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Home , Abia (sawfly), Acantholyda, Acordulecera, Aglaostigma, Allantinae, Allantus

Banisteria, Number 28, 2006 © 2006 by the Virginia Natural History Society

List of the (: Symphyta) of Virginia

David R. Smith

Systematic Entomology Laboratory, PSI, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, c/o National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, MRC 168, Washington, DC 20013-7012 [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Confirmed records for 345 of sawflies in 11 families are cited for Virginia. The results are based on extensive Malaise trap collecting at several sites, mainly in northern Virginia, and data from museum specimens. A list of 23 potential species likely to occur in Virginia is given. County records and recorded are given for each species.

Key words: , , , , , , , Siricidae, , , .

INTRODUCTION (Brimley, 1938) with approximately 30 additions by Ahlstrom (1995). Smith & Barrows (1987) recorded Sawflies, a general term for members of the 117 species from urban environments in the suborder Symphyta (Hymenoptera), are, with the Washington, DC, area. exception of Orussidae, phytophagous in the larval This list is intended as a precursor for a stage. The -like larvae are often confused comprehensive taxonomic treatment of the sawflies of with those of , and some of the damage to Virginia and neighboring states. Additional material plants may be attributed to Lepidoptera by the untrained and collections to examine are welcome. observer. Larvae of a number of species can cause economic damage in forests, agricultural crops, MATERIALS AND METHODS and ornamental plants. Adults are short-lived and are less conspicuous and usually less commonly collected Most of the records are from my collecting efforts than larvae. over the past 25 or more ; other records are from No modern comprehensive state list of sawflies the collections at VPI&SU, Blacksburg, VA; the exists and no other state has been so thoroughly National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian sampled for sawflies as Virginia. Without other state Institution, Washington, DC (USNM); and a few from lists, comparisons of numbers cannot be made, but collections of other institutions (see acknowledgments). simply the 345 species recorded herein represent about I have examined over 100,000 specimens for this study. one-third of the known fauna of America north of Sawfly sampling is most efficiently done with Mexico (Smith, 1979a). Older state lists exist, but the Malaise traps, and most records from the following nomenclature is so outdated that it is nearly impossible counties are from sites where Malaise traps were used to accurately compare numbers. For the record, with in several consecutive years. These localities are as approximate numbers of species and subspecies in follows (see Fig. 1): parentheses, previous state lists include Colorado (85) Augusta Co., Deerfield Ranger District, George (Ashmead, 1890), New Jersey (400) (MacGillivray, Washington National Forest, centered at 38° 07' 30'' N, 1910), Connecticut (196) (MacGillivray, 1916), New 79° 22' 30'' W, with traps set at elevations of 561-744 m York (445) (Bradley, 1928), and North Carolina (128) along the southeast slope of Great North Mountain. 4 BANISTERIA NO. 28, 2006

Fig. 1. Counties in Virginia. Dots indicate intensive sampling sites mentioned in Materials and Methods.

Five years collecting, 1995-1999, 20 traps per , in in the USNM. mixed - forests. See studies by Braud et al. The traps at each site were set up in March or April (2003) and Strazanac et al. (2003). and taken down in September or October, thus allowing Clarke Co., University of Virginia Blandy continual sampling through the season. Collections Experimental Farm and State Arboretum of Virginia, were made and preserved in 95% ethyl alcohol and 3 km [“2 mi” on labels] S Boyce, 39° 52' N, 78° 10' W. traps were serviced every two or three weeks, Six years collecting, 1990-1996, with 10-15 traps per depending on the time of the season and the weather. year. Over 600 acres (~1,300 ha) of various habitats, Various habitats were sampled within each site. such as ponds, , and oak- stands, and a The list is arranged by family (and by subfamily in large selection of trees and shrubs in the Arboretum. the Tenthredinidae) according to Smith (1979a). The Essex Co., 1.6 km [“1 mi” on labels] SE Dunnsville, scientific name is followed by the common name, if 37° 52' N, 76° 48' W. Nine years collecting, 1991-1999, any; counties from which I have examined specimens; with 15-20 traps each year. About a 100 acre (~250 ha) note if an introduced species; recorded host plants site of mixed hardwoods and pine, sandy soil, in the (most are from Smith 1979a and most are recorded Coastal Plain. only by host- ); and references or other Fairfax Co., near Annandale, 38° 50' N, 77° 12' W. miscellaneous notes. References are mostly restricted Twenty-six years collecting, 1981-2006, with one trap to studies in Virginia and general literature that may each year in the backyard of a suburban development. help in identification. Other references may be found in Loudoun Co., near jct. of Sycolin Road and Goose Smith (1979a). Creek. Two years collecting, 1998-1999, with five traps each year. Floodplain area with mixed vegetation near RESULTS Goose Creek. Louisa Co., 6 km [“4 mi” on labels] S Cuckoo. Five Most records are from the collection sites listed years collecting, 1985-1989, with 10-15 traps each year above. Many species are probably common throughout set up on a 560 acre (~1,200 ha) site; oak, hickory, the state, such as some found on cultivated roses, , mixed pine, rolling hills, stream drainages, interspersed and other widespread plants. Because of its proximity, among grazing pastures. northern Virginia is the best sampled area in this study, Warren Co., near Linden. Two years collecting, and with my field work in the Coastal Plain (Essex 1993-1994, one trap in streambed. County), Piedmont (Fairfax and Louisa counties), and Most specimens from the above collections are Shenandoah Valley (Clarke County), and studies by deposited in the USNM. Specimens from the Augusta Braud et al. (2003) and Strazanac et al. (2003) in the County study are in the collection of West Appalachians (Augusta County), I have obtained Virginia University, Morgantown, with representatives samples from a good cross-section of the state. Species SMITH: SAWFLIES OF VIRGINIA 5 richness increases inland. In nine years of collecting in bakeri Konow. Essex County, I obtained about 170 species; in five Essex, Fairfax, King William, Nelson. Host: Pinus. years in Louisa and six years in Clarke counties, about 200 species at each site. However, the approximately Xyela gallicaulis Smith. 110 species collected in Augusta County are low King and Queen. Host: Pinus (Smith, 1970). because the traps were set within the forest. About 120 species have been taken over 26 years in a backyard Xyela minor Norton. trap in a suburban habitat in Fairfax County. Arlington, Botetourt, Essex, Fairfax, Fauquier, King The following checklist presents records for 345 and Queen, King William, Louisa, New Kent, Stafford. species I have examined, plus 23 species which I Host: Pinus. believe eventually will be found in the state. The list is not exhaustive and additional species are expected, Xyela obscura (Strobl). most likely from parts of the state that have not been Arlington, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Fauquier, Henry, well sampled. More collections are needed in the higher King and Queen, King William, Louisa, Montgomery, elevations of the Appalachians and in southern and New Kent, Stafford. Host: Pinus. southwestern Virginia. There are some species that have been found in the Northeast, e.g., New York, Xyela styrax Burdick. Pennsylvania, higher elevations of West Virginia, and Arlington, Essex, Fairfax. Host: Pinus. the mountains of Tennessee and North Carolina, for which there are no Virginia records. Certainly, some of these eventually will be found in Virginia. PAMPHILIIDAE Keys to genera of certain families or subfamilies are in references to revisions given under those taxa. The Larvae of , , and most comprehensive keys to families and genera are by are gregarious and live and feed in webs of their own Goulet (1992, 1993). Ross (1937) is still helpful for making on their host plant. Larvae of and family, subfamily, and some generic identifications. are leaf rollers. See Middlekauff (1958, 1964) for revisions of this family; species currently placed in the genus Onycholyda were treated by XYELIDAE Middlekauff (1964) as Pamphilius in couplets 1-10 and 15-31 of his key. Xyela larvae feed in the staminate cones of , Pinus spp., except X. gallicaulis which is a shoot borer. Acantholyda angulata (MacGillivray). Species of Xyela are the earliest sawflies to in the Essex. Host: Pinus. spring; my earliest collection date is February 17 in Fairfax County. Megaxyela and Macroxyela larvae are Acantholyda atripes (). external leaf feeders; adults are rarely collected. See Henrico. Host: L. Burdick (1961) for identification of Xyela and Smith & Schiff (1998) for Macroxyela and Megaxyela. Acantholyda bicolorata (Norton). Essex. Macroxyela ferruginea (Say). Clarke, Fairfax, Montgomery. Host: Ulmus. Adults Acantholyda circumcincta (Klug). swept from elms, Ulmus spp., in the Arboretum during Essex. Host: Pinus. the first half of April. Acantholyda maculiventris (Norton). Megaxyela bicoloripes (Rohwer). Clarke. Hosts: Abies, Picea, Pinus. Arlington. Acantholyda marginiventris (Cresson). Megaxyela major (Cresson). Fairfax, Montgomery. Arlington (identity uncertain, based on larvae). Host: Larvae “on hickory.” Acantholyda ochrocera (Norton). Clarke. Xyela alpigena (Strobl). Augusta, Botetourt, Clarke, Fairfax. Host: Pinus. Acantholyda pini Rohwer. Fairfax, Nottoway. 6 BANISTERIA NO. 28, 2006

