Township of Muddy Creek Butler County, Pennsylvania I I I

MORAINE AREA COMPREHENSIVE D€VELOPMENT PLAN

TOWNSHIP OF MUDDY CREEK BUTLER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA I I I

I COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING PROGRAM I I I I TOWNSHIP OF MUDDY CREEK

I BUTLER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA I I .I I I The preparation of this report was financed in part through an I urban planning grant from the department of Housing and Urban Development, under the provisions of Section 701 of the Housing Act of 1954, as amended, and as administered by the Bureau of I Planning, Pennsylvania Department of Community Affairs. I

I LORENZI, DODDS a GUNNILL, INCORPORATED PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA I I I MUDDY CREEK TOWNSHIP BOARD OF SUPERVISORS

I Leroy Liese, Chairman

I George Badger Steve F. Kern I I

I -MUDDY CREEK TOWNSHIP PLANNING COMMISSION I Richard S. Badger, Chairman Richard Sickle, Secretary-Treasurer Joseph Ragan I Lawrence Raisley George McC lymonds I I I MORAINE REGIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION Richard Sickle, Choirman I Lon H. Colborn, Vice Chairman Guy L. Grenet Joseph McNaughton, Secretary-Treasurer Elmer A. Holland I James Wilson Paul Palmer Richard Pfeifer George McClymonds I I I I I I I I ACKNOWLEDGMENT I THE PLANNING AND ZONING COMMISSION OF THE TOWNSHIP OF MUDDY CREEK AND THE CONSULTANT WISH TO EXPRESS THEIR GRATITUDE TO ME

I MANY PERSONS WHO HAVE CONTRIBUTED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE I COMFXEHENSIVE DEVELOPMENT PLAN. THE ASStSTANCE OF THE PENNSYL- VANIA DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY AFFAIRS, THE PENNSYLVANIA DEPART-

I MENT OF HIGHWAYS, THE BUTLER COUNTY PLANNING DEPARTMENT AND I THE HEALTH DEPARTMENT, AND ALL TOWNSHIP OFFICIALS IS GRATEFULLY I ACKNOWLEDGED. I I

I I I I I June 1970 I I I

I TABLE OF CONTENTS I -Page BACKGROUND STUDIES

I Chapter 1 Introduction to the Comprehensive 1-1 Planning Program I Chapter 2 Transportation and Circulation 2-1 Chapter 3 Existing Land Use Characteristics 3-1 Chapter 4 Population Study 4-1 I Chapter 5 Community Facilities and Utilities 5-1 Chapter 6 Physiography and Land Useability 6-1 Chapter 7 Housing Ana Iys is 7-1 I Chapter 8 Economic Base 8-1

I COMPREHENSIVE DEVELOPMENT PIAN Chapter 9 Introduction 9-1 I Chapter 10 Land Use Plan 10-1 Chapter 11 Community Facilities Plan 11-1 Chapter 12 Transportation and Circulation Plan 12-1 I Chapter 13 Urban Renewal Plan 13-1 Chapter 14 Effectuation of the Planning Proposals 14-1 I II I I I I I I I TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd)

List of Tables -Page -Chapter 2 Table 1 Major Roodway and Highway Classification, 2-6 Township of Muddy Creek, 1969 Table 2 Existing Rwd Characteristics, Township of 2 -8 Muddy Creek, 1969 Table 3 Recommended Minimum Roadway Widths by Type 2-1 1 of Rood Table 4 Recommended Minimum Design Standcrrds by Type 2-15 of Road Table 5 Recommended Sight Distance at Intersections 2-1 6 Table 6 Estimated Traffic Volumes, Carrying Capacity and 2-1 8 Roadway Deficiencies Under Prevailing Conditions on State Routes, Township of Muddy Creek, 1969 and 1989

Chapter 3

Table 1 Summary of Existing Land Use, Township of Muddy 3-5 Creek, 1969 Table 2 Summary of Existing Land Use, Moraine Area 3-1 1

Chapter 4

Table 1 Population Trends, Township of Muddy Creek, 1900 4-3 to 1960 Table 2 Comparative Population Trends, Township of Muddy 4-5 Creek and Selected Areas, 1940-1960 Table 3 Resident Live Births and Deaths, and Birth and Death 4-8 Rates, Muddy Creek Township and Butler County, 1960 to 1968 Table 4 Age Distribution of the Population: Number and Percent, 4-1 1 Township of Muddy Creek, 1940 and 1960 Table 5 Comparative Percentage Distribution of the Population 4-12 by Age for the Township of Muddy Creek, Butler County, Pennsylvania, and the United States, 1960 Table 6 Median Age of Population, Township of Muddy Creek, 4-13 Butler County, and Pennsylvania, 1950 and 1960 Table 7 Comparison of Household Sizes, Township of Muddy 4-14 Creek, Butler County, and Pennsylvania, 1950 and 1960 I I TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd) I List of Tables (Cont'd) -Page I Chapter 4 (Cont'd)

Table 8 Mole-Female Distribution by Age Group, Township 4-16 I of Muddy Creek, Butler County, and Pennsylvania, 1960 Table 9 Current Population Estimate, Township of Muddy Creek 4-17 I Table 10 Projected Resident Population Levels, Township of 4-22 Muddy Creek, 1970 to 1990 I Chapter 6

I Table 1 Temperature and Precipitation, City of Butler, 6-3 Pennsylvania Table 2 Temperoture ond precipitation, Slippery Rock 6-4 I Borough, Pennsylvania Table 3 Vocont Land Useability Analysis Developable Land, 6-23 I (Actual), Township of Muddy Creek, 1970 I Chapter 7 Table 1 Housing Types, Muddy Creek Township, 1969 7-4 Table 2 Housing Occupancy and Tenure, Muddy Creek 7-6 I Township, 1960 Table 3 Population Distribution by Occupied Housing Unit, 7-7 Township of Muddy Creek, 1960 I Table 4 Size of Housing Units, Township of Muddy Creek, 1960 7-8 Table 5 Condition of Housing, Muddy Creek Township, 1960 7-12 I Table 6 Condition of Housing, Muddy Creek Township, 1969 7-13 Appendix Table 1 Housing Occupancy and Tenure, 1960 I Appendix Table 2 Population Distribution by Occupied Housing Unit, 1960 I Appendix Table 3 Size of Housing Units, 1960 Appendix I Table 4 Condition of Housing, 1960 Appendix I Table 5 Condition of Housing, 1969 I I I TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd) I -List of Tables (Cont'd) -Page Chapter 8 I

Table 1 Thickness of Major Coal Beds in the Southwestern 8 -5 Pennsylvania Region I Table 2 Time and Demand in Regional Banks by County, 1960 8-7 Table 3 Percentage Distribution of Developed Land Uses in the 8-10 Southwestern Pennsylvonia Region in 1958, by County I Table 4 Percentage Change in Employment by Occupational Groups 8-12 in Southwestern Pennsvlvonia Reaion. 1950-1 960 "I Table 5 Employment in Southwestern Pennsylvania Region by 8-13 B County, Major Occupational Groups, 1960 Table 6 Earned Income Components for Southwestern Pennsylvania 8-20 Region by Counties, Selected Years, 1929-1959 I Table 7 Personal Income for Southwestern Pennsylvania Region 8-22 by Counties, Selected Years, 1929-1959 Table 8 Median Family Income for Southwestern Pennsylvania 8-23 b Region by County, 1948 and 1959 Table 9 Percentage of Families in Southwestern Pennsylvania 8-24 Region, By County, With Less Than $3,000 Annual P Incomes, 1959 Table 10 "Specialty" Industries - The Southwestern Pennsylvania 8-25 Region u Table 11 Economic Profile, Butler County, Pennsylvania, 1960 8-27 Table 12 Components of Population Change in the Southwestern 8-33 Pennsylvania Region, 1920-60 I Table 13 Birth Rates in Southwestern Pennsylvania Region, by 8-34 County, 1959 and 1960 Table 14 Population of Butler County, 1960 8-35 I Table 15 Years of School Completed - Southwestern Pennsylvania 8-36 Region, Mole, By Counties, 1960 Table 16 Indexes of Diversification of Areas with More Than 8-38 21 100,000 Manufacturing Employees Table 17 Dollar Volume by Sector, Butler County, 1960-1 963 8-40 Table 18 Employment Profile, Butler County, Pennsylvonia, 8-42 I 1960-1 969 Table 19 Estimated Labor Force Charocteristics, Moraine Planning 8-46 Area, Butler County, Pennsylvania Q Table 20 Estimoted Employment By Sector and Category, Moraine 8-49 Planning Area, Butler County, Pennsylvania, 1970 Table 21 Industrial Activity Stotistics, Moraine Planning Area, 8-52 1 Butler Comty, Pennsylvania, 1968-1969 Table 22 Trends in Manufacturing Employment by Major Categories, 8-53 Butler CoJnty, 1963 - 1967 b II I I TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd) I List of Tables (Cont'd) -Page I Chapter 10

Table 1 Proposed Land Uses, 1988, Boroughs of Portersville and 10-12 I Prospect; Townships of Brady and Muddy Creek; and Moraine Region I Chapter 11

I Table 2 Projected School Enrollments, Townships of Muddy 11-12 Creek and Brady, and Boroughs of Portersville and Prospect I Table 3 Projected School Enrollments, Muddy Creek Township 11 -14

I Chapter 12

Table 4 Recommended Minimum Street Widths by Type of 12-5 I Street I I I I I I I I I 0 I TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd) I -List of Maps -Page Regional Location following 1-5 I Mo ior Thoroughfares following 2-6 Existing Land Use fo Ilowing 3-2 Community Foci lities following 5-1 1 I Topography and Slope following 6-8 Land Useability following 6-1 6 Structural Conditions following 7-1 0 I Chart A following 8-50 Chart B following 8-50 I

Land Use Plan - Muddy Creek Township following 10-4 Regional Land Use Plan following 10-1 2 I Moraine Plonning Area Community Facilities Plan following 11-18 Regional Maior Thoroughfares Plan following 12-15 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I BACKGROUND STUDIES I Introduction I Transportation and I Circulation 1 Existing Land Use Population Study I Community Facilities I and Utilities I Physiography and I Land Useability I Housing Analysis I Economic Base I I I I

I CHAPTER ONE I I I I INTRODUCTION TO THE COMREHENSIVE PLANNING PROGRAM I I I I

I Over the past several decades, the citizens of the communities now comprising the Moraine Area Regional Planning Commission have been aware of the rapid changes occurring throughout the world, nation, State, and County. In many respects, these I citizens have shared the benefits of this progress by acquiring new automobiles, farm machinery, appliances and homes. The communities in which they reside have also moved forward in mony respects by virtue of expressed desires on the part of their I citizenry to more fully share in such progress. Other facets of community life, however, have not kept pace with the more progressive elements, and indeed some appear to have taken a step backward. While many people would secretly rather not I admit it, or even actively oppose such an idea, the fact must be faced that a community is no longer a small island isolated from the rest of the world. Outside forces beyond the full control of local citizens are ordaining that a community I either adapt to change or fall by the wayside in a competitive sense. I I Page 1-1 E 1 Tha decision to locate the Moraine State Park site in this mea is an example of how these outside forces affect an area. The various communities located near the pork site are about to be influenced by the desires and wonts of great num- II bers of people who have never before heard of Prospect Borough or Muddy Creek Township. Some of these people will want to selfishly wring as much profit os pmsible from the land that has been so carefully managed by its ownen and then D leave it in shambles as a millstone around the necks of its elected officials and citizens, both existing and future, ----This must not occur. Thecorrection of problems springing from prxt development and the recognition and preparation for I anticipoted futura growth is of vital concern to every resident. The planning and action taken to meat the problems of growth, change, deterioration and ohiolescence has a direct bearing on locol taxes, on stability of investment, E on the ability to find employment or conduct business, and on the amenities of home Iife . I

The elected officials and citizens of the Boroughs of Prospect and Portersville and the Townships of Brady nnd Muddy Creek, in full recognition of the commun- I itywide benefits to be derived from o Comprehensive planning program and further realizing the need to coordinate planning activities between adjacent municipalities and the County, created a Regional Planning Commission in 1965. I

The Planning Commission, seeking to develop a "guide" for the future growth and I development of the area, has since initiated the preparation of a comprehensive community plan, commonly referred to os a Master Plan. In order to expedite the planning progrom, the area has engaged the services of a planning consultant I who will provide technicol assistance, advice and guidance in the development of the Master Plan. The Plans, however, will be developed by the Planning Cam- mission and locol officials, and will reflect local goals and objectives. I I The Moraine Area Moster Plan is being prepared under Section 701 of the Housing Act of 1954, as amended. This program is normally referred to as the "701 Plan- ning Assistance Program." Under the provisions of this pmgram, the Federal GoV- I emment, through the Department of Housing and Urban Development, is contributing h-thirds of the cost of the preporation of tho Master Plan. The portici- pating communities are providing the remaining one-third. On the local level, I this program is administered by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania through the Bureau of Community Affain of the Deportment of Community Development. I I

