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Vegetable Oil Based Eco-Friendly Coating Materials: a Review Article

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Vegetable Oil Based Eco-Friendly Coating Materials: a Review Article Arabian Journal of Chemistry (2014) xxx, xxx–xxx King Saud University Arabian Journal of Chemistry www.ksu.edu.sa www.sciencedirect.com REVIEW Vegetable oil based eco-friendly coating materials: A review article Manawwer Alam a,*,1, Deewan Akram b,c,1, Eram Sharmin c,d,1, Fahmina Zafar c,e,1, Sharif Ahmad c a Research Centre-College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia b Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, P.O. Box 2097, Jazan, Saudi Arabia c Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110 025, India d Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah Al-Mukarramah, PO Box 715, Postal Code: 21955, Saudi Arabia e Inorganic Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110 025, India Received 27 August 2013; accepted 21 December 2013 KEYWORDS Abstract Vegetable oils (VO) constitute the single, largest, easily available, low cost, non-toxic, Vegetable oils; non-depletable, biodegradable family yielding materials that are capable of competing with fossil Eco-friendly; fuel derived petro-based products. The outstanding feature of VO is their unique chemical structure Coatings; with to unsaturation sites, epoxies, hydroxyls, esters and other functional groups along with inher- Renewable resources. ent fluidity characteristics. These enable them to undergo various chemical transformations produc- ing low molecular weight polymeric materials with versatile applications, particularly as chief ingredients in paints and coatings. In this manuscript, we have briefly described important VO derived materials such as alkyds, polyesteramides, polyetheramides, polyurethanes, epoxies, poly- ols, along with their preparation and applications as protective coatings. A small portion of the review is also dedicated to the future perspectives in the field. Inspite of their extensive utilization Abbreviations : ASO, Annona squamosa; BPA, bisphenol A; BMF, butylated melamine formaldehyde; CO, castor oil; CCO, coconut oil; DI, drying index; DSC, differential scanning calorimetry; FTIR, Fourier transform infrared; Tg, glass transition temperature; HYP, hyperbranched; IPN, interpenetrating polymer networks; IV, iodine value; LO, linseed oil; MFO, Mesua ferrea L. seed oil; MW, microwave; NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance; PAO, palm oil; PEA, polyesteramides; PEtA, polyetheramides; PU, polyurethanes; PGO, Pongamia glabra; RSO, rubber seed oil; SO, soybean oil; St, styrene; TDI, toluylene 2,4-diisocyanate; TGA, thermogravimetric analysis; VO, vegetable oils; VRO, vernonia; VOC, volatile organic contents; WB, waterborne. * Corresponding author. Tel.: +966 554738803. E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Alam). 1 Authors have equal contribution in the manuscript. Peer review under responsibility of King Saud University. Production and hosting by Elsevier 1878-5352 Crown Copyright ª 2014 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.12.023 Please cite this article in press as: Alam, M. et al., Vegetable oil based eco-friendly coating materials: A review article. Arabian Journal of Chemistry (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.12.023 2 M. Alam et al. in the world of coatings, literature survey revealed that in the past (from 1990s to date) no review has come up describing the chemistry and applications of VO polymer based coating materials. Crown Copyright ª 2014 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Introduction . 00 2. VO in coatings . 00 2.1. VO as corrosion inhibitors. 00 2.2. VO as polymeric coatings . 00 2.2.1. Alkyds . 00 2.2.2. Polyesteramides [PEA] . 00 2.2.3. Polyetheramides [PEtA] . 00 2.2.4. Polyurethanes [PU]. 00 2.2.5. Epoxies . 00 2.2.6. Polyols . 00 3. Future perspectives . 00 4. Summary . 00 Acknowledgements. 00 References. 00 1. Introduction preceeding sections, we have described some important VO polymeric materials (alkyds, polyesteramides, polyethera- The consumer and industrial interests in the development of mides, polyurethanes, epoxies and polyols) with special eco-friendly materials have catapulted the environmentally be- emphasis on their use as protective coatings. nign agricultural resources as feedstocks of the polymer indus- 2. VO in coatings try. Today, due to interdisciplinary approaches through research and technological innovations in oleo-chemistry, bio- sciences, biotechnology and engineering, it is possible to design VO and their derivatives find applications in coatings owing to eco-friendly specialty chemicals from nature’s abundant renew- their unique structural attributes. The preceeding sections able resources. Polymers are obtained