Acantholyda tesselata (Klug). Pamphilius ochreipes (Cresson). Essex, Fauquier. Host: Pinus. Arlington, Augusta, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Louisa. Host: Viburnum. Acantholyda zappei (Rohwer). Augusta, Essex, City of Lynchburg. Host: Pinus. Pamphilius ocreatus (Say). Clarke, Essex, Louisa. Cephalcia marginata Middlekauff. “Va.” Host: Pinus. Pamphilius pallimaculus (Norton). Augusta, Clarke, Essex, Giles. Host: Adults collected Neurotoma fasciata (Norton). from Rosa. Arlington, Augusta, Essex, Fairfax, Louisa. Host: Prunus. Pamphilius persicum MacGillivray. Essex, Loudoun, Louisa. Host: Prunus. Neurotoma inconspicua (Norton). Plum webspinning sawfly. Clarke. Host: Prunus. Pamphilius phyllisae Middlekauff. Clarke, Culpeper, Essex, Fairfax, Giles, Loudoun, Neurotoma willi Middlekauff. Warren. Host: Quercus. Rockingham. Host: Crataegus (?). Pamphilius pullatus (Cresson). Onycholyda amplecta (Fabricius). Clarke, Fairfax, Rockingham. Host: Viburnum. Albemarle, Arlington, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Loudoun, Louisa, Rockingham, Shenandoah, City of Suffolk. Pamphilius rileyi (Cresson). Host: Rubus. Augusta, Fairfax, Warren. Host: Amelanchier.

Onycholyda excavata (Norton). Pamphilius semicinctus (Norton). Arlington, Essex, Loudoun, Louisa, Montgomery. Essex, Fairfax. Hosts: Amelanchier, Pyrus, Prunus. Host: Cornus.

Onycholyda luteicornis (Norton). PERGIDAE Arlington, Augusta, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Highland, Loudoun, Louisa, Montgomery, Rockingham, Warren. All larvae are external leaf feeders, feeding and Host: Rubus. skeletonizing the leaf from the underside. The genus needs study. dorsalis is a complex of Onycholyda multisignata (Norton). color forms and probably several species are Montgomery. masquerading under this name. There are two or three additional species which are not recorded below. The Onycholyda quebecensis (Provancher). following list (as given by Smith, 1979a) will have to Augusta, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Louisa, Warren. suffice until taxonomic problems are resolved.

Onycholyda rufofasciata (Norton). Acordulecera dorsalis Say. Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Loudoun, Louisa, Smyth, Augusta, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Franklin, Loudoun, Warren. Louisa, Montgomery, Warren. Hosts: Castanea, Carya, Juglans, Quercus. Pamphilius burquei (Provancher). Giles. Acordulecera maculata MacGillivray. Augusta, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Loudoun, Louisa. Pamphilius greenei Rohwer. Essex. Acordulecera mellina MacGillivray. Augusta, Essex, Fairfax, Loudoun. Pamphilius middlekauffi Shinohara & Smith. Arlington, Augusta, Essex, Fairfax, Fauquier, Loudoun, Acordulecera pellucida (Konow). Louisa. Host: Corylus. Augusta, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Loudoun, Montgomery, Warren.

SMITH: SAWFLIES OF VIRGINIA 7

ARGIDAE salicis Rohwer. Arlington, Fairfax. Host: Salix. All except Schizocerella pilicornis are external leaf feeders; S. pilicornis larvae mine leaves of Portulaca. (Klug). Smith (1969d, 1971b, 1989) treated the North Amherst, Clarke, Fairfax, Giles, Louisa, Nelson, City of American Argidae. Richmond, Warren. Host: Ulmus.

Arge abdominalis (Leach). Arge willi Smith. Essex, Loudoun, Louisa. Host: Rhododendron Augusta, Essex, Fairfax, Louisa, Prince William, canescens (Michx.) Sweet. Wythe. Host: Corylus.

Arge azaleae Smith. Atomacera debilis Say. Skyline Drive [Shenandoah National Park]. Host: Arlington, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Louisa, Nelson, Rhododendron vicosum (L.) Torr., Rhododendron sp. Page, Rockingham, Shenandoah. Hosts: Desmodium, Lespedeza. Arge cerulea (Norton). Essex, Fairfax, Loudoun. Atomacera decepta Rohwer. Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Greene, Louisa, Montgomery, Arge coccinea (Fabricius). Prince William, Washington. Hosts: Common on some Arlington, Essex, Fairfax, New Kent, City of Norfolk, ornamental hibiscus: hardy herbaceous hibiscus, scarlet Prince William, City of Virginia Beach. Hosts: Rhus rose, crimsoneyed rose mallow, confederate rose copallinum L., R. glabra L., Rhus sp. (Hibiscus mutabilis L.), Hibiscus moscheutos L. cultivars (Boyd, 2005). Arge cyra (Kirby). Fairfax. Hosts: Betula, Salix. Schizocerella lineata (Rohwer). Fairfax. Host: Portulaca oleraceae L. An external Arge humeralis (Beauvois). feeder. Accomack, Arlington, City of Chesapeake, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Fauquier, Giles, City of Hampton, Schizocerella pilicornis (Holmgren). Purslane sawfly. Louisa, Madison, Montgomery, Nelson, New Kent, Arlington, Augusta, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Louisa, City of Norfolk, Northampton, Page, Prince William. Montgomery, Page, Westmoreland. Host: Portulaca Hosts: Toxicodendron pubescens P. Mill., T. radicans oleraceae L. A leafminer. (L.) Kuntze, T. vernix (L.) Kuntze. Sphacophilus cellularis (Say). Arge macleayi (Leach). Augusta, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, King George, Arlington, Augusta, Clarke, Fairfax, Grayson, Loudoun, Louisa, City of Norfolk, Northampton, City Highland, Louisa, Page. Hosts: Amelanchier, Prunus, of Virginia Beach, Westmoreland. Hosts: Ipomoea, Sorbus. Convolvulus. See Chapman & Gould (1929).

Arge onerosa (MacGillivray). cruenta Smith. Fairfax. Host: Salix. Essex. Host: Prunus.

Arge pectoralis (Leach). sawfly. Sterictiphora sericea (Norton). Arlington, Augusta, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Louisa, Clarke, Essex, Louisa. Nelson, Page, Prince William. Hosts: Alnus, Betula, Corylus. Sterictiphora serotina Smith. Augusta, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Louisa, Page. Host: Arge quidia Smith. Prunus serotina. Augusta, Essex, Fairfax, Giles, Montgomery, Prince William, Warren. Host: Quercus. Sterictiphora transversa Smith. Clarke, Louisa.

8 BANISTERIA NO. 28, 2006

CIMBICIDAE (1956).

All larvae are external leaf feeders. The species of hetricki Ross. and are seldom collected in the Caroline, Essex, Mathews. Host: Pinus taeda L. See state. Hetrick (1956).

Abia lonicerae (Linnaeus). (Fitch). Redheaded pine sawfly. Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Halifax, Loudoun, Louisa, Albemarle, Augusta, Bedford, City of Chesapeake, Montgomery, Patrick, Roanoke, Stafford, Warren, Essex, Fairfax, James City, New Kent, Prince Edward, Wise. Host: Lonicera. In previous literature as Zaraea Richmond. Host: Pinus; various pines. Especially lonicerae (Smith, 1979a). An introduced species. common on ornamentals.

