Eine Fallstudie Aus Dem El-Salam Kanal-Projekt in Ägypten
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UNIVERSITÄT LÜNEBURG Fakultät III Umwelt und Technik RÄUMLICHE UND ZEITLICHE KONSOLIDIERUNG IN DER ABWASSER-QUALITÄTSÜBERWACHUNG: EINE FALLSTUDIE AUS DEM EL-SALAM KANAL-PROJEKT IN ÄGYPTEN Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) vorgelegt von Mohamed Shaban Mohamed Abu-Salama aus Kairo, Ägypten 2007 1. Gutachter : Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Ruck 2. Gutachter : Prof. Dr. Brigitte Urban 3. Gutachter : Prof. Dr. Holger Wildhagen UNIVERSITÄT LÜNEBURG Fakultät III Umwelt und Technik SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL CONSOLIDATION OF DRAINAGE WATER QUALITY MONITORING NETWORKS: A CASE STUDY FROM THE EL-SALAM CANAL PROJECT IN EGYPT Dissertation A Thesis Submitted for the Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree of Doctorate in Natural Sciences (Dr. rer. nat.) Submitted by Mohamed Shaban Mohamed Abu-Salama From Cairo, Egypt 2007 1. Refree : Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Ruck 2. Refree : Prof. Dr. Brigitte Urban 3. Refree : Prof. Dr. Holger Wildhagen VERSICHERUNG Ich versichere, dass ich die eingereichte Dissertation „Spatial and Temporal Consolidation of Drainage Water Quality Monitoring Networks: A Case Study from the El-Salam Canal Project in Egypt“ selbständig und ohne unerlaubte Hilfsmittel verfasst habe. Anderer als der von mir angegebenen Hilfsmittel und Schriften habe ich mich nicht bedient. Alle wörtlich oder sinngemäß den Schriften anderer Autorinnen oder Autoren entnommenen Stellen habe ich kenntlich gemacht. Name: Mohamed Shaban Mohamed Abu-Salama Datum: 13 July 2007 Unterschrift: I ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to express my sincere gratitude and appreciation to Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Ruck, Prof. Dr. Brigitte Urban and Prof. Dr. Holger Wildhagen for their continuous encouragement, support, advice and skillful guidance to make the completion of this study possible. Particular mention must be made to Dr. Rolf Hübener, whose sincere efforts extended to more than a scientific guidance, his endless support and encouragement, have continued since the author came to Germany. Grateful thanks and appreciation are due to Prof. Dr. Shaden Abdel-Gawad, the chairperson of the National Water Research Center, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation in Egypt, for her continuous valuable guidance throughout my professional career. Also, I would like to extend my appreciation to the staff of my home institution (Drainage Research Institute) for their encouragement and support. Last but not the least; I am very grateful to Nescha Maria Hofer for her co-operation and being by my side all the time in my study. Mohamed Shaban Mohamed Abu-Salama II SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL CONSOLIDATION OF DRAINAGE WATER QUALITY MONITORING NETWORKS: A CASE STUDY FROM THE EL-SALAM CANAL PROJECT IN EGYPT ABSTRACT The El-Salam Canal Project aims at increasing the Egyptian agricultural productivity through agricultural and stock development by irrigating about 263,500 ha gross of new lands. In order to stretch the limited water supply to cover these new reclaimed areas, fresh River Nile water is augmented with agriculture drainage water from Hadus and Lower Serw drains, which receive almost all kinds of wastes. The overall objective of this research is to introduce a rationalization technique for the drainage water quality-monitoring network for Hadus drain as a main feeder of El-Salam Canal Project. Later on, this technique may be applied for other parts in the National Water Quality Monitoring Program in Egypt. The rationalization process started firstly with assessing and reformulating the current objectives of the network. Then, the monitoring locations were identified using integrated logical and statistical approaches. Finally, a sampling frequency regime was recommended to facilitate proper and integrated information management. As a result, the monitoring network was divided into three priority levels (Layers I, II and III) as following: • Layer I: highest priority level and includes eight monitoring locations • Layer II: second priority level and includes three locations • Layer III: lowest priority level and includes five locations These results were validated using three integrated statistical methods. The validation results ensure that excluding the monitoring locations in layer III does not significantly affect the information produced by the monitoring network. Based on the evaluation of sampling frequencies, it is recommended to have 6 (instead of 12) samples per year for 18 (out of 36 examined) parameters (COD, TSS, TVS, N-NO3, Pb, Ca, Na, Cl, Visib, BOD, Cu, Fe, Mn, pH, TDS, K, SO4_m and DO). The measured parameter SO4_m will automatically replace the SO4 (calculated). SAR and Adj. SAR also can be calculated from the other parameters. For the other fifteen parameters (Mg, EC, Br, Ni, Sal, Cd, TN, TP, Temp, Fecal, Coli and N-NH4, Zn, P and Turb), it is recommended to continue with 12 samples/year. These recommendations may ensure significant reduction in the total cost of the monitoring network. This facilitates a fiscal resource, which is a key prerequisite in developing a successful program. The rescued budget can be redirected to achieve better performance in terms of improving the current resources. In addition, a frame of stakeholders-participation mechanism was proposed to ensure better water quality management in the project area. III TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENT I ABSTRACT II LIST OF FIGURES VIII LIST OF TABLES XI ABBREVIATIONS XIII CHAPTER 1 1. ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE IN EGYPT 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.2 WATER DELIVERY SYSTEM 2 1.3 IRRIGATION PRACTICES 3 1.4 SPECIFIC SOIL WATER ISSUES 5 1.5 AGRICULTURAL DRAINAGE 6 1.6 DRAINAGE WATER REUSE 9 1.7 DRAINAGE WATER QUALITY MONITORING 11 1.8 PROBLEM DEFINITION 14 1.9 OBJECTIVES 16 CHAPTER 2 2. EL-SALAM CANAL WATER QUALITY MONITORING OBJECTIVES 18 2.1 WATER QUALITY MONITORING OBJECTIVES 18 2.1.1 Purposes of Monitoring 19 2.1.2 Complexity Regarding Definition of Monitoring Objectives 24 2.2 EL-SALAM CANAL MONITORING OBJECTIVES 25 2.2.1 Compiling the Available Information 25 2.2.2 Developing Brief Description of the System 26 2.2.3 Stakeholder Analysis 27 2.2.3.1 Stakeholder Groups 27 2.2.3.2 Stakeholder Participations 37 2.2.3.3 Stakeholders/Objectives Matrix (SOM) 37 2.2.3.4 Stakeholders/Objectives Matrix Analysis 39 2.3 MONITORING OBJECTIVES RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 39 IV CHAPTER 3 3. NETWORK DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS AND STATISTICAL EVALUATION 47 3.1 SAMPLING SITES 47 3.2 METHODS FOR LOCATING SAMPLING SITES 48 3.2.1 Early Practices 48 3.2.2 Site Selection to Comply with Monitoring Objectives 49 3.2.3 Systematic Approaches 50 3.3 SAMPLING FREQUENCY 53 3.4 METHODS FOR DETERMINIG SAMPLING FREQUENCY 54 3.4.1 Sampling Frequency to Comply with Monitoring Objectives 54 3.4.2 Statistical Methods 55 3.4.2.1 Checking Compliance with Standards 55 3.4.2.2 Determination of the True Mean Values of Water Quality Variables 56 3.4.2.3 Detecting Trends 57 3.5 PRINCIPELES IN STATISTICAL EVALUATION 60 3.5.1 Parametric and Nonparametric Approaches 60 3.5.2 Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test 63 3.5.3 Factor Analysis (FA) 64 3.5.3.1 Principle Component Analysis (PCA) 64 3.5.4 Cluster Analysis (CA) 65 3.5.5 Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) 66 3.5.6 Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) 67 3.6 MULTIVARIATE ANALYSES AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING 68 CHAPTER 4 4. SAMPLING SITES FOR HADUS DRAIN MONITORING NETWORK 74 4.1 PRELIMINARY ANALYSES 74 4.1.1 Spatial Analysis 74 4.1.2 Data Screening and Detecting Outliers 78 4.1.3 Descriptive Statistics, Check Normality and Dependency 79 4.2 PRELIMINARY RESULTS 80 4.2.1 Data Inspection 80 4.2.2 Check Normality 80 4.2.3 Check Dependency 82 4.3 SIMILARITY ANALYSIS 84 4.3.1 Means 84 V 4.3.1.1 Factor Analysis and Principle Components 84 4.3.1.2 Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) 87 4.3.1.3 Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) 87 4.3.2 Yearly Averages 91 4.3.2.1 Results and Interpretation for Site Group 1 91 4.3.2.1.1 Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) 91 4.3.2.1.2 Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) 96 4.3.2.2 Summary Results for All Site Groups 100 4.3.3 Monthly Data 107 4.3.3.1 Results and Interpretation 107 4.3.3.1.1 Nonparametric Comparisons 107 4.3.3.1.2 Correlation and Regression Analyses 111 4.3.3.1.3 Key Players and Monitoring Objectives 116 4.4 SIMILARITY RESULTS 121 4.4.1 Statistical Analyses 121 4.4.2 Key Players and Monitoring Objectives Analysis 126 4.5 SITES SELECTION FOR THE FINAL NETWORK 126 4.6 SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION 137 CHAPTER 5 5. SAMPLING SITES VALIDATION 141 5.1 VALIDATION METHODOLOGY 141 5.1.1 Regression analysis 142 5.1.2 Box-plots and Descriptive Statistics 142 5.1.3 Multiple Regressions 142 5.2 VALIDATION RESULTS 143 5.2.1 Regression Analysis 143 5.2.2 Box-Plots and Descriptive Statistics 145 5.2.3 Multiple Regression 154 5.3 SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION 160 CHAPTER 6 6. SAMPLEING FREQUENCY FOR HADUS DRAIN MONITORING NETWORK 162 6.1 METHODS AND RESULTS 162 6.1.1 Time Series Decomposition 164 6.1.2 Autocorrelation Functions 167 6.1.3 Effective Sampling Frequencies 168 VI 6.1.4 Data Generation (Data Subsets) 169 6.1.5 Expected Statistics and Visual Assessment 171 6.1.6 Statistical Assessment 176 6.2 SUMMARY RESULTS 176 CHAPTER 7 7. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 180 7.1 MONITORING LOCATIONS 180 7.2 SAMPLING FREQUENCY 183 7.3 FURTHER RESEARCH 184 7.4 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 185 8. SUMMARY 188 9. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 190 VII ANNEXES Annex 2-1 Brief description of the El-Salam Canal Project 203 Annex 2-2 Stakeholder Objective Matrices (SOM) 214 Annex 4-1 Water quantity and quality monitoring locations for Hadus drain