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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19564-5 - Military Saints in Byzantium and Rus, 900–1200 Monica White Index More information

Index

All ancient and medieval people are listed by first name. Princes of Rus in the generations up to and including Boris and Gleb are listed by first name only, while princes in subsequent generations are listed by first name and patronymic or epithet (e.g. Dolgorukii). Princes are generally identified by the city which they ruled last, unless an earlier city was particularly important for their career. Emperors up to and including Constantine I are identified as ‘Roman’, subsequent emperors as ‘Byzantine’. Emperors are listed by first name and number, not surname or epithet.

Abel, 146 Anastasios I, Byzantine emperor, 42 comparison with Boris and Gleb, 139 Anastasios the Persian, St Achaeans, 1 miracles of, 23–4 Agapetos, deacon, 183 Andreev, city in Rus, 176 Agathias, historian, 39 Andrew Bogoliubskii, prince of Vladimir, 179, Histories, 38 183, 184, 185, 197 Agathonikos, St career, 168 depiction on seals, 155 comparisons Alamanni, 38 with Andrew, 181 Alexander the Great, 40 with Boris and Gleb, 181, 182 comparison with Byzantine with King David, 181 emperors, 157 with King Solomon, 181 depictions murder of, 181–3 in friezes, 186, 194 religious innovations, 168, 170 in minor arts, 157, 159 residence, 168, 178–9 Alexander, Byzantine emperor Tale of the Victory over the Volga Bulgars, coins, 118 180, 181 Alexandra, legendary Persian empress, 21 texts by and about, 180 Alexios I, Byzantine emperor, 111, 198 veneration coins, 118, 172 of Boris and Gleb, 181–2, 184 Alexios III, Byzantine emperor of Christ, 179–80, 181 coins, 118 of Mother of God, 181, 211 seals, 117 of Theodore, 180–1 Alexios Angelos Komnenos, grandson of Andrew, St, 182 Alexios I comparison with Andrew Bogoliubskii, 181 seals, 198 depiction on seals, 115 All Souls’ Day, 60 Andronikos Komnenos, son of Alexios I, 172 Alta, river, 153 Anonymous Byzantine Treatise on Strategy, The, Church of Sts Boris and Gleb, 152 see Syrianos Magistros: De re strategica Amasea, city in Asia Minor, 27 Antioch, 32, 59 Ambrose, St, 37 Antony, St Ammianus Marcellinus, historian, 34 church dedications, 120 Anastasia, St Apamea, city in Syria, 38 depiction in frescoes, 129 Apostles, 60

241

242 Index

Arab invasions, 28, 49 Bogoliubovo, town in Rus, 168, 179 Arabs, 14, 22, 29, 60, 69, 107, 108 citizens of, 182 Arethas, St, 79, 81 Boris, prince of Rostov, see also Boris, prince of depiction in ivory carvings, 78 Rostov and Gleb, prince of Murom Arkadii, archbishop of Novgorod ‘The Appearance of Boris’, 143 liturgical office to Boris and Gleb,144 , 145 comparisons Arkadios, archbishop of Cyprus with Barbara, 139 homily to George, 23, 24 with Niketas, 139 Armenia, 32 with Romanos the Melode, 139 Arrianos, military author with Václav, 139 Taktikon, 42 depiction on seals, 115 Asia Minor, 173 relics, 153, 154, 182, 183, 184 Avars, 45 Boris, prince of Rostov and Gleb, prince of Avar-Slav invasions, 14, 18, 71 Murom, 4, 6, 7, 132, 139, 167, 179, 180, 181, 184, 186, 193, 199 Baghdad, 95 accounts in Primary Chronicle, 134–5, 137, Balkans, 5, 25 142, 143, 146, 147 Baltic Sea, 124 association Barbara, St with Demetrios, 140–1, 142 church in Soğanlı, 83 with George, 140, 142 comparison with Boris, 139 with Merkourios, 142 Bardas Phokas, rebel, 89 with military saints, 3, 4, 6, 93, 131, 132–3, Bardas Skleros, rebel, 89 134, 142–5, 147–8, 155–66, 187–90, Bartholomew, St 199–200, 201–2, 204 depiction in minor arts, 160 with Nicholas, 139–40 Basil I, Byzantine emperor, 51, 65, 66, 67, 78, 121 category of sainthood, 135–7 anonymous poem to, 65 cathedral in Chernigov, 152 campaigns, 32 church dedications, 120 church-building activities, 66, 72, 121 churches comparisons in Grodno, 153 with Constantine I, 65 in Kideksha, 178 with King David, 65 in Kiev, 149 with King Solomon, 65 in Novgorod, 153 murder of Michael III, 121 in Novogrudok, 153 veneration in Polotsk, 153 of Diomedes, 66 in Riazan, 153 of Elijah, 65 in Vyshgorod, 151–2, 178 Basil II, Byzantine emperor, 32, 59, 64, 85, 89, on Alta River, 152 94, 203 comparisons campaigns, 32 with Abel, 139 veneration with Andrew Bogoliubskii, 181, 182 of military saints, 89–91 with Joseph and Benjamin, 138 of Mother of God, 89 cultural significance of,133 Basil the Great, St, 78 death of, 135–6 church in Vyshgorod, 151 depictions depiction on seals, 115, 154 in frescoes, 163–4, 165–6 vision of, 141 in friezes, 187–90, 193 Basil the Parakoimomenos, 85 in minor arts, 158–63, 164–6, 201 Basil the Younger, St on seals, 154–6, 165–6 Life, 86–7 earthly lives of, 134–5, 143 Beirut, 32 entries Belarus, 94 in First Redaction of prolog, 145, 179 Belisarios, general, 37, 40 in minei, 145–6 Bible, 52, 54, 113 Lesson, 135, 136, 137, 138–40, 141, 143, 154 Black Sea, 73 liturgical offices, 143–5