Page 1-2 I I I I UNDERSTANDING THE PROGRAM I WHAT IS COMPREHENSIVE COMiMUNlTY PLANNING

I Comprehensive Planning is basicoily the cpplicotion of intelligent foresight in an effort to deal constructively with sound commmi:y growth and development. It involves the preparation of physical plans as c Guide for long-rcnge development, I showing the location, density and oxtent nf fu:i.ire residentio!, commercial, industrial, school, park, and other pvbiic lond usos, and the provision of pblic facilities to support these uses, tognthcr with o lons-rcnce capital irn,wovement I and fiscal program to assure such developmen:. I i WHY SHOULD A COMPREHENSIVE COMMUNITY PLAN BE UNDERTAKEN Every community, large or small, represents tho combined Investment of hundreds' of private and public investors in Icnd, residences, commerciaf buildings, indus- I trial plants and public and semipublic facilities an2 utilities. The forces of change in every urban area are constantly in motion cnd can induce either an improvement in this overall investment or wear away at vital sepmts of it, permitting stagnation i and decline. To protect this investment and be in 0 position to assure its cornpeti- tive role as a place in which to !ive and work, a cozmunity must tcke the initiative to guide internal growth and change. A we1 I-conceived and ably-cdministered I Comprehensive Community Plan can do c great de@!toward providing thct cssur- ance as well as channeling growth and chanse alcng mutca!ly beneficial Ilnes. This requires a detailed inventory by a community of its physical, Financial and I manpower resources and a frank appraisal 05 its deficiencies. Decisions musf then be made concerning the place and role the community is to occupy in the area of which it is a part, and how its resources con best he used to achieve I this purpose. Based on these decisions, c plan can be developed to serve cs a guide for the private and public development nencled to attain these ~OC~S. I These are the main reasons for a Comprehensive Commiunity Plan.

I WHO PREPARES THE COMPREHENSIVE COMMUI\'!TY PLAN

Primary responsibility for preparing and supsrvising thc &ve!gment of the Flco I rests with the Regional Planning Commisslon. The Commission is an adviscry mn I of focal government appointed by the pwtiriFotin3 comzxnity sovernrrents, on6

I Fagn 1-3 I coniists of nine (9) arso rcsidcnts who sm*e without pay. Under the budget ap- propriated by tho varIws eleztcd bodies and supplemented by the Federal GOV- cmnent, thc Planning Commission has employed qualified community planning syxialists to assist them in thc technical aspects of Plnn development. When thr Plan is completed, thc Commission will refer it to the participating communities and other interestcd agencies for adoption and further implementation e

WHAT IS THE SCOPE OF MORAINE AREA’ S MAZTER PLAN

The Master Plan for the Moraine Are0 will consist of the following elements:

Existing Conditions Analysis. An analysis of conditions which have shaped past developrnant ond those which will determine futura growth including studies of existing land use, physiography, population trends, economic characteristics, community facilities, traffic conditions, and housing end neighborhood conditions.

Planning Proposals. Plans for the future development of knd, streets, parhg and public facilities.

Program for Effectuation of Plans. A program far carrying out the various planning proposals through ‘zoning and subdivision regulations, capital improvements prcgumrning and urban renewal nction.

WHERE DOES THE CITIZEN FIT INTO THE PROGRAM

Successful planning and community development cannot be done for people - it has to be carried out by and with people. In addition to the regular monthly meetings of the Planning Commission which are open to the general public, there will be special “progress” meetings. The citizens of the involved areas should be rtim- uloted to attend these meetings and offcr suggestions and ideas for the Commirrion’c consideration. Active citizen participation is the best guarantee of a successful Comprehensive Planning Program, and, more importantly, positive interest and support produces a sound and progrerrive community.

Page 1-4 I I PLANNING IS A CONT!NUING .-PROCESS - I It must be emphasized thot even with the ultimate adoption of a Master Plan, the planning program should not be cocsidered as completed. Adoption does not auto- mtically leod to effectuation of the Plan. The area, its Planning Commission and I its local officials must keep olert to changing cocditions and to particular opportunities to corry out various parts of !he Plan. Furthermore, the Moster Plan will require periodic review and may necessitate revisions in order thot it will keep I pace with changing conditions brought about by unforeseen development or changes in local objectives. Thv:, planning is o continuing process. The Master Plan is a starting point; accomplished piiysicol development is the end I point. The citizens and elected officials of the area provide !he bridging bc- tween these two points. I I I I I I I I I I I I I Page 1-5

I I I CHAPTER TWO I I I I I TRANSPORTATION AND CIRCULATION I I I I This study has been prepared to analyze and evaluate the characteristics of the major traffic circulation and transportation systems which are located in or otherwise affect I the region. The purpose of the study is to determine the adequacy of the major street and highway system to handle current and future traffic demands, to determine significant traffic circulation problems; and to identify major congestion poink, hazard- I ous intersections and other characteristics of the total roadway system serving the planning area. These are :he principal features that affect the ease and safety of I vehicle movements in and through the region, and their identification and analysis farm the basis for concrete and accurate traffic planning proposals leading to the I creation of a desirable future circulation system. I I Page 2-1 I I I REGIONAL TRAFFIC SYSTEM I l'he Regional Planning Area is traversed by or within one-half hour driving time of several major traffic arteries, three of which are part of the interstate system. I Four of these major arteries have a direct impact upon the Planning Area, these being Interstate Route 79, U. 5. Routes 19 and 422, and Pennsylvania Route 8. I

Interstate Route 79 is obviously of prime importonce to the Planning Area due to its connections to Interstate Routes 70, 80, 99, and the Pennsylvania Turnpike, I GS well as to every othcr major traffic route in Western Pennsylvania. Ultimatoly, this route and its interconnections will ploce the Planning Area within one day's I traveling time of every major urban area east of the Mississippi River. Two 1-79 interchanges are located within close proximity of each other in Muddy Creek Township, one near Portersville, and one at the grade separation with U. S. I Rou to 422. I U. S. Route 19 has undergone somewhat of a de-emphasis in its importonce as a major intrastate corridor in those sections where 1-79 has been completed, since 1-79 essentially is a parallel corridor and permik higher vehicle speeds of a Ic:s I inhibited and hazardous nature. Route 19 remains, however, a major arterial particularly in relation to its service functions for:the urban areas situated along its length. I

U. S. Route 422 generally provides major access to central Ohio and those portions I of Western Pennsylvania lying between the Turnpike and Interstate 80. It particularly serves a rather heavy volume of truck traffic. Throughout its entire length, U. S. Route 422 intersects with other major interstate and intrastate corridors, I thereby more firmly linking the two Boroughs of the Planning Area to primary and secondary urban areas in Pennsylvania, Ohio, New York, and West Virginia. I

Pennsylvania Route 8, as U. 5. Route 19, has also undergone somewhat of a de- emphasis in its importance as a major intrastote corridor since it too parallels Inter- I state 79, although not so closely as does U. S. 19. Route 8 contains its function as o major collector and connector for those urban areas located olong.ih corridor, particularly in those oreas along its northernmost extremity such os Franklin and I Oil City. I I Fage 2-2 I I I

A number of other minor intrastate routes such as Pa. Routes 526, 173, 108, 488, I and 258 pass through portions of the planning area in vorious directions. These roads carry varying amounts of traffic and link local ond regional urban centen I of varying size ond importance.

In summary, the regional traffic and circulation system is composed of a number I of highway transport corridors, each of which carries out a specific circulation function and shares a distinct classification. Tho classification referred to is I based upon a number of factors such os roadway conditions, terminal points or extent of service area, and other factors, all of which will be discussed in SUC- I ceeding sections of the Transportotion and Circulation Report. I I I I I I I I I I’ I I Page 2-3 I I CLASSIFICATION OF MAJOR TOWNSHIP ROADS I I The existing roadways of the Township must be classified according to the type and volume of traffic they carry as well as their overall function in order to rovide a logical framework upon which future traffic plons and proposals can be gveloped. I The classification of township troffic routes is similar to that of a borough's in that township roads fall into four broad categories, eoch of which is based upon their maior function ond overall design. Exceptions occur, however, because town- I ship traffic and circulation is of o much more dispersed nature due to settlement patterns and also is subject to much greater variations in traffic volumes and directional preferences. In addition, township routes serve a significantly less im- I portant parking and pedestrian movement function than do borough streek, thus more odequately serving their primary function of moving traffic. The categories designated for township roods are os follows: Expressways, Major Arterial Routes, I Collector Routes, ond Balance of Road Network. I With the exception of Expressways, which are olmost universally designed as limited or controlled access highways to carry hcavy volumes of through-traffic, tho remaining three categories, whilc they perform different functions, have similar I characteristics, Chief among these are that they usually intersect at grade with each other at frequent intervals and usuolly perform a land access function for abutting properties. I

Expressways. An Expressway is devoted entirely to the expeditious 1 movemcnt of largo volumes of through traffic between regional areas, and performs little or no land service function. It is characterized by some degree of access control in the form of access-free rights- I of-way, except ot interchanges, median strips and grade separatiow . I &ior Arterial Routes. A Major Arterial is dcsigned principally to provide for the movement of traffic within and through an area not served by Expressways. They interconnect principal urban I and rural traffic generators. Major Artariols mainlyiewe to move traffic, but also may perform o secondary land service function in the form of occess to abutting property and on-street porking and I loading. Trip lengths on arterials are of o highly vorioble noturc due to intermixing of through and local traffic, and traffic volumes I I Page 2-4 I I I arc generally high. Since land access, parking and loading ore I subordinate to the primary function of Moior Arterial Routes, such activities may be restricted or prohibited altogether to improve I traffic carrying capacity and traffic safety.

Collector Routes. The Collector Route provides for traffic move- 1 ment between Major Arterials and rwral roads. Collector Routes can be further classified as Primary Collectors and Secondary Col- lectors, but township traffic patterns do not make such a distincticn I necessary due to relatively minor differences between the two classifications in terms of traffic volumes and existing functions. I A Collector performs very much like o Major Arterial, in that it is part of a radio1 system. Collectors differ, however, in that they I also are port of o circular interconnecting system between Majcr Arterials. Traffic volumes on this systom, however, are generally less, the length of the trip shorter and the troffic more local in I nature. Land access and on-street parking and loading are subordinate to the primary function and may bc restricted to imprcve I traffic carrying capocity ond troffic safety.

Balance of Road Network. The principal function of the Balance I of Township Roads is to provide access, both vehicular and pedestrian, to properties abutting the right-of-way. Although such roads make up a large percentage of the total roadway mileage, I they carry only a smoll proportion of total vehicle miles of travel. Moving traffic is a secondary function; therefore, traffic volumes should be light so as not to impair the land access function. I Through traffic, buses and heavy trucks should be excluded ex- I cept here the road serves a commercial or industrial district. &sed on traffic patterns and fiold observations, he major roadway system of the Township has been identified and clossified in accordance with the following cri- I teria and are as shown in Table 1 . I I-

I Page 2-5 I I I I TABLE 1

MAJOR ROADWAY AND HIGHWAY CLASSIFICAI'ION I TOWNSHIP OF MUDDY CREEK, 1969 I EXPRESSWAYS I The Township is directly served by Interstate Routc 79 at two interchanges located within the Township. I

MAJOR ARTERIAL ROUTES I U. 5. Route 19 U. 5. Route 422 I

COLLECTOR ROUTES I Pa. Route 488 L. R. 10041 I L. R. 10048 T-346 I BALANCE~ OF.. ROAD~ . NETWGRK.. I Remainder of roads in the Township I I I I 1

Page 2-6 I I

I I I EXISTING ROADWAY CHARACTERISTICS I DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS AND CRITERIA The ability of the major roadway system to adequately carry current and future traffic loads is governed primarily by the design and the traffic controls of each I roadway. These include such factors os right-of-way widths, width of pavement, grades, alignment, intersection features and traffic controls. As a part of the traf- ficsurveyfor the Township, all of these features havo been analyzed and are dis- I cussed below and summarized in park in Table 2.