from renewable re- describe briefly the role of VO as corrosion inhibitors and sources such as starch, lignin, protein, cellulose, chitosan, polymeric binders in coatings. shellac, rosin, polyhydroxyalkanoates, furanone, alginate, wool 2.1. VO as corrosion inhibitors fibres and vegetable oils [VO]. They find innumerable industrial applications such as plasticizers, biodiesel, lubricants, adhe- sives, biodegradable packaging materials, printing inks, paints Besides their use in coatings and paints as binders, VO and and coatings. VO are non-toxic, non-depletable, domestically plant extracts have also been used as natural corrosion inhibi- abundant, non-volatile and biodegradable resource. They yield tors. An excellent review in this regard has been compiled by polymers capable of competing with fossil fuel derived petro- Raja and Sethuraman (2008). Srivastava and Sathiyanathan based products. Such polymers find applications in the develop- et al. have also reported the use of Ricinus communis or castor ment of paints and coatings, besides their other industrial appli- oil [CO] for corrosion inhibition of steel in acid media (Srivast- cations (Dutton and Scholfield, 1963; Wisniak, 1977; Baumann ava and Srivastava, 1981; Sathiyanathan et al., 2005). Pongami- et al., 1988; Schuchardt et al., 1998; Lu and Larock, 2009; Xia a glabra [PGO] and Annona squamosa [ASO] have shown and Larock, 2010; Salimon et al., 2012). corrosion inhibition for steel in acid media (Raja and Sethur- VO were used as the primary constituent in paints and coat- aman, 2008). A recent review has also appeared on the use of ings even during the days of cave paintings. Today, due to sev- VO and other extracts for corrosion inhibition (Dar, 2011). Ex- eral environmental and health hazards cropping up from fossil tracts from leaves and VO from seeds of several edible and fuel derived products, and fear of depletion of petroleum re- medicinal plants have also been employed for anticorrosion sources by the end of 21st century, the polymer chemists and behavior against alkaline and acid media as well as chloride technologists have reverted to the extensive utilization of VO ions (Dar, 2011; Lahhit et al., 2011). Here, the anticorrosion derived materials in paints and coatings. Several VO based activity is attributed to the presence of heterocyclic constituents materials have been developed and are tailor made for various such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, cellulose, and others. end use applications. The area holds immense potential and 2.2. VO as polymeric coatings significance globally. Literature survey reveals that VO have enormous potential, significance and applications in the world of coatings. However, inspite of this, in the recent past no re- Natural VO are triacylglycerols of fatty acids. They contain view has come up describing the chemistry and applications of suitable functionalities in their backbone such as double VO and polymers based thereupon as coating materials. In the bonds, epoxies, hydroxyls, esters and other functional groups Please cite this article in press as: Alam, M. et al., Vegetable oil based eco-friendly coating materials: A review article. Arabian Journal of Chemistry (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.12.023 Vegetable oil based eco-friendly coating materials 3 that can undergo several chemical reactions. One such example form them as film formers (contrary to drying or semi-drying is drying of VO, which in general, occurs as a natural phenom- VO, where drying occurs as a natural phenomenon). In fully enon in VO that are termed as ‘‘drying oils’’. VO have the ten- saturated fatty triesters, methylene group a-orb- to the ester dency to dry or form films in their virgin forms; this behavior is link can form hydroperoxide by oxidation. However, it is a directly related to their fatty acid composition. Drying is an very slow and insignificant reaction for film formation, though inherent characteristic of VO, and depends upon their unsatu- it may serve as a potential point of reaction for film degrada- rated portion, i.e., the number of carbon–carbon double bonds tion or breakdown. Drying VO can react with atmospheric (iodine value or drying index), their conjugation or nonconju- oxygen to form polymeric materials with crosslinked structures gation and the geometrical arrangement of the substituents (Meir et al., 2007; Lu and Larock, 2009). The oxidation of dry- about the double bonds, i.e., cis or trans (Lu and Larock, ing VO by air involves hydrogen abstraction from a bisallylic 2009; Meir et al., 2007). Usually, drying or semi-drying VO group between two double bonds in a polyunsaturated fatty are used in surface coatings. Non-drying VO may also be uti- acid chain. The reaction leads to peroxidation, perepoxidation, lized for
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