Pitch Control, Wood Resin and Deresination Ernst L. Black and Lawrence H. Allen, Editors
Item Number 0102B067 ISBN: 0-89852-519-5 392 pages, hard cover.
This new textbook covers all aspects of wood resin, with special emphasis on its effects on the manufacture of pulp, paper, and board. This unique book reviews present knowledge of wood resin, deresination, and pitch control in pulp and paper mills, and describes the effects of wood resin on the properties of paper.
Table of Contents
Scope...... iii List of Authors...... iv Acknowledgements ...... v Preface A: Definitions of wood resin and its components ...... vii Preface B: The variability of wood resin ...... xii Table of Contents ...... xv
Part 1: FUNDAMENTALS Chapter 1: The locations and morphology of resin components in the wood ...... 1 by Ernst L. Black Resin canals and canal resin...... 2 Canal resin in softwoods ...... 3 Canal resin in hardwoods...... 10 Parenchyma cells and parenchyma resin ...... 11 Softwood parenchyma...... 15 Hardwood parenchyma ...... 17 Heartwood formation and heartwood resin ...... 19 Heartwood in softwoods ...... 22 Heartwood in softwoods ...... 23 Resin in bark...... 26 Latex cells and oil cells...... 27 Further reading and suggestions...... 27
Chapter 2: The chemistry of wood resin...... 37 By Rainer Ekman and Bjarne Holmbom Wood sampling and extraction ...... 37 Softwood resin...... 39 Scots pine and Norway spruce...... 43 Other softwoods ...... 50 Hardwood resin...... 57 Silver birch and quaking aspen ...... 59 Other hardwoods...... 63 Some trends ...... 64 Canal resin ...... 64 Parenchyma resin...... 65 Wood resin analysis ...... 65
Chapter 3: Volatile terpenes emitted to air ...... 77 by Ann-Margaret Strömvall and Göran Petersson Terpene Compounds...... 77
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Monoterpenes...... 77 Sesquiterpenes...... 78 Terpenoids...... 79 Terpenes in conifers ...... 79 Biosynthesis of terpenes ...... 79 Monoterpene content in conifer wood and the yield of turpentine ...... 80 Composition of monoterpenes in conifers...... 80 Monoterpenes in Norway spruce and Scots pine...... 80 Sesquiterpenes in conifers ...... 81 Biogenic terpenes in ambient air ...... 82 Terpenes from conifers ...... 82 Terpenes for defense and in response to air pollutants...... 83 Ecological aspects of conifer terpenes...... 83 Photooxidants from terpene emissions ...... 83 Formation of photooxidants...... 83 Phytotoxic photooxidants from terpenes ...... 84 Reactivity of terpenes in air ...... 85 Analytical methods for terpenes in air ...... 86 Overview of man-made terpene emissions ...... 87 Formation of photooxidants in emission plumes from forestry...... 87 Formation of photooxidants in emission plumes from pulp mills...... 88 Terpenes from forestry ...... 88 Prevention of photooxidant problems...... 89 Terpenes emitted to air from pulp mills ...... 89 Terpene emissions from industrial barking ...... 89 Storage of roundwood and chips...... 90 Terpenes from the kraft pulp process...... 90 Terpenes from the sulfite process ...... 92 Terpenes from mechanical pulp mills...... 93
Chapter 4: Resin in tropical hardwoods ...... 101 by Ernst Black General features...... 101 The Dipterocarpaceae - A family with resin canals ...... 104 The exudate damar ...... 105 Parenchyma resinand heartwood phenols...... 110 Total resin in wood and pulp ...... 112 Other pulpwoods with resin canals...... 115 Pulpwoods with oil cells...... 116 Pulpwoods with polyisoprenes and lacticifers ...... 117 Reactive phenols ...... 121 Resin content in wood and pulps...... 128 Pulping, deresination, and pitch control ...... 129 Some planted species ...... 131
Chapter 5: Physico-chemical properties and surfactant behavior...... 139 by Göran Ström Physical properties of resin components...... 139 Solubilities of fatty and resin acid soaps ...... 140 Hydrophodicity...... 141 Amphiphiles and self-association ...... 141 Micelles and liquid crystals ...... 141 Precipitation of liquid crystals and metal soaps...... 145 Solubilization...... 146
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Chapter 6: Resin in suspensions and mechanisms of its deposition ...... 151 by Ernst L. Black Formation of colloidal resin dispersions ...... 152 Aqueous solubility of resin components ...... 153 Stability of colloidal resin dispersions...... 156 Chemical environment...... 161 Reactivity with solid surfaces...... 165 Deposition from pulp suspensions...... 170 Deposition from white water ...... 175 Deposition from paper webs...... 175 Evaluation of the deposition tendency...... 177
PART 2: RESIN IN PULP AND PAPER PRODUCTION Chapter 7: Resin during storage and in biological treatment...... 185 by Rainer Ekman Softwood resin and its changes during wood storage...... 186 Spruce wood resin...... 186 Pine wood resin...... 191 Hardwood resin and its changes during wood storage ...... 195 Aspen wood resin...... 196 Birch wood resin...... 191 Resin during biological treatment of wood and pulp...... 198 Treatment of chips with fungi ...... 198 Treatment of pulp with enzymes ...... 200
Chapter 8: Deresination in pulping and washing...... 205 by Ernst L. Black Debarking ...... 205 Chip handling...... 206 Kraft pulping...... 207 Reactions of resin components ...... 207 Tall oil and other additives...... 211 Kraft pulp washing ...... 212 Displacement of the black liquor and early washing ...... 212 Final washing, calcium ions and pH...... 216 Composition of residual resin ...... 218 Washing with bleach plant filtrates (white waters) ...... 220 Washing equipment...... 221 Sulfite pulping and washing...... 222 Mechanical deresination of pulp...... 224 Deresination of filtrates and white waters...... 225