I Right-of-way Widths

The right-of-way width of o road or highway is onc of the morc important features I that governs its practical ability and potential to carry troffic. Right-of-way width is measured from property line to property line of abutting properites on each side of the road, and consists of the entirc portion or strip of land that has been dedicated I to public use for the purpose of road construction. Ordinarily, such feotures as sidewalks, turning lanes, planting strips, fire hydrants and other utilities above and below the ground are constructcd within the right-of-woy. lts width, therefore, will I dctermino ultimate road paving widths and the type ond size of the other installation mentioned abovc. I Minimum right-of-way and pavcment widths that ore currently recommended and accepted by traffic authorities for various types of roads and highways are as shown I in Table 3.

I The right-of-way widths of the major road system in Muddy Creek Township, excluding 1-79, range from 33 feet to 120 feet. The predominant right-of-way widths, however, are 33 and 50 feet. Therefore, most of those roads classified as Moior I Arterials and Collectors also have right-of-way widths that are generally below contemporary prescribed minimum standards. A major exception occurs herein relative to Pa. Route 488 from Portersville to Prospect Borough in that State I Highway Department records contoined no information on rights-of-way for that rood section sa that a 33-foot right-of-woy has been assumed in this cose. I I

I Page 2-7 I TABLE 2

EXISTING ROAD CHARACTERISTICS B (0 (D TOWNSHIP OF MUDDY CREEK, 1969 h) I W RIGHT-OF-WAY PAVEMENT SURFACE HORIZONTAL TRAFFIC TRAFFIC ROUTE WIDTH WIDTH CONDITION -GRADE* ALIGNMENT FLOW MAJOR ARTERIALS

U. S. 19 Loncoster Township to T-A 75-9 24 Good Slight to Straight to 2-way moderate smooth curves T-336 to Portersville Boro 75-95 33-40 Good Slight to Straight to 2-woy moderote smooth curves Portersville Borough to 95 30 Good Slight to Straight to 2-woy Slippery Rock Township steep smooth curves

U. 5. 422 sownshipto 60-1 20 33-48 Good Level to Stroight to 2-way LR 10048 slight smooth curves LR 10048 to U.S. 19 60-1 20 33 Good Level to Stroight to 2-woy COLLECTOR ROUTES slight smooth CUWQS Fa. 488 Portersville Boro fo N/A’ 18 Fair SI ight to Straight to 2-way LR 10050 modemte smooth CVN- LR 10050 to LR 10041 N/AI 18 Poor to Slight to Smooth to 2-way fair steep sharp curves LR 10041 to Prospect Boro N/AI 18 Poor to Level to Straight to 2-way fair slight smooth curves LR 10041 -0 Lancaster Twp 33 14 Poor to Siight to Smooth to 2-way fair steep sharp curves TABLE 2 (continued)

RIGHT-OF-WAY PAVEMENT SURFACE HORIZONTAL TRAFFIC TRAFFIC ROUTE WIDTH WIDTH CONDITION GRADE* ALIGNMENT FLOW

COLLECTOR ROUTES (cont’d)

LR 10048 -le Boro to 40 14 Poor to Slight to Straight to 2-way 1-79 overpass fair steep sharp curves 1-79 to U, S. 422 40 14 Poor Slight to Smooth to 2-way steep sharp curves U. S . 422 to Worth Twp 40 16 Poor to Steep Sharp curves 2-way fair -T-346 Portersvillc Boro to N/A’ 16 Fair Slight to Smooth to 2-way Slippery Rock Twp moderate sharp curves

* Grade classification as follows: Level to slight: 0 - 5%; moderate: 5 - 8%; steep: 8% or over ’ No right-of-way dimension ovailoble.

Source: David ivi. Walker Associates Inc., March 1969.

h) b I I The foregoing right-of-way situation is not surprising in view of the fact that most of the roads were originally laid out mny years ago when standards were lower and when the service demand and therefore the classification of some roads I was different. This does not alter the fact, however, that such conditions do seriously restrict the potential carrying capacity of the Major Arterial and Col- lector roads, which are generally subject to the greatest volume increases be- I cause they link major centers of development and cater to through traffic. Un- fortunately, ifadditional right-of-way width is required in the future, particularly in built-up areos, it could be very costly because of the property damages I involved in obtaining the necessary land. 1 Pavement Widths

Pavement width refers to that portion of the right-of-way which has been impraved I for vehicular travel or service. The number and width of haffic lanes are the most critical factors which determine the amount and typc of traffic a roadway can carry. These design features are also affected by curb cuts, parking, signolization and I other factors which impede free flow of traffic. For example, a 40-foot paved street could occommodate four 10-foot traffic lanes (two lanes in each direction). If parking is permitted on both sidcs of the roadway, the effective pavement width I is essentially reduced to two traffic lanes (one in each direction), thus reducing the vehicle carrying capacity. The speed of traffic would normally be slower, also, due to vehicular movement in ond out of the parking lanes. I

A pavement width of IS feet is generally considered the absoluts minimum width I for two traffic lones (9 feet per lane). If a roadway is amovidefor curb parking, an additional 8 feet should be provided for each porking lane. On highwnrj where traffic spceds are high, 10 feet per parking lane is preferred and 12-foot I traffic lanes are strongly recommended. I I I I I I Page 2-10 I I I TABLE 3 RECOMMENDED MINIMUM ROADWAY WIDTHS

I BY TYPE OF ROAD*

I ROADWAY CLASSIFICATION MINIMUM WlPTHS IN FEET DESIGN R ight-of-Way Pavement

I Expressways 220 88 F r 12-foot traffic Ian Two 10-foot parking- service lanes I One 20-foot median strip

Moior Arterial Routes 220 74 Four 12-foot traffic lanes I Two 8-foot parking- service lanes** I One 10-foot median strip Collector Routes 80 40 Two 12-foot traffic lanes Two 8-foot parking- I service lanes**

Balance of Roads 50 32 Two %foot traffic lanes I Two 7-foot parking- service lanes**

I *Standards are for two-directional traffic flow. **Ten-foot parking-service lanes should be used where feasible.

1 Source: Pennsylvania Department of H ighwoys Design Criteria. I Pavement widths on Muddy Creek Township's major roads range from 14 feet on L. R. 10041 1 to 48 feet on a section of U. S. Route 422.

1 Those major roadways in Muddy Creek Township which, either over their entire length or over significant sections, have pavement widths of 18 feet or less are listed below I. and are further identified on the Major Thoroughfares Mop and in Table 2. I

I Page 2-1 1 I I I - - Po. 488 - entire length - - L. R. 10041 - entire length - - L. R. 10048 -entire length 1 - - T-356 - entire length I The pavement widths of the above maior roads are generally inadequate for two- directional traffic flow. In same cases near urban or developed area, the problem is more severe, since curb or shoulder parking is also permitted. harking should I not be permitted along any OF these raads where it would reduce the already nur- .row effective pavement widths. I

In general, pavement widths on a number of the major roads of the Township appear to be inadequate for safe ond efficient vehicular use. Many of the roadwayr I designed to serve the Township internally and provide external highway linkages barely exceed the required minimum paving width standards of 14 feet for roads meant to service only one prop-rty. It must be recognized also that even where I pavement widths are barely adcquote, the existence of roadside structures or narrow berms impose psychological constraints upon vohicle operators that tend to create an image that the road is narrowsr than it actually is. Such structurs I might be utility polzs, fences, bridgz! or c.ulvert crossings, and underpasses. There were no underposses observed duriq the consultant's field survey. Some culvert crossings conformsd to existing roodway inadequacies as is generally the case I with roadside structures. I

Raad berms for the most part were also narrow, andinsome cases were almost 1 nonexistent. A number of berms exhibit sharp drops into roadside drainage ditches or to meet existing adjacent land contaurs, Such adverse conditions reduce maneuvering safety potentials for vohicle operators in the event of I passing or "road hogging" situations. I Other factors affecting roadway effectiveness that ware observed during field surveys were such things as natural vegetution reducing sight distances on curves and lack of roadside markers for driving in inclement weather or under other ad- I vem driving conditions. I The following roadway sections presented inadequacies as described above in sufficient extent to warrant special mention. I I Page 2-12 I I I Pa. Route 488 Narrow berm; constrictive utility polas I and guardrails in scctions L. R. 10041 Narrow and poor berm; constrictive I utility poles L. R. 10048 Narrow and poor berm; constrictive I utility polos I Road Construction and Condition All major roads are also hard-surfaced with varying materials ranging from reinforced concrete to bituminous surface courses. Major roadways have been well mointoined, I are generally free of holes and ruts, and show little evidence of structural failure. Those few roads or road sections in the Township which require extensive repair now I or in the near future are:

- - Pa. 488 - sections from L. R . 10050 to Prospect Borough I - - L. R. 10041 - dispersed sections - - L. R. 10048 - dispersed sections I While only these specific roadways presented obvious surface deficiencies, other I road sections are of such a nature as to require constant prevcntative maintenancc in order to combat further deteriorotion, espccially along pavement edges where I disintegration is most likely to start.

Obviously, a number of roods in the Township not on thc major rwd system also I require repairs, sometimes in greater degree than the major road system. Them roads have not been considered in this report for a number of reasons, of which limited frequency of use by the general population is perhaps the most important. I Improvements to such roadways should bo undertaken as a supplementary program to a total road improvement program and as local finances permit. I I I' I Page 2-13 I I 1 Road Grades Excessive grades can become a limiting factor upon the obility OF a road to serve I its essential functions of carrying traffic and providing access. In most cas-, the maximum recommended grade for Major Arterials and Expressways is 3 to 5 percent, particularly within the influence of intersections or interchanges. Grades of 5 to I 6 percent moy be provided occasionally if they ore short. The moximum grade an Collector roads should be held to 6 percent, while on Local roads the maximum grade should not exceed 10 percent. I

Rules and regulations governing roadway construction should take into account the I fundamental needs ond the protection of thc property owner and public. Under S~Q- cia1 conditions, standards should not be so rigid as to be unreasonable and demand more than is basically required. In other words, provision for flexibility in unusual I cases is worranted, provided the public interest is not socrificed. I The physical layout of roads in Muddy Creek Township generally follow ridge lines or valley bottoms. Grades on these road sections pose few, if any, problems, except where they traverse volley or ridge slopes. It is at these points that grades I do become moderately steep to steep. A good case in point occurs along Po. Route 488 near its intersection with L. R. 10050. Other sections of steep grades occur along U. S. 19, L. R. 10041, L. R. 10048, and T-346. I

Under the prevailing topographic conditions, little or nothing can be done to reduce I the degree of gmde on these road sections. With new road construction, however, the above standards should be applied. I

Road Alignment I

Proper alignment of a rood is important to insure safety of travel and efficient operation. Alignment characteristics ore composod of both a side-to-side horizontal I dimension and an up-down vertical dimension. Curvatures in either direction influence sight distance and driving speed and maneuverability which, in turn, affect general roadway sofety ond efficiency. 1 I The major roadway system in Muddy Creek Township, for the most part, has satisfactory vertical and horizontal curvoture characteristics. Those roadway sections where curvature inadequacies occur ore along Po. Route 488 near its intersection I I I’age 2-14 I I I with L. R. 10050 where a sharp grade and horizontal alignment presents compound curvature inadequacies, along sections of L. R. 10041 where sharp curves and I steep grades occur singly or in combination, and along sections of L. R. 10048 I where sharp curves and steep grades again occur singly or in combination.

I In a number of the foregoing situations, marginal or cvcn adequate alignment characteristics are made to appear worm than they actually are duc to restrictive and constrictive maneuverability conditions imposed by narrow paving and roadway I widths or structurally poor roadside characteristics such as poorly maintained berms or closely placed guardrails or utility poles. I I TABLE 4

I RECOMivlENDED ivllNIMUivl DESIGN STANDARDS I BY TYPE OF ROAD

DESIGN ELEMENT TYPE GF RCAD I Expressway Mojor Arterial Collector Local _c_

Design Speed 50-70 50-70 50-60 40 I Stopping Sight Distance 600 600 475 275 Superelevatian .oa .06 .06 .06 Degrco of Cuke 3.5 3.5 5.0 12.5 I Gradc 3-5 3-5 4-6 9-1 0 I Source: Pennsylvonio Dzpartment of Highwoys Design Criteria.

