territories and analyze the different phytocoenoses in which it has become integrated.
Keywords: Fritillaria caballeroi , habitat, Central System mountains, plant communities.
Resumen: Amich, F. & Bernardos, S. Corología y caracterización del hábitat de la liliácea endémica y amenazada Fritillaria caballeroi en las montañas del Sistema Central (Península Ibérica). Lazaroa 34: 19-27 (2013).
Fritillaria caballeroi F.M. Vázquez es una planta endémica y amenazada, cuya distribución está restringida a las mon - tañas del occidente del Sistema Central (Tormantos, Béjar, Francia y Estrela) y Montes de León. Exponemos de manera detallada su distribución en estos territorios, y analizamos las diferentes fitocenosis en las que se integra.
Palabras clave: Fritillaria caballeroi , hábitat, montañas del Sistema Central, comunidades vegetales.
INTRODUCTION demism is Ibero-N. African ( F. lusitanica Wikstr.) and the remaining species is Franco-Iberian ( F. The genus Fritillaria L. (Liliaceae ) is distribu - pyrenaica L.). ted across the Northern Hemisphere and, in par - CABALLERO (1948) described Fritillaria fal - ticular, in temperate zones of Asia, Europe, North cata in the Sierra de Francia (Salamanca), poin - Africa and the West of North America ( Grove , ting out that it was a very different species from 1931). The centre of diversification of the taxon other known species of the genus on the basis of could be considered to be in Iran, in the middle its small size, its falcate leaves and the presence of Asia or in the Caucasus ( GÜEMES , in press). of a single flower. Later RICO (1985) proposed The number of recognized species in the genus that it would be a form of F. lusitanica , indicating varies, depending on the author, ranging from 50 that the diagnostic characters are not always pre - (KRAUSE , 1930) to almost 100 ( MELCHIOR , 1964). sent within the same population. In their mono - In Spain, traditionally five taxa have been addres - graphic work of the genus on the Iberian sed ( FERNÁNDEZ -A RIAS & D EVESA , 1991a; GÜE - Peninsula FERNÁNDEZ -A RIAS & D EVESA (1991a) MES , in press), although with different taxonomic subordinate it to a subspecies of F. nervosa ranges. One such taxon is the Spanish endemism Willd., above all on the basis of its falcate, longi - (F. legionensis Llamas & J. Andrés); two species tudinally folded leaves. More recently, VÁZQUEZ are Iberian endemisms ( F. caballeroi F.M. Váz - (2009) designated it a new name, F. caballeroi , quez and F. stenophylla Boiss. & Reuter), one en - owing to the existence of a previous heterotypic
* Department of Botany. University of Salamanca. E-37007 Salamanca, Spain. E-mail: [email protected]
19 LAZAROA 34: 19-27. 2013 Francisco Amich & Sonia Bernardos Chorology and habitat characterization of Fritillaria caballeroi synonym for a Californian species ( BEETLE , for this taxon along the sierras of the Sistema 1944). Finally, in Flora Iberica GÜEMES (in press) Central, including the Portuguese territories of the maintains that denomination of F. caballeroi , to - Serra da Estrella. gether with the specific rank for the plant. Fritillaria caballeroi is considered to be a vul - HABITAT CHARACTERIZATION OF FRITILLARIA CABA - nerable plant (VU), both in the Red Lists of the LLEROI Flora Vascular Española (VV.AA., 2000; MO- RENO , 2008), and in the Atlas and Red Book This study involved 57 species and 8 relevés, (AMICH & B ERNARDOS , 2010), as a result of its re - and was performed following the method of duced geographic distribution and of the conti - BRAUN -B LANQUET (1979). The syntaxonomic no - nuing decrease in its number of mature plants. menclature followed was that suggested by This taxon has not yet been assessed by the