Index 243

monastery on Smiadyn River, 152, 179 in frescoes, 128, 173 paremeinik readings, 146–7, 183, 184 in minor arts, 127, 156, 157, 159, 160, 196, 197 relics, 151–2, 175, 179 on seals, 116, 117, 198 sources, 7, 8–9, 133–4, 137–8, see also works as example to soldiers, 54 by title, medium or genre icons of, 14, 38, 40, 108 Tale, 135, 137, 138, 139, 140–1, 142, 143, 146, 147 intercession in war, 64, 89, 197 Tale of the Miracles, 137, 139–40, 151, 152, Pantokrator 153, 175 monastery in Constantinople, 192 veneration Transfiguration by house of Suzdal, 168–9, 170, 178, 179, church in Polotsk, 130 181–2, 184, 187–90, 199–200, 201–2 depiction on seals, 117 by Iaroslav, 142, 147 veneration by Andew Bogoliubskii, 179–80, 181 by Riurikids, 142, 145–6, 148–62 in vision of Basil the Great, 141 Borisov, city in Rus, 176 Christendom, 46 Borisov-Glebov, city in Rus, 176 Christianity, 42, 45, 62, 79, 101, 121 British Museum, 81 Christians, 41, 56, 58, 59, 136 Bulgaria, 32, 61, 87, 104 Nestorian, 39 Bulgarians, 56, 61 non-Chalcedonian, 45 Bulgars, 95 in Roman army, 1, 34 Byzantine Commonwealth, 157 persecution of, 1, 6, 13, 35 Byzantine emperors, see emperors, dynasties or of Thessalonika, 15 periods by name Christina, St Byzantine Empire, 3, 4, 8, 61, 62, 63, 92, 93, 94, depiction in frescoes, 129 95, 97, 102, 121, 122, 130, 131, 132, 144, Chronicon Paschale, 37–8, 45, 46, 47–8 150, 156, 157, 158, 159, 162, 165, 171, 177, Chrysippos of Jerusalem, 30 185, 186, 195, 203, 204, 205 miracle stories about Theodore Teron,28 trade with Varangians, 94–5 Chud, tribe, 111, 175 Byzantines, 38, 39, 45, 54, 56, 62, 87, 96, 200, church dedications 204 Byzantine, 120–1 Byzantium, see Byzantine Empire Rus, 119–20, 151–3 Clement of Alexandria, St Cain, 146 church dedications, 120 comparison with Sviatopolk, 139, 141 depiction in ivory carvings, 81 Campaign Organization and Tactics, see De re Clement of Ohrid, St militari enkomion to Demetrios, 101–2 Cappadocia, 13, 25, 173, 174 lessons churches in honour of Demetrios, 101–2 Cistern church, 82–3 in honour of George, 101 of the Cross, 83 coins of Nikephoros II, 81, 83 Byzantine, 118, 171–2 Caucasus, 45, 94, 95 Rus, 118–19 Chaldaeans, see Persians Constantine I, Roman emperor, 37, 47, 50, 178 Chernigov, city in Rus church in Constantinople, 121 Cathedral of Sts Boris and Gleb, 152 comparison with Basil I, 65 Christ, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 103, 106, 139, 145, 180 decree of religious toleration by, 2 anguish at sins of people, 69 depictions baptism of on coins, 118 depiction on seals, 115 in friezes, 187 church dedications, 120 in minor arts, 157 comparison with Byzantine emperors, 157 on seals, 115, 116 Crucifixion Life, 35–6 depiction in minor arts, 123 rehabilitation of victims of persecution, 40 death of, 136 religious leadership of army, 2, 35–6, 42 depictions veneration by Iurii Dolgorukii, 177 on coins, 118, 172 war with Licinius, 36

244 Index

Constantine V, Byzantine emperor, 28, 46, 50 David, king of Israel, 45, 151, 159 Constantine VII, Byzantine emperor, 51, 57, comparisons 61, 77 with Andrew Bogoliubskii, 181 Book of Ceremonies, 69, 78 with Basil I, 65 campaigns, 32 with Byzantine emperors, 157 military orations, 58 with Gleb, 138 veneration of military saints, 78–80 depictions What Should be Observed When the…, 50–1, in minor arts, 157 57–8, 78 on seals, 115 Constantine IX, Byzantine emperor David, St, see Gleb, prince of Murom seals, 111 Davydova bozhenka, city in Rus, 176 Constantinople, 15, 17, 29, 44, 47, 49, 50, 65, De re militari, 52 70, 77, 82, 85, 87, 97, 100, 102, 107, 110, De rebus bellicis, 42 161, 162, 171, 173, 174, 180, 185, 192, 196 Delehaye, Hippolyte, 4, 5, 7, 12, 13, 27, 73 attacks by Rus, 86–7, 96 Demetrios, St, 4, 6, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 26, 30, 32, Cathedral of the Holy Wisdom, 37 33, 64, 66, 70, 72, 73, 77, 78, 96, 102, Chapel of Archangel Michael, 121 108, 119, 177, 198, 199 churches anonymous collection of miracle stories, of Archangel Michael, 121 7, 18 of St Constantine, 121 association with Boris and Gleb, 140–1, 142 of St Demetrios, 66, 67, 71, 72 Byzantine artistic sources, 13, 19–21, 25, of St George, 22, 107 see also works by category or medium of St Peter, 69 Byzantine textual sources, 12, 25, 75, of St Theodore Teron, 30, 87 see also works by title of St Theophano, 121 cathedrals of St Zoe, 121 in Thessalonika 17, 19, 24, 190 citizens of, 71 in Vladimir, 185, 192 monasteries churches of the Pantokrator, 192 in Constantinople, 66, 67, 71, 72 of St Diomedes, 65 in Dmitrov, 185 prayer for protection of, 57 in Kiev, 128 protection by Mother of God, 45, 84 depictions relics, 58 on coins, 118, 172 siege of 626, 45, 46 in frescoes, 84 Constantius II, Byzantine emperor, 37, 38 in friezes, 187, 190, 194, 195 Crimea, 173 in ivory carvings, 78, 84 Crusades, 61 in manuscript illuminations, 90, 91 Cyprus, 32 in minor arts, 82, 85, 124, 125, 127, 128, 157, Cyril and Methodios, Sts, see also Methodios, 158–9, 161, 173, 185–6, 192, 201 St in mosaics, 82, 130 veneration of Demetrios, 99–100 on seals, 115, 116, 117, 125, 186, 198 Cyril of Alexandria, St enkomia church in Kiev, 130 by Clement of Ohrid, 101–2 frescoes, 165 by Gregory the Deacon, 71 Cyril, bishop of Turov, 108 by John, 18 Cyrus and John, Sts entries depiction in ivory carvings, 81 in First Redaction of prolog, 106 hymns to, 145 in Menologion of Basil II, 71, 74 in Metaphrastic Menologion, 71 Dadianos, legendary Persian emperor, 21 in minei, 102 Danube, 185 in Second Redaction of prolog, 108–9 David Sviatoslavich, prince of Chernigov in Synaxarion of Constantinople, 71–2 Cathedral of Sts Boris and Gleb, 152 epigrams by John Geometros, 85, 86 veneration of Gleb, 153 failure to aid Thessalonika in 904, 70