I Road lntelsections

Improperly designed intcrscctions arc major deterrents to the free flow of traffic I ond the most frequent location of traffic accidents. Factors which govern adequacy of design include thc angle of intersecting roads, intersection grades, sight dis- I tance and turning rodii. I I Page 2-15 I 1 In general, roads should intersect at right angles and intelzections of more than two roods at one point should definitely be avoided. Wherc roads entering opposite sid1:s of another road cannot be designed to intersect directly to form a nearly perpendiciilor I four-corner intersection, a minimum offset of 150 feet between the center lines of the intersecting side roads should be provided. I I On Local or Collector roads where traffic is controlled by stop signs, it is necessary that a driver of a stopped vehicle, For safety reasons, see enough of the major road to be able to negotiate the intersection without conflicting with on on-coming ve- I hicle. The recommended unobstructed sight distances along major roads are presented in Table 5. I I TABLE 5

RECOMMENDED SIGHT DISTANCE AT INTERSECTIONS I

DISTANCE IN FEET ALONG iW\JOR ROAD FROM INTERSECTION I TYPE OF VEHICLE TO ALLOW SIDE ROAD VEHICLE TO CROSS SAFELY Design Spec-d-30 MPH Design Spaed-40 iMPH Design Speed-50 MPH I 2-lanc-s &lanes 2-lanes 4-lones 2-lanes -4-lanos Passenger Car 300 350 400 450 500 600 Single Unit 400 475 550 625 675 775 I Truck or Bus Truck Combinations 525 600 700 775 850 975 I Source: National Committee on Urban Transportation and Public Administration Service,- Procedure Manual 7A, Geometric and Structural Design Standards. I

The recommended minimum radii for turning movemonts at intersections on Collector I and Major Arterial roads ore os follows: a corner rcdii of 15 to 25'fcct for passenger vehicles, and from 30 to 50 feet on roads usuolly traveled by trucks and buses. I I Page 2-16 I I I I There are two intersections on the Township rwd system that are considered to be hazardous according to the foregoing criteria. These intersections are also I identified on the Major Thoroughfares Map and are described as follows: I I Intersection of: Hazardous conditions: Po. Route 438, L. R. Steep grads conditions. 10050, and T-342 I Sharp horizontal curvature. I Restrictive turning radii. Limited sight distonccs.

I Poor paving ond rood width char- I octeristics. Po. Route 488 and Restrictive turning radii. L. R. 10041 I Poor poving conditions, I Limited sight distances. I Traffic Controls All traffic controls on major Township roads consist of stop signs. There are no turning lanes, parking restrictions, or other traffic controls at the present time I nor are any anticipated in the near future. I I TRAFFIC VOLUMES AND ROADWAY CAPACITIES The previous section dealt with the existing physical chorocteristics of the major street system in Muddy Creek Township and those conditions which either oid or im- I pede the free flow of traffic. The purpose of this section of the Traffic Study is to present the most recent data ovailoble regarding traific volumes on the major rad system; to evaluate the impact this traffic has with respect to the traffic carrying I capacities of the system; and to project troffic volumes over the next twenty yean to 1989. This information is presented in Toble 6. I Page 2-17 I TABLE 6 ESTIMATED TRAFFIC VOLUMES, CARRYING CAPACITY AND ROADWAY DEFICIENCIES UNDER PREVAILING CONDITIONS ON STATE ROUTES 2 (I) (D TOWNSHIP OF MUDDY CREEK, 1969 AND 1989 N I 4 a, COLUMN I II 111 IV V VI VI I

1909 1989 1989 PEAK HOUR SURPLUS OR STATE ROUTE -AADT(~) VOLUME(^) DEFICIENCY U. S. 19 Lancaster Twp to 10,130 1,420 390 -1,030 27,000 3,780 -3,390 Portenville Boro Portersville Boro to 11,000 1,540 375 -1,165 29,400 4,115 -3,740 U.S. 422 U .S . 422 to Lawrence 9,260 1,295 375 -920 24,565 3,440 -3,065 County Line U.S. 422 Franklin Twp to LR 10048 5,210 730 885 +155 14,065e 1,970 +2,030 LR 10048 tau: S. 19 4,920 690 885 +195 13,865 1,940 +2,060 U.S. 19 to Lawrence Cty. 6,520 91 5 770 -1 45 17,870 2,500 -1,730 Pa. 488 Portersville Boro to LR 10050 '935 130 295 +165 2, 560e 360 +495 LR 1@050to LR 10041 ado 1 20 360 +240 1,225 170 +190 LR 10041 to Prospect Boro 1,200 170 360 +190 1,750 245 +il5

LR 10041 Lancoster Twp 530 75 41 5 +340 775 110 +305 TABLE 6 (continued)

COLUMN I I1 111 IV V VI VI1

1 969 1969 1989 1989 1969 PEAK HOUR HOURLY SURPLUS OR 1989 PEAK SURPLUS OR STATE ROUTE -AADT(~) VOLUME(^) CAPACITY(C) DEFICIENCY -AADT(~) VOLUME DEFICIENCY

LR 10048 -le Boro to 860 1 20 405 +285 1,255 1 75 +230 U. S. 422 U. S . 422 to Worth Twp 795 110 405 +295 1,160 I60 +245

(a) Estimated 1969 Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT) based on 1966 Pa. Dept. of Highways data. (b) Peak hour rapresents thirtieth highest hourly volume uh ich is estimated to equal 14 percent of AADT. (c) Practical hourly capacity is based on two-directional traffic flow as determined from the "Highway Capacity Manual, 1965" for level of service "B" under 1969 roadway conditions. (d) Based on 2 or 5 percent avarage annual increases in traffic volume from 1969 and adjusted for new roadways and conditions. (e) Anticipated traffic volumes on relocated road sections.

Source: David M. Walker Associates Inc., March 1969. I I -Current Traffic Volumes Traffic volume data is available for all of the roods defined as part of the Tawn- I ship's major road system, and traffic counts were obtained from the Pennsylvania Department of Highways for all State and Federal legislative routes. These include those roads in the major system identified as Major Arterials and Primary I Collectors. The traffic volumes recorded by the Statc Highway Department were for the year 1966. Thesc annual average daily traffic vDlumes (AADT) were UP- daied to 1969 and then projected to 1989. The updated ond projected volumes I were computed on the basis of a conservative two (2) pcrcent annual increase for Collector Routes and a five (5) percent incrcasc for Major Arterials, as well as projections obtained by other relevant agencies such as the Depart- I ment of Forests and Waters. I Table 6, Column I, presents estimated average daily traffic volumes for 1969 an the major road system of the Township. I

Again, it can be seen that such volumes vary considerably and that the Major Arterial system is the most heavily traveled of all roods in the Township road I system. Many of the major roads in Muddy Creek Township experience traffic build-up as they approach urban areas such as Prospect and Portersville Boroughs. Evidence also suggests that a general orientation of trip destinations from the I Township to Butler City exists, but such evidence is not adequate to establish a definite statistical trend at this time. I

U. S. Routes 19 and 422 carry the greatest trafflc volumes of all roads in the Township system. Average 1969 daily traffic volumes along these two roads range I from 4,920 to 11,000 vehicles. I "Peak Hour" Traffic Volumes I A more definitive assessment of the impact of the above traffic volumes can be made by estimating the "peak hour" traffic volumes which generally occur during certain periods of the morning or afternoon of an average day. In general, these I are the periods when the volume and frequency of traffic is higher because of vehicle trips to places of employment, shopping, schools, and for other personal or business reasons. Peak hour demand rates are also important from the standpoint I of estimating the ability of a roadway section to carry traffic, since roadway capacity is generally expressed in terms of hourlv rates. Estimated current peak hour volumes are shown in Column I1 of Table 6. For the purpose of this study, I I Page 2-20 I I I fwo-directional peak hour traffic is estimated to be approximately 14 percent of I average daily traffic. On this basis, peak hour tmffic volumes on U. S. Route 19 in the vicinity of Portersville and U. S. Route 422 are expected to be on the order I of 4,115 vehicles.

I Current Capacities and Deficiencies As noted earlier, the principol feature of o rwd which governs its capacity to I carry traffic is its overall paving width and the number of moving traffic lanes it affords. Based on the results of extensive surveys and studies carried out by tho National Highway Research Board, fairly accurate estimates of hourly traffic I capacity on most types of roads can be mod=, with a variety of factors being taken into considerotion. The more important of these, in addition to paving width, is the incidence of on-street parking, turning movements, the amount I of green signal time at signalized intersections, ond the class of road or highway, i.e., its location in an urban, intermediate or rural area. A number of those factors obviously do not opply to the Township, such as on-street I parking and signalized intersections.

I Based on these conditions as they apply to the Township's major routes, the "pmctical hourly capacity" of various road sections have been computed and are as shown in Column 111 of Table 6. These are considered to be conservative estimates of I the current carrying capacity of these roads under prevailing roadway conditions .I and tmffic and parking controls.

I The practical hourly capacity of a road is defined as the maximum number of vehicles that can pass a given point on the rood during one hour without.the traffic density being so great as to couse unreasonable delay, hazard, or restrict the ve- I hicle operator's freedom of maneuver under prevailing roadway and traffic conditions. (The term "hourly capacity'' has been superceded by the term "levels of service'' in current highway engineering practice. The quantity defined by thae I terms remains basically the some, however, the only difference being that more freedom of choice to adapt to loco1 conditions is given by the "level of service" concept, For ease of understanding by lay persons, however, the consultant I chooses to retain the use of the term "hourly capacity" as defined above, at- though technically it refers to level of service B or C as dotermined by the rural or urban location of the road section under discussion.) Where peak hour traffic I' volumes exceed the hourly capacity of each rwd or road section, conges*ion generolly exists ond some form of treatment is required to improve haffic cor- I rying capacities.

I Page 2-21 I I Again, most rwds in the Township's maior road system exhibit surplus capcity levels at the present time. Capacity deficiencies on Township roads such as IJ. S. Routes 19 and 422 are created by heavy truck volumes on these road I cections. Such truck volumes tend to depress roadway capacities due to their limited ability to maneuver and maintain speed on grades although these effects are due to roadway design characteristics in the final analysis. Such deficiencies, I of course, can only be remedied by reconstruction, relocation, or both. I Future Traffic Volumes

Anticipated 1989 traffic volumes on the major road system of the 'Township are I presented in Column V of Table 6. The direction ond mgnitude of traffic volumes in Muddy Creek Township present a complex picture,however, due to a number of significant highway alterations that have occurred and will continue to occur I into the short- and long-range future. The first major alteration to traffic patterns was the construction of Interstate Route 79, although this project may not be the most drastic traffic alteration to occur. Traffic redistributions attributable to this I project have more or less stabilized at the present time. I The major and perhaps most drastic traffic pattern alteration to occur in the Township will be related to traffic patterns to be created by the ultimate opening of Moraine I State Park. Existing U. S. Route 422 has already been relocated in great portion due to this facility, and Pa. Route 488 is currently undergoing planning activities for a major relocation project. Both of these roads will receive substantial increases in traffic volumes in addition to their normal loads of through and local traffic. I It is anticipated that Pa. Route 488 will most likely receive an additional average volume of 1,195 vehicles per day by 1990, and relocated U. S. Route 422 will be carrying an additional load of park-bound traffic amounting to 810 vehicles I per day within that same time period. Other roads in the major road system will receive lesser volumes of park traffic since the foregoing two roads are expected I to carry the brunt of park-bound traffic. All of these anticipated volume increases have been incorporated into the volume projections presented in Table 6. I As can be seen, if no reconstruction or alterations are undertaken on other roads in the major road system, peak hour volumes will greatly exceed roadway capacities I on a number of major arterials. I I

Page 2-22 I I I

I SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

I 1. As mentioned previously, Muddy Creek Township occupies a very favorable position in relation to accessibility to major eastern and mideastern markets. Excluding other consider- I ations, highway accessibility restrictions to economic growth pose no problem. I 2. Due to the extent and physical characteristics of such major interstate highways, the Township road system can generally I be classified os being in good condition. This situation is somewhat misleading, however, because the remaining roads in the Township system ora generally inadequate in their I ability to perform their functions.

I 3. Roadway and circulation inadequacies in the Township are primarily attributable to narrow paving and roadway widths, compounded by undesirable alignment and grade character- I istics. This is especially so on Po. Route 408, a major intra- I Township roadway. 4. Existing rights-of-way are also a limiting factor upon exist- I ing and future road improvements. It appears that insufficient righk-of-way to effect relatively inexpensive roodway improvements presently exist. This sitvation cannot now be I easily corrected, and the Township should consider the adoption of land regulatory controls so that future righk- of-way availability and road construction practices will I be up to acceptable standards.

I 5. Topography within thc Township is perhaps the most critical factor relative to road improvement or construction. Other man-made or natural obstacles play lesser roles in such tranc- I port activities.

