Review Tea Seed Oil: Extraction, Compositions, Applications
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Academia Journal of Medicinal Plants 1(4): 068-079, April 2013 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15413/ajmp.2012.0113 ISSN: 2315-7720 ©2013 Academia Publishing Review Tea seed oil: Extraction, compositions, applications, functional and antioxidant properties Accepted 5th February, 2013 ABSTRACT The beverage tea plant is mainly cultivated for its prolific vegetative growth. Tea plant produced large amounts of oil (30-32%) moreover; its seeds act as functional product with various applications. This oil is one of the important vegetable oils because of the high unsaturated fatty acids, especially essential linoleic acid and low content of saturated fat. The oil of tea seed also lower blood pressure and cholesterol level, and has functional effects against several degenerative pathologies, including cardiovascular diseases and cancers. Tea seed Mohammad Ali Sahari* and Mojtaba oil is a high quality cooking oil, like olive oil; it has an excellent storage quality due Amooi to a high content of polyphenols as antioxidant agents. Tea seed oil also is a good Department of Food Technology, raw material for producing cocoa butter equivalent and margarine. Several studies Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat have been developed on tea seed oil extraction, compositions, technical properties, Modares University, Tehran, Iran. and its application in food products which will be reviewed in this article. *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: +98-21- Key words: Tea seed oil, Oil extraction, Compositions, Applications, Functional and 48292328. Fax: +98-21-48292200 antioxidant properties INTRODUCTION In some countries where Camellia tea seed oil is abundantly applied as a medicine for stomach ache and burning available, it has been accepted as edible oil (Fazel et al., injuries in China. Lee et al. (2007) indicated that saponin in 2008; Sahari et al., 2004). Tea seed oil also has acceptable tea seed could lower the serum levels of cholesterol, organoleptic characteristics, which make it useful as a salad triglycerides, and low density-lipoprotein in rats (Lee and oil without any undesirable taste and flavor (Fazel et al., Yen, 2006; Lee et al., 2007). Tea seed oil is reputed to lower 2009). Tea seed oil is a natural, non-chemical-fertilizer, blood pressure and cholesterol level, to have a high content non-pesticide, and healthy edible oil and called "the eastern of antioxidants (polyphenols, carotenoids and vitamin E), olive oil". Besides its similarly with the composition of and to be a rich source of emollients for skin care, and to aliphatic acid and structure of triolein, it has some special minimize signs of aging (Fazel et al., 2008; Fattahi-far et al., bioactive compounds, which do not exist in olive oil, such as 2006). The formation of intercellular reactive oxygen tea poly-phenol, tea glycoside, and tea saponin (Shan and species (ROS), inhibit low density lipoprotein (LDL) Ting-Yu, 2005). oxidation, and protect lymphocytes against H2O2-induced Fatty acid (FA) composition of oil is very important from genetic injury could be reduced by the methanol extracts of both nutritional and medical viewpoints. The major FA of tea seed oil (METSO) (Lee et al., 2007). this oil were oleic (C18:1), linoleic (C18:2), palmitic Tea oil is a good raw material for industrial use and is (C16:0), and stearic (C18:0) acids (He et al., 2011). The used in manufacturing of soap, margarine, hair oil, linoleic acid is an essential component of human diet lubricants, and paint, and also in the synthesis of other (Chunhua et al., 1986). Tea seed oil was also traditionally high-molecular weight compounds and rustproof oil (Rajaei Academia Journal of Medicinal Plants; Sahari and Amooi 069 et al., 2005). Some farmers in China and Japan plant Twisselmann extraction apparatus. After extraction, the Camellia japonica, Camellia sasanqua, and Camellia oleifera solvent was evaporated and the extract was dried at 103°C primarily for their edible oils (Sahari et al., 2004). Like to remove residual solvent, cooled for 30 min in a other genera of Camellia (from Theaceae family), the tea desiccator, and then weighed. This procedure was repeated plant (C. sinensis) produces large oily seeds (Fazel et al., until a constant extract weight was obtained (Rajaei et al., 2008; Sahari et al., 2004). The kernels, which make up 2005). about 70% of the tea seed weight, are rich in oil (Chunhua Tea seed oil extracted with the supercritical CO2, et al., 1986). Tea seed oil is a high quality cooking oil, like microwave, and ultrasonic methods had similar chemical olive oil, and can be stored well at room temperature (Fazel composition except for squeezing. However, in the et al., 2009; Rajaei et al., 2005; Rajaei et al., 2008; constituents extracted by squeezing, vitamin E and Zarringhalami