Index 245

grave covering, 173, 190–3 Church of St Theodore Teron,30 homilies by Leo VI, 68–9, 71 citizens of, 28 hymn by Leo VI, 69 renaming of, 89 icons of, 20 Euchaneia, town near Euchaita, 72, 73 kanones renaming of, 88, 89 by George Skylitzes, 173 Eupatios, St by Methodios, 100–1, 102 church dedications, 120 lessons by Clement of Ohrid, 101–2 Europe, 94, 96, 133 miracle stories by John, 7, 16–18, 20, 101–2, Eusebios, archbishop of Thessalonika, 16 140–1 Eusebius, bishop of Caesarea, 37, 40 myron, 173, 192 Life of Constantine, 35–6 Passio altera, 18–19, 68, 71, 192 Eustathios, St, 14, 79 Passio prima, 15–16, 19, 20, 67, 68 depictions as protector of Thessalonika, 16, 18, 25, 31, in frescoes, 83, 130 71–2, 101 in friezes, 187 ranks and titles, 18–19 in ivory carvings, 78, 80, 81, 131 relics, 16–17, 70, 127, 190, 192 in minor arts, 125, 128 sticheron, 144, 145 enkomion by Niketas the Paphlagonian, 73 third collection of miracle stories, 173–4 Eustratios, St, 79 veneration depictions by Basil II, 89–90 in frescoes, 83 by Cyril and Methodios, 99–100 in ivory carvings, 78, 81 by Justinian II, 17, 31 enkomion by Niketas the by Leo VI, 66–9, 70, 100 Paphlagonian, 73 by Manuel I, 192–3 Euthemios Protasecretis, author, 73 by Slavs, 101, 102 hagiography of Theodore Stratelates, 73 by Vsevolod Iurevich, 185–6, 190–2 Evagrios, church historian, 64 Diocletian, Roman emperor, 1, 22, 107 Ecclesiastical History, 38, 39, 40 Diomedes, St Evfrosiniia, princess of Polotsk monastery in Constantinople, 65 altar cross, 127 veneration by Basil I, 65–6 Ezra, city in Syria Dmitrov, city in Rus, 174, 177, 185 Church of St George, 22 Church of St Demetrios, 185 Dmitrov Kievskii, city in Rus, 176 Feodosii, St Dnieper, river, 95 veneration by Sviatopolk Iziaslavich, 149 Domitianos, bishop of Martyropolis, 39, 43 Feriale Duranum, 34 Domnitziolos, nephew of Phokas Finland, 94 veneration of George, 23, 24, 31 First World War, 205 Dorostolon, city in Bulgaria, 88 Forty martyrs of Sebasteia renaming of, 87–8 depictions in frescoes, 83 East Slavs, 10, 118, see also Rus (people) in ivory carvings, 81 Edessa, Persian siege of 38 frescoes and mosaics Egypt, 25 Byzantine, 128–9 Eine griechische Schrift über Seekrieg, Rus, 128–30 see Syrianos Magistros, military author: friezes, Rus, 186–90, 193–7, 198–200 Naumachiae Elijah, prophet, 78 Gabriel, Archangel church dedications, 120 depictions veneration in minor arts, 160 by Basil I, 65 on seals, 115 by Leo VI, 66 icons of, 14, 108 Euchaita, city in Asia Minor, 13, 26, 27, 28, 30, Genesis, Book of, 139 72, 75, 106 George, Metropolitan of Kiev, 153

246 Index

George, St, 4, 6, 13, 14, 23, 24, 25, 26, 30, 32, 33, George Kedrenos, historian 64, 70, 72, 76, 77, 103, 175, 177, 198 Synopsis historion, 88–9 association with Boris and Gleb, 140, 142 George of Pisidia, poet Byzantine artistic sources, 13, 25, 26, 31, 77, works, 46, 48 see also works by category or medium George Skylitzes, court official Byzantine textual sources, 7, 12, 25–6, 76, kanones 77, see also works by title to Demetrios, 173 cathedrals to George, 173 in Iurev-Polskoi, 193 Gerontios, father of George, 21 in Novgorod, 130 Géza II, king of Hungary, 170 chapel in Cathedral of the Holy Wisdom, Gildo, pagan count, 37 Kiev, 129–30 Gleb Iurevich, prince of Kiev, 168 churches Gleb Sviatoslavich, prince of in Constantinople, 22, 107 Tmutarakan, 153 in Ezra, 22 Gleb, prince of Murom, 143, see also Boris, in Jerusalem, 22 prince of Rostov and Gleb, prince of in Kiev, 107 Murom in Lydda, 22 comparisons in Rome, 22 with King David 138 in Staraia Ladoga, 130 with Zechariah, 138 depictions depictions on coins, 118, 172 in minor arts, 153, 154 in frescoes, 83, 84, 130, 173 on seals, 115 in friezes, 187, 194, 195 relics, 153 in ivory carvings, 78, 80, 81, 84 veneration in manuscript illuminations, 91 by David Sviatoslavich, 153 in minor arts, 82, 85, 123, 125–6, 127, 128, by Sviatoslav Iaroslavich, 153 131, 158–9, 161, 201 Glebl, city in Rus, 176 in mosaics, 82 Glebov, city in Rus, 176 in posters, 205 gods, Greco-Roman, 1 on seals, 115, 116, 117, 125, 198 Goliath, 45 dragon-slaying miracle, 14, 30, 128, 130 Göreme, town in Cappadocia entries chuch of Mother of God, 83 in First Redaction of prolog, 107 Goriaser, murderer of Gleb, 182 in Metaphrastic Menologion, 75–6 Gorodishche, town in Rus, 95 in minei, 103, 104 Gospels, 49, 54, 68 in Synaxarion of Constantinople, 75, 77, Goths, 38 88, 107 Greece hagiography inscriptions about Theodore Teron,30 by Niketas the Paphlagonian, 75 Greeks, see Byzantines by Theodore Daphnopates, 75 Gregory of Nyssa, St, 27, 30 homily by Arkadios, 23, 24 enkomion to Theodore Teron, 26–7 inscriptions, 23 Gregory the Deacon Iur’ev den’, 107 enkomion to Demetrios, 71 kanon by George Skylitzes, 173 Grodno, city in Rus lesson by Clement of Ohrid, 101 Church of Sts Boris and Gleb, 153 miracle stories, 22, 24 Paphlagonian collection, 76 Herakleios, Byzantine emperor, 33, 45, 46, 48, passiones, 21–2 50, 51, 53, 54, 61, 65 sticheron, 144, 145 dispatches, 47–8 veneration letter to Kavadh II, 46 by Basil II, 90 military theories, 44, 49, 51 by Domnitziolos, 23, 24, 31 religious propaganda, 44–5, 48–9 by Iaroslav, 111–12 rise to power, 44 by John I, 88 wars with Persia, 44

