The Naval Historical Society of Australia Inc. GERMAN AUXILIARY CRUISERS OF WORLD WARS I AND II 1914-1918 1939-1945 John C Date MONOGRAPH 168 German Auxiliary Raiders of World War I & II John C Date Monograph No. 140 GERMAN AUXILIARY CRUISERS OF WORLD WARS I AND II 1914 - 1918 1939 - 1945 Tragedy struck the Royal Australian Navy in 1941 Our light cruiser HMAS SYDNEY II while returning to Fremantle in Western Australia from convoy patrol between SW Australia and Java, about 1600 on 19 November, encountered the German auxiliary cruiser, or raider, KORMORAN which was posing as the Dutch merchantman STRAAT MALAKKA. Failing to confirm her identification and knowing that the game was up, KORMORAN opened fire inflicting decisive damage on SYDNEY, both by shellfire and a torpedo hit before SYDNEY could make an effective reply. The German vessel was crippled and set on fire by a hit in the engine room and with a number of fires on board, her captain gave orders for KORMORAN to be scuttled and the exploding of mines on board finished the job just as the last lifeboats drew clear of the ship. The Australian cruiser was last seen disappearing over the horizon, engulfed in flames. What was this enemy raider that could outwit an 8 x 6" gunned cruiser of well trained and experienced war personnel? KORMORAN was an example of a particular breed of ships, sometimes called Q-Ships by the British or armed merchant cruisers, or perhaps more correctly, auxiliary cruisers, manned by naval personnel. KORMORAN was of 9,400 tons, had a speed of 19 knots and carried a main armament of 6 x 5.9" guns and shipped 2 small Arado aircraft for reconnaisance purposes. KORMORAN had only been completed in 1938 and was now refurbished to take a crew up to 410 men, plus Monograph 168 - German Auxiliary Cruisers 1 accommodation for crews of captured ships and an ingenious corridor had been made through the length of the ship from stem to stern to enable each man to get to his action station quickly and unobserved in case of sudden alarms. REFER IILUSTRATION 1939/45 (F) KORMORAN But how did these ships evolve - how successful were they - and what is their place in history? In 1856, the Declaration of Paris outlawed privateering, that is to say the seizure of belligerent country’s merchant ships by private enterprise, under the sanction of international laws. In 1861/65 American Civil War, fast steamers were purchased to impose or run blockades, armed or unarmed, and a merchant ship profile retained as part of the deception. In 1877/92, British and German shipping companies were permitted in their designs of new ships to allow provisions for gun mountings and other adaptations, that were compatible with commercial considerations, but allowed conversion for wartime purposes. As a result, the first German auxiliary cruiser was NORMANNIA commissioned in 1895 for a short term. Her tonnage was 8716, she could achieve 19 knots and was armed with 8 x 5.9" guns and other smaller weapons. REFER ILLUSTRATION 1914/18 (A) NORMANNIA In 1904 Russo-Japanese War, Russia deployed seven auxiliary cruisers and Japan had 20 such vessels. The Russians called their ships ‘commerce destroyers’ and the Japanese ‘commerce protectors’! In the early years of the 20th Century, the German Admiralty took steps to earmark fast liners under construction for rapid version into auxiliary cruisers. Such ships were afforded a subvention to cover the provisions of the necessary strengthening for gun positions and the planning for suitable storage of ammunition, fuel and food supplies while the appropriate armament was held apart on shore ready for fitting should the need arise. 2 German Auxiliary Cruisers - Monograph 168 WORLD WAR I 1914-1918 When war was declared in 1914, some ships were, of course, in foreign parts, including New York etc. Others were at sea or in ports sympathetic to the German cause, and others were effectively armed to become auxiliary cruisers. The aim of these surface raiders was to destroy British shipping and to conceal their whereabouts, or even their existence! Thus the German raiders delayed and paralysed Allied shipping by their sinister presence, as well as inflicting damage through their sinkings and captives. So began the German endeavour to destroy liners, tramp steamers, colliers, food ships, tankers, sailing ships and others. In its vastness, its carefully thought out detail, daring and originality, its bluff and deception, its amazing situations and fierce duels, we have one of the most gripping narratives in the whole story of the sea. We will here consider a few of the unusual happenings of these raiders. The German auxiliary cruiser fulfilled her role if she succeeded in