et al., 2010). Also, it has been reported that squalene were not found (Hong-yan et al., 2005). The the oil in tea seed amounted to 30–32% (the value was 20% amount of FFA extract was affected by pressure and this when the kernel and seed ratio is considered), remained effect was more significant than that of temperature, but liquid yellow oil even at refrigeration temperature, and has the water and volatile material extracting amount was a high organoleptic acceptability (Fazel et al., 2008; Sahari more affected by temperature (Haiyan et al., 2001). et al., 2004). Addition of 15% modifier (ethanol) increased the extraction yield from Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) to the same level as Soxhlet; higher than the sonication and Extraction of tea seed oil DGF standard methods, although the oil darkened. This influence of the modifier on the oil can be explained by the To obtain the tea seed oil, tea seeds were roasted at 120°C fact that the modifier increases extraction of some polar for 20 min and then pressed by twin screw extruder (Lee compounds (such as polyphenols). The temperature did not and Yen, 2006; Lee et al., 2007). significantly influence the yield of oil, although higher In research, technical conditions of mix-solvents temperatures appear to be unfavorable to the extraction of extracting of C. oleifera Abel seed oil were investigated by UFAs (Figure 1) (Rajaei et al., 2005). single factor and orthogonal experiments. The optimal Supercritical fluid extraction was carried out in the extraction technology conditions for tea seed oil were as Suprex MPS/225 system (Pittsburgh, PA, USA). Exactly 2.0 g follows: the extracting time 16 min, the ratio of water to of powdered seed (mesh 40) was mixed with an material 0.9:1, the ratio of methyl alcohol to material 5:1, appropriate quantity of glass beads and placed in the the ratio of ligarine to material 5:1, and the extraction extraction vessel (10 ml). The samples were covered with temperature 40°C (Yang-Lin et al., 2007; Aijun et al., 2009). filter paper at the top and bottom of the extractor. A Tea seed oil was extracted by the solvent method Durflow manual variable restrictor (Suprex) was used in (petroleum ether: b.p. range of 40-60°C and n-hexane; the SFE system to collect the extracted oils. The extracted petroleum benzene: b.p. range of 50-70°C) after drying (in oils were collected in 3-4 ml of hexane. The restrictor was an oven at 103°C) and grounding (milled through, mesh 40) heated at 40°C to prevent freezing. The supercritical carbon by stirring the mixture for 4 h with a magnetic stirrer and dioxide flow rate through the Durflow restrictor was then oil was clarified by pasing (centrifugation at 2500 g approximately 1.0 ± 0.1 ml.min-1 (compressed) (Rajaei et and were then filtered) through fine cheesecloth (Fattahi- al., 2005; Rajaei et al., 2008). Supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) is a far et al., 2006; Fazel et al., 2008; Zarringhalami et al., good solvent for extraction of non-polar and moderately 2010). polar compounds. It is therefore an excellent choice for In the study of ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction extracting fats and oil without co-extracting other (UE), under the conditions of temperature 40°C, ratio of interfering polar and non-fat components. In this way, it is liquid volume to solid mass of 6∶1,extraction time 30 min, possible to extract triglycerides without co-extraction of and ultrasound power 300 W, the C. oleifera Abel seed oil phospholipids that are generally present in oil-seeds yield reached 45.23%. Obviously the advantages of (Rajaei et al., 2008). The phospholipids solubility in SC-CO2 ultrasound-aided extraction in reducing extraction had the same regulation as oil-tea camellia seed oil (OCSO) temperature, decreasing solvent quantity, saving time, and solubility; but the former had the solubility value much improving oil yield were verified (Aijun et al., 2009). In the lower than the latter (Haiyan et al., 2001). However, to extraction of C. sinensis seed, oil yield for ultrasound- extract polar compounds such as phospholipids, some types assisted solvent extraction (UE) was 21.0% (Rajaei et al., of modifier or co-solvent must be added to the SF CO2. 2008). Although there are many potential modifiers, the most Deutsche Gesellschaft für Fettwissenschaft (DGF) commonly used modifier is ethanol. Modified SF CO2 can standard method B-I: during the milling process, 20 ml of extract polar antioxidative compounds from tea seed. light petroleum benzene (50–70°C) was used, and a further Considering oil extraction yield and antioxidant activity, SE 50 ml was used to transfer the ground sample into a and SFE were the preferred methods (Rajaei et al., 2008). filter cup. The extraction was then carried out for 4 h in The color of supercritical CO2 extracted OCSO was quite Academia Journal of Medicinal Plants; Sahari and Amooi 070 Figure.