Index 247

Hercules Isaac Komnenos, son of Alexios I, 172 depiction in friezes, 187 Isaurian emperors. 51, see also emperors by Hermitage, 80 name Hermogenes, rhetorician, 54 Islam, 62 Hieron, St Ismael, descendants of, 59 depiction in frescoes, 83 Italy, 38 holy war, inapplicability to Byzantium, 61–2 Iurev (Tartu), city in Rus, 177 Holy Wisdom foundation, 175 cathedrals Iurev, city in Rus, 177 in Constantinople, 37 foundation, 111, 175 in Kiev, 129, 149 Iurev-Polskoi, city in Rus, 174, 177 in Novgorod, 127 Cathedral of St George, 193 church dedications, 120 friezes, 193–7, 198–200 Homer, 1 Iurii Dolgorukii, prince of Suzdal, 168, 170, house of Suzdal, 98, 166, 169, see also princes 171, 174, 176, 177, 178, 179, 182, 184, 185, by name 187, 188, 193, 202 veneration career, 167–8 of Boris and Gleb, 168–9, 170, 179, 201–2 Church of Sts Boris and Gleb, 178 of military saints, 168–9, 170, 184, 201–2 foundation of cities, 174, 177–8, 185 Hungarians, 56, 173 relations with Byzantine empire, 170–1 Hyakinthos, St veneration depiction on seals, 117 of Boris and Gleb, 178 Hypatian Chronicle, 149, 179, 180, 181, 182 of Constantine, 177 of military saints, 177–8 Ianin, V. L., 112, 113, 114 ivory carvings, Byzantine, 78–81, 84–5 Iaroslav, prince of Kiev, 129, 135, 138, 142, 148, Iziaslav Davydovich, prince of Chernigov 149, 151, 152, 169, 183, 184 veneration churches of Archangel Michael, 197 of Sts Boris and Gleb, 151, 178 of Mother of God, 197 of St George, 107 Iziaslav Iaroslavich, prince of Kiev, 128, 151, coins, 118 152 foundation of cities, 111, 175 Church of Sts Boris and Gleb, 151, 152 seals, 111, 115 Iziaslav Mstislavich, prince of Kiev, 170 veneration Iziaslav Vladimirovich, prince of Polotsk, of Boris and Gleb, 142, 147 175 of George, 111–12 Iziaslavl, city in Rus, 175 war with Sviatopolk, 135, 142, 146, 147, 148, 183 foundation, 175 Iaroslav Vladimirovich, prince of Novgorod Church of the Saviour (Nereditsa), 130 Jacob, Old Testament patriarch, 138 Iaroslav Vsevolodovich, prince of Vladimir James, St helmet, 124 depiction in minor arts, 160 Iconoclasm, 2, 12, 14, 28, 29, 51, 91 Jerusalem, 38, 45, 46, 108 used to rally army, 50 churches Iconoclast emperors, 51, see also emperors by of St George, 22 name of St Theodore Teron, 30 Ignatios, St jihad, 61, 62 depiction on seals, 155 John I, Byzantine emperor, 81, 85, 198 Igor, prince of Kiev, 95, 96 campaigns, 87 Ioachim and Anna, Sts Church of St Theodore Stratelates,88 , 89 church dedications, 120 renaming of cities, 87–9 Irene, Byzantine empress, 50 veneration Isaac I, Byzantine emperor, 172 of George, 88 coins, 171–2 of Theodore Stratelates, 87–9, 111 Isaac II, Byzantine emperor John II, Byzantine emperor, 172 coins, 118 coins, 118, 172

