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PREDAČNÍ STRATEGIE STENOFÁGNÍCH PAVOUKŮ Disertační Práce Eva Líznarová

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PREDAČNÍ STRATEGIE STENOFÁGNÍCH PAVOUKŮ Disertační Práce Eva Líznarová MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA PŘÍRODOVĚDECKÁ FAKULTA ÚSTAV BOTANIKY A ZOOLOGIE PREDAČNÍ STRATEGIE STENOFÁGNÍCH PAVOUKŮ Disertační práce Eva Líznarová Vedoucí práce: prof. Mgr. Stanislav Pekár, Ph.D. Brno 2016 Bibliografický záznam Autor: Mgr. Eva Líznarová Přírodovědecká fakulta, Masarykova univerzita Ústav botaniky a zoologie Název práce: Predační strategie stenofágních pavouků Studijní program: Biologie Studijní obor: Ekologie Vedoucí práce: prof. Mgr. Stanislav Pekár, Ph.D. Akademický rok: 2016/2017 Počet stran: 59+77 Klíčová slova: Adaptace; Evoluce; Pavouci; Predace; Potravní specializace; Trofická nika; Bibliographic Entry Author Mgr. Eva Líznarová Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Department of Botany and Zoology Title of Thesis: Predatory strategies of stenophagous spiders Degree programme: Biology Field of Study: Ecology Supervisor: prof. Mgr. Stanislav Pekár, Ph.D. Academic Year: 2016/2017 Number of Pages: 59+77 Keywords: Adaptations; Evolution; Predation; Prey specialisation; Spiders; Trophic niche; Abstrakt Pavouci jsou predátoři, kteří loví především hmyz a jiné členovce. Potravní nároky a predační strategie jednotlivých druhů pavouků jsou velice různorodé, což z nich dělá vhodnou modelovou skupinu pro studium potravní ekologie predátorů. Z dosavadních znalostí potravní ekologie pavouků vyplývá, že stenofágní druhy, které loví jen určitý typ kořisti, jsou vzácnější než druhy euryfágní. Nicméně u většíny druhů pavouků chybí ucelené informace o jejich potravní ekologii. V této disertační práci jsem se zabývala dosud málo prozkoumanými predačními strategiemi stenofágních druhů pavouků. Zaměřila jsem se na studium pavouků lovících mravence (myrmekofágie), termity (termitofágie) a stejnonožce (oniskofágie). U vybraných druhů jsem zkoumala jejich trofickou niku a stupeň potravní specializace pomocí analýzy kořisti v přírodě a prostřednictvím laboratorních experimentů. Dále jsem u stenofágních druhů pavouků testovala přítomnost behaviorálních, metabolických a jedových adaptací, které jim pomáhají lovit jejich preferovanou kořist efektivněji než alternativní typy kořisti. Zjistila jsem, že stupeň specializace na určitý typ kořisti je u stenofágních pavouků velice rozmanitý a může se u jednotlivých druhů pavouků velice lišit. Některé druhy se živí jedním typem kořisti pouze na určité lokalitě, ale stále si zachovávají schopnost lovit i jiné typy kořisti. Jiné druhy jsou naopak specializované natolik, že jsou schopny lovit kořist pouze jednoho druhu. Specializovaní pavouci si k ulovení a zpracování preferované kořisti vyvinuli různé adaptace, které jim umožňují zužitkovat danou kořist efektivněji než nespecializovaným pavoukům, ale na druhou stranu je tyto adaptace mohou omezovat při využívání alternativních typů kořisti. Abstract Spiders are predators hunting mostly insect and other arthropods. Trophic niches and predatory strategies differ greatly among spider species, which makes them ideal model group to study trophic ecology of predators. A far as we know, stenophagous spider species, which prefer a specific prey type, are rarer than euryphagous species. However, the data about trophic ecology of most spider species are still very scarce. In this dissertation thesis, I focused on little known predatory strategies of stenophagous spider species. I studied trophic niche and a degree of prey specialisation in spider species that feed on ants (myrmecophagy), termites (termitophagy), and isopods (oniscophagy). In my research, I combined natural prey analysis with laboratory experiments. Specifically, I tested behavioural, metabolic and venom adaptations in hunting preferred prey in selected stenophagous spider species. I found that the degree of prey specialisation differed greatly among tested stenophagous spider species. Some species were locally specialised and have generalised adaptation for the capture of several prey types, whereas another spider species possessed specialised adaptations in the capture of preferred prey. The latter predators were not able to feed efficiently on alternative prey types. Furthermore, some spider species were so strictly specialised that they can hunt only prey of one species. Specialised spiders evolved various adaptations, which enable them to catch and utilise preferred prey more efficiently than generalist spiders. However, these adaptations may constrain spider’s ability to utilise alternative prey types. © Eva Líznarová, Masarykova univerzita, 2016 Poděkování Tato práce je završením mého desetiletého vysokoškolského studia, které by zdaleka nebylo tak skvělé bez těch, kterým bych chtěla touto cestou poděkovat. Největší dík patří Stanovi Pekárovi, který se mě hned