Cimbex americana Leach. Elm sawfly. Neodiprion nannulus nannulus Schedl. Bath, Fairfax, Giles, Highland, Montgomery, Wise. Host: Mill. Rockbridge, Shenandoah. Hosts: Acer, Alnus, Betula, Malus, , Prunus, Salix, Ulmus. (Norton). White pine sawfly. Fluvanna, Rappahannock, City of Staunton. Host: Pinus Trichiosoma triangulum Kirby. strobus L. Montgomery, Roanoke, Smyth. Host: Alnus. Neodiprion pratti prattii (Dyar). Virginia pine sawfly. Albemarle, Buckingham, Culpeper, Cumberland, DIPRIONIDAE Fairfax, Gloucester, Halifax, King and Queen, Louisa, Mecklenburg, Middlesex, Nelson, Prince Edward. All species feed on foliage of and some can Hosts: Mill., P. palustris Mill., P. cause serious damage during outbreaks. Some are resinosa Ait., P. taeda L., P. virginiana Mill. See destructive on ornamentals. Abies- and Tsuga-feeding Hetrick (1956), Morris et al. (1963), and Bobb (1963, species eventually may be found at higher elevations. 1965) for reports of extensive outbreaks in the 1950s The treatment of Neodiprion by Ross (1955) is helpful and early 1960s. for identification. Neodiprion taedae taedae Ross. similis (Hartig). Introduced pine sawfly. Spotted loblolly pine sawfly. Accomack, Essex, King Fairfax, Grayson, Smyth, Washington, Wythe. Host: and Queen, King William, Mathews, Middlesex. Host: L. See Thomas et al. (1982) for Pinus taeda L. See Hetrick (1941, 1956). southwestern counties. An introduced species. Neodiprion virginiana Rohwer. melliceps (Cresson). Caroline, Fairfax. Host: Pinus taeda L. Clarke, Essex, Louisa. Host: Juniperus.

Neodiprion abbotii (Leach). TENTHREDINIDAE Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Louisa, Powhatan, Prince Edward. Hosts: Pinus taeda L. probably preferred; also, Selandriinae P. echinata Mill., P. palustris Mill., P. resinosa Ait. See Hetrick (1956). Most species are associated with ferns, with one on moss. The grass- or sedge-feeding species have not Neodiprion compar (Leach). been found in Virginia. Smith (1969c) revised this Essex, Fairfax, King and Queen, City of Norfolk, subfamily for North America. Patrick. Hosts: Pinus banksiana Lamb., P. resinosa Ait. flavipes (Norton). Neodiprion excitans Rohwer. Arlington, Augusta, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Giles, Blackheaded pine sawfly. King and Queen. Hosts: Grayson, Louisa, City of Norfolk, Page, Wythe. Pinus echinata Mill., P. elliottii Engelm., P. rigida Hosts: Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn and probably Mill., P. serotina Michx., P. taeda L. See Hetrick other ferns.

SMITH: SAWFLIES OF VIRGINIA 9

Hemitaxonus albidopictus (Norton). apricus (Norton). Arlington, Augusta, Bedford, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Arlington, Charlotte, Clarke, Fairfax, Fauquier, Louisa, Warren. Hosts: ferns. Montgomery. Host: Equisetum.

Hemitaxonus dubitatus (Norton). Dolerus aprilis (Norton). Arlington, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Louisa, Page. Host: Bland, Craig, Fairfax, City of Hampton, Montgomery, Onoclea sensibilis L. Common on this fern in gardens. York.

Heptamelus ochroleucus (Stephens). Dolerus bicolor (Beauvois). Fairfax. Introduced (Smith, 2003). Hosts: In Europe, Essex, Loudoun, Louisa, Montgomery. Athyrium, Blechnum, Polypodium. Larvae bore in stems. Dolerus centralis Ross. Clarke, Fairfax, Louisa. (Fabricius). Fairfax. Introduced (Smith, 2003). Host: moss. Dolerus hebes Goulet. Augusta, Clarke, Essex, Louisa. impressata Provancher. Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Louisa, Page, Warren. Hosts: Dolerus kennedyi Ross. ferns. Louisa.

Strongylogaster multicincta Norton. Dolerus klokeorum Goulet & Smith. Arlington, Augusta, Essex, Montgomery. Host: Essex, Fairfax, Louisa. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. Dolerus neoagcistus MacGillivray. Strongylogaster polita Cresson. Arlington, Bedford, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Loudoun, Augusta, Essex, Louisa, Page. Louisa, Montgomery, Pulaski, Rockingham, Stafford.

Strongylogaster remota Rohwer. Dolerus neocollaris MacGillivray. Warren. Clarke.

Strongylogaster soriculatipes Cresson. Dolerus neosericeus MacGillivray. Augusta, Loudoun, Warren. Hosts: ferns. Grayson.

Strongylogaster tacita (Norton). Dolerus nitens Zaddach. Arlington, Essex, Fairfax, Giles, Highland, Louisa, Bedford, Clarke, Fairfax, Giles, Loudoun, Tazewell. Hosts: ferns. Adults taken from Pteridium Montgomery, Warren. Introduced. Hosts: grasses. A aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. and Osmunda regalis L. (Goulet, common, early sawfly in northern Virginia. None were pers. comm.). collected in Essex and Louisa counties from 1985 through 1999. Dolerinae Dolerus nortoni Ross. Larvae of most species feed on grasses, including Clarke, Fairfax. grain crops; several are on Equisetum. Goulet (1986) revised this group for North America, treating it as a Dolerus polysericeus MacGillivray. tribe of the Selandriinae. Giles.

Dolerus abdominalis (Norton). Dolerus sericeus Say. Louisa. Clarke, Louisa, Montgomery. Host: .

Dolerus agcistus MacGillivray. Dolerus subfasciatus Smith. Clarke. Clarke, Montgomery.

Dolerus alutaceus Goulet. Dolerus tibialis conjugatus MacGillivray. Rockingham. Charlotte, Craig, Fairfax, Giles, Montgomery, 10 BANISTERIA NO. 28, 2006

Rockingham, Washington. Host: Equisetum. castaneae Rohwer. Fairfax, Franklin. Host: Castanea. Dolerus unicolor (Beauvois). Augusta, Bedford, Clarke, Craig, Fairfax, Fauquier, Craesus latitarsus Norton. Dusky birch sawfly. Louisa, Montgomery, Pulaski, Rockingham, Tazewell, Louisa. Host: Betula. Wythe. Hosts: grasses. Craterocercus fraternalis (Norton). Dolerus versus Norton. Augusta, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Giles, Louisa, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Louisa, City of Richmond. Montgomery, Rockingham, Warren. Host: Quercus.

Nematinae Craterocercus furcatus Smith. Clarke, Essex, Montgomery. Most species are external leaf feeders. Larvae of form stem galls on willow, form leaf Craterocercus obtusus (Klug). galls on willow, form leaf rolls on poplar Augusta, Essex, Giles, Louisa, Rockingham. Host: and willow, parva is a , larvae Quercus. of Caulocampus are miners, and larvae of live and feed in developing fruits of their Euura salicicola Smith ?. hosts. Several genera are relatively unstudied, and a Clarke, Fairfax. Host: Salix. The species identity is complete listing cannot be given until taxonomic questionable. problems are resolved. These include , Euura, , , Phyllocolpa, and militaris (Cresson). Pontania. Studies on these genera could increase this Clarke, Giles, Grayson, Montgomery, Page, list by 20 or more species. Literature that may be Washington. Hosts: Amelanchier, Prunus. helpful for species identification of some genera is as follows: Caulocampus (Smith, 1968); Cladiini Hoplocampa halcyon (Norton). (, Priophorus) (Smith, 1974); Craesus (Smith, Essex, Fairfax, Franklin. Host: Amelanchier. 1972); Craterocercus (Smith, 1969a); Hemichroa (Smith, 1975b); Hoplocampa (Ross, 1943b); Hoplocampa marlatti Rohwer. Nepionema (Smith, 1994a); Pachynematus (Ross, Arlington, Augusta, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Louisa. 1945); and Pseudodineura (Smith, 1976). Host: probably Prunus.

Adelomos cleone Ross. Nematus abbotii (Kirby). Tazewell. Augusta, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Loudoun, Warren. Host: Robinia. Amauronematus amentorum (Foerster). Fairfax. Host: Salix. Nematus nr. atriceps (Marlatt). Augusta. Amauronematus brunneus (Norton). Clarke. Nematus attus Smith. Montgomery. Host: Populus. Amauronematus nr. lineatus (Harrington). Clarke. Nematus carpini (Marlatt). Bedford, Fairfax, Louisa, Patrick. Host: Carpinus. Amauronematus orbitalis Marlatt. Clarke, Fairfax, Louisa. Nematus corylus Cresson. Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Louisa, Warren. Host: Corylus. Caulocampus matthewsi Smith. Giles. Nematus erythrogaster Norton. Arlington, City of Chesapeake, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, (Panzer). Bristly roseslug. Louisa. Host: Alnus. Albemarle, Arlington, Clarke, Fairfax, Loudoun, Montgomery, Rockingham. Host: Rosa. A common Nematus hudsoniimagnus Dyar. of cultivated roses. Clarke, Louisa, Rockingham. Host: Populus. SMITH: SAWFLIES OF VIRGINIA 11

Nematus laticulus (Norton). Loudoun, Louisa, Montgomery, City of Richmond, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Frederick, Montgomery, Rockingham, Warren. Hosts: Carex and possibly Orange. grasses.

