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African Slavery and the Impact of the Haitian Revolution in Bourbon New Spain: Empire- Building in the Atlantic Age of Revolution, 1750-1808

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African Slavery and the Impact of the Haitian Revolution in Bourbon New Spain: Empire- Building in the Atlantic Age of Revolution, 1750-1808 African Slavery and the Impact of the Haitian Revolution in Bourbon New Spain: Empire- Building in the Atlantic Age of Revolution, 1750-1808 Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Garcia, Octavio Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 06/10/2021 11:28:48 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/565893 AFRICAN SLAVERY AND THE IMPACT OF THE HAITIAN REVOLUTION IN BOURBON NEW SPAIN: EMPIRE-BUILDING IN THE ATLANTIC AGE OF REVOLUTION, 1750-1808 by Octavio García __________________________ Copyright © Octavio García 2015 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2015 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Octavio García, titled African Slavery and the Impact of the Haitian Revolution in Bourbon New Spain: Empire-Building in the Atlantic Age of Revolution, 1750-1808 and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. _______________________________________________________________________ Date: Kevin Gosner _______________________________________________________________________ Date: B.J. Barickman _______________________________________________________________________ Date: Martha Few Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. ________________________________________________ Date: Dissertation Director: Kevin Gosner 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that an accurate acknowledgement of the source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: Octavio García 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am thankful for the training I received from my professors and peers through discussions and sharing of ideas and materials. My advisor, Kevin Gosner, provided me with intellectual insights and patience that formed much of this dissertation. I always enjoyed our conversations. The expertise of professors B.J. Barickman, Martha Few, Richard Eaton, Fabio Lanza, William Beezley, and Farzin Vejdani provided me with important critiques and different ways of understanding the past. I am thankful to have worked with them. Exchanging ideas and experiences with my peers and friends made my journey through the doctoral program fun. We shared these exchanges in our courses, seminar, class we taught, the T.A. office, lunches, and happy hours, usually at No Anchovies. I would like to thank in no particular order Mariano García Soto, Carolina Rojas Mendoza, Luis Coronado Guel, Seidy Domínguez Wong, Scott Sawyer, Peter Shin, Mary Kovel, Adrián Arroyo, Ricardo Palos, Omar Félix, Sarah Howard, Peter Soland, Anna Alexander, Ryan Alexander, Tyler Ralston, Matthew Furlong, Matthew Coleman, Patrick Meeks, Robert Scott, Vikas Rathee, Paul Barbone, Max Mangraviti, Kelly Merriam- Castro, Lisa Munro, Cristina Urías-Espinoza, David Wysocki, Henry Kim, and Adrián Mendoza. Gabriela Sanchez, Raúl Celis, Russell Sheptak, Walter Brem, and Rosemary Joyce gave me hospitality and support during my research at the University of California, Berkeley. Thank you for your generosity. I would like to thank the U.S. Department of Education, the University of Minnesota Program for Cultural Cooperation, The University of Arizona Tinker Research Grant, the SBSRI graduate grants, the Graduate College Diversity Fellowship, and the GPSC travel grants whose financial support made possible my completion of the PhD. My neighbors at Civano made living in Tucson an enjoyable experience. I would like to especially thank Ron and Patty Canady. Krista and Bill Gray were great neighbors and took care, with much love, of my beautiful daughter, Sofia. I am eternally thankful for the sacrifices my parents made leaving behind their families, culture, and the world they knew in Mexico to move to the United States in search of opportunities for their children. They showed me hard work, sacrifice, and discipline. I am also thankful for the companionship of my brother, sister, and nephews, who made me laugh. Finally, and definitely not the least, this dissertation would never have been written without the backing and love of my beautiful wife and daughter. Their patience and emotional support helped me through the challenges of finishing a doctoral program. We laughed, cried, and fought our way through this incredible experience. 