zezačátku studia ujal a ukázal mi, že i pavouci jsou skvělá a zajímavá zvířata, která stojí za to studovat. Celé ty roky mě trpělivě vedl a snad mi i dokázal předat něco málo ze svých bohatých znalostí. I díky finanční podpoře, kterou mi po celou dobu poskytoval, jsem se mohla podívat za pavouky do různých koutů světa a účastnit se konferencí, na kterých jsem se seznámila se spoustou úžasných a inspirativních osobností arachnologického a behaviorálního světa. Velmi bych chtěla poděkovat také svým rodičům, kteří mi dali naprostou volnost ve výběru toho, čemu se chci v životě věnovat, a nenutili mě do studia nějakého „lukrativnějšího“ oboru. Rovněž mi poskytnuli zázemí, díky kterému jsem této volby nikdy nelitovala. Příteli Míšovi děkuji za domácí pohodu, vaření večeří, venčení psa, povídání si o kukačkách a pavoucích a přečtení první verze této práce a cenné připomínky k ní. Vandabandu, Bioikonám a všem Biolidem, se kterými jsem měla tu čest strávit množství šílených bioexkurzí, beček a hydrohospod, děkuji za neutuchající důkazy toho, že věda opravdu nemusí a nesmí být nudná. A nakonec děkuji všem kamarádům, kteří za ty roky prošli naší arachnoskupinou, a kterým vděčím za zábavné terény, pomoc při sběru dat a debaty o vědě i nevědě u kafe, vína, piva…ostatně za to poslední děkuji i všem svým nearachnologickým kamarádům. Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem svoji disertační práci vypracovala samostatně s využitím informačních zdrojů, které jsou v práci citovány. Brno 26. září 2016 ……………………………… Eva Líznarová OBSAH 1 PŘEDMLUVA.............................................................................................................. 10 2 ÚVOD ........................................................................................................................... 11 2.1 Potravní ekologie ................................................................................................... 11 2.1.1 Potravní ekologie pavouků .......................................................................................... 12 2.1.2 Metody studia potravní ekologie pavouků .................................................................. 15 2.2 Stenofágní a specializovaní pavouci ...................................................................... 17 2.3 Adaptace pavouků k lovu kořisti............................................................................ 20 2.3.1 Behaviorální adaptace ................................................................................................. 20 2.3.2 Morfologické adaptace ................................................................................................ 21 2.3.3 Jedové adaptace ........................................................................................................... 21 2.3.4 Metabolické adaptace .................................................................................................. 22 2.4 Lov nebezpečné kořisti .......................................................................................... 23 2.5 Kvantifikace efektivity lovu pomocí funkční odpovědi......................................... 25 3 CÍLE PRÁCE ................................................................................................................ 28 4 SHRNUTÍ JEDNOTLIVÝCH RUKOPISŮ ................................................................. 29 4.1 Rukopis A .............................................................................................................. 30 4.2 Rukopis B ............................................................................................................... 32 4.3 Rukopis C ............................................................................................................... 34 4.4 Rukopis D .............................................................................................................. 36 4.5 Rukopis E ............................................................................................................... 38 4.6 Rukopis F ............................................................................................................... 40 4.7 Rukopis G .............................................................................................................. 42 5 ZÁVĚR ......................................................................................................................... 44 6 SEZNAM POUŽITÉ LITERATURY .......................................................................... 48 7 PŘÍLOHY ..................................................................................................................... 60 1 PŘEDMLUVA Předložená disertační práce se skládá z několika nezávislých studií, jejichž výsledky byly sepsány do sedmi samostatných vědeckých rukopisů a vydány v odborných časopisech s IF. Všechny práce se zabývají pavouky a jejich predačními strategiemi. Rukopisy A˗D jsem vypracovala
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