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University of Dundee Glacier Change and Glacial Lake Outburst Flood Risk University of Dundee Glacier change and glacial lake outburst flood risk in the Bolivian Andes Cook, Simon; Kougkoulos, Ioannis; Edwards, Laura; Dortch, Jason; Hoffmann, Dirk Published in: Cryosphere DOI: 10.5194/tc-10-2399-2016 Publication date: 2016 Licence: CC BY Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in Discovery Research Portal Citation for published version (APA): Cook, S., Kougkoulos, I., Edwards, L., Dortch, J., & Hoffmann, D. (2016). Glacier change and glacial lake outburst flood risk in the Bolivian Andes. Cryosphere, 10(5), 2399-2413. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2399-2016 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in Discovery Research Portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from Discovery Research Portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain. • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 04. Oct. 2021 The Cryosphere, 10, 2399–2413, 2016 www.the-cryosphere.net/10/2399/2016/ doi:10.5194/tc-10-2399-2016 © Author(s) 2016. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Glacier change and glacial lake outburst flood risk in the Bolivian Andes Simon J. Cook1,2, Ioannis Kougkoulos1,2, Laura A. Edwards2,3, Jason Dortch2,3, and Dirk Hoffmann4 1School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK 2Cryosphere Research at Manchester (CRAM), Oxford Road, Manchester, UK 3Department of Geography, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK 4Bolivian Mountain Institute, Casilla 3-12417, La Paz, Bolivia Correspondence to: Simon J. Cook ([email protected], [email protected]) Received: 1 June 2016 – Published in The Cryosphere Discuss.: 1 July 2016 Revised: 15 September 2016 – Accepted: 26 September 2016 – Published: 20 October 2016 Abstract. Glaciers of the Bolivian Andes represent an im- 1 Introduction portant water resource for Andean cities and mountain com- munities, yet relatively little work has assessed changes in Tropical glaciers are sensitive indicators of climate change their extent over recent decades. In many mountain regions, and provide important information on climatic trends in lo- glacier recession has been accompanied by the develop- cations where meteorological observations are sparse (Kaser, ment of proglacial lakes, which can pose a glacial lake out- 1999; Vuille et al., 2008; Soruco et al., 2009). In this study, burst flood (GLOF) hazard. However, no studies have as- we focus on glacier change in the Bolivian Andes, which sessed the development of such lakes in Bolivia despite re- contain ∼ 20 % of the world’s tropical glaciers (Jordan, 1991, cent GLOF incidents here. Our mapping from satellite im- 1998; Kaser, 1999). Here, glacial meltwater is an important agery reveals an overall areal shrinkage of 228:1 ± 22:8 km2 water resource for major cities, such as La Paz and El Alto, (43.1 %) across the Bolivian Cordillera Oriental between as well as for mountain communities across the region (Ver- 1986 and 2014. Shrinkage was greatest in the Tres Cruces gara et al., 2007; Vuille et al., 2008; Oxfam, 2009; Raba- region (47.3 %), followed by the Cordillera Apolobamba tel et al., 2013; Rangecroft et al., 2013). La Paz and its (43.1 %) and Cordillera Real (41.9 %). A growing number neighbouring city of El Alto are home to ∼ 2.3 million peo- of proglacial lakes have developed as glaciers have receded, ple, and it is estimated that glaciers supply ∼ 15 % of the in accordance with trends in most other deglaciating moun- potable water supply to these areas (Soruco et al., 2015). tain ranges, although the number of ice-contact lakes has de- La Paz, like many Andean cities, derives some of its elec- creased. The reasons for this are unclear, but the pattern of tricity from hydropower generation, which depends to some lake change has varied significantly throughout the study pe- extent on glacial meltwater generation (Painter, 2007). Some riod, suggesting that monitoring of future lake development researchers have expressed concern that power generation is required as ice continues to recede. Ultimately, we use our during the dry season will become unreliable due to low 2014 database of proglacial lakes to assess GLOF risk across water flows (Painter, 2007; Chevallier et al., 2011; Kaenzig, the Bolivian Andes. We identify 25 lakes that pose a potential 2015), although this requires quantitative study. GLOF threat to downstream communities and infrastructure. There is also some evidence that more isolated mountain We suggest that further studies of potential GLOF impacts communities in Bolivia are suffering increasingly from the are urgently required. adverse effects of glacier recession and changing meltwa- ter supply in