Nematus latifasciatus Cresson. Pachynematus extensicornis (Norton). Grass sawfly. Grayson. Host: Betula. Augusta, Clarke, Essex, Loudoun, Montgomery. Hosts: wheat, probably other grasses. Nematus limbatus Cresson. Clarke. Hosts: Salix, Populus. Phyllocolpa nigrita (Marlatt). “Virginia.” Nematus lipovskyi Smith. Augusta, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Louisa, Loudoun. Phyllocolpa populi (Marlatt) (?). Host: Rhododendron. Clarke.

Nematus oligospilus Foerster. Pontania gracilis Marlatt. Arlington, Charlotte, Clarke, Fairfax, Louisa, “Va.” Host: Salix. Montgomery, City of Suffolk. Host: Salix. Priophorus morio (Lepeletier). Nematus ostryae (Marlatt). Clarke. Host: Rubus. Augusta, Giles, Fairfax, Fauquier. Host: Ostrya. Priophorus pallipes (Lepeletier). Nematus radialis Smith. Arlington, Augusta, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Louisa, Augusta, Clarke. Washington. Hosts: Alnus, Crataegus, Prunus.

Nematus ribesii (Scopoli). Imported currantworm. abbreviata (Hartig). California sawfly. Clarke, Fairfax. Host: Ribes. Clarke, Fairfax, Fauquier, Louisa, Rockingham. Introduced. Host: Pyrus. Nematus salicisodoratus Dyar. Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Louisa, Montgomery. Hosts: Pristiphora acidovalva Wong. Populus, Salix. Clarke, Fairfax, Louisa. Host: Salix.

Nematus superbus (Provancher). Pristiphora appendiculata (Hartig). Fairfax, Highland, Rockbridge. Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Giles, Louisa, Page, Warren. Host: Ribes. In previous literature as Pristiphora rufipes Newman. Lepeletier. Accomack, Arlington, Augusta, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Fauquier, King and Queen, King William, Loudoun, Pristiphora banksi Marlatt. Louisa, Montgomery, Page, Patrick, Rockingham, Accomack, Augusta, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Giles, Shenandoah, Warren. Host: L. Loudoun, Louisa, City of Suffolk, City of Virginia Beach, Warren. Host: Vaccinium. Nematus ventralis Say. Willow sawfly. Arlington, Clarke, Fairfax, Montgomery, City of Pristiphora bivittata (Norton). Richmond. Host: Salix. Augusta, Clarke, Fairfax, Loudoun, Montgomery, Rockingham, Warren. Host: Spiraea. Neopareophora litura (Klug). Arlington, Augusta, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Louisa, Pristiphora chlorea (Norton). Montgomery, Page, Warren. Host: Vaccinium. Augusta, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Fauquier, Loudoun, Louisa, Montgomery, Roanoke, Warren. Host: Nepionema appalachiana Smith. Quercus. Essex. Pristiphora cincta Newman. Pachynematus corniger (Norton). Augusta, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Giles, Grayson, Arlington, Augusta, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Giles, Louisa, Smyth. Hosts: Betula, Salix, Vaccinium.

12 BANISTERIA NO. 28, 2006

Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig). sawfly. nyssae Smith. Montgomery. An introduced species. Host: Larix. Essex, Fairfax, Louisa. Host: Nyssa sylvatica Marsh.

Pristiphora geniculata (Hartig). Mountain ash sawfly. Caliroa obsoleta (Norton). Grayson. Host: Sorbus. Arlington, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Louisa. Host: Quercus. Pristiphora mollis (Hartig). Clarke, Louisa, Warren. Host: Vaccinium. Caliroa petiolata Smith. Arlington, Caroline, Clarke, Essex, Louisa. Host: Pristiphora paloma Wong & Ross. Quercus. Clarke, Fairfax. Caliroa quercuscoccinea (Dyar). Scarlet oak sawfly. Pristiphora siskiyouensis Marlatt. Augusta, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Mecklenburg, Essex, Fairfax, Halifax, Louisa. Hosts: Alnus, Betula. Washington. Host: Quercus.

Pristiphora sycophanta Walsh. aethiops (Fabricius). Roseslug. Arlington, Clarke, Craig, Fairfax, Essex, Louisa. Host: Albemarle, Arlington, Clarke, Fairfax, Henrico, Salix. Loudoun, Montgomery, Rockingham. Host: Rosa, common on cultivated roses. Pristiphora zella Rohwer. Augusta, Clarke, Fairfax, Giles, Louisa, Warren. Kaliofenusa ulmi (Sundevall). Elm leafminer. Clarke. Introduced. Host: Ulmus. See Smith (1995) for Pseudodineura parva (Norton). discovery in Virginia. Clarke, Essex, Louisa. Host: Hepatica. ochreus Smith. Heterarthrinae Essex, Fairfax, Loudoun, Louisa.

Larvae of Caliroa and Endelomyia are external leaf Metallus rohweri MacGillivray. feeders. Caliroa cerasi may be a pest in orchards and E. Arlington, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Loudoun, Louisa, aethiops a pest of cultivated roses. Species of the Page. Host: Rubus. remaining genera are leaf miners in their host plants. Smith (1971a) revised this subfamily for North Nefusa ambigua (Norton). America. Augusta, Clarke, Fairfax, Loudoun, Montgomery, Page. Host: . Caliroa cerasi (Linnaeus). Pear sawfly. Arlington, Fairfax. Hosts: Pyrus, Prunus, Crataegus, alumna (MacGillivray). and probably other . Augusta, Clarke, Fairfax. Host: Quercus.

Caliroa fasciata (Norton). Profenusa canadensis (Marlatt). Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Louisa. Host: Quercus. Clarke, Page. Host: Crataegus.

Caliroa liturata MacGillivray. Fairfax, City of Suffolk. Host: Prunus. All larvae are external leaf feeders except those of Caliroa lobata MacGillivray. Ardis brunniventris which is a shoot borer in roses. Augusta, Clarke, Fairfax, Essex, Louisa. Host: Quercus. Smith (1969b) revised this subfamily for North America. Caliroa lorata MacGillivray. Arlington, Clarke, Fairfax, Louisa. Host: Castanea. Ardis brunniventris (Hartig). Clarke, Essex, Louisa, Page. Host: Rosa. Caliroa lunata MacGillivray. Arlington, Augusta, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Louisa, Erythraspides carbonarius (Cresson). Warren. Arlington, Clarke, Fairfax, Loudoun, Montgomery, Warren. Host: Oenothera. SMITH: SAWFLIES OF VIRGINIA 13

Erythraspides vitis (Harris). Grape sawfly. albicollis (Norton). Albemarle, Augusta, Chesterfield, Clarke, Essex, Augusta, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Fauquier, Giles, Fairfax, Loudoun, Louisa, Smyth, Rockingham. Loudoun, Louisa, Page, Prince William, Rockingham, Host: Vitis. Warren. Host: Quercus.

Eupareophora parca (Cresson). Periclista bipartita (Cresson). Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Henry, Loudoun, Louisa, Louisa. Warren. Host: Fraxinus. Periclista diluta (Cresson). ephippium (Panzer). Augusta, Clarke, Essex, Giles, Loudoun, Louisa, Arlington, Augusta, Clarke, Craig, Fairfax, Loudoun, Montgomery, Warren. Host: Quercus. Warren. Introduced. Hosts: Poa, possibly Graminae. Periclista inaequidens (Norton). Eutomostethus luteiventris (Klug). Arlington, Essex, Page, Rockingham. Host: Quercus. Clarke, Fairfax, Montgomery, Page. Introduced. Host: Juncus. Periclista marginicollis (Norton). Arlington, Augusta, Clarke, Essex, Loudoun, Halidamia affinis (Fallén). Louisa, Montgomery, Page, Rockingham, Warren. Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Loudoun, Louisa, Montgomery, Host: Carya. Northampton, Page, Warren. Introduced. Host: Galium. Periclista media (Norton). conspiculatus MacGillivray. Augusta, Essex, Fairfax, Rockingham, Warren. Host: Arlington, Augusta, City of Chesapeake, Clarke, Essex, Quercus. Fairfax, Loudoun, Louisa. Perclista subtruncata Dyar. Monophadnoides pauper (Provancher). Essex, Fairfax, Fauquier, Loudoun. Host: Quercus. Augusta, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Giles, Louisa, Page, Warren. fumipennis (Norton). Arlington, Clarke, Culpeper, Essex, Fairfax, Giles, Monophadnoides rubi (Harris). Raspberry sawfly. Loudoun, Louisa, Warren. Host: Smilacina. Augusta, City of Chesapeake, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Loudoun, Louisa, Montgomery, Page, Warren. Phymatocera racemosae Smith. Host: Rubus. In previous literature as Monophadnoides Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Louisa, Warren. Host: geniculatus (Hartig) (Smith, 1979a). Polygonatum.