248 Index

John, archbishop of Thessalonika, 18 Kideksha, town in Rus, 179 enkomion to Demetrios, 18 Church of Sts Boris and Gleb, 178 miracle stories about Demetrios, 16–18, 20, Kiev, 95, 96, 128, 135, 143, 150, 151, 152, 161, 167, 101–2, 140–1 168, 170, 178, 179, 180, 187, 196, 197 John, metropolitan of Kiev cathedrals liturgical office of Boris and of Archangel Michael, 130 Gleb, 144–5 of the Holy Wisdom, 129, 149 John Chrysostom, St, 104, 182, 183 Caves Monastery, 149 John Geometros, poet, 85 Cathedral of the Dormition, 149 works about military saints, 85–6 Paterik, 197 John Kaminiates, Thessalonian Chapel of St George, 129–30 De Expugnatione Thessalonicae, 69–70 churches John Komnenos, father of Alexios I of Sts Boris and Gleb, 149 seals, 111 of St Cyril of Alexandria, 130, 165 John Malalas, historian of St Demetrios, 128 Chronicle, 141 of St George, 107 John Skylitzes, historian, 88, 173 Tithe Church, 149 Synopsis historiarum, 88, 89–90 Kievan Rus, see Rus John the Baptist, St Komnenoi emperors, 174, see also emperors depictions by name in minor arts, 160 veneration of military saints, 92, on seals, 115, 154 171–3 John the Theologian, St Kosmas and Damian, Sts depiction on seals, 115, 154 depictions John the Warrior, St in friezes, 199 depiction in frescoes, 130, 131 in minor arts, 157 John Zonaras, historian on seals, 115, 154 Epitomae historiarum, 89 veneration by Leo VI, 66 Jordan Ksniatin on the Sula, city in Rus, 176, 177 inscriptions about Theodore Teron,30 Ksniatin, city in Rus, 174, 177 Joseph and Benjamin, sons of Jacob Kyrion, St comparison with Boris and Gleb, 138 depiction in ivory carvings, 81 Judaism, 79 Julian, Byzantine emperor, 28, 141 Lamech, Old Testament patriarch comparison with Sviatopolk, 141 comparison with Sviatopolk, 139, 141 killing Last Judgement, 186 by Merkourios, 14, 141 Laurentian Chronicle, 149, 175, 180, 181, 182, 183, by Thekla, 141 185, 190, 197 by Theodore, 141 Lemerle, Paul, 7, 18, 19, 20 Julius Caesar, Roman emperor, 34, 50 Lent, 100 Justin I, Byzantine emperor, 23 Leo IV, Byzantine emperor, 50 Justin II, Byzantine emperor Leo VI, Byzantine emperor, 50, 55, 57, 61, 65, veneration of Mother of God, 39 70, 71, 72, 78, 101 Justinian I, Byzantine emperor, 16, 37 campaigns, 32 conquest of North Africa, 38 church-building activities, 121 Justinian II, Byzantine emperor coins, 118 coins, 118 homilies to Demetrios, 68–9, 71 veneration of Demetrios, 17, 31 hymn to Demetrios, 69 Justinian, general, 39, 43, 49 Problemata, 55 Tactical Constitutions, 55–7 Kavadh II, Persian emperor, 44, 47, 48 veneration letter from Herakleios, 46 of Demetrios, 66–9, 70, 100 Kekaumenos, military author of Elijah, 66 works, 52 of Kosmas and Damian, 66 Khazar Empire, 95 Leo the Deacon, 88, 198

Index 249

History, 87–8 Melitene, city in Armenia, 32 Leontios, eparch of Illyricum, 15, 192 menaia, see minei, Rus Licinius, Roman emperor Menander, historian, 39 decree of religious toleration by, 2 History, 39 persecution of Christians, 40 Menas, St war with Constantine I, 36 depiction in ivory carvings, 81 liturgical texts, military-related, 60–1 Menologion of Basil II, 90, 104, 106 Longinos, St entries inscription, 30 for Demetrios, 71, 74 Louvre, 80 for Theodore Stratelates, 74 Luke, St for Theodore Teron, 74 Monastery of (Hosios Loukas) illuminations, 90 mosaics, 82 opening poem, 90, 91 Lyaeus, gladiator, 15, 103 Merkourios, St, 4, 14, 24, 103, 108, 141 Lydda, city in Palestine, 13, 77 association with Boris and Gleb, 142 church of St George, 22 depictions in friezes, 187 Macedonian dynasty, see Macedonian in ivory carvings, 81 emperors in manuscript illuminations, 91 Macedonian emperors, 4, 13, 15, 21, 26, 33, 34, in minor arts, 128 50, 51, 171, see also emperors by name in mosaics, 82 military successes, 32 on seals, 115 veneration of military saints, 13, 33, 64–5, entries 77–80, 86–91, 94, 202–3 in First Redaction of prolog, 107 Magnentios, usurper, 38 in minei, 103 Manuel I, Byzantine emperor, 170, 171, 173, 181, killing of Julian, 14, 141 185, 192, 193, 198 Methodios, St, 101, 102, 103, see also Cyril and coins, 118, 172 Methodios, Sts depiction in frescoes, 172–3 kanon to Demetrios, 100–1, 102 seals, 116 Michael III, Byzantine emperor, 51, 121 veneration of Demetrios, 192–3 murder by Basil I, 121 Marcellinus, historian Michael IV, Byzantine emperor Chronicle of Marcellinus, 37, 64 coins, 118 continuation of, 37 seals, 111 Mark, St Michael, Archangel, 11, 12 depiction in minor arts, 157 cathedral in Kiev, 130 relics, 30 chapel in Constantinople, 121 martyr-generals, see military saints churches in Constantinople, 121 Martyropolis, siege of, 39 depictions martyrs on coins, 118 Byzantine strategists’ fascination with, in minor arts, 160 49–50, 53 on seals, 115, 154, 155 exhortations to soldiers to emulate, 49, 51, icons of, 14, 108 54, 56, 57–8, 59–61, 63, 77 military role, 11 martyr-warrior ideal, 4, 77, 102, 127, 131, 132, name used as password, 57 134, 150, 171, 193, 199 veneration by Iziaslav Davydovich, 197 Mary, St, see Mother of God Michael Autoreianos, patriarch of Mascezel, brother of Gildo, 37 Constantinople, 62 Maurice, Byzantine emperor, 16, 44, 46, 47, 54 Middle East, 94 campaigns, 39 Mikhailov, city in Rus, 176 Strategikon, 43–4, 47, 55, 56, 59 Mikhalko Iurevich, prince of Vladimir Maximian, Roman emperor, 15 veneration Mediterranean, 94 of Boris and Gleb, 149–50 Melias, general, 81 of Mother of God, 149–50 Melissa, 183 Mikulin, city in Rus, 176