I. 6. The Township should develop a systematic road improvements program both to insure that road improvements proceed in a rational and feasible manner and to provide a readily avail- I able and comprehensive program for prasentation to other agencies involved in highway improvemmts, and thus gain at Ieost a temporary competitive advantage over othar less I prepared communities. I Page 2-23 I

LOCAL AND REGIONAL TRAFFIC PLANS I

Prior to ond during the course of the Regional Transportation and Circulation Study, I a number of important highway improvament projects were being simultaneously proposed, reviewed or analyzed. TI11 end objectivss of these projects were to improve the overall highway accessibility position of this general area. lhe consultant par- I ticipated in various meetings and discussions related to these projects almost from their inception as o representative either of the Regional Planning Commission or the Butler County Planning Commission. Gne result of such participation was that I a sizeable bank of knowledge about loco1 roadway characteristics and conditions was created on the part of the consultant. Another, and perhaps the most important result, wos that a close liaison was estoblishod between the consciltanf I and the various other participant agencies. The following is a resume of current projects and proposals undcr consideration, bosed oil thess discussions and a review of existing highway plans and proposals. I I MAJOR HIGHWAY CQNSTRUCTIDN I There are, ot present, several major highway improvements in various sta2es of consideration, study and progrommhg that may have o strong influence upon the Moraine Region. These includs the rzlocotion of Fa. 4.68 onc! L. R. 10@50from I 1-79 to U. S . 422; Po. 52E reconstruction; one! iinprovemcnts to U. S. 42% in ths vicinity of both U. S. 19 and Prospoct P.crough. I Unfortunately, due to ever-increasing construction costs and limited financial resources for highway use omong other rcoson5, a number of these projects slated I to occur in the Planning Area have been temporarily held up. I Keystone Shortway

The Keystone Shortway (Interstate EO), when completed, will extend from the I Pennsylvania-New Jersey state boundary lino east of Stroudsburg to the Penn- sylvonia-Ohio state boundary lino at a point south of Farrell. In effect, the highway runs in an east-west direction through the central portion of Pennsyl- I vania, and will consist of a modern four-lane divided and controlled access expressway. Although sections of the expressway are completed and in use, it is not expected that the entire system through the State will be in operation until I sometime after 1970. Those roadway sections traversing Venango County just north of Butler County are completed and have bcen open to traffic for some time. I Page 2-24 I I I There can be little question that the completion and operation of the Keystone Shortway will afford Butler County direct and rapid access to major state and out-of-state centers, which up to this time have been rather difficult to reach. I I This roadway will, of course, facilitate east-west traffic movement of a through I or regional nature.

Allegheny Valley Expressway I I Thz fundamental purpose of the Allegheny Valley Expressway (L. R. 1037) is to provide improved northeasterly access from Pittsburgh to the Keystone Shortway I in Jefferson County. In so doing, the roadway passes in close proximity to urbon centers in Butler County to serve a much broadcr traffic and transportation need. The highway is planned as a four-lane limited access expressway. In effect, it is a relocation of thc present Pa. 28 which traverses the urban areas of the lower Allegheny River Valley, as well as the urban and rural areas of Armstrong, Clarion I and Jefferson Counties.

At the present time, many sections of the Expressway are still under intensive study and design phase, and many others are actually completed. A section from Pithburgh to well above Sharpsburg is completed and open to traffic. A new bridge crossing at Froeport has been completed and the intervening sections I between Sharpsburg and Kittanning, including o high-level bridge at Kittanning, are under final location and design study. This segment has been pragrammed I for completion within the next six years. I Interstate Route 79 Interstate 79 hos been previously discussed in relation to the Planning Area, and it will suffice to state herewith that the two interchanges of 1-79 in Muddy Creek I Township are a strong potential cconomic asset. Local efforts to develop around I such interchanges should be continued $0 that their potential can be utilized fully. I OTHER LOCAL CONSTRUCTION At the present time, the only mojor projects that are to be undertaken are the reconstruction of Pa. Route 528 within Moraine State ?ark and the proposed relocation of Pa. Route 488 into the park site from the south. Since the former project is now underway, it will not be discussed herein.

I Page 2-25 I

Pa. Route 488 I Improvements to Po. Route 488 that would enable it to become the main southem I park entrance have been in planning for some time and reached the "corridor" public hearing stage in April of 1969. At that time, alternate and recommended alignment proposals were discussed prior to undortaking preliminary design studies. I The proposed improvements will generally follow or parallel the alignment of existing Pa. Route 468 and L. R. 10050. I

AS presently proposed, the roadway will consist of two 12-foot lanes with IO-foot paved shoulders over its entire length, and would most likely bo a limited access I facility. Subject to revisions, right-of-way acquisition is not expected to begin before 1370 and actual construction is not anticipated until the summer of 1971. I "He Id-Over" Construction I Thoso projock held over due to resource limitations include reconstruction of that scction of U. S. Route 422 adiocent to U. S. 19 near the Lawrsnce County Line; reconstruction of U. S. 422 from the vicinity of the Butler By-Pass to the vicinity I of Prospect Borough; and reconstruction of Pa. 528 along its entire length. I: is not now known whether these projects will be reactivated during the 15'75-15'81 six-year improvement program, but chances of thoir reacbivation b,-Fors 1975 I ore deemed somewhat remota by Highway Department Officials. I As mentioned previously, these road improvements suggest a groat potential fo: future growth in the regional planning area. Growth does not usuolly, however, merely occur but rather has to be stimulated and it is the duty and obligation of I those interested citizens of the area, especially tho planning bodies, to take advantagc of the potential offered by this opportunity. I I I I I Page 2-26 I I I PUBLIC TRANS PaRTAT ION I Public transportation service is somewhat limited in the Moraine Area, although -the services provided are generally above averagn for a predominantly rural area. I ihe only surface public transportation services presen: ly available to the area are by bus and taxi. With respact to regularly scheduled air transportation, Butler County has no major airport focility ond local residmts must therefore rely on I commercial services provided by the Greater Pittsburgh Airport. There are located in Butler County, however, several limited service airfields thaf do provide I air commuter trips and they will be discussed in succeeding sections of this report.

I PUBL!C EUS TRANSPGRTATIGN

The only community in the Planning Area that is accommodated by bus service is I Portersville Borough, and this service is indirect and limited. The bus line that indirec:ly serves this community is the Greyhound Bus Company. Departing from its main station in Pittsburg!! noithbound on U. S. Route 19 to Erie or Buffalo, I Greyhound passes through Portersville and has two flag stops at Harlansburg - a paint about six miles north of Portersville. These stops are at approximately 2:30 2.M. and 7:30 P.ivZ. The southbound trips on U. S. Route 19originate I in Erie, Buffalo, and rliercer, ond accornmodote Flog stops at Harlansburg at approximately 1255 PA., 540 P.M., and 8:OO ?.M. There are no passenger pick-ups by Greyhound south of Horlansburg; however, passengers may be dis- I charged at various points within this aica on both northbound and southbound I trips, The franchise for the area south and west of Portersville is owned by the Grove I City Bus Company, which has runs originating in Sharon and Ellwood City that PGSS thiough Zelienople via Pa. Route 288 on to Pittsburgh via U. 5. Route 19. There are a total of ten station stops a day in Zelienople, five northbound and I five southbound, ond these stop seem to mostly accommodate working people traveling to and from their places of employment during early morning and late afternoon hours. This bus company does not now nor does it hove short-range I plans For providing service directly to Portersvillo or points between Portersville and ielianople along U. S. Route 19. I I I Page 2-27 I I

-TAXI SERVICE I Ai mentioned, the other surface public transportation service provided within the Plcnning Area is that which is provided by taxis. The Butler Taxi Company and 1 the Swan Taxi Company both operate from their home stations in Butler City, and h2se companies will service any poiat in the entiie Planning Area upon telephona rec,uests by individuals desiring transportation. 'I I A!X?3RT FACILITIES 1 it WGS noted earlier that Butler County has no major airport facility to provide scheduled commercial service for residents of this area. There are, however, two aIrport facilities located in Bukler County (Butler-Gicham Airport and Rae Field) I and om located just outside the County near Zolienople (Tasa Airport). The Car- nchca Airport, a small landing Field about two miles south of Prospect Borough, was recently closed. I

The Butler-Graham Airport is located about five miles south of Butlor City. The I sarvices now provided are limited to chartered flighk to any point in the United States and Canada, although Allegheny Airlines did provide service during 1954. This airport presently has a 4,000-foot poved runway; however, upon approval by I the Federal Government of an application For expansion, the airport will acquire an additional 250 acres of land to construct a new 6,000-foot hard-surfaced runway. The possibilities of re-obtaining scheduled commercial airline flights should I be groatly enhanced upon completion of this project. I Roe Field is situated just off Route 52 sevoral miles norfh of Connoqirenessing Bor- ough. This air field has a 2,600-foot paved blacktop runway, and also limits its- service to chartered flights. There cre no irnmediote plans for future expansion I of heairport itself nor to the existing services provided from that field. I Tasa Airport, located in Beaver County about two miles west of Zelienople, provides no service at the present time. Future plans For this airport, however, include construction of a 5,ooo-foot hard-surfaced landing strip that should enable I this facility to accommodate chartered flights. I I Page 2-28 I I .. . -. I I

I Rail co:,muter service is not available Go; the Planning Area residents, and is not expected to be instituted within the planning period. I I GTHER T,RANSPORT FACILITIES *Ii:iere is soine evidence thot "car-pooling" or "iihnoy" typ0 services are provided by hose owning cutornobiles to those who do not own a car or for one or another reason I cannot or do not drive. The consultant was not able to detahine if a fee was involved in such tronsportation, although it is assumod :hot in almost all cas9 such conveyorice was in the nature of a "fovor" to be returned or an assumed duty to I elilc?:fy puen:s or neighbors. No statistical evidence as to the magnitude of such trcns?o:f was available, but it is believed that such transport constitutes a very 1 sisniticon: portion of total mobility efforts in tha Planning Area.

GF great mobility significance olso oppears to be the use of school buses, particu- I larly in relation to providing mcbility for nondriving adolescents to extracurricular activities such as field trips and school proms. Again, no statistical evidence was ovailablc to verify their use except that obtained from local school bus driven, but it cppears that school bus USQ as opposed :o chartcred buses is increasing in magnitude as a mass transit facility.

FUTURE PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION PLANS

In general, most of the surface public transport firms interviewed indicated a capability and willingness to increase service levels if a public demand for such services is exhibited. The only cornpany that was octually undertaking such an expansion was the Greyhound Bus Compony, however. This expansion would only be in terms of added express runs through ivluddy Creelc Township to points north via Interstate Route 79 and would not provide added service levels directly to the Planning Area.

Air facility operators share the same viewpoint, although two of the three operative air fields serving the Planning Area are undertaking expansion activities by which they might be able to increase utilization levels.

Page- 2-29 I I GENERAL SUMMARY 1 The public transportation and circulation system serving the Planning Area can bo generolly- described as being slightly above average in terms of service availability. lhis is due primarily to the Planning Area’s advontageous location in relation to I major traffic routes serving the large Pittsburgh metropolitan area as well as the Butler urban area. Citizens of {he Planning Area must still rely heovily on private automobiles in order to travel to desired destinations or to public transportation I stations. In view of the existing dispersed scttlement patterns in the area, a pattern expected to be mointained ~t lecst into the next fen yearsl current heavy reliance upon the private automobile is anticipated to continue for I quite some time. This reliance will be augmented by :he personal outomo- bile preferences of visitors to tho Moraine Stata Park site. It oppears, therefore, that unless drastically increased efforts to induce public mass tronsporta- I tian utilization on the part of the Planning Area rosidents and park visitors are under:oken, the private automobile will remain as the primary means of mobility in the Moraine region. I I I I I I I I I I

Page 2-30 I I I I I I CHAPTER THREE I I I I EXISTING LAND USE CHARACTERISTICS I I I

I A survey and analysis of existing land uses in Muddy Creek Township, within the Moraine planning area, is one of the basic prerequisites to the development of a Comprehensive Plan. Such a study presents an up-to-date evaluation of how all I land and buildings are currently being used and identifies the majar characteristics of growth and development. It also provides the necessary background information required for an adequate understanding of the community and an assessment of future I development potential.