response to increasing atmospheric temperature (Oxfam, 2009), although it does not yet appear to be a di- rect driver of rural-to-urban migration (Kaenzig, 2015). Bo- livia is the poorest country in South America and hence is very vulnerable to the impacts of climate change (Andersen Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 2400 S. J. Cook et al.: Glacier change and GLOF risk in the Bolivian Andes and Verner, 2009; Winters, 2012). Indeed, it is estimated that concerns that glaciated mountain regions are becoming more only 56 % of Bolivia’s rural population have access to safe hazardous with respect to GLOFs. As yet, however, no study water (Jeschke et al., 2012; Rangecroft et al., 2013), mean- has quantified proglacial lake development in the Bolivian ing that the sustainability of glaciers is a significant concern Andes to assess whether such a trend is prevalent here. Fur- in the broader context of poverty and vulnerability to climate thermore, no studies have assessed the extent to which these change. lakes represent a GLOF threat to downstream communities Despite the regional importance of Bolivian glaciers, re- and infrastructure within Bolivia. search to monitor their extent and response to climate change This study has three primary objectives to address these has been rather limited. Detailed mass balance and mod- shortcomings: (1) to quantify glacier change in recent elling studies have been performed for a few glaciers, such as decades (from 1986 to 2014) across the Bolivian Andes; Zongo Glacier (e.g. Sicart et al., 2011; Réveillet et al., 2015; (2) to evaluate the development of proglacial lakes through Soruco et al., 2015). Other studies have documented the this period; and (3) to provide an initial assessment of demise of Chacaltaya Glacier, which disappeared in 2009 whether any existing proglacial lakes represent a GLOF haz- (Ramirez et al., 2001; Soruco et al., 2015). At a broader scale, ard that may require further monitoring. The time period is Jordan et al. (1980) and Jordan (1991, 1998) developed the chosen based on the availability of satellite imagery, plus a first inventory of glaciers in Bolivia. Soruco et al. (2009) cal- desire to extend the period of observations from previous culated a volumetric reduction of 43 % for 21 glaciers of the work on glacier change in the region – the observations of Cordillera Real over the period 1963–2006 (location shown Soruco et al. (2009) extended to 2006 for the Cordillera Real, in Fig. 1b), whilst Albert et al. (2014) demonstrated that and those of Albert et al. (2014) extended to 2009 for the Tres glaciers of the small range of Tres Cruces had lost approx- Cruces region. The spatial extent of our study is chosen in or- imately half of their surface area between 1975 and 2009 (lo- der to provide a first integrated assessment of glacier change cation shown in Fig. 1b). However, a comprehensive quan- across the whole of the Bolivian Cordillera Oriental. tification of glacier change across the Bolivian Andes has hitherto not been undertaken, and little is known about broad- scale glacier change in the last decade since the 1963–2006 2 Study region and methodology study period of Soruco et al. (2009). A crucial further issue for consideration is the develop- 2.1 Study region ment of potentially dangerous glacial lakes. Glaciers tend to erode subglacial basins and deposit eroded materials around Figure 1 shows a map of Bolivia with the footprint of the their margins as lateral-frontal terminal moraines (Cook and satellite imagery used to map glacier change from 1986 Swift, 2012). Recession into these basins and behind im- to 2014. This study focuses on the glaciated areas of the pounding moraines causes meltwater to pond as proglacial Cordillera Oriental of Bolivia, which itself can be divided and supraglacial lakes (Carrivick and Tweed, 2013; Cook and into a series of ranges. The most significant ice cover is in Quincey, 2015). In many mountain ranges, these lakes repre- the Cordillera Real, in the middle part of our study region, sent a glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) hazard, as moraine and the Cordillera Apolobamba in the north, which strad- dam integrity reduces over time, leading to dam failure, and dles the Bolivia–Peru border. There are a series of smaller as mass movements of ice, snow, and rock from surround- glaciated ranges further to the south of the main glaciated ing valley slopes impact lakes, leading to wave overtopping area of the Cordillera Real (including Huayna Potosí, Mu- of moraine and bedrock dams (Clague and Evans, 2000; rurata, Illimani), and we consider all of these together as Richardson and Reynolds, 2000; Hubbard et al., 2005; Carey the Cordillera Real (after Jordan, 1991, 1998).
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