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MOVILIZACIONES DE MASAS DEL FRANQUISMO Un Espectáculo Al Servicio De La Imagen De Francisco Franco Gorka Zamarreño Aramendia Gorka Zamarreño

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MOVILIZACIONES DE MASAS DEL FRANQUISMO Un Espectáculo Al Servicio De La Imagen De Francisco Franco Gorka Zamarreño Aramendia Gorka Zamarreño 2015 TESIS DOCTORAL MOVILIZACIONES DE MASAS DEL FRANQUISMO Un espectáculo al servicio de la imagen de Francisco Franco Gorka Zamarreño Aramendia Gorka Zamarreño Autor: Gorka Zamarreño Aramendia Director: Javier Ruiz San Miguel Programa de Doctorado: Análisis de los Espectáculos: Puesta en escena, TESIS DOCTORAL códigos audiovisuales y cambio digital. Dpto. de Comunicación Audiovisual y Publicidad Facultad de Ciencias de la Comunicación Universidad de Málaga Año: 2015 TESIS DOCTORAL MOVILIZACIONES DE MASAS DEL FRANQUISMO Un espectáculo al servicio de la imagen de Francisco Franco Autor: Gorka Zamarreño Aramendia Director: Javier Ruiz San Miguel Programa de Doctorado: Análisis de los Espectáculos: Puesta en escena, códigos audiovisuales y cambio digital. Dpto. de Comunicación Audiovisual y Publicidad Facultad de Ciencias de la Comunicación Universidad de Málaga AUTOR: Gorka Zamarreño Aramendia http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1568-4540 EDITA: Publicaciones y Divulgación Científica. Universidad de Málaga Esta obra está bajo una licencia de Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial- SinObraDerivada 4.0 Internacional: Cualquier parte de esta obra se puede reproducir sin autorización pero con el reconocimiento y atribución de los autores. No se puede hacer uso comercial de la obra y no se puede alterar, transformar o hacer obras derivadas. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode Esta Tesis Doctoral está depositada en el Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Málaga (RIUMA): riuma.uma.es Dedicado a mi madre, por haber estado siempre ahí. Agradecimientos A mi mujer, por ayudarme de mil maneras en esta tarea. A mis amigos Javier y su mujer Ana Julia por soportarme y tener tanta paciencia. A Lorena, por muchas cosas, su ayuda y consejos han sido fundamentales. A Mónica por su coraje y compromiso. A Fran, por aclararme los conceptos y ayudarme en el momento crítico. A Sonia y sus correcciones. Y a todos aquellos que han hecho posible esta tesis. INDICE 11 1. INTRODUCCIÓN 12 1.1. Antecedentes de la investigación 13 1.2. Problema de investigación e hipótesis 14 1.3. Justifcación de la investigación 15 1.4. Metodología 15 1.5. Esquema del informe 17 1.6. Defniciones 17 1.6.1. Movilizaciones de masas 17 1.6.2. Espectáculo 18 1.6.3. Ceremonial 18 1.6.4. Dictadura personalista 19 1.6.5. Ritual político 19 1.7. Delimitación de la investigación 20 1.8. Corolario 21 2. METODOLOGÍA 21 2.1. Introducción metodológica 22 2.2. Problemas de investigación e hipótesis 24 2.3. Metodología aplicada 26 2.4. La muestra: eventos y festividades 28 2.5. Ceremonias objeto de estudio 34 2.6. Justifcación de la fcha de análisis 41 3. MARCO CONCEPTUAL 41 3.1. Cuestiones sobre el franquismo ¿Totalitarismo, fascismo o una dictadura personalista? 44 3.1.1. ¿Analogías entre dirigentes? 46 3.1.2. Partidos y organizaciones de derechas durante la II República 51 3.1.3. Elecciones en la II República 54 3.1.4. El componente militar 55 3.1.5. Franco, la peculiaridad del régimen 59 3.1.5.1. Los juicios de Franco 61 3.2. El franquismo como religión de Estado 64 3.2.1. Fascismo a la española 68 3.2.1.1. La fgura de José Antonio 70 3.2.2. Clerofascismo 76 3.2.2.1. Los felices sesenta 77 3.3. La coacción de las masas 79 3.3.1. Control sobre los medios y el encuadramiento 86 3.3.2. Tendencia 87 3.3.3. Voluntad de hegemonía 90 3.4. Arte y Estado en el franquismo. Una relación necesaria 93 3.4.1. Actos políticos 94 3.4.2. Funciones política y social del arte 96 3.4.3. Arquitectura 99 3.4.4. Arte efímero 102 3.5. Organización y mecanismos de control 102 3.5.1. Servicio Nacional de Prensa y Propaganda 106 3.5.2. El Departamento de Plástica 116 3.5.2.1. Arias Salgado 119 3.6. Marco conceptual de los elementos de las movilizaciones de masas 122 3.6.1. Las necesarias festividades 126 3.6.2. Los emplazamientos para las celebraciones 126 3.6.2.1. Zonas urbanas abiertas 130 3.6.2.2. Edifcios 133 3.6.3. Elementos arquitectónicos efímeros 136 3.6.3.1. Arcos del triunfo y tribunas 144 3.6.3.2. Altares y cruces 148 3.6.4. Decoración propagandística 151 3.6.4.1. Imágenes del dictador 160 3.6.4.2. Banderas, guías y escudos 162 3.6.4.2.1. Restauración de la bandera monárquica 166 3.6.4.2.2. La enseña falangista 169 3.6.4.2.3. Un nuevo escudo 172 3.6.4.2.4. Víctor, estandarte, guión y escudo 174 3.6.4.3. Elementos religiosos 180 3.6.5. Música, gritos y consignas 184 3.6.5.1. Los