5 DEDICATION To my wife and daughter 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures……………………………………………………………………………. 7 List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………….. 8 Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………... 9 Introduction, The Bourbon Reforms in New Spain from the Black Perspective……………………... 10 Chapter 1, The Historical Context……………………………………………………...................... 39 Chapter 2, Slaves in the Presence of the State: Litigation in Late Colonial New Spain…………… 67 Chapter 3, Families of Slaves and an Empire of Families: The Father King and his Subjects…… 128 Chapter 4, Runaways, Frontiers, and Imperial Stakes…………………………………………….. 177 Chapter 5, Living and Defending the Empire: Black Soldiers and their Father King…………….. 248 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………….. 305 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………... 315 7 LIST OF FIGURES Map 1. The Kingdom of New Spain, 1810……………………………………………....16 Map 2. The North American part of New Spain, 1821…………………………………..17 Map 3. Central America from Yucatán to Cartagena, 1823……………………………..18 Map 4. Lago Itza Petén, 1740…………………………………………………………..205 Map 5. The Caribbean Coasts of Belize, Guatemala, and Honduras, 1783…………….208 Map 6. Map of the Yucatán Peninsula showing the Mosquito Coast, 1785…………....211 Map 7. Yucatán, Petén, and Guatemala following the 1783 Peace of Paris…………...215 Figure 1. White and Black Officers and Soldiers from the Veracruz Militia, 1767…....278 Figure 2. Infantry Regiment of Pardos from Yucatán, 1767…………………………...280 Figure 3. Soldier from the Regiment of Pardos in Mexico, 1767……………………...283 Figure 4. A General Summary of the State of the Pardo Militias in Campeche, 1785...291 Figure 5. The Genealogical Tree from the Investigation of Don Manuel José Ibarra’s Family…………………………………………………………………………………..300 8 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Spanish Importation of Slaves, 1501-1700 (Only Disembarked Counted)….....46 Table 2. Bourbon Importations of Slaves, 1700-1821 (Only Disembarked Counted)......46 Table 3. Slave Traders to Spanish America, 1700-1821 (Only Disembarked Counted)...48 Table 4, Part 1. Place of Embarkation of Slaves from Africa to Spanish-America, 1700- 1821 (Only Disembarked Counted)……………………………………………………...48 Table 4, Part 2. Place of Embarkation of Slaves from Africa to Spanish-America, 1700- 1821 (Only Disembarked Counted)……………………………………………………...49 Table 5. Slave Population at the Royal Fort of Omoa by Sex, Marital Status, Average Household Size, and Deceased, 1777…………………………………………………..139 Graph 1. Slave Population at the Royal Fort of Omoa…………………………………139 Table 6. Slave Population at Omoa by Sex, Marital Status, and Average Household Size, 1803……………………………………………………………………………………..150 Graph 2. Slave Population at the Royal Fort of Omoa, 1803…………………………..151 Table 7. Slave Population by Sex, Marital Status, and Average Household Size at Omoa, 1809……………………………………………………………………………………..151 Table 8. Rations and Money Received by the Slave Households at Omoa, 1809……...152 Table 9. Slave Manumissions at Omoa, 1808, 1809, and 1810………………………...152 Graph 3. Slave Population at the Royal Fort of Omoa, 1810…………………………..153 Table 10. Slave Population by Sex, Marital Status, and Average Household Size at Omoa, 1810……………………………………………………………………………..153 Table 11. Mulatto Militias in the Kingdom of Guatemala, 1768……………………….257 9 ABSTRACT This dissertation examines the ways that slaves and free blacks participated in and shaped the Bourbon Reforms in New Spain (Mexico and Central America) during the period of 1750-1808. By framing the Bourbon Reforms in this part of the Americas through an Atlantic World perspective, centered on the importance of slavery to European empire-building efforts in the eighteenth century, this dissertation argues that the politics of difference was vital to these imperial ambitions even in places where the slave population was relatively small. In the context of the slave and free black populations, the Spanish Empire determined its politics of difference on prejudices against blacks informed by skin color. Slaves and free blacks, nonetheless, actively participated in Bourbon imperial projects through litigation,
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