Monophadnus aequalis MacGillivray. Phymatocera smilacinae Smith. Augusta, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Loudoun, Louisa, Arlington, Loudoun. Host: Adults collected from Page. Host: probably Ranunculus. Polygonatum and Smilacina.

Monophadnus bakeri Smith. Rhadinoceraea nubilipennis (Norton). Fairfax, Loudoun. Page. Host: Veratrum.

Monophadnus pallescens (Gmelin). fuliginosus (Schrank). Clarke, Essex. Host: Ranunculus. Clarke. Introduced. Host: Ranunculus.

Paracharactus niger (Harrington). Tethida barda (Say). Blackheaded ash sawfly. Clarke, Loudoun, Louisa, Page. Host: probably sedges Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Giles, Loudoun, Louisa, (Carex). Montgomery. Host: Fraxinus.

Paracharactus rudis (Norton). multicinctus (Rohwer). Arlington, Augusta, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Loudoun, . Fairfax. Host: Fraxinus. Louisa, Page, Warren.

14 BANISTERIA NO. 28, 2006

Allantinae tener (Fallén). Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Montgomery, Page. Host: Larvae of all species are external leaf feeders. Smith Rumex. (1979b) revised this subfamily for North America. Ametastegia xenia Smith. cinctus (Linnaeus). Curled rose sawfly. Appomattox, Floyd. Fairfax. Hosts: Fragaria, Rosa. Dimorphopteryx autumnalis Rohwer. Allantus mellipes (Norton). Fairfax. Host: Quercus. Clarke, Fairfax, Loudoun, Page, Roanoke, Tazewell. Host: Fragaria. Dimorphopteryx melanognathus Rohwer. Giles. Hosts: Alnus, Betula. Allantus nigritibialis Rohwer. Clarke, Fairfax, Loudoun. Host: Rosa. Dimorphopteryx pinguis (Norton). Arlington, Augusta, Essex, Fairfax, King and Queen, Allantus viennensis (Schrank). Louisa. Hosts: Alnus, Betula. Clarke, Fairfax, Loudoun. Introduced. Host: Rosa. See Smith (1975a). Dimorphopteryx virginicus Rohwer. Arlington, Fairfax, Louisa. Host: Castanea. Ametastegia aperta (Norton). Arlington, Augusta, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Giles, coryli (Dyar). Lee, Louisa, Page, Warren. Essex, Louisa, Warren. Host: Corylus.

Ametastegia articulata (Klug). Empria evansi Smith. Arlington, Chesterfield, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Giles, Louisa. Loudoun, Louisa, Nelson, Northampton, Montgomery, Rockingham, Warren. Hosts: Polygonum, Rumex. Empria maculata (Norton). Accomack, Arlington, Augusta, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Ametastegia becra Smith. Grayson, Highland, Loudoun, Louisa, Madison, Augusta, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Giles, Louisa, Page, Page, City of Petersburg, Rockingham, Warren. Warren. Hosts: Fragaria, Potentilla, Rubus.

Ametastegia equiseti (Fallén). Empria multicolor (Norton). Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Louisa, Page. Host: Rumex. Arlington, Augusta, Chesterfield, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Fauquier, Floyd, Giles, Grayson, Highland, (Fallén). Dock sawfly. Louisa. Hosts: Alnus, Betula. Clarke, Louisa, Montgomery. Hosts: Polygonum, Rumex. juglandis (Fitch). Clarke, Essex, Louisa. Host: Juglans. Ametastegia pallipes (Spinola). Violet sawfly. Arlington, Clarke, Fairfax, Louisa, Page, Patrick. Macremphytus semicornis (Say). Host: Viola. Clarke. Host: Cornus.

Ametastegia pulchella (Rohwer). Macremphytus tarsatus (Say). Arlington, Augusta, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Loudoun, Augusta, Clarke, Loudoun, Warren. Host: Cornus. Louisa, Prince William, Warren. Host: Polygonum. Macremphytus testaceus (Norton). Ametastegia recens (Say). Arlington, Augusta, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Floyd, Giles, Louisa. Giles, Loudoun, Louisa, Montgomery, Nelson, Rockingham. Host: Cornus. Ametastegia rocia Smith. “Va.” Host: Salix (?). Monosoma inferentia (Norton). Louisa. Host: Alnus.

SMITH: SAWFLIES OF VIRGINIA 15

Monostegia abdominalis (Fabricius). quattuordecimpunctatum (Norton). Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Louisa, Montgomery. Host: Augusta, Grayson, Smyth. Host: Podophyllum . peltatum L.

Phrontosoma belfragei (Cresson). Aglaostigma semiluteum (Norton). Fairfax. Host: Cornus (?). Arlington, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Frederick, Grayson, City of James, Loudoun, Louisa, Montgomery, Pseudosiobla excavata (Norton). Page, Smyth, Warren, Washington. Host: Impatiens Arlington, Essex, Fairfax, Louisa, City of Richmond, capensis Meerb. Spotsylvania. Host: Cephalanthus. Lagium atroviolaceum (Norton). borealis MacGillivray. Albemarle, Arlington, City of Chesapeake, Clarke, Augusta. Essex, Fairfax, Giles, Henrico, Loudoun, Louisa, Madison, Montgomery, Nelson, Patrick, Rockingham, Taxonus epicera (Say). Washington. Host: Sambucus. Augusta, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Lee, Loudoun, Louisa, City of Richmond, Warren. Leucopelmonus annulicornis (Harrington). Augusta, Clarke, Fairfax, Giles, Grayson, Lee, Taxonus pallicoxus (Provancher). Madison, Smyth. Augusta, Clarke, Loudoun, Louisa. Host: Fragaria. alba MacGillivray. Taxonus pallidicornis (Norton). Clarke, Fairfax, Loudoun, Louisa, Montgomery, Augusta, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Loudoun, Louisa, Rockingham, Smyth, Warren. Montgomery, Warren. Host: Rubus. Macrophya albomaculata (Norton). Taxonus pallipes (Say). Arlington, Carroll, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Grayson, Augusta, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Loudoun, Louisa, Loudoun, Louisa, Rockingham, Warren. Host: Warren. Host: Fragaria. Sambucus.

Taxonus proximus (Provancher). Macrophya bifasciata (Say). Augusta, Louisa. Clarke, Essex, Giles, Loudoun, Louisa, Montgomery, Tazewell. Taxonus rufocinctus (Norton). Augusta, Clarke, Loudoun, Louisa. Host: Rubus. Macrophya cassandra Kirby. Arlington, Augusta, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Giles, Taxonus spiculatus (MacGillivray). Hanover, Loudoun, Louisa, Montgomery, Rockbridge, Augusta. Warren. Host: Carya.

Taxonus terminalis (Say). Macrophya cinctula (Norton). Augusta, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Loudoun, Louisa, Arlington, Campbell, City of Chesapeake, Essex, Roanoke, Warren. Host: Rubus. Fairfax, Giles, Loudoun, Louisa.