I II In addition to serving the above purposes, the land use study will also serve two other major functions. The first of these is that it will provide the basis upon which a future land use plan may be formulated. The land use plan for Muddy Creek Township I will contain various proposals showing the amount, type and location of land needed for future residential, commercial, industrial and public purposes. Its ‘I other principal function, in conjunction with the land use plan, will be the final I I Page 3-1 I development of a recommended zoning ordinance and zoning district map to I regulate the future use of land and buildings in the Township. The land use survey data and map will also serve as an important day-to-day tool for use by the Planning Commission in developing other elements of the Comprehensive I Plan and in the administration of the zoning ordinance. For these reasons, the rrcps and data should be kept up to date and revisions made as changes accur in the Township. I

The character of existing development in the Township was determined by a lot- I by-lot field survey, which was conducted during the Spring of 1969. The infar- motion gathered from this survey was further supplemented by exomination of tax records and available maps. The data collected from the above process is graphi- I cally depicted on the Existing Land Use Map drafted at a scale of one inch equals one thousand feet (1" = 1,000'). The land area devoted to the various major land use types in the Township is summarized in Table 1. I

For the purpose of this study, the principal use of a given piece of property was I attributed to the whole property, except where there was indication of an additional major use. I I REGIONAL PLANNING AREA I The Moraine planning area is generally located in westcentral Butler County. Three of the communities are physically separated from each other with Brady Township and Prospect Borough lying to the northeast and east of Muddy Creek Township, respec- I tively. Portersville Borough is located within Muddy Creek Township. U. S. Route 422, the major east-west highway in the planning area, traverses the entire length of Muddy Creek Township and passes through the northernmost portion of Prospect I Borough. lhterstate Route 79and U. S. Route 19, major north-south traffic arteries, pass through Muddy Creek Township and through or in close proximity to Portersville Borough. Pa. Route 8, also a major north-south artery, generally parallels 1-79and I U. S. 19and passes through the entire length of Brady Township. I In terms of nearby Communities, Prospect Borough is located about nine airline miles northwest of Butler City, and Portersville Borough lies approximately thirteen airline I miles northwest of Butler. Both Muddy Creek and Brady Townships are directly adjacent to the boundary of the Moraine State Park site now nearing completion. I I Page 3-2 I ...... - -

I LAND USE CHARACTERISTICS I GENERAL LAND USE CHARACTERISTICS

I Muddy Creek Township is bounded on the north by Worth Township, on the west by Lawrence County, on the east by Prospect Borough and Franklin Township, and an thc south by Lancaster Township. The Township is generally rectangular in shape, I mcasuring about 4.8 miles wide in an east-west direction and about 5.1 miles wide in thd north-south dircction. As previously described, the principal roadways in and through the Township include U. S. Route 422 running east and west, U. S. I Route 19 running ncrth and south through Portersville Borough, and State Route 488 which connects with toth U. 5. Route 422 ot Prospect and U. S. 19 in Portersville I and then continues wct into Lawrence County. Thc 30-mile legislative traffic route system which includs; saerol lesscr legislative routes other than those already men- I tioned is supplemented by o network of 35 miles of Township roads.

As might be expected ond OS is the case with Brady and other adjacent Townships, I Muddy Creek is lorgely rural in character and development is dispersed rather widely throughout most of the Township. Cf the total Township land area of 13,530.5 acres (21 .1 squors miles), for example, over 3,459 acres or nearly 26 percent of all land I arc considered to be in agricultural use. An additional 4,075 acres, over 30 percent of all land, are essentially vacant. I While most housing and development consists of wid3ly dispersed farm and rural nonfarm housing, there are szveral concentrations of devclopmcnt locoted in various I sectors of the Township. Tho largest of thase is the Borough of Portersville located adjacent to the western perimeter of the Township almost at the midpoint of that I western boundary. Portersville is the only incorporated place within the Township.

The next most evident concentrafion of development occurs far short distances I along the major roads leading to ?ortersviIle, such as U. S. 19, Po. 488, and L. R. 10048. Another area where small but relatively compoct development OC- cum is ot the intersection of Pa. 4% and L. R. 10050 in the central portion of the I Township neor the mojor southern cntronce to Moroine State Pork. I I I

I Page 3-3 I I At the present time and excluding the 4,271 acres occupied by Moruine Park, only ahout 109 acres or slightly over 8 percent of all Township land is developed for various residential, commercial, industrial, public and semipublic, and road uses. These I are the developed uses that hove evolved as a result of the service needs and demands of local residents and is the true representution of indigenous Township land use re- qiiirements. If the Moraine Perk site is included as a representation of developed I existing land use in the Township, such developed uses would then occupy 4,380 acres or over 39 percent of all Township land. I A summary of existing land use in the Township is presented in Table 1. I

SUMMARY OF iV1AJC;R LAND USE CHARACTERISTICS I Residential Uses I Gverall, residential uses occupy about 776 ocres of land. Throughout most of the Township and in the built-up areas, the singlc-dwslling unit is the predominant structural type and accounts for approximately 87 percent of the total land area I devoted to residential use. Two-or-more-fomily structures and mobile homes make up the balance of the housing inventory. The latter type of housing, mobile homos, occupy a total of 83 acres or 11 percent of the housing supply, and consist of units I situated on individual lots of ground as wcll as those locotcd in trailer camps or park. This is a relatively high number of mobile homes in terms of a proportion of the toto1 housing inventory. There ore a number OF conclusions that can be I drawn concerning mobile home development, and these will be presented in the housing analysis report, o succeeding study in the planning program. I

For purposes of computing actual residential land whcrc a residential unit occupied only a portion of a large lot, a standard parcel size of about 5.5 acres was utilized I For residential units and a standard parcel size of about one acre was utilized for mobile home units. I Commercial Uses I Commercial development constitutes 93.2 acres, or about 0.7 percent of the total area of the Township. Most of the lond used for commercial purposes is located within the Township's built-up areas and is highway oriented. The heaviest con- I centration of commercial devslopment is found along U. S. Route 19, north of Portenville. This orea includes a mixture of commercial uses, such as service stations, motels, food stores, mobile home sales oreas, farm equipment sales, I and auto repair establishmank.

Page 3-4 I I I

I TABLE 1 I SUMIvL4RY GF EXlSTlI\IG LAND USE* I TGWiGHIP OF MUDDY CREEK, 1959 LAND USE CATEGORY AREA IN ACRES PERCENT TOTAL LAND AREA

I RESIDENTIAL Single-Famil y 673.4 5 .O Two-Family 19.0 0.1 I iviobilc Homes -63.4 0.6 Subtotal 775. D 5.7 I RESIDENTIAL AND BUSINESS 6.6 **

COMMERCIAL I General Retail and Service 49.7 0.4 Automotive Commzrcial 13.1 0.1 I Hcovy Commercial -30.4 -0.2 Subtotal 93.2 0.7 I INDUSTRY 206.5 1.5 PUBLIC AND SEMIPUBLIC 1 Public I Semipublic 7.1 Public Schools, Parks -6.0 I and Playgrounds Subtotal 13.1 0.1 I IV\ORAINE STATE PARK 4,271.5 31 .6 STRIP ivilNES 634.6 4.7 I (active or unreclaimed) VACANT AND WOODED LAND I AND LOTS 4,069.6 30.1 I AGRlCU LTURE 3,459.6 -25.6 TOTAL 13,530.5 100.0 I (21.1 sq. mi.) *Roads not listed separately. I **-Does not amount to 0.1 percent. Source: Field survey conducted April and May, 1969, David M. Walker Assoc. Inc. I Page 3-5 I I -Industrial Uses Industrial land within the Township currently occupies 206.5 ccres or 1.5 percent I of all Township lands. A large amount of this land is encompassed within limestone quarrying operations conducted along U. S. 422 in the northwzst corner of tho Town- ship. Other industrial land uses include a small chemical plant along U. s. 17 noar I 11. S. 422 and a small coal company processing and storage area south of Portenville along U. 5. 19. 1 -f'ublic and Semipublic Uses 1 A total of 4,285 acres, obout 3% percent of all Township land, is currently dcvclopsd for public and scmipublic purposes. About 4,272 cfcres of this land lies within Mor- aine Stata Pork, and tlis remaining 13 acres is landthat developed solely in response 1 to local needs. The latter lands contain two abondonsd school sites of about one- half acre each and an existing church ond parochial school complex,of 6.0 acres, all of which are categorized as being of a semipublic nature. I

Roadways and Highwoys I

Highwoys and roadwoys, as mzasured by their estimated right-OF-way widths, com- prise 673.8 acres or 5.2 percent of the Township's total area. This includes 30 miles I of State traffic and Legislative Routes which are improved and about 35 miles of Township roads. This calculation excludod roads lying within Moraine Park but not providing through access. I

Vacant, Woodcd, and Agricultvrol Land Uses I

The 4,070 acres of vacant and woodzd land and the 3,460 acres of agricultural land, which includes slightly over 55 percent of the Township area, hold the great- I est potential for future dwelopment. Whilc much of thc agricultural land will continue to be used for crop raising and gcneral forming, some of it can readily be and more than likely will be converted for urban types of dovelopment. The same is gen- I erally true of those lands which are essentially vacant or heavily wooded, although much of this land hos topographic limitations, Thcs2 limitations will be further assessed in the physiogrophic stud& in which thc full potcntial of readily avail- I able and accessible land will bc determined. I I

Page 3-6 I I I I Moraine State Park Lands

I The Stote Park site, as previously indicated, occupies approximately 4,271.5 acres, or slightly over 31 percent of the Township lam! area. The park site basically ac- I cupies the northeastern one-fourth of the Township.

In terms of future growth for the Township, the park site offers a bright potential. I It is anticipated presently that as many as 30,000 people would be in attendance at the park site on any Sunday during the summer and as many as 30,000 people visiting the park during a normal summer week. Obviously, this could mean a I considerable injection of income into local businesses as well as increased po- I tential for private land development along pork boundaries and access routes. Strip Mines

I There are, at present, approximateIy635- acres of active or unrecloimed strip mines within the Township, excluding those strip mines located within the Moraine Park site. These lands represent essentially undevelopable areas or, at the very least, I land having severe restrictions to development, os is the case with unreclaimsd I strip mines. I SUMMARY EVALUATION GF EXISTING DEVELGPMENT

I The study of Muddy Creek Township's existing land use character provided results quite similar to those of Brady Township. The following are the major adverse con- I ditions noted:

Scattered D2velopment. In gsncrol, with tho exception of the I previousIy identified concentrated oreas of development, development in the Township is sparsely distributed along the existing major road and highway system where soma isolated._ "settlement" I and subdivision development has occurred. liis scattered development tends to disrupt o coordinoted and compact land use pattern and can result in an excossive drain on muiiicipol finances because I of tho highcr cost of providing municipal scrviccs per dwelling unit. If future growth is parmittcd to follow a similor pottern, municipal costs and therefore taxes can only incrcaso, cspccially in view of I rising labor and materiols costs. I I Page 3-7 I

Strip Minos. The adverse conditions associated with strip mines I are not limited solely to their physical characteristics such as disruption to land use continuity, detrimental appearance, and public safety hazards. In addition, strip mines disturb subsurface conditions I such as ground water tables as wcll as tho balance of nature on the ground, These an, moreover, long-term disruptions that cannot always bo remedied by back-filling . Of long-term significance I also is the effects that the highly variable charactaristics of backfilled soils have upon future developmcnt. !ktci/cd on-site soil I investigations prior to development shnlrld bc rcquirod in (211 areas of the Township, but particularly in stri;, miwd areos in order to insure protcction of bGth public cnd privott iwestmmt in such I areas. I Land-Locked F'arcels. There do exist, in some areas of the Township, parcels of land and individual lots which urc without a major means of access or are served only by ecsemcnts which could conceivably I be closed off. In the future, in order to protect prospective land ownen, development should be prohibited whore adequate streets or thoroughfares are not provided. Proposod subdivisions along the I frontgge of existing Township and other roods should be carefully reviewed to guord against the closing of access to vacant land which has future development potential. This can be controlled through pra- I perly administered subdivision regulations. I Blighted Housing. One of the more severe problems facing the Township is the need to institute a program of improving housing I and structural conditions. While the most notable areas in the Township where these conditions exist essentiolly include the more built-up arcas, the land use survsy also revcalcd strong I evidence of scattered rural farm and other types of blight. These conditions can only be halted by the administrotion ond enforcement of building and housing codes; howwer, some of the existing I conditions noted in the Field can probably biapproached only through a program of housing rehabilitation. Housing conditions will be mora fully cxplorcd in thc housing cnolysis rcport of the I planning program. I I

Page 3-8 I I I I

Declining Taxable Base. As is the caso with the other three I Townships whose land has been taken for the Moraine Pork site, the toxable base of Muddy Creek Township has been significantly reduced with little or no economic return from the park yet re- I alized. If experience elsewhere is occeptcd, a positive return from the park should occur ultimately. This optimistic outlook doas not, however, assist the Township in overcoming current I financial disturbances in terms of providing necessary and ade- I quate levels of service in the face of reduced income levels. Alterations to Historic Devclopmcnt Patterns. As is the case in Brady Township, thc land use survey found evidence that past de- I velopmental trends are being altered considerably. The high proportion of mobile homes observed indicates dxreased living space requirements and crootes reductions in tax returns that could have I been received had new conventional housing structurcs been erected I in their place. It wos also observed that the number of rural nonform dwcllings ap- I pears to be increasing, Fndicoting thot rcductions in the amount of land actually being farmcd are occurring for oris or another reason. Neither of the obovs devclopmmts con bz considered beneficial to I the Township’s Gisco I or economic bas€, un lsss accompanied by increased economic opportunitic-s that would provide income to re- I place that lost by thcse alterations. I I I I I I I Page 3-9 I 1 MORAINE AREA LAND USE SUMMARY I