250 Index

military handbooks, see military writings, alliance with military saints, 11, 84, 87, Byzantine 197–8 military saints, see also saints by name Annunciation alliance with Mother of God, 11, 84, 87, depiction on seals, 115 197–8 church dedications, 119, 120 Byzantine sources, 7–8, 9–11, 77–8, church in Göreme, 83 see also works by title, medium or genre depictions Byzantine terms for, 3 on coins, 118, 172 as Christian equivalent of ancient gods, 1 on enkolpia, 123 depictions in frescoes, 128, 163–4, 172–3 in frescoes, 163–4, 173 in friezes, 194, 195 in minor arts, 157 in ivory carvings, 84 on seals, 154, 173 in minor arts, 84, 156, 157, 160, 197 état-major, 4, 5, 6, 13, 78 on seals, 116, 117, 198 historical reliability of texts, 12 Dormition as models for Boris and Gleb, 3, 4, 6, 93, Cathedral in Caves Monastery, 149 131, 132–3, 134, 142–5, 147–8, 155–66, icons of, 11, 88, 89, 127 187–90, 199–200, 201–2, 204 Intercession, 179 modern terms for, 3 intercession in war, 197 names used as passwords, 57, 78 military role, 11, 39–40, 64, 89 Rus sources, 8–11, 98, 110, see also works by name used as password, 57 title, medium or genre protection of Constantinople, 45, 84 scholarship about, 7, 99 relics, 11 veneration veneration as group, 3, 6, 77–84, 89–91 by emperors, 39, 89 by house of Suzdal, 168–9, 170, 177–8, by Riurikids, 149–50, 179–80, 181, 195–6, 184, 187–90, 194–6, 197, 198–200, 201–2 197 by Komnenoi emperors, 92, 171–3 Mstislav Iurevich, prince of Novgorod, 177 by Macedonian emperors, 13, 33, 64–5, exile in Byzantine empire, 185 77–80, 86–91, 94, 202–3 Mstislav Rostislavich, prince of Novgorod as martyrs, 3, 5, 15, 65, 78–84, 90–1 veneration of Boris and Gleb, 150 by Riurikids, 2, 92, 109–11, 122, 203–4 Mstislav Vladimirovich, prince of Kiev military treatises, see military writings, commissioning of enamels, 161 Byzantine veneration of Boris and Gleb, 161 military writings, Byzantine, 10 Murom, city in Rus, 135 Iconoclast, 50–1, see also works by title Muslims, 28, 62 late antique, 40–4, see also works by title middle Byzantine, 49–61, see also works by Najran, city in Arabia, 79 title Narses, general, 38 minei, Rus, 100–1, 102–4, 105, 109 Naslav, scribe, 161 entries journey to Constantinople, 161 for Boris and Gleb, 145–6 Nektarios, archbishop of Constantinople for Demetrios, 102 homily to Theodore Teron, 28 for George, 103, 104 Nestor, monk, 136 for Merkourios, 103 Lesson, 135, 136, 137, 138–40, 141, 143, 154 for Nestor, 103 Nestor, St, 14, 15, 103 for Theodore Stratelates, 103–4 depictions minor arts in friezes, 187, 194 Byzantine, 82, 85, 156–7, 196 in minor arts, 128 Georgian, 157–8 in mosaics, 82 Rus, 122–8, 156, 158–62 entry in minei, 103 Mithraism Nicholas, St, 140 in Roman army, 34 association with Boris and Gleb, 139–40 Mother of God, 11, 12, 43, 48, 49, 59, 60, 87, 88, depictions 151, 180, 196, 197 in frescoes, 172–3

Index 251

in minor arts, 125, 140, 163 Otskalan, region in Byzantine empire, 185 on seals, 115, 117 Ottoman conquests, 5 Nicholas Mystikos, patriarch of Constantinople, 70 Palestine, 22, 40 sermon on sack of Thessalonika, 69 inscriptions about Theodore Teron,30 Nikephoros I, Byzantine emperor, 61 Panteleemon, St invasion of Bulgaria, 61 depiction on seals, 115 Nikephoros II, Byzantine emperor, 85 relics, 127 akolouthia commemorating, 61 Paphlagonia, region in Asia Minor, 76 church in Cappadocia, 81, 83 Parekbolai, 52 De velitatione bellica, 58, 59–60 Paul, St, see also Peter and Paul, Sts petition of Patriarch Polyeuktos, 60 Letter to the Romans, 183–4 Praecepta militaria, 58–9 Pchela, 183 Nikephoros, patriarch of Constantinople Pechenegs, tribe, 143 Short History, 46 Pereslavl, city in Rus, 152, 167, 168 Nikephoros Ouranos, governor of Antioch, 90 Pereslavl-Zalesskii, city in Rus, 127 hagiography of Theodore Teron,7 4–5, 90 Persia, 45, 49, 137 Taktika, 59, 74 trade with Varangians, 94 Niketas, St Persians, 23, 29, 39, 45, 76, 173 comparison with Boris, 139 Peter, bishop of Euchaita, 27 depictions Peter, bishop of Thessalonika, 20 in minor arts, 127 Peter, St, see also Peter and Paul, Sts on seals, 155 church in Constantinople, 69 Niketas Choniates, historian, 198 depictions Niketas the Paphlagonian, scholar, 72, 73 on coins, 118 enkomia on seals, 115 to Eustathios, 73 Peter and Paul, Sts, see also Peter, St; Paul, St to Eustratios, 73 depictions to Prokopios, 73 in minor arts, 128, 160 to Theodore Stratelates, 72–3 on seals, 154 hagiography of George, 75 hymns to, 144 Nisibis, Persian siege of, 37 Phokas, Byzantine emperor, 23, 44 North Africa, 37 Photios, patriarch of Constantinople, 65 Novgorod, city in Rus, 95, 112, 114, 135, 147, Bibliotheca, 68 168, 201 Photios of Thessalonika, St cathedrals enkomion to, 90 of St George, 130 Polotsk, city in Rus of the Holy Wisdom, 127 churches churches of Sts Boris and Gleb, 153 of Sts Boris and Gleb, 153 of the Transfiguration,130 of the Saviour (Nereditsa), 129, 163–4 Polovtsy, tribe, 174, 180 Novgorod First Chronicle, 152, 185 Poluainos, military author, 52 Novgorodians, 183, 201 Polyeuktos, patriarch of Constantinople, 60 Novogrudok, city in Rus pre-Mongol Rus, see Rus Church of Sts Boris and Gleb, 153 Primary Chronicle, 95, 96, 149, 174, 175 accounts about Boris and Gleb, 134–5, 137, Old Testament, 52, 54, 138, 139, 146, 181 142, 143, 146, 147 use in paremeinik, 146 Procopius of Caesarea, 38, 40 Oleg, Varangian prince History of the Wars, 38 attack on Constantinople, 96 Prokopios, St, 4, 14, 107 Oleg Sviatoslavich, prince of Chernigov depictions Church of Sts Boris and Gleb, 151, 152 in frescoes, 83 Olga, princess of Kiev, 96 in friezes, 187, 194 conversion to Christianity, 97 in ivory carvings, 78, 81 Orthodoxy, 51, 203 in manuscript illuminations, 91