IUCN RIVAS -M ARTÍNEZ & al. (2002) and RIVAS -M ARTÍ - Red List ( IUCN , 2012). Similarly, the species is NEZ (2011) and COSTA & al. (2012). In the synta - catalogued as “Preferential Attention” in the ca - xonomic synopsis of the syntaxa mentioned we talogue of Flora Protegida de Castilla y León also followed the ordering proposals of RIVAS - (ANONYMOUS , 2007). An index record of the plant MARTÍNEZ & al. (2002) and RIVAS -M ARTÍNEZ has been made for Castilla y León and a proposal (2011), except for the association Minuartio ju - for a micro-reserve for the plant has been put for - resii-Festucetum summilusitanae (in COSTA & al. wards ( AMICH & B ERNARDOS , unpub. data), in 2012), described after works of RIVAS -M ARTÍNEZ . concordance with the provisions of the Protection The nomenclature used for the taxa of synta - Decree for this Community ( ANONYMOUS , 2007). xonomic interest was that of Flora Europaea The aims of the present work were: (1) to ad - (TUTIN & al. , 1964-1980) and Flora Iberica ( CAS - dress in detail the distribution of this endemism TROVIEJO , 1986-2012), except for Festuca sum - in the Sistema Central, and (2) to characterize the milusitana subsp. gredensis (Fuente & Ortúñez) habitats of the populations of F. caballeroi in the Rivas-Mart., Fuente & Ortúñez in Itinera Geobo - areas where it grows in the Sistema Central and tanica 18: 485 (2011), Jasiones crispa subsp. cen - compare the habitats of the different sierras. tralis (Rivas-Mart.) Rivas-Mart. in Anales Inst. Bot. Cavanilles 27:154 (1970), Minuartia recurva subsp. juresii (Willd. ex Schltdl.) Mattf. in Bot. MATERIAL AND METHODS Jahrb. Syst. 57, Beibl. 126: 31 (1921), and Silene ciliata subsp. elegans Link ex Brot. in Fl Lusit. GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SPECIES INVESTI - 2: 185 (1804). GATED AND PLANT MATERIAL
Fritillaria caballeroi flowers towards the end RESULTS AND DISCUSSION of spring (May-June) and fruits in summer (July- August); insect pollinated; seeds dispersed by DISTRIBUTION OF FRITILLARIA CABALLEROI IN THE wind. Its chromosome number is 2n = 24 ( FER - CENTRAL WESTERN IBERIAN PENINSULA NÁNDEZ -A RIAS & D EVESA , 1991b). In the central western part of the Iberian Peninsula, the species We first reviewed the published data on the grows on siliceous rocks, either granites (Sierras distribution of this species and additionally revi - de Béjar, Tormantos and la Estrella) or Armorican sed some of the main herbaria pertaining to cen - quartzes from the Silurian and Devonian (Sierra tral western Iberia (HVR, COI and SALA). The de Francia). total number of known localities are shown in Fi - During the period 2008-2011 we visited most gure 1 and Table 1. In the explorations carried out of the localities in the Iberian Peninsula in which in these territories we did not note new population Fritillaria caballeroi has been reported (Table 1) nuclei. However, their presence in them cannot and we also surveyed other areas thought suitable be ruled out, owing their extraordinary geomor -
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21 LAZAROA 34: 19-27. 2013 Francisco Amich & Sonia Bernardos Chorology and habitat characterization of Fritillaria caballeroi