Tenthredininae Macrophya epinota (Say). Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Grayson, Louisa, Montgomery, Larvae of all species are external leaf feeders. Host Rockingham. Host: Sambucus. plants are poorly known for members of this subfamily. See Smith (1991) for flight records for 28 species of Macrophya externa (Say). Macrophya. is the large remaining group that Fairfax, Louisa. needs study; there are no keys to species that occur in Virginia. Literature that is helpful for other groups is as Macrophya flavicoxae (Norton). follows: Aglaostigma (Ross, 1943a); Macrophya Arlington, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Floyd, Giles, (Gibson, 1980); and Lagium (Smith, 1986a, 1994b). Grayson, Greensville, Loudoun, Louisa, Montgomery, Goulet & Smith (1993) described several species of Rockingham, Smyth, Washington. Tenthredo from eastern United States. 16 BANISTERIA NO. 28, 2006

Macrophya flavolineata (Norton). Macrophya nirvana Gibson. Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Giles, Loudoun, Louisa, Rockingham. Montgomery, Russell, Smyth, Warren. Macrophya pannosa (Say). Macrophya flicta MacGillivray. Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Greene, Loudoun, Louisa, Arlington, Augusta, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Giles, Montgomery, Patrick, Smyth, Tazewell. Host: Loudoun, Louisa, Montgomery, Rockingham. Sambucus. Host: Prunus. Macrophya phylacida Gibson. Macrophya formosa (Klug). Carroll, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Loudoun, Smyth, Arlington, Augusta, Clarke, Craig, Essex, Fairfax, Tazewell. Giles, Grayson, Loudoun, Louisa, Montgomery, Page, Rockingham, Warren. Macrophya pulchella (Klug). Arlington, Augusta, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Floyd, Macrophya fuliginea Norton. Giles, Loudoun, Louisa, Montgomery, Warren. Essex, Fairfax, Giles, Louisa. Host: Castanea. Macrophya punctata MacGillivray. Macrophya goniphora (Say). Clarke, Fairfax, Loudoun. Host: Sambucus. Arlington, Augusta, City of Chesapeake, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Giles, Loudoun, Louisa, Montgomery, Macrophya senacca Gibson. Rockingham. Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Loudoun, Louisa.

Macrophya lineatana Rohwer. Macrophya serratalineata Gibson. Arlington, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Loudoun, Louisa. Giles.

Macrophya macgillivrayi Gibson. Macrophya simillima Rohwer. Arlington, Bath, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Giles, Clarke, Carroll, Fairfax, Loudoun, Rockingham. Host: Loudoun, Louisa, Montgomery, Rockingham, Russell, Rudbeckia. Warren. Macrophya succincta Cresson. Macrophya maculilabris Konow. Clarke, Loudoun, Montgomery. Arlington, Clarke, Fairfax, Floyd, Louisa, Montgomery, Rockingham. Host: Sambucus. Macrophya tibiator Norton. Arlington, Augusta, Fairfax, Loudoun, Louisa, Macrophya masneri Gibson. Montgomery. Clarke, Loudoun, Rockingham. Macrophya trisyllaba (Norton). Macrophya masoni Gibson. Arlington, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Giles, Grayson, Augusta, Fairfax, Giles, Louisa. Loudoun, Louisa, Montgomery, Page, City of Richmond, Rockingham, Warren. Host: Sambucus. Macrophya mensa Gibson. Augusta, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Giles, Loudoun, Macrophya varia (Norton). Louisa, Stafford. Augusta, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Giles, Loudoun, Louisa. Macrophya mixta MacGillivray. Giles, Louisa. Host: Viburnum. Macrophya zoe Kirby. Clarke, Fairfax, Louisa, Warren, Washington. Macrophya nigra (Norton). Augusta, Bath, Essex, Fairfax, Grayson, Lee, Loudoun, rapae (Linnaeus). Louisa, Rockingham. Host: Chelone. See Stamp (1984). Grayson, Smyth. Hosts: Antirrhinum, Betonica, Fraxinus, Scrophularia, Solidago. Macrophya nigristigma Rohwer. Arlington, Clarke, Fairfax, Louisa. Host: Carya. Tenthredo angulifera (Norton). Arlington, Grayson, Montgomery, Page. SMITH: SAWFLIES OF VIRGINIA 17

Tenthredo basilaris Say. Tenthredo verticalis Say. Giles, Page, Washington. Arlington, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Giles, Grayson, Loudoun, Louisa, Rockingham. Tenthredo carolina (Rohwer). Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Wise. Tenthredo yuasi MacGillivray. Clarke, Loudoun, Louisa. Tenthredo fernowi Goulet & Smith. Augusta, Clarke, Fairfax, Giles, Loudoun, Shenandoah, Warren. SIRICIDAE

Tenthredo fisheri (Rohwer). Larvae are wood borers. Some are easily transported Arlington, Clarke, Fairfax, Rockingham, Smyth. by commerce in lumber outside their native ranges (e.g., the record of S. longicauda). Other species also Tenthredo grandis (Norton). could be found emerging from construction wood Arlington, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Louisa, Page, imported from the West. Smith & Schiff (2002) treated Warren. Host: Chelone glabra L. See Stamp (1984). the species for eastern United States.

Tenthredo leucostoma Kirby. Eriotremex formosanus (Matsumura). Giles, Grayson, Rockingham. Northampton, City of Virginia Beach. Hosts: Quercus preferred, also Carya, Liquidambar. Introduced. See Tenthredo lobata (Norton). Smith (1996). These are the northernmost records for Augusta, Page, Rockingham. this species in the United States.

Tenthredo mantha Ross. areolatus (Cresson). Fairfax, Pulaski, Rockingham. City of Virginia Beach (Cape Henry). Hosts: Cupressus sp., Juniperus spp., Libocedrus, Pinus, Pseudotsuga, Tenthredo masneri Goulet & Smith. Sequoia, Taxodium, Thuja. Giles, Grayson, Stony Man Mountain [on Madison- Page county line]. Sirex edwardsii Brullé. Essex, Fairfax, Montgomery, City of Virginia Beach. Tenthredo mellicoxa Provancher. Hosts: Pinus echinata Mill., P. elliotii Engelm., Clarke, Fairfax, Loudoun, Warren. P. palustris Mill., P. rigida Mill., P. strobus L., P. virginiana Mill. Also recorded from Picea. Tenthredo nimbipennis Cresson. Clarke, Rockingham. Sirex longicauda Middlekauff. Campbell (Lynchburg). A western species, probably Tenthredo piceocincta (Norton) (?). imported in building materials (Smith & Schiff, 2002). Page. Identity uncertain. Hosts: Abies, Pinus, Pseudotsuga.

Tenthredo prosopa Stannard. Sirex nigricornis Fabricius. Giles. Essex, Fairfax, Montgomery, City of Norfolk, Page, City of Richmond, City of Virginia Beach. Tenthredo rufopecta (Norton). Hosts: Pinus clausa (Chapm. ex Engelm.) Vasey ex Arlington, Augusta, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Fauquier, Sarg., P. echinata Mill., P. palustris Mill., P. rigida Giles, Grayson, Loudoun, Louisa, Montgomery, Page, Mill., P. strobus L., P. taeda L., P. virginiana Mill. Rockingham, Warren. Also recorded from Picea.

Tenthredo rurigena MacGillivray. columba (Linnaeus). Pigeon tremex. Clarke, Giles, Louisa. Appomattox, Arlington, Augusta, Bedford, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Frederick, Giles, Hanover, Louisa, Tenthredo secunda MacGillivray. Loudoun, Montgomery, City of Norfolk, Nottoway, Giles, Grayson. City of Richmond, Roanoke, Smyth, Warren, Washington. Hosts: Acer, Carpinus, Carya, Celtis, Fagus, Malus, Platanus, Pyrus, Quercus, Ulmus. 18 BANISTERIA NO. 28, 2006

Urocerus albicornis (Fabricius). America. Arlington, Montgomery, Washington. Hosts: Abies, Larix, Picea, Pinus, Pseudostuga, Thuja, Tsuga. minutus Middlekauff. Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Louisa, Warren. cressoni Norton. Essex, Fairfax, Montgomery. Hosts: Abies, Picea, Orussus sayii (Westwood). Mill., P. taeda L. Essex

Urocerus taxodii (Ashmead). Orussus terminalis (Newman). Essex, City of Virginia Beach. Host: Taxodium Clarke, Essex. distichum (L.) Rich.

CEPHIDAE XIPHYDRIIDAE Larvae of and are stem borers in Larvae are wood borers in small limbs of their host grasses; those of Hartigia and are stem or twig plants. Smith (1976b) revised this family for North borers in their host plants. Hartigia was revised by America. Smith (1986b) and Smith & Solomon (1989) provided a key to species of Janus. abdominalis Say. Louisa. Host: Tilia americana L. Cephus pygmaeus (Linnaeus). European wheat stem sawfly. Clarke, Essex, Giles. Xiphydria canadensis Provancher. Hosts: Cultivated grasses such as wheat and, to a lesser City of Virginia Beach (June 24, 1915). extent, barley and rye. Bromus secalinus L., Hordeum vulgare L., Secale cerale L., Triticum aestivum L. Xiphydria champlaini Rohwer. Fairfax. Host: Carpinus caroliniana Walt. Hartigia bicincta (Provancher). Louisa. Xiphydria maculata Say. Augusta, City of Chesapeake, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Hartigia trimaculata (Say). Giles, Loudoun, Louisa, City of Newport News, Page. Arlington, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Loudoun, Louisa, Hosts: Acer, also recorded from Tilia and Malus. Montgomery, Scott. Hosts: Rosa, Rubus.