A summary of existing land uses in the Moraine planning area as a whole is contairied in Table 2. This bble shows that the planning area is predominantly rural in charucter, I hc:ving about 62.5 percent of its toto1 land area devoted to vacant,. wooded, agricultural or other uses not of a residential, commercial, industrial or public nature. This does not include Moraine State Pork lands amounting to an additional 7,211.4 1 acres or 25.8 percent of the toto1 land area of the planning region. I Those developed uses such as residences, commercial and industrial establishments,, and schools, parks, playgrounds or other public and semipublic institutions occupy only 2,37912 ocres or 8.5 percent of the total land area of the four communities. I Obviously,, the lorge open areas of the two Townships offset the slightly more dansely developed areas within the two Boroughs, thus presenting CI somewhot biased picture as relates to the developed portions of the planning region as a whole. The I Boroughs of Portersvi Ile and Prospect are not, however, that densely developed and can be considered as primarily rural in nature. I

All of the foregoing indicate thot the Moraine planning area has great potential to accommodate new development both in terms of available land and in view of I aF the impact of Moroine State Pork. The location, extent, and design of such new development will be prescribed by the Land Use Plan far each community and the regulatory controls, such as zoning and subdivision ordinances, adopted by I euch community. The Land Useability Study included as part of the Comprehensive Planning Program will also further define in detail available and useable land resources within the planning area. I I I I I I

Page 3-1 0 I I ~' TABLE 2 I SUMMARY OF iXlSTlNG LAND USE I MORAINE AREA LAb!i) USE CATEGORY AREA IN ACRES PERCENT TOTAL LAND AREA I RES;iX NTIA L Single-Family 1,376.0 Two-Family 56.7 I MuI5 Yic miI y 0.9 Mobi :s Homes 104.3 I Subtokal 1,554.5 5.6 I RESIDENTIAI&USINESS 9.6 * COMMERCIAL Gencrsl Retail and Service 65.2 I Automotive Commercial 44.3 Hccvy Commercial -32.5 I Subtota I 142.0 0.5 I INDUSTRY 247.6 0.9 PUBLIC AND SEMIPUBLE. Public 80.7 I Semipublic 267.4 Public Schools, Parks, 77.4 I and Playgrounds - Subtotal 425.5 1.5

I STREETS 8, ROADWAYS** 888.9 1.5 I MORAINE STATE PARK 7,211.4 25.8 STRl P MINES 1,167.7 4.2

I VACANT & WOODED 9,034.7 , 32.4 I AGR IC ULTURE 7,236.4 -25.9 TOTAL 27,918.3 100.0 I (43.6 sq . mi.) *Does not amount to 0.1 percent. I **Excludes roads lying within Moraine State Park. Source: David M. Walker Associates, Inc., 1969. I Page 3-1 1 1 I CHAPTER FOUR I I I I

I POPULATION STUDY I I I I I The structure and vitality of the economy of any area to a great degree determines the growth potential for that area, and economic analysis is therefore a basic stcrrting I , point for all city planning. The potential for growth is, however, strongly linked to the various characteristics of the resident population, for they in the final analysis, are responsible far determining the directions to which the local supply of resources I will be diverted. The planning program in Muddy Creek Township is, therefore, highly concerned with both the present and future characteristics of he residents. The range of this concern includes such items as population size, composition, and I distribution, for these aspects of population provide the basis for determining future land use needs as well as the distribution and location of those land uses. From these determinations the planner can derive estimates of the utilities, facilities, I and amenities required to adequately serve the resident population. The purpose of this report, accordingly, is to analyze past ond present population trends and various components that characterize the population, and to estimate future popu- I lation levels and characteristics.

I Page 4-1 I I

PO PIJ LATI0N TRENDS I

A number of changes have occurred within and to the population structure of Muddy Creek I over the past decades since 1900. The most visible change is the continued absolute increase of population experienced since 1930. A second change is the slightly dovmward but relatively stable trend in birth rates. Also evident is relative stability in term of I the 'age distribution of the papulation. All of these various factors arid their infer- relationships will be more fully discussed in subsequent sections of the Population Analysis. I I

POPULATION CHANGES I

Population change is, in simplest terms, observed differences in the number of pople in an area over any period of time. The importance of analyzing papulotion chonges I is derived not from merely noting these variations but rather from determining why change occurred and what those changes mean to the community. The most ohviour and parhaps most important clue proved by observations of population changes per- I tains to economic considerations. The number of people residing in cn crea ct any given time is a strong indication of the amount of goods and services that the area will need. This, in turn, gives some idea as to the level of economic activity that I o community can support as well as whether one would wont to invest limited corpomk resources in that community. Population change, then, has a tendency to parallel economic change, i.e., if one increases the other tends to increase or vice vena. I A similar relationship exists in terms of the vitality and reproductive capability of the population of any community - that is, as one changes the other tends to follow suit. I I In the decades between 1900 and 1960, Muddy Creek Township exhibited an absolute population increase of 487 persons or an average of a little over 8 persons per year. There was a sharp decline in population in the early 1900's, specifically the period I from 1910 to 1920, during which 191 persons left the Township. Recovery from this decline was rapid in the Township, however, and by 1940 the resident population has almost completely attained the 1910 pre-exodus level of 871 persons. It appears I that the urban to rural population movements of the depressions years were felt in Muddy Creek since a small population increase above that expected from net natural changes did appear to occur. The trend in population change since 1930 has I been one of increase with the post World War II "baby boom" reflected in the high percentage of population growth from 1940 to 1950 - this growth being the greatest percentage change registered by the Township over the 6O-year period I from 1900. The 1950 to 1960 change in population still represented an absolute increase, although the percent of change did decrease significantly. I

Page 4-2 I I I I TABLE 1 POPULATION TRENDS

I TOWNSHIP OF MUDDY CREEK, 1900 TO 1960 I -YEAR MUDDY CREEK TOWNSHIP I Population Changa Ovar Pravious Decade Absolute Percent

I 1 900 799 1910 871 +72 +9.0 1 920 680 -1 91 -21.9 I 1930 716 +36 +5.3 1940 841 +125 +17.5 1950 1,087 +246 +29.3 I 1 960 1,286 +199 +18.3 I Source: U. S. Census of Population. I I I I I 1 I I Page 43 I 1 I POPULATION CHANGES -.COMPAWTIVE

As showil in Table 2, Muddy Crcelr Township has since 1940 followed similar trends I of pplafion growth to that of Butler County and the State of Pennsylvania. Tho Township has consistently exceeded the percentage changes exhibited by the State and Butler County. It is interesting to note, however, that both County and State I trends produce upward sloping curves while those of the Township are downward sloped. 1

In terms of other communities of similar characteristics within Butler County Plan- ning Region I as defined by the Butler County Planning Commission, it con be seen I that Muddy Creek has had among {he highest rates of percentage increases of any community in its region, as shown in Table 2. In fact, only one other Township, Franklin Township from 1950 to 1960, had a higher percentage increase than did I Muddy Creek Township, and only Muddy Creek and Slippery Rock Townships have consistently exceeded the percentage changes shown by Brady Township. The Tovmship has, on the average, exceeded the percentage change of its region since I 1%0. As can also be seen in Table 2, Muddy Creek Township has o percentage m:e of change that complres favorably with that of Butler Township, the most urbmizcd I and most ropidly growing community in the County. The direction of population change For the Township also generally parallels that of Butler Township; although, obviously, the numerical magnitude of change is not comparable. I

All of the foregoing portend an optimistic future outlook for Muddy Creek Township I -if current growth rates anbe maintained and, better yet, improved. I I I I I I

Page 4-4 I I TABLE 2

COMPARATIVE POPULATION TRENDS

TOWNSHIP OF MUDDY CREEK AND SELECTED AREAS, 1940-1960

PERCENT CHANGE PERCENT CHANGE GEOGRAPHIC AREA -1 940 -1950 1940-1 950 -1960 1950-1 960 MUDDY CREEK TOWNSHIP 84 1 1 ,O&7 +29.3 1,286 +18.3

REGlON I: 11,861 13,G21 +16.5 15,066 +9.0 Slippery Rock Township 1,138 1,332 +17.0 1,571 +17.9 Bmdy Township 522 605 +15.9 675 +11.6 Portgrsville Borough 276 294 +6.5 344 +17.0 Prospect Borough 574 726 +26.5 903 +24.4 Frank1in Township 91 6 960 +4.8 1,294 +34.8, Worth Township 767 790 +3.0 804 +1 .a Cherry Township 760 667 -10.5 66 1 -3 .e

BUTLER TOWNSHIP 9,248 12,069 +30.5 15.219 +%.I

BUTLER COUNTY 87,590 97,320 +11.1 114,639 +17.8

PENNSY LVANlA 9,900,180 10,498,OI 2 +6.0 11,319,366 +7.0

30um3: U. S. Census of Population, 1940, 1950 and 1960. I I COMPONENTS OF POPULATION CHANGE I There are three elements that constitute the phenomenon of population change. These elements are the number of bik, the number of deaths, and migration. "Natural in- creme," or the process of internal growth, consists of a surplus of resident births over I deaths. Migration is on external agent acting upon the population, with in-migration being an influx of persons over and above that of natural change and out-migrution being a loss of persons over and above that attributable to deaths. The rate of "in-" I and "out-" migration determines to a significant degree whether a community will survive as an entity and is strongly related to available employment opportunities. I

In relation to Muddy Creek Township and the Moraine planning area os a whole, migration rates 'prior to the 1350's were most likely related to economic considerations, 1 such as was evidenced in the pre-depression industrial boom. Today, however, with increased individual mobility and range on a locc~lscale expanded greatly by means of the automobile and better roadways and with industrial decentralization to secan- I day urban or subuhn areas a reality, individuals need not migrate but rather can commute to employment areas. This situation would seem to indicate, on a lo~ol basis at least, that migration beyond a municipal boundary would mmt likely be I far purposes of more desirable environmental conditions, such as municipal services, schools, recreational facilities, and social homogeneity factors. I

BIRTH AND DEATH RATES I

The Pennsylvania Department of Health provides official birth and dwth statistics for the Stab of Pennsylvania. Unfortunately, death data for the Township is I not available prior to 1961, and birth data is not available prior to 1959. The statistics presented in Table 3, therefore, are for the yean 1960 to 1968. The estimates of natural increase - the excess of live births over deaths -are calcu- I lated on the basis of this data. I

Muddy Creek Township has been undergoing a decline in birth rates and a slight increase in death rates, although there are great fluctuations in both cate- I gories, especially the fatter. The average birth rate since 1960 for the Township is 23.5 births per 1,000 inhabitants while the average death rate is 6.2 deaths per 1,000 inhabitants. Again, a slowly aging population is indicated by these trends. I Birth and death characteristics for the County os compared to those of MuddyCreek Township exhibit similar trend directions, although the Township's death rate is much mare erratic in nature. 1

Page 4-6 I I I I

-.-N:IGRATION

1 Miqratian, as previously described, is the movement of people into or out of an area. -Net migration, or the difference between in- and out-migration, influences the state and magnitude of population change within a specific area at any given time. Be- I tween 1960 and 1968, the degree of net migration in Muddy Creek Township has . horn parallel trends, i.e., each has been exhibiting o negative net migration. Table 9 has been prepared to indicate these changes as well as the net natural change I which is the difference between births and deaths, As can be seen, the Township has positive balance in terms of natural change (i.e., natural increases), but it I appearstohave been undergoing o period of out-migration in recent years that exceeds the rate of natural increase - ultiqmtelycreating o nominal decline in ' I population.