himnos 188 3.6.5.2. Otras músicas 190 3.6.5.3. Gritos y consignas 192 3.6.6. Vestimenta 193 3.6.6.1. Uniformidad militar 195 3.6.6.2. Uniformidad de la falange 197 3.6.6.3. Uniformidad de la Sección Femenina 199 3.6.6.4. Otras uniformidades 201 4. ANALISIS DE EVENTOS 201 4.1. Celebrando la Victoria 203 4.1.1. Día elegido: 19 de mayo 205 4.1.2. Madrid 210 4.1.3. Entronización del Caudillo 212 4.1.4. Rito propiciatorio 214 4.2. Traslado de los restos de Primo de Rivera 217 4.2.1. Ceremonia espectacular 219 4.2.2. Prensa 222 4.2.3. Funerales y peregrinación 228 4.2.4. Llegada a El Escorial 232 4.2.5. Remate fnal 235 4.3. Evita, que venga 237 4.3.1. Primeras ayudas 240 4.3.2. Rumbo a España 243 4.3.3. En el Palacio de Oriente 248 4.3.4. En tierras castellanas 251 4.3.5. Gira por las provincias 253 4.3.6. Barcelona 263 4.3.7. Más allá de 1947 265 4.4. La Iglesia apoya al régimen. XXXV Congreso Eucarístico Internacional 267 4.4.1. Tensiones obreras 270 4.4.2. Preparativos y comienzo de los actos 272 4.4.3. Llega el Legado Papal 276 4.4.4. Llega el Caudillo 282 4.4.5. Un largo fn de semana 285 4.4.6. Más allá de 1953 288 4.5. Por fn, el amigo americano 288 4.5.1. Recibimiento y desfle triunfal 301 4.5.2. Cena de gala en el Palacio de Oriente 303 4.5.3. El Hilton, base de la prensa 304 4.5.4. Desayuno y encuentro privado 309 4.4.5. Imagen para la posteridad 313 4.6. Al fn, la Paz 318 4.6.1. Bombardeo propagandístico 322 4.6.2. Comienzan los eventos 324 4.6.3. Un mayo signifcativo 327 4.6.3.1 Desfle de la Victoria (de la Paz) 331 4.6.4. Actos conmemorativos 335 4.7. Matriz de analisis de las movilizaciones de masas 337 5. CONCLUSIONES 345 5.1. Limitaciones de la investigación 349 BIBLIOGRAFÍA ANEXO I ANEXO II El franquismo era feísimo; daba la impresión de que a todo el mundo le olían los calcetines. Manuel Vázquez Montalbán Introducción 11 1. INTRODUCCIÓN La presente investigación se centra en el análisis de las ceremonias de masas celebradas durante la dictadura franquista en España. Dentro de este análisis, se tendrán en cuenta los elementos más importantes y defnitorios de los eventos que marcaron el lenguaje audiovisual de los años de gobierno de Franco entre 1939 y 1975. El documento es un recorrido historiográfco en torno a la comunica- ción del régimen dictatorial español a través de una serie de grandes eventos organizados por las estructuras del poder franquista. Se han escogido aquellos que vertebran la imagen de la dictadura a lo largo de más de tres décadas. Las ceremonias de masas organizadas por Franco y sus correligio- narios conformaron una impresionante y sorprendente imagen de un régimen que era capaz de hacer olvidar el hambre y la miseria que se vivía en el país en momentos concretos como la visita de mandatarios internacionales o eventos religiosos. Estas concentraciones ceremo- niales, que reunían a miles de personas, se valían de gran cantidad de elementos para hacer más grandilocuente la imagen de un régi- men personalista. Se trata, además, de una investigación útil y novedosa puesto que arroja luz sobre ciertos elementos –que más adelante se desarrollan en el cuerpo de la tesis– utilizados en la organización de eventos de masas que ayudaron a la dictadura franquista a mantener una imagen cargada de simbolismo de cara al pueblo. Una imagen, como se verá, especialmente estudiada y centrada en la personalización del dicta- dor y sus estructuras sociales, religiosas, militares y paramilitares, así como en la política falangista. Esta tesis profundiza en la utilización de elementos que permitieron poner en valor los distintos espacios durante las celebraciones de ma- sas. Es decir, aquellas imágenes, sonidos, iluminaciones, etc… que dotaban de un sentido propio al discurso de dichos eventos. 12 Movilizaciones de masas del franquismo La conclusión general de este documento científco es que las cere- monias de masas celebradas durante la dictadura franquista en Espa- ña se organizaron acorde a una serie de elementos similares que se asemejan entre sí, por lo que se mantuvo un discurso megalómano y kitsch a lo largo de los más de 36 años de régimen dictatorial de Francisco Franco. 1.1. Antecedentes de la investigación El fenómeno de las movilizaciones de masas del franquismo hay que abordarlo necesariamente desde una perspectiva temporal y de re- lación determinada. Por lo que se refere al primero de los aspectos, el espacial, hay que señalar que esta investigación se circunscribe al ámbito español, lo cual no es óbice para que, en determinados mo- mentos de la investigación, se aluda a ámbitos espaciales de carácter internacional (principalmente la Italia fascista y la Alemania nazi) o local, con el fn de obtener una visión más amplia y precisa del objeto de investigación en términos comparativos.
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