Chapter 9: Resin reactions and deresination in bleaching...... 231 by Bjarne Holmbom Reactions of resin components in various bleaching stages ...... 231 Oxygen ...... 232 Chlorine ...... 232 Chlorine dioxide...... 233 Peroxide ...... 234 Ozone ...... 235 Alkaline extraction ...... 235 Enzymes and miscellaneous chemicals...... 236 Deresination and pitch control in bleaching of chemical pulps...... 236 Deresination of mechanical pulps...... 240
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Deresination of chemimechanical pulps...... 241
Chapter 10: Resinous compounds in effluents from pulp mills...... 245 by Roland Mörck, Marianne Björklund Jansson and Olof Dahlman Bleached kraft mill effluents...... 245 Compounds identified...... 245 Effects of process modifications...... 249 Effects of secondary effluent treatment...... 250 Unbleached kraft mill effluents ...... 252 Compounds identified...... 252 Sulfite mill effluents...... 252 Compounds identified...... 253 Effluents from mechanical pulping...... 253 Compounds identified...... 254 Effects of peroxide bleaching ...... 255 Effects of biological effluent treatment ...... 255
Chapter 11: Pitch control in pulp mills...... 265 by Lawrence H. Allen Kraft pulp mills ...... 266 Seasoning of wood...... 268 Bark removal ...... 268 Cooking ...... 269 Foam control...... 271 Brownstock washing...... 272 Unbleached screening and cleaning ...... 274 Bleaching...... 277 Pulp machine...... 279 Sulfite pulp mills...... 280 Mechanical pulp mills ...... 281 Pitch control with alum in newsprint and specialty mills using mechanical pulps ...... 282 Pitch control with retention aids...... 284
Chapter 12: Analysis of resin deposits ...... 289 by Bruce Sitholé Sampling and procurement of deposit samples ...... 289 Spot tests...... 291 Qualitative analysis...... 294 Microscopy ...... 294 Infrared spectroscopy...... 294 Solubility ...... 295 Thin layer chromatography...... 295 Pyrolysis gas chromatography ...... 296 Quantitative analysis ...... 296 Gravimetry ...... 296 Solvent extraction...... 297 Molecular spectroscopy...... 298 Column chromatography and solid phase extraction...... 299 Gas chromatography and/or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry...... 300 Size-exclusion chromatography ...... 301 Pyrolysis gas chromatography ...... 301 Other analytical techniques ...... 302 Examples of analysis of mill pitch deposits ...... 302 Deposits from a fine paper mill...... 302
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Deposits from a fine paper converting grade mill...... 302 Spots and holes on newsprint ...... 302 Flakes on a dryer roll in a paper mill ...... 303 White pitch deposits ...... 303 Specks in paperboard ...... 303 Cratering in "blown vinyl" wallpaper ...... 304
Chapter 13: Pitch control in paper mills ...... 307 by Lawrence H. Allen Key factors for pitch control ...... 308 Analysis of pitch problems...... 310 Methods of pitch control ...... 313 A. Process conditions ...... 313 Entire system...... 313 Stock preparation ...... 318 Screening and cleaning of paper machine stock ...... 319 Forming fabrics...... 319 Press section ...... 319 Recycling of coated broke ...... 319 B. Additives...... 320 Dispersants...... 320 Retention aids...... 322 Alum ...... 323 Fabric treatments...... 323 Talc...... 324 Felt cleaning formulations ...... 324
Chapter 14: Contaminants depositing from recycled papers...... 329 by Bruce Sitholé Problems attributed to the use of recovered fibers...... 329 Characterization and classification of contaminants ...... 331 Contaminants due to microbiological organisms...... 332 Contaminants caused by metal ions ...... 332 Impact of system closure on contaminants ...... 333 Analysis of deposits and contaminants ...... 333 Solutions ...... 334 Use of good quality furnish...... 334 Removal of contaminants in the recycled pulp or mill system ...... 335 Control of microbiological growths and slime deposits ...... 339
PART 3: RESIN IN PRODUCTS Chapter 15: Effect of wood resin on paper properties ...... 343 by Ernst L. Black, Marianne Björklund Jansson, Ann-Therese Karlberg, and Nils-Olof Nilvebrant Strength properties ...... 343 Redistribution of resin components during storage...... 346 Wettability, surface inactivation, and printability...... 348 Paper-to-paper and paper-to-metal friction ...... 350 Estimation and identification of specks in paper ...... 352 Color and brightness reversion due to extractives ...... 353 Influence on pulp and paper odor...... 354 Resin acids as contact allergens...... 355
Chapter 16: Effect of wood resin on timber and building boards ...... 363 by Ernst L. Black, Ingvar Johansson, Ralph Nussbaum, and Brigit Östman
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Resin exudates from knots and resin pockets...... 363 Surface inactivation-glueability and paintability...... 364 Inactivation mechanisms ...... 364 Effects on glueability and paintability, time dependence...... 366 Methods for surface activation ...... 367 Mold and fungal resistance...... 368 Dimensional stability and creep...... 372 Ignitability and other fire properties ...... 375 Emissions of volatile components ...... 376 Volatile wood resin components...... 376 Indoor environment...... 378 Emission from processing ...... 379 Treatments available for process gases ...... 381 Wet and dry process building boards ...... 382
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