Figure 1. – Fritillaria caballeroi in the Iberian Peninsula: circles, Cantabrian mountains; triangles, Central System. phological complexity, the early phenology of the Despite the different toponimies used in the cita - plant and the existence of favorable ecological tions referring to the Sierra de Francia, all of them conditions for growth. correspond to only three municipalities and 3 The citation of Fritillaria caballeroi for the squares of 10 x 10 km, which are contiguous (Fi - Montes de León ( PAZ & al. , 2011) was later con - gure 1, Table 1). The species’ altitude range was firmed by GÜEMES (in press). from 1500 m for the populations in the Sierra de Thus, Fritillaria caballeroi was found to be a Francia up to 2250 m for the populations of the narrow endemic of the Orocantabric and Carpe - Sierra de Béjar. The southern and eastern limits tan Leonese subprovinces (Atlantic European and of the populations are at 40º 13.009’ and 05º Mediterranean West Iberian provinces, respecti - 34.418’ respectively (Sierra de Tormantos, vely, according to RIVAS -M ARTÍNEZ & al. , 2002; Ávila), while the northern and western limits are RIVAS -M ARTÍNEZ , 2005, DEL EGIDO & P UENTE , respectively in the Sierra de Francia (40º 31.595’) 2011). In the Central System (Carpetan Leonese and the Serra da Estrella (07º 35.199’). subprovince) we detected it in the following phytogeographic units: the Tormantino and Be - HABITAT CHARACTERIZATION OF FRITILLARIA CABA - jarano districts (Bejaran Gredensean biogeogra - LLEROI phical sector), the Altosalmantino district (Salmanticensean sector), and the Altoestrelen - We elaborated a series of 8 relevés (Table 2) sean district (Estrelensean sector). In the Sistema in all locales in which Fritillaria caballeroi has Central it has two small populations in the sierra been cited and at which we had the possibility of de Tormantos; another two small populations in confirming its presence. the sierra de Béjar; a single population with small In the Sierras de Béjar and Tormantos (Table 2, subpopulations scarcely separated by a few tens rels. 1-4) Fritillaria caballeroi is found in vigo - of metres in the Sierra de Francia, and a single rous silicolous, psychrophilous and cryoromedi - population in the Portuguese Serra da Estrela. terranean meadows, which prosper on the summit
LAZAROA 34: 19-27. 2013 22 Francisco Amich & Sonia Bernardos Chorology and habitat characterization of Fritillaria caballeroi
Table 2 Agrostio rupestris-Armerietum bigerrensis (1-4) (Minuartio-Festucion curvifoliae, Festucetalia indigestae, Festucetea indigestae ) Arenario querioidis-Festucetum gredensis (5-7) Minuartio juresii-Festucetum summilusitanae (8) (Hieracio -Plantaginion radicatae, Jasiono sessiliflorae-Koelerietalia crassipedis, Festucetea indigestae ) Altitude (m) 2100 2110 2150 2175 1575 1580 1585 1575 Area (m 2) 40 50 45 45 100 50 75 50 Coverage (%) 50 50 60 55 70 60 50 50 Exposure NNNE NE EENE NE Inclination (%) 25 20 15 20 10 10 15 10 Relevé number 12345678 Characteristics Jasione crispa subsp. centralis 2321. . . . Armeria caespitosa 1112. . . . Silene ciliata subsp. elegans 1+21 . . . . Leucanthemopsis alpina 111+. . . . Plantago alpina 11.+. . . . Luzula hispanica .+.+. . . . Agrostis rupestris ..+..... Fritillaria caballeroi ++++1211 Agrostis delicatula 11+1211+ Sedum brevifolium 11.+11.1 Festuca rivas-martinezii ....1+1. Festuca summilusitana subsp. gredensis ...... 1 Arenaria querioides ....1211 Jasione sessiliflora ....1211 Hieracium castellanum ....211+ Leucanthemopsis flaveola ....211. Armeria salmantica ....112. Armeria transmontana ...... 1 Plantago holosteum ....111. Koeleria crassipes ....11.1 Corynephorus canescens ....+11. Scleranthus perennis ....11.. Companions of Salicetea and Nardetea Mucizonia sedoides 1+.+. . . . Nardus stricta ++ . + . . . . Dianthus gredensis 11...... Companions of Helianthemetea Rumex angiocarpus ....1111 Logfia minima ....111. Micropyrum tenellum ....+1+. Spergula arvensis ....++1. Linaria elegans ....11.. Arnoseris minima ....1.+. Cerastium ramosissimum .....1+. Other companions Senecio carpetanus +++ . . . . . Dianthus lusitanus ....1111 Arrhenatherum carpetanum ....121. Luzula lactea ....122. Avenula pratensis ....121. Linaria nivea ....121.