Xiphydria mellipes Harris. Janus abbreviatus (Say). Willow shoot sawfly. Arlington, Grayson, Madison, Roanoke. Host: Betula. Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Louisa. Hosts: Populus, Salix.

Xiphydria polia Smith. Janus bimaculatus (Norton). Fairfax, Montgomery. Augusta, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Loudoun, Louisa. Host: Viburnum. Xiphydria scafa Smith. Arlington, Fairfax, Louisa. Host: Carpinus americana (Norton). Currant stem girdler. Walt. Augusta, Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Loudoun, Louisa, Montgomery. Host: Ribes. Xiphydria tibialis Say. Clarke, Essex, Fairfax, Loudoun, Louisa. Hosts: Ulmus Janus quercusae Smith. americana, also recorded from Acer, Betula, Crataegus, Essex, Louisa. Host: Quercus. Fagus, Fraxinus, Prunus, Quercus, Rhus, Tilia. Trachelus tabidus (Fabricius). Black grain stem sawfly. Arlington, Fairfax, Fauquier, Mecklenburg, Mont- ORUSSIDAE gomery, Rockingham. Introduced. Hosts: Cultivated grasses such as wheat, barley, rye, oats. No wild grass Larvae are of wood-boring Coleoptera. hosts known in North America. Avena, Hordeum Middlekauff (1983) revised this family for North vulgare L., Secale cereale L., Triticum aestivum L.

SMITH: SAWFLIES OF VIRGINIA 19

POTENTIAL SPECIES (Hartig). European apple sawfly. Introduced. Northeastern states, Following is a list of species for which I have not and has been taken in Montgomery Co., Maryland seen Virginia records but are likely to occur in the state. (Smith, 2003). Host: Malus. Larvae feed in developing The list is undoubtedly incomplete and other species are fruits. likely to extend either south or north to Virginia. dimmockii (Cresson). Greenheaded sawfly. Known in the northeastern PAMPHILIIDAE states and in the mountains of North Carolina.

Acantholyda angulata (MacGillivray). Pristiphora rufipes (Serville). Southeastern Canada south to North Carolina, Georgia. Introduced. Northeastern states south to West Virginia. Host: Pinus. Host: Aquilegia. In previous literature as Pristiphora aquilegiae (Vollenhoven). Acantholyda erythrocephala (Linnaeus). Pine false webworm. Northeastern states to Heterarthrinae Pennsylvania. Hosts: Various Pinus. nigrita Westwood. Acantholyda ruficeps (Harrington). Northeastern states south to West Virginia. Hosts: Quebec south to North Carolina. Host: Pinus. Agrimonia, Potentilla. A leafminer.

Acantholyda poepigii (Brischke & Zaddach). dohrnii (Tischbein). Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Georgia. European leafminer. Host: Alnus. Has been found as far south as Garrett Co., Maryland. Pamphilius nigritibialis Rohwer. Quebec to North Carolina. Fenusa pusilla (Lepeletier). Birch leafminer. Host: Betula. Has been taken on ornamental birch in Silver Spring, Maryland. DIPRIONIDAE Blennocampinae (Geoffroy). European pine sawfly. Introduced. Known in the Monophadnoides quebecensis Smith. northeastern states south to Pennsylvania. Host: Pinus. Known from Quebec, West Virginia, and the mountains I have not seen specimens from Virginia; identities of of North Carolina. this species on certain websites reporting it from Virginia need confirmation. Stethomostus fuliginosus (Schrank). Northeastern, south to Maryland. Host: Ranunculus.

TENTHREDINIDAE

Nematinae Dimorphopteryx abnormis Rohwer. Occurs in nearby West Virginia. Caulocampus acericaulis (MacGillivray). Hosts: Amelanchier, Crataegus, Prunus, Pyrus. Maple petiole borer. Northeastern states south to Maryland, West Virginia. Host: Acer.

Hemichroa crocea (Geoffroy). Macrophya propinqua Harrington. Striped alder sawfly. This species has been taken in Northeastern; occurs in nearby West Virginia. New York and Pennsylvania and in the mountains of North Carolina. Host: Alnus. Tenthredo appalachia Goulet & Smith. Recorded from nearby West Virginia. Hoplocampa brevis (Klug). Northeastern states south to Maryland. Host: Pyrus, Tenthredo mellina (Norton). larvae feed in developing fruit or . Recorded from Maryland. 20 BANISTERIA NO. 28, 2006

Tenthredo semirufa Norton. Boyd, D., Jr. 2005. Beating the hibiscus sawfly. New Hampshire south to North Carolina. American Nurseryman, Feb. 15, 2005, pp. 22-25.

Tenthredo subcoerulea Eschscholtz. Bradley, J. C. 1928. . Pp. 870-895 In Quebec to Florida. M. D. Leonard (ed.), A list of the of New York, with a list of spiders and certain other allied groups. Cornell University, Agriculture Experiment Station ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Memoir 101. 1,121 pp.

My sincere thanks to the following: Mr. and Mrs. Braud, R., D. R. Smith, J. S. Strazanac, & L. Butler. J. G. Kloke for allowing collecting on their properties 2003. Diversity, abundance, and seasonality of adult in Lousia and Essex counties; Mike Bowers for and larval Symphyta (Hymenoptera) in the George allowing collecting at the University of Virginia Blandy Washington National Forest, Virginia, and the Experimental Farm and State Arboretum of Virginia; Monongahela National Forest, West Virginia. Virginia Power for allowing collections on their Proceedings of the Entomological Society of property in Loudoun County; Terry Nuhn for allowing Washington 105: 756-768. me to sort his trap collections from Warren County; Cathy Apgar and Tami Carlow for servicing traps Brimley, C. S. 1938. The Insects of North Carolina. and sorting collections from Loudoun County; North Carolina Department of Agriculture, Division of M. Kosztarab for allowing examination of the Entomology, Raleigh. 560 pp. collection at VPI&SU, Blacksburg; R. L. Hoffman, Virginia Museum of Natural History, Martinsville; and Burdick, D. J. 1961. A taxonomic and biological study the following collections from which I have obtained of the genus Xyela Dalman in North America. some records: University of California, Davis; University of California Publications in Entomology Colorado State University, Fort Collins; Ohio State 17: 285-356. University, Columbus, and West Virginia University, Morgantown. H. Goulet, Agriculture and Agri-Food Chapman, P. J., & G. E. Gould. 1929. Sweet Canada, Ottawa, provided information on the host of sawfly. Virginia Truck Experiment Station Bulletin 68, Strongylogaster tacita. I thank the following for review pp. 769-786. of the manuscript: N. M Schiff, U.S. Forest Service, Stoneville, MS, and R. A. Ochoa and T. J. Henry, Gibson, G. A. P. 1980. A revision of the genus Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, Beltsville, Macrophya Dahlbom (Hymenoptera: Symphyta, MD, and Washington, DC, respectively. Tenthredinidae) of North America. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, No. 114. 167 pp. LITERATURE CITED Goulet, H. 1986. The genera and species of the Nearctic Ahlstrom, K. R. 1995. Insects of North Carolina, Fourth Dolerini (Symphyta: Tenthredinidae: Selandriinae): Supplement. Part I: Hymenoptera. North Carolina Classification and phylogeny. Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture, Plant Industry Division, Entomological Society of Canada, No. 135. 208 pp. Raleigh. 147 pp. Goulet, H. 1992. The genera and subgenera of sawflies Ashmead, W. H. 1890. On the Hymenoptera of of Canada and Alaska. The Insects and Arachnids of Colorado: Descriptions of new species, notes, and a list Canada. Part 20. Agriculture Canada Publications, of the species found in the state. Colorado Biological Ottawa. 235 pp. Association Bulletin No. 1. 46 pp. Goulet, H. 1993. Superfamilies , Bobb, M. L. 1963. Insect parasites of the Virginia pine Megalodontoidea, Orussoidea, , Tenthred- sawfly, Neodiprion pratti pratti. Journal of Economic inoidea, and Xyeloidea. Pp. 101-129 In H. Goulet & Entomology 56: 618-621. J. T. Huber (eds.), Hymenoptera of the World: An Identification Guide to Families. Research Branch, Bobb, M. L. 1965. Insect parasite and predator studies Agriculture Canada Publication 1894/E, Ottawa. in a declining sawfly population. Journal of Economic 668 pp. Entomology 58: 925-926.