maintaining her deceptively peaceful character until the last moment of an encounter and so gain a position to enforce her will. It was all the better if she was disguised to resemble a particular vessel, customarily seen in a particular area. And above all, the ship’s military fittings had to be hidden so that they could not be detected until they were revealed at the decisive moment. Accordingly, guns, torpedo tubes and light armament were either camouflaged thoroughly, or their outlines built over. The carrying of mines became a very successful operation by most of the World War II auxiliary cruisers, as did the addition of light seaplanes for scouting purposes. For the early part of World War I Germany utilised that which was readily available, the existing passenger ships as raiders. The first German auxiliary cruiser as such, away in World War I, was the four funnelled express steamer KAISER WILHELM DER GROSSE which was the only ship actually to have been fitted out for the purpose in Germany according to plan. She sailed in August 1914, the day Britain declared war on Germany, a ship of 14,349 tons, with a main armament of 6 x 10.5" guns. Her route was up the North Sea, past the coast of Scotland and on 7 August when 50 miles west- north-west of Stalberg, Iceland, sank her first prize, the British steamer trawler TUBAL CAIN of 227 tons. Heading south eight days later encountered the Union Castle liner GALICIAN but allowed her to proceed than face the embarrassment of providing accommodation and food for 250 passengers. The same day two other ships were stopped and sunk - KAIPARA of 7,392 tons originally from New Zealand with 4,000 tons of wheat and maize - and NYANGA of 3,000 tons with a cargo of African produce. Another ship ARLANZA was met but released because she too carried women and children. But on 26 August while taking on coal Monograph 168 - German Auxiliary Cruisers 3 KAISER WILHELM DER GROSSE was discovered by HMS HIGHFLYER, a three funnelled 5,600 ton cruiser with 11 x 6" guns, which sank the raider. REFER ILLUSTRATION 1914/18(B) KAISER WILHELM DER GROSSE Soon the Germans were to realise that large liners were too extravagant with coal and that the most ordinary medium sized steamer was the ideal decoy, alias mystery ship. However, in the Far East PRINZ EITEL FRIEDRICH left Isingtau in China on 6 August 1914 and in December sought internment at Newport News in Virginia, but not before sinking 11 ships. Likewise KRONPRINZ WILHELM of 14,908 tons, at sea on the outbreak of war, had a number of successes until 11 April 1915, when she arrived off Newport News where eventually she was interned. REFER ILLUSTRATION 1914/18(C) KRONPRINZ WILHELM By the time of the entry of the USA into the war in 1917, the number of auxiliary cruisers had been reduced to three, namely:- MOEWE of 4,788 tons, which returned to Germany on 4 March 1916 after accounting for fifteen merchant ships, plus sinking by mines laid, the battleship KING EDWARD VII; LEOPARD a 4,652 ton ex-prize of MOWE in December 1916, was later lost with all hands on 16 March 1917 after being cornered by the armoured cruiser HMS ACHILLES; and WOLF II which after 15 months at sea, a remarkable feat of endurance, arrived back in Germany on 24 February 1918 after sinking 27 ships. REFER ILLUSTRATIONS 1914/18 (E) MOEWE- (F) LEOPARD- (G) WOLF II Much had been learned through experience, however these ex-cargo ships were fitted out with a concealed armament of modern 5.9" guns and a pair of 20" torpedo tubes, making them far more effective in the raider role than the converted passenger liners of the early war years. In addition, by 1917 an effective organisation for the provision of fuel and other essential supplies had been built up so that the vessels were not faced, to the same extent by fundamental problems, which had beset their forebears. Although the extent of their successes was not to be compared with that of the German submarine flotillas in the early months of 1917, their very presence in the vicinity of the regular trade routes exerted an influence out of all proportion to the small number of raiders at sea. These three ex-cargo ship raiders were soon joined by other armed ships at sea in 1917. The German navy fitted out the barque-rigged sailing ship SEEADLER formerly the US flag vessel PASS OF BALMAHA, which in August 1915 had surrendered to a German submarine in the North Sea. This sailing ship with a concealed 4 German Auxiliary Cruisers - Monograph 168 armament of 2 x 4.1" guns and two 20" torpedo tubes sailed in December 1916, disguised as the Norwegian ship HERO and under the command of Court Felix von Luckner and successfully evaded the British blockade.