252 Index

Prokopios, St (cont.) comparison with Boris, 139 in minor arts, 82, 128 Romans, post-Constantine I, see Byzantines in mosaics, 82 Rome on seals, 115 churches enkomion by Niketas the Paphlagonian, 73 of Santa Maria Antiqua, 20 entry in First Redaction of prolog, 107–8 of St George, 22 sticheron, 144, 145 of St Theodore Teron, 30 prolog, Slavonic, 104, 105, 109 Palazzo Venezia, 78 First Redaction, 104–6, 108 Rostislav Iurevich, prince of Pereslavl, 177 entries for Boris and Gleb, 145, 179 Rostov, city in Rus, 135, 167 entries for George, 107 Rus, 2, 3, 4, 7, 10, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, 99, 102, entry for Demetrios, 106 103, 107, 109, 121, 131, 132, 133, 134, 136, entry for Merkourios, 107 138, 139, 141, 142, 143, 149, 151, 152, 156, entry for Prokopios, 107–8 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 165, 167, 168, entry for Theodore Stratelates,106 169, 171, 174, 177, 178, 179, 183, 185, 186, entry for Theodore Teron,106 190, 196, 197, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205 Second Redaction, 105, 108 earliest history of, 94–5 entry for Demetrios, 108–9 official conversion to Christianity, 2, 94, Slavonic Synaxarion, 104, 108 97, 135 Psalms, 47 princely clan of, see Riurikids Psalter of Basil II, 90 Rus (people), 86, 87, 89, 90, 95, 96, see also East frontispiece, 91 Slavs opening poem, 91 attacks on Constantinople, 87, 96 Russia, 94 Ravenna Russian Empire, 205 Church of Sant’Apollinare Nuovo, 20 Russians, 205 Riazan, city in Rus, 124, 163 Church of Sts Boris and Gleb, 153 Sabbas the Warrior, St Riurik, prince of Novgorod, 95 depiction in frescoes, 130 Riurik Rostislavich, prince of Kiev Saracens, see Arabs veneration of Boris and Gleb, 150 Saviour Riurikids, 2, 95, 96, 99, 110, 122, 132, 156, 166, church outside Novgorod (Nereditsa), 129 see also princes by name frescoes, 163–4 dedication of churches, 119, 120 Scandinavians, see Varangians naming system, 113 Scythians, 26, 27, 87, 173 seals, 111–13, 114–16, 117–18 seals succession system, 96 Byzantine, 116–17, 173 veneration Rus, 111–13, 114–16, 117–18 of Boris and Gleb, 142, 145–6, 148–62 Second World War, 127 of military saints, 2, 92, 109–11, 122, Serbia, 104 203–4 Sergiopolis, city in Syria, 40, 64 Roman army, pre-Constantine I, 1 Shapur II, Persian emperor, 37 Christianity in, 5 Symeon, religious observances in, 34–5 depiction on seals, 154 Roman emperors, post-Constantine I, Sinai, Mt, 197 see Byzantine emperors Skirmishing, see Nikephoros II: De velitatione Roman Empire, pre-Constantine I, 13 bellica Roman, St., see Boris, prince of Rostov Slavs, 102, 144 Romanos I, Byzantine emperor, 89 attacks on Thessalonika, 71 campaigns, 32 veneration of Demetrios, 101, 102 Romanos II, Byzantine emperor, 86 Smiadyn, river, 153 campaigns, 32 Monastery of Sts Boris and Gleb, 152, 179 Romanos III, Byzantine emperor Smolensk, city in Rus, 135, 152 seals, 111 Soğanlı, valley in Cappadocia Romanos the Melode, St, 151 Church of St Barbara, 83

Index 253

Solachon, battle of, 40 entries Solomon, king of Israel for Demetrios, 71–2 comparisons for George, 75, 107 with Andrew Bogoliubskii, 181 for George and Theodore, 77, 88 with Basil I, 65 for Theodore Stratelates, 73–4 Staraia Ladoga, city in Rus for Theodore Teron, 74 Church of St George, 130 Syria, 32 Stephen, St, 139 inscriptions about Theodore Teron,30 depiction in ivory carvings, 81 Syrianos Magistros, military author, 53–5, 56 relics, 127 authorship of works, 53 Suzdal, city in Rus, 98, 168, 178, 193, 201 date, 53 Sviatopolch, city in Rus De re strategica, 53, 54 foundation, 174–5 Naumachiae, 53, 54 Sviatopolk, prince of Kiev, 143 Rhetorica militaris, 53, 54 baptism, 135 coins, 118–19 tagmata, 57, 69 comparisons Tbilisi, 84 with Cain, 139, 141 Theagenes, St, 27 with Julian, 141 Thekla, St with Lamech, 139, 141 killing of Julian, 141 death of, 141, 142 themata, 57 murder of Boris and Gleb, 135 Theodore, St, 6, 13, 14, 33, 64, 77, 161, 181, war with Iaroslav, 135, 142, 146, 147, 182, 184, 194, 198, see also Theodore 148, 183 Stratelates, St; Theodore Sviatopolk Iziaslavich, prince of Kiev, 151 Teron, St foundation of cities, 174–5 Byzantine artistic sources, 13, see also works veneration by category or medium of Feodosii, 149 Byzantine textual sources, 12, 75, of Mother of God, 149 see also works by title Sviatoslav Iaroslavich, prince of Kiev, 151, 152 depictions Church of Sts Boris and Gleb, 151 on coins, 118, 172 veneration of Gleb, 153 in frescoes, 83, 173 Sviatoslav Vsevolodovich, prince of in friezes, 187, 194, 195 Iurev-Polskoi, 179, 193 in ivory carvings, 84 Cathedral of St George, 193 in minor arts, 82, 85, 124, 125, 128 friezes, 193–7, 198–200 on seals, 115, 116, 117, 125, 154 veneration disambiguation, 6 of Boris and Gleb, 199–200 dragon-slaying miracle, 14, 128 of military saints, 194–6, 197, entry in Synaxarion of Constantinople, 77, 88 198–200 killing of Julian, 141 of Mother of God, 195–6, 197 poems by John Geometros, 85, 86 Sviatoslav Vsevolodovich, prince relics, 197 of Kiev veneration by Andrew Bogoliubskii, veneration of Boris and Gleb, 150 180–1 Sviatoslavichi, see princes by name Theodore Daphnopates, author Sylloge tacticorum, 57 hagiography of George, 75 Symeon Metaphrastes, 19, 74, 75 Theodore of Sykeon, St Menologion Church of St George, 23 entry for Demetrios, 71 Life, 23, 24 entry for George, 75–6 Theodore Stratelates, St, 4, 72, 73, 74, 90–1, entry for Theodore Stratelates, 73 107, 198, see also Theodore, St entry for Theodore Teron, 73, 74 appearance of, 72 Synaxarion of Constantinople, 106 churches commemoration of soldiers massacred in built by John I, 88, 89 811, 61 in Constantinople, 87