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Goulet, H., & D. R. Smith. 1995. Four new sawflies Ross, H. H. 1943a. The Nearctic sawflies of the genus from eastern North America, three species of Tenthredo Aglaostigma (Hymenoptera). Proceedings of the and one of Dolerus (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Entomological Society of Washington 45: 79-84. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 97: 50-62. Ross, H. H. 1943b. The North American species of the genus Hoplocampa (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Hetrick, L. A. 1941. Life history studies of Neodiprion Transactions of the American Entomological Society americanum (Leach). Journal of Economic Entomology 69: 61-92. 34: 373-377. Ross, H. H. 1945. A taxonomic outline of the Hetrick, L. A. 1956. Life history studies of five species Nearctic species of Pachynematus (Tenthredinidae, of Neodiprion sawflies. Forest Science 2: 181-185. Hymenoptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 47: 105-120. Hetrick, L. A. 1959. Ecology of the pine sawfly, Neodiprion excitans (Rohwer) (Hymenoptera: Ross. H. H. 1955. The and evolution of the Diprionidae). Florida Entomologist 42: 159-162. sawfly genus Neodiprion. Forest Science 1: 196-209.

MacGillivray, A. D. 1910. Phytophaga. Pp. 580-595 In Smith, D. R. 1966. Recognition of the European J. B. Smith (ed.), Insects of New Jersey. Annual Report apple sawfly and the pear sawfly (Hymenoptera: of the New Jersey State Museum. Including a Report of Tenthredinidae). Cooperative Economic Insect Report the Insects of New Jersey, 1909. Trenton, NJ. 880 pp. 16: 228-230.

MacGillivray, A. D. 1916. Tenthredinoidea. Pp. 25-175 Smith, D. R. 1968. The genus Caulocampus Rohwer In H. L. Viereck (ed.), Guide to the Insects of (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Proceedings of the Connecticut, Part 3, The Hymenoptera, or -Like Entomological Society of Washington 70: 126-129. Insects of Connecticut. Connecticut Geological and Natural History Survey Bulletin 22. Smith, D. R. 1969a. The genus Craterocercus Rohwer (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Proceedings of the Middlekauff, W. W. 1958. The North American Entomological Society of Washington 71: 153-161. sawflies of the genera Acantholyda, Cephalcia, and Neurotoma (Hymenoptera: Pamphiliidae). University of Smith, D. R. 1969b. Nearctic sawflies I: California Publications in Entomology 14: 51-174. Blennocampinae: Adults and larvae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). U.S. Department of Agriculture Middlekauff, W. W. 1964. The North American Technical Bulletin No. 1397. 176 pp., 19 pls. sawflies of the genus Pamphilius (Hymenoptera: Pamphiliidae). University of California Publications in Smith, D. R. 1969c. Nearctic sawflies II: Entomology 38: 1-80. Selandriinae: Adults (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). U.S. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin No. Middlekauff, W. W. 1983. A revision of the sawfly 1398. 48 pp., 10 pls. family Orussidae for North and Central America (Hymenoptera: Symphyta, Orussidae). University of Smith, D. R. 1969d. Key to genera of Nearctic Argidae California Publications in Entomology 101: 1-46. (Hymenoptera) with revisions of the genera Atomacera Say and Sterictiphora Billberg. Transactions of the Morris, C. L., W. J. Schroeder, & M. L. Bobb. 1963. American Entomological Society 95: 439-457. A pine sawfly Neodiprion pratti pratti (Dyar) in Virginia. Virginia Division of , Department of Smith, D. R. 1970. A new Nearctic Xyela causing galls Conservation and Economic Development. 42 pp. on Pinus spp. (Hymenoptera: Xyelidae). Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society 5: 69-72. Ross, H. H. 1937. A generic classification of the Nearctic sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Illinois Smith, D. R. 1971a. Nearctic sawflies III: Biological Monographs 15. 173 pp. Heterarthrinae: Adults and larvae (Hymenoptera:

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Tenthredinidae). U.S. Department of Agriculture Smith, D. R. 1986b. The berry and rose stem-borers of Technical Bulletin No. 1420. 84 pp., 18 pls. the genus Hartigia in North America (Hymenoptera: Cephidae). Transactions of the American Entomo- Smith, D. R. 1971b. Nearctic sawflies of the genera logical Society 112: 129-156. Neoptilia Ashmead, Schizocerella Forsius, Aprosthema Konow, and Sphacophilus Provancher (Hymenoptera: Smith, D. R. 1989. The sawfly genus Arge Argidae). Transactions of the American Entomological (Hymenoptera: Argidae) in the Western Hemisphere. Society 97: 537-594. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 115: 83-205. Smith, D. R. 1972. Sawflies of the genus Croesus Leach in North America (Hymenoptera: Smith, D. R. 1991. Flight records for twenty-eight Tenthredinidae). Proceedings of the Entomological species of Macrophya Dahlbom (Hymenoptera: Society of Washington 74: 169-180. Tenthredinidae) in Virginia, and an unusual specimen of M. epinota (Say). Proceedings of the Entomological Smith, D. R. 1974. Sawflies of the tribe Cladiini Society of Washington 93: 772- 775. in North America (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae: Nematinae). Transactions of the American Smith, D. R. 1994a. Nepionema, a nematine sawfly Entomological Society 100: 1-28. genus new to North America, and an unusual new species of Nematus (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Smith, D. R. 1975a. A rose sawfly new to North Proceedings of the Entomological Society of America (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Cooperative Washington 96: 133-138. Economic Insect Report 25: 163-165. Smith, D. R. 1994b. The of Lagium atroviolaceum Smith, D. R. 1975b. The sawfly genus Hemichroa (Norton) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Proceedings Stephens: A review of species (Hymenoptera: of the Entomological Society of Washington 96: 139- Tenthredinidae). Entomologica Scandinavica 6: 297- 142. 302. Smith, D. R. 1995. The elm leafminer, Kaliofenusa Smith, D. R. 1976a. Sawflies of the tribe ulmi (Sundevall) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) in Pseudodineurini in North America (Hymenoptera: Virginia, and summary of host records. Banisteria 5: Tenthredinidae). Proceedings of the Entomological 39-41. Society of Washington 78: 67-79. Smith, D. R. 1996. Discovery and spread of the Asian Smith, D. R. 1976b. The xiphydriid woodwasps of , Eriotremex formosanus (Matsumura) North America (Hymenoptera: Xiphydriidae). (Hymenoptera: Siricidae), in the United States. Journal Transactions of the American Entomological Society of Entomological Science 31: 166-171. 102: 101-131. Smith, D. R. 2003. Expanding ranges for four species Smith, D. R. 1979a. Symphyta. Pp. 1-137 In K. V. of invasive sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) Krombein, P. D. Hurd, Jr., D. R. Smith, & B. D. Burks in eastern United States. Proceedings of the (eds.), Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Entomological Society of Washington 105: 246-248. Mexico, Vol. 1, Symphyta and (). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. xvi + Smith, D. R., & E. M. Barrows. 1987. Sawflies 1,198 pp. (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) in urban environments in the Washington, D.C. area. Proceedings of the Smith, D. R. 1979b. Nearctic sawflies IV: Allantinae: Entomological Society of Washington 89: 147-156. Adults and larvae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). U.S. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin Smith, D. R., & N. M. Schiff. 1998. The genera 1595. 172 pp., 24 pls. Macroxyela Kirby and Megaxyela Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Xyelidae) in North America. Smith, D. R. 1986a. Review of the sawfly genus Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Lagium (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Proceedings of Washington 100: 636-657. the Entomological Society of Washington 88: 179-184.

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Smith, D. R., & N. M. Schiff. 2002. A review of the plants (Chelone spp.). Oecologia 63: 275-280. siricid woodwasps and their ibaliid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Siricidae, ) in the mid-Atlantic Strazanac, J.S., D. R. Smith, R. A. Braud, C. J. Fritzler, region. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of & L. Butler. 2003. Symphyta (Hymenoptera) species Washington 104: 174-194. richness in mixed oak-pine forests in the central Appalachians. Proceedings of the Entomological Smith, D. R., & J. D. Solomon. 1989. A new Janus Society of Washington 105: 131-137. (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) from Quercus, and a key to North American species. Entomological News 100: 1-5. Thomas, H. H., J. H. Ghent, & C. G. Stone. 1982. Use of pheromone traps as a new technique in a large-scale Stamp, N. E. 1984. Effect of defoliation by checkerspot survey of the introduced pine sawfly (Hymenoptera: (Euphydryas phaeton) and sawfly larvae Diprionidae). Bulletin of the Entomological Society of (Macrophya nigra and Tenthredo grandis) on their host America 28: 303-304.