23 LAZAROA 34: 19-27. 2013 Francisco Amich & Sonia Bernardos Chorology and habitat characterization of Fritillaria caballeroi
Relevé number 12345678 Poa bulbosa ....111. Ornithogalum concinnum ....212. Gagea lutea ....+11. Teedalia nudicaulis ....+.11 Sedum hirsutum ....11.. Jasione montana ....1+.. Cytisus oromediterraneus ++ . . 3 . . + Hyacinthoides non-scripta ....12.. Arenaria montana .....11. Conopodium majus +.+. .11. Tulipa sylvestris .....11. Other species: Pterospartum tridentatum 3 in 5; Echinospartum ibericum and Halimium alysoides 2 in 5; Erica ar - borea and E. australis 1 in 5; Orchis champagneuxii 1 in 6; Narcissus rupicola + in 8. Localities: SPAIN: 1: Ávila, Navalguijo, Sierra de Tormantos, 30TTK8155, 06.06.2008, Amich & Bernardos; 2: ibídem , 06.06.2008, Amich & Bernardos; 3: Ávila, Nava del Barco, Sierra de Tormantos, near Circo de La Nava, 30TTK8155, 06.06.2008, Amich & Bernardos; 4: ibídem , 06.06.2008, Amich & Bernardos; 5: Salamanca, El Ca - baco, Sierra de Francia, near Collado de Peña Cabra, 29TQE3989, 15.05.2008, Amich & Bernardos; 6: íbidem , 15.05.2008, Amich & Bernardos; 7: Salamanca, Monsagro, Sierra de Francia, near Collado de Peña Cabra, 29TQE3989, 15.05.2008, Amich & Bernardos. PORTUGAL: 8: Beira Alta, Manteigas, Serra d’Estrella, Covao d’Ametade, 29TPE2065, 25.05.2010, Amich & Bernardos. zones of high mountains of the Sistema Central subrupicolous behaviour. In these grasslands (“altioreina” communities) on crests, spurs and there is a greater predominance of short, and caes - rock ledges that receive little snow. These are pitoses hemicryptophytes although the grasslands phytocoenoses with a predominance of caespito - are also rich in chamaephytes and therophytes. ses chamaephytes and are rich in Central Iberian They also have different Iberian or Central Ibe - palaeoendemisms, such as Armeria bigerrensis rian endemisms such as Arenaria querioides, Ar - subsp. bigerrensis, Jasione crispa subsp. crispa, meria salmantica, Festuca summilusitana subsp. Minuartia recurva subsp. juresii , and Silene ci - summilusitana, F. summilusitana subsp. greden - liata subsp. elegans . sis , and Jasione sessiliflora . These grasslands belong to the association Agros - These communities lie within the association tio rupestris-Armerietum bigerrensis , endemic to the Arenario querioidis-Festucetum gredensis , ende - Bejaran-Gredensean, from the Picos de Los Galayos mic to the Bejarano-Gredense ( SÁNCHEZ -M ATA , to the Sierra de Béjar ( SARDINERO , 1994, 2004; 1989; SARDINERO , 1994, 2004; SARDINERO & RIVAS -M ARTÍNEZ , 2011), which is integrated within RIVAS -M ARTÍNEZ , 1999), although also reaching the optimum Carpetan alliance Minuartio-Festucion the Altosalmantino ( AMICH & B ERNARDOS , 2010), curvifoliae . This vegetation is representative of a integrated within Hieracio castellani-Plantagi - mature stage of a series of climatophilous vegetation nion radicatae , an optimum Carpetan phytocoe - or of a permanent community of a xerophyte site. nosis (although also present in the oroiberian and By contrast, in the Sierra de Francia (Table 2, orocantabric areas) like Minuartio-Festucion . rels. 5-7,) Fritillaria caballeroi is integrated in In most cases, these grasslands appear in clear open pioneer-like grasslands that prosper on sha - areas close to oromediterranean Cytiso-Echinos - llow, developed siliceous soils, subjected to partetum pulviniformis broom, forming a regres - strong phenomena of cryoturbation, on the Oro - sive replacement stage (herbaceous serial stage) mediterranean (“oreina” communities), generally of the sierra broom communities with pulvini - on topographic scenarios of crests, steep slopes, form “cambriones”, which form the natural po - or rocky spurs where the accumulation of snow tential vegetation of the Oromediterranean belt of is of little magnitude. This chyonophobic nature the whole studied territory ( RIVAS -M ARTÍNEZ & means that F. caballeroi often shows a typically al. , 1987; GAVILÁN & al. , 2011).