254 Index

Theodore Stratelates, St cont.( ) Life and Education of Theodore Teron, 27 depictions Life, Education and Miracles of St Theodore in ivory carvings, 78, 79, 80, 81, 131 Teron, 7, 28–30 in manuscript illuminations, 90, 91 miracle stories by Chrysippos of Jerusalem, 28 in minor arts, 84, 125, 197 poems by John Geometros, 85 in mosaics, 82 veneration by Basil II, 90 on seals, 115, 125 Theodoropolis, see Dorostolon, Euchaita or dragon-slaying miracle, 72, 73 Euchaneia enkomion by Niketas the Paphlagonian, 72–3 Theophanes Confessor, historian,51 entries Chronicle of Theophanes, 47, 48–9, 61 in First Redaction of prolog, 106 Theophano, Byzantine empress, 67 in Menologion of Basil II, 74 church in Constantinople, 121 in Metaphrastic Menologion, 73 Life, 67 in minei, 103–4 Theophilos, Byzantine emperor, 19, 95 in Synaxarion of Constantinople, 73–4 Theophylaktos Simokattes, historian, 44, 49 hagiography by Euthemios Protasecretis, 73 History, 39–40, 44 intercessions in battles against the Rus, Thessalonians, 16, 17, 18, 20, 69, 70, 71, 101 86–9 Thessalonika, 14, 15, 16, 17, 21, 66, 67, 68, 69, passio, 72 70, 71, 89, 100, 102, 106, 108, 140, 174, relics, 72 185, 190, 192 veneration Cathedral of St Demetrios, 17, 19, 173 by Basil II, 90, 91 comparison with Vyshgorod, 146 by John I, 87–9, 111 protection by Demetrios, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, Theodore Teron, St, 4, 13, 24, 26, 30, 31, 25, 31, 66 32, 33, 64, 70, 72, 73, 74, 77, 88, sack of 904, 70 see also Theodore, St seventh-century attacks on, 16, 71 Byzantine artistic sources, 30–1, Tiberios Constantine, Byzantine emperor, 39 see also works by title toponomy, Rus, 174–6 churches Trojans, 1 in Constantinople, 30 True Cross, 44, 45, 46 in Euchaita, 30 Tryphon, St in Jerusalem, 30 depiction in minor arts, 157 in Rome, 30 Turks, 173, see also Hungarians in Venice, 30 depictions Ukraine 94 in frescoes, 172–3 Urbikios, military author in ivory carvings, 78, 80 Epitedeuma, 42 in manuscript illuminations, 90, 91 Taktikon, 42 in minor arts, 84, 125, 197 in mosaics, 82 Václav, prince of Bohemia, 136, 137 on seals, 115, 125 comparison with Boris, 139 dragon-slaying miracle, 27, 29–30, 74, 75, Varangians, 95, 135 106 trade conducted by, 94–5 earliest passio, 27 Vasilev, city in Rus early military associations, 26, 30 foundation, 175 enkomion by Gregory of Nyssa, 26–7 Vasilev Galitskii, city in Rus, 176 entries Vasilko Iurevich, prince of Porose in First Redaction of prolog, 106 exile in Byzantine Empire, 185 in Menologion of Basil II, 74 Vatican City in Metaphrastic Menologion, 73, 74 Museo Sacro, 80 in Synaxarion of Constantinople, 74 Vegetius, military author, 53 hagiography by Nikephoros Ouranos, 74–5, Epitome of Military Science, 41–2 90 Venice homily by Nektarios, 28 Church of St Theodore Teron, 30 inscriptions, 30 Vespers, 146

Index 255

Virgin Mary, see Mother of God friezes, 186–90 Vladimir, city in Rus, 98, 175, 179 church-building activities, 185 Cathedral of St Demetrios, 185, 192 eulogy to, 183 friezes, 186–90 seals, 186 citizens of, 182 veneration Vladimir, prince of Kiev, 96, 111, 138, 143 of Boris and Gleb, 149–50, 187–90 coins, 118–19 of Demetrios, 185–6, 190–2 conversion to Christianity, 97, 99, 102, 135 of military saints, 187–90 death of, 135 of Mother of God, 149–50 foundation of cities, 175 Vyshgorod, town in Rus, 135, 139, 147, 151, 152, wives, 134 153, 178, 179, 182, 187 Vladimir Monomakh, prince of Kiev, 152, 167 churches Church of Sts Boris and Gleb, 152 of St Basil, 151 Testament, 149, 153, 176 of Sts Boris and Gleb, 151–2, 178 veneration comparison with Thessalonika, 140, 146 of Boris, 149, 153–4 Vytecheva, hill, 175 of Boris and Gleb, 152 of Mother of God, 149 Walter, Christopher, 4, 5, 9, 12, 19, 25 Vladimir Mstislavich, prince of Kiev, 149 What Should Be Observed When the Vladimirko Volodarevich, prince of Galich, 170 Emperor …, 50 Vladimir-Suzdal, principality, 134, 168, 170, 201, 202, 204 Xusro II, Persian emperor, 39, 44, 46, 47, 48 Volga, 95 Vsevolod Iaroslavich, prince of Kiev, 151, 152 Zechariah, prophet Church of Sts Boris and Gleb, 151 comparison with Gleb, 138 Vsevolod Iurevich, prince of Vladimir, 168, 177, Zelve, town in Cappadocia 179, 184, 193, 194, 199 Church no. 3, 84 career, 184–5 Zoe, St Cathedral of St Demetrios church in Constantinople, 121