LAZAROA 34: 19-27. 2013 24 Francisco Amich & Sonia Bernardos Chorology and habitat characterization of Fritillaria caballeroi
For the Serra da Estrella, MEIRELES (2010) F. legionensis preferentially lives in hay mea - cites Fritillaria nervosa subsp. nervosa (= F. dows, semi-flooded meadows and intensely gra - pyrenaica L.), in agreement with the citation of zed acidophilous grasslands (“nardetas”) in the FRANCO & R OCHA AFONSO (in FRANCO 1994), but Supra- and Orotemperate belts, above all in the the Lynnean taxon is not present in Portugal alliances Arrhenatherion and Nardion (LLAMAS (GÜEMES , in press). F. caballeroi (GÜEMES , in & A NDRÉS , 1983; RODRÍGUEZ -R OJO & al. , 2012; press) is found, however, in the Beira Alta (Serra PAZ & al. , 2011). Fritillaria pyrenaica is a taxon da Estrella). MEIRELES (2010) indicates that Fri - that is indifferent to the substrate, has a broad eco - tillaria lives in communities of Hieracio caste - logical distribution, and lives in areas ranging llani-Plantaginion radicatae . from grasslands and meadows to forest clearings, In the Serra da Estrella (Table 2, rel. 8) we above all in the supra- and orotemperate storeys have found F. caballeroi in communities referable (FERNÁNDEZ -A RIAS & DEVESA , 1991a; PAZ & al. , to the recently described association Minuartio 2011). Finally, F. lusitanica lives in scrub com - juresii-Festucetum summilusitanae (COSTA & al. , munities of Cytisetea (GAVILÁN & al. , 2011), 2012), which replaces the association Arenario shrubland and forest clearings, ranging from the querioidis-Festucetum gredensis at the western thermo- to the supramediterranean storey, whe - end of the Central System, communities also be - reas F. stenophylla occurs on palaeodunes and longing to the alliance Hieracio castellani-Plan - sandy soils in thermomediterranean shrub patches taginion radicatae . of the alliance Coremation albi (FERNÁNDEZ - In the Montes de León, PAZ & al. (2011) also ARIAS & D EVESA , 1991a). report it flourishing in silicolous grasslands of Hieracio-Plantaginion , and in clearings of hea - ther clumps and groups of Cytision oromediterra - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS nei . We thank Dr C. Meireles for granting us access and per - The habitats of Fritillaria caballeroi are cle - mission to consult her PhD Thesis on the Flora and Vegeta - arly different from those occupied by other spe - tion of the Portuguese Serra da Estrella and Dr J. Rocha for cies of the genus on the Iberian Peninsula. Thus, the cartography.
SYNTAXONOMIC SCHEME
Communities cited in the text:
FESTUCETEA INDIGESTAE Rivas Goday & Rivas-Martínez 1971 Festucetalia curvifoliae Rivas Goday & Rivas-Martínez ex Rivas-Martínez 1964 corr. Izco & Pulgar 2009 Minuartio bigerrensis-Festucion curvifoliae Rivas-Martínez 1964 corr. Rivas-Martínez, Fernán - dez-González & Loidi 1999 Agrostio rupestris-Armerietum bigerrensis Rivas-Martínez in Rivas-Martínez, Fernández-Gon - zález & Sánchez-Mata 1986 Jasiono sessiliflorae-Koelerietalia crassipedis Rivas-Martínez & Cantó 1987 Hieracio castellani-Plantaginion radicatae Rivas-Martínez & Cantó 1987 Arenario querioidis-Festucetum gredensis Rivas-Martínez, Sánchez-Mata & Source in Rivas-Mar - tínez, Fernández-González & Sánchez-Mata 1986 corr. Rivas-Martínez & Sánchez-Mata 2002
MOLINIO CAERULEAE -ARRHENATHERETEA ELATIORIS Tüxen 1937 Arrhenatheretalia elatioris Tüxen 1931 Arrhenatherion elatioris Koch 1926
25 LAZAROA 34: 19-27. 2013 Francisco Amich & Sonia Bernardos Chorology and habitat characterization of Fritillaria caballeroi
NARDETEA STRICTAE Rivas Goday in Rivas Goday & Rivas- Martínez 1963 Nardetalia strictae Oberdorfer ex Preising 1950 Nardion strictae Br.-Bl. 1926
CISTO -L AVANDULETEA STOECHADIS Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Molinier & Wagner 1940 Stauracantho genistoidis-Halimietalia calycini Rivas-Martínez, Lousã, T.E. Díaz, Fernández-Gon - zález & J.C. Costa 1990 Coremation albi Rothmaler 1943
JUNIPERO SABINAE -P INETEA IBERICAE Rivas-Martínez 1965 Juniperetalia hemisphaericae Rivas-Martínez & J.A. Molina in Rivas-Martínez, Fernández-Gon - zález & Loidi 1999 Cytision oromediterranei Tüxen in Tüxen & Oberdorfer 1958 corr. Rivas-Martínez 1987 Cytiso oromediterranei-Echinospartetum pulviniformis Rivas-Martínez, Belmonte, Cantó, Fer - nández-González, Fuente, J.M. Moreno, Sánchez-Mata & Sancho 1987
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Received: 8 April 2013 Accepted: 5 July 2013
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