I Muddy Creek has been hard hit by public land acquisition projects such as Interstate Route 79 and the Moraine Park site, which has contributed to the greut rate of migration. On the basis of available evidence, Muddy Creek appears to have been affected the I most by these activities. Now that acquisition for these projects has been completed, some stability should return to the population patterns in existence over the past eight I YWrS. I I I I 1 I I I Page 4-7 I TABLE 3 cn2 m RESIDENT LIVE BIRTHS AND DEATHS, AND BIRTH AND DEATH RATES*

MUDDY CREEK TOWNSHIP AND BUTLER COUNTY, 1960 TO 1968

-YEM BIRTHS- DEATHS Muddy Creek Butler County Muddy Creek Butler County Number -Rate -Rote Number -Rgti -Ibb 1960 38 29.6 23.9 ft tt 9.4 1961 35 27.4 22.5 8 6.3 9.4 1962 33 26.1 21.6 10 7.9 9.5 1963 31 24.8 20.7 11 8.8 10.7 1 964 32 25.9 20.3 3 2.4 9.3 1965 30 24.4 19.6 10 8.1 10.1 1966 19 15.7 19.2 12 9.9 9.5 1967 25 21 -4 13.0 1 0.8 9.9 1968 19 16.2 16.6 6 5.1 10.3

'Rate per 1,000 estimated midyear population. *"Data not available. I I I CHARACTERISTICS OF THE POPULATION

Natural increase and migration rates are factors that can greatly affect the com- I position of the population of an area at any given time. The population chomcter- istics that can be affectad by these factors include the age and sex distribution, the median age, and the average household size. Analysis of these characteristics mves I os a basis for determination of future natural increase, for the facilities required to odcquately serve existing and future populations, and for land areas required for resi- I dential and other uses.

I AGE DISTRIBUTION

Analysis of the age distribution of the resident population of a community gives signi- I ficant indications as to the types of facilities necessary to serve existing and future residents as well os to the .direction and magnitude of future population changes. In geneml, the trend of age distributions in Muddy Creek Township has been toward a slight I aging of the papulation due primarily to population losses in the under-44-year age groups and population increases in the over-44- year groups over the twenty-year period from 1940 to 1960. Those age segments over 25 years of age in 1940 have gen- I erally maintained residence within the Township, while portions of those age segmenfs I under 25 years of age in 1940 have left the Township by 1960.

It should be mentioned at this point that age data is classified into three general groups, I and each have certain outstanding characteristics. These groups are the "0 - 25" year group, the "25 - 44" year group, and the "45-year-and-over" age group. Some of the more important characteristics of these groups will be described in the following para- I graphs.

I. The under-25 age group is one of the most important ogu groups that a community would wish to retain but, conversely, is ths hardest of all to retain for a number of reasons, most of which are externally controlled. Within this overall age group, the 15 - 24 I year age sector is obvjwsly he most desirable sector to retain, since these are the prime marriage ages as well as the most inquisitive and energetic of all age groups. Unfortunately, attondcncc at highcr education institutions, mi litory obligations, and I the general restless nature of young people "force" or "drain" this age group out of I their familial surroundings. I Page 4-9 I I I The 25 - 44 year age sector is also one of the most important age groups for re- tan.tion, and the 25 - 34 year sector is the most desirable portion of this age group. Thsse people are the prime family-forming sector as well as the prime home-buying I and labor farce sector and form tho source for population growth. I The 45-and-over age sector represents the second home-buying market as well as the "latter dependency" ages, as opposed to the "primary dependency" ages of under 5 years of age. This sector also contains the "residual family" sector or those families I from which children hove departed or are departing. I

In Table 4 it can be seen that the under 25-year age group in Muddy Creek increased in both nirmerical size and relative proportion with the under 14-years-OS- I age subgroup registering ihe strongest increases. ?'he 15 - 24 yerrr age regmznt, on the other hand, underwento sizeable loss of population. This latter situation is, however, a fairly common phenomenon os previously mentioned. The increases I in these age segments could be accepted as a promising sign if out-migration vias at a low level, which was not ihe case. Visible evidence of out-migration occurs when one traces the 5 - 14 year segment in 1?40 to the 25 - 34 year segment in I 1960. The decrease of 22 individirals in the same initial group over a tweniy-year period is instantly obvious and is indicative of out-migration. I

The numerical and percentage increases in the 25 - 44 year age group were o positive factor for the Township at that point in time. There is some reason to believe that I this is no longer the case, at least to the same degree as existed at that time. I Between 1940 and 1960 Muddy Creek Township underwent a decline in the relative proportion of the over45 age group as well as in every segment within that group. Only very nominal increases were in evidence in the three age segments comprising I this age group. This is obviously a positive sign in terms of further verifying the vitality and youthfulness of the Township population at that time. ,I I I I I Page 4-1 0 I I I I TABLE 4 AGE DISTRIBUTION OF THE POPULATION: NUMBER AND PERCENT I TOWNSHIP OF MUDDY CREEK 1940 AND 1960

I AGE GROUP 1940 1960 Number Percent Number FercenT --I-- I Under 5 84 10 179 14 5 - 14 167 20 314 24 I 15 -24 174 21 203 !i, Totcl Under 25 425 51 6?6 54 I 25 - 34 105 12 145 11 I 35 -44 69 8 167 13 Total 25 - 44 174 20 31 2 24 I 45 - 54 99 12 124 10 55 - 64 74 9 74 6 I 65 and over 69 8 80 6

I Total 45 and over 242 29 278 22

I TOTAL 841 100 1,286 100 I source: U. 5. Census of Population, 1940 and 1960. I I I

I Page 4-1 1 I I Table 5 has been prepared as a comparative aid to relate the 1960 age distribution of Muddy Creek Township to iha: of Butler County, Pennsylvania and the nation as a whole. As can be seen, Muddy Creek displays a higher proportion of its popu- I latiion in the under-25 group than do any of the othen areas contained in this Sable. On ihc basis of the infornidion presented and the trends exhibited in Table 4, it appears that the community did not border upon being at a point where natural I increase alone would not have been sufficient to mainfoin community growth. Out-migration, however, appean to have altered this situation greatly since that time as will be explained in a subsequent section of this report. I I TABLE 5

COMPARATIVE PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF THE POPULATION I BY AGE FOR THE TOWNSHIP OF MUDDY CREEK, I BUTLER COUNTY, PENNSLWANIA, AND THE UNITED STATES, 1960 I AGE GROUP MUDDY CREEK BUTLER CTY. PENNSYLVANIA UNITED STATES-- I., Under 5 14 12 11 11 5- 14 24 21 19 20 15 - 24 16 13 13 13 - I Total under 25 54 46 43 44 I 25 - 34 35 - 44 I Total 25 - 44

45 - 54 10 11 12 11 I 55 - 64 6 8 9 9 65 8. over 6 10 10 9 - I Total 45 d over 22 29 31 29 I Note: Percentage figures may not add to 100 due to rounding. - Source: U. S. Census of Population, 1960. I

Page 4-1 2 I I I I I MEDIAN AGE The median age for any group of people is that age below which 50 percent of the population lies andabove which the remaining 50 percent of the population lies. I It is thus the exact middle of the population breakdown by age. Unfortunately, median age estirmtions far the Township ore not available for 1950. Table 6 does, however, establish crude trends for the County and State, and a comparison I can be rmde at least for the year 1960. The population of Muddy Creek Township noted, however, that the County median age is the lowest in the seven-county Southwest Pennsylvania region. Median age is not of great consequence as a I statistical tool; therefore, the unavailability of data is not a hindrance to population estimates. I TABLE 6

I MEDIAN AGE OF POPULATION I TOWNSHIP OF MUDDY CREEK, BUTLER COUNTY, AND PENNSYLVANIA, 1950 AND 1960 I -YEAR MEDIAN AGE (in years) I Muddy Creek Butler County Pennsy Ivanio 1950 N/A 29.5 31.3

I 1960 21.6 28.9 32.0

I Source: U. S. Census of Population, 1950 and 1960. I I I I' I I Page 4-13 I I AVERAGE HOUSEHOLD SIZE I Avemge household size is a measure of the number of persons occupying a housing unit. By definition, vacant housing units are not included in such a computation. Also excluded are other types of occupancy such as group quarters und institutions. I Avemge household size is not o significant statistical tool althouglh it does give a crude estimate of family size and occupancy rates. Table 7 presents a comparison I of household sizes for the Township, Butler County and Pennsylvania State. Again, cbiu prior to 1960 for Muddy Creek was unavailable. It is evident, however, that household sizes in Muddy Creek Township probably have been declining at a similar 1 rate. On the basis of current national and local trends toward boih postponed and smaller families, it can be assumed that average household sizes in all of these jurisdictions will continue to decline although at perhaps o slower rate. The size I of a household in Muddy Creek Township, as is evident from the Table, is considerably larger than any of the others shown. Such a high average can be construed to indicate some overcrowding in housing which, in turn, my indicate income I deficiencies os well os strong social attachments on a family basis. I

TABLE 7 I COMPARISON OF HOUSEHOLD SIZES 1 TOWNSHIP OF MUDDY CREEK, BUTLER COUNTY AND PENNSYLVANIA, 1950 AND 1960 I

-YEAR MUDDY CREEK BUTLER COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA- 1 1950 N/A 3.6 3.5 I 1960 3.9 3.5 3.3 I I I I Page 4-1 4 I MALE-FEMALE DISTRIBUTION

The proportion of females to males is an important characteristic of the population since it has a direct impact on future family formations and birth rates. Table 8 I has been prepared to display male-female statistical data. As is easily seen males outnumber females in terms of the total population in Muddy Creek, which is somewhat of a deviation from the norm. Males also outnumber females in Muddy Creek I in five age segments, especially the important 15 - 24 year segment. Muddy Creek differs significantly from County and State trends, with the community not I even closely apprwching the County and State ratios in any particular area.

Of special significance is the male-female imbalance in the 15 - 24 year age segment I in Muddy Creek Township. The reduced availability of local marriageable females might lead to male out-migration in search of marriageable mates in addition to those migration forces inherent in males of this age.

Two factors account for variations in sex ratios. F.irst, women are generally less mobile than men and are thus less susceptible to migration. Male out-migration, particularly in the 15 - 24 year age sector, usually creates a sex ratio imbalance in these age sectors. Secondly, women generally have a longer life span than do men and this characteristic usually leads to an imbalance of females over males in the 65-year-and-over oge sector.

Page 4-15 I I TABLE 8 I MALE-FEMALE DISTRIBUTION BY AGE GROUP

TOWNSHIP OF MUDDY CREEK, I BUTLER COUNTY, AND PENNSYLVANIA, 1960 I AGE GROUP NUMBER OF FEMALES PER 100 MALES Muddy Creek Butler County Pennsylvania I

Under 5 129 95 97 I 5 - 14 97 97 96 15 - 24 so 111 109 25 - 34 120 106 107 I 35 - 44 96 1 03 107 45 - 54 103 96 115 55 -64 64 102 95 I 65 and aver 02 113 122

TOTAL I POPULATION 98 106 1 05

Source: U. S. Census of Population, 1960. I I NONWHITE POPUUTION

An analysis of the nonwhite population of the planning area as a whole is essential I far a number of reasons, most of which are related to socio-economic characteristics. It has generally been found that nonwhites tend to work at lower status iobs than do whites, and therefore their lower wages, decreased buying power, and proportionately I higher rates of expenditures for necessary item such as housing, shelter and food distinguish their problem from those of the "average" individual in any papulation. I

According to the 1960 Census of Population, there were only 17 nonwhites residing within the Moraine area, all within the two Townships of Brady and Muddy Creek. I These individuals represented six households and contained only 3 children under 18 years of age. Obviously, this is not a sufficient number of families to warrant specialized treatment in relation to employment training or other types of self- I improvement activities . I Page 4-16 I I

I CURRENT POPU LATI0N ESTIMATE

I This section of the population analysis attempts to derive an estimate of the current "resident population of the Township. The siatistiwl method utilized for these estimtes is based upon the use of natuml changes and migration changes as is indi- I wted in Table 9. The "current" population data confuined in the Table is as of January 1, 1969. According to this estimate, Muddy Creek Township has undergone I a population decrease created by an excess of out-migration over natural change. I TABLE 9 CURRENT POPULATION ESTIMATE

I TOWNSHIP OF MUDDY CREEK

I 1960 Resident 'Population 1,286

Net Natural Change + 195 I (April 1960 to Jan. 1969) I Subtotal 1,481 Net Migration - 331*

I Current Populotion (as of Jan. 1, 1969) 1,150 I *Net migration estimated at a rate of -3.003 per year.

Source: Birth and death data - Division of Data Processing, Pennsyl- I vania Department of Health; school census data - Slippery I Rock School District; U. S. Census of Population. I I. I I Page 4-1 7 I I I :It is believed that the general decline of population indicated as occurring over the last eight years should be opprwching an end or at the very least u great decline in the rate of loss. The papulation displacements associated with Momine State Park I lire far all intents completed, with an estimated 250 families or about 700 p-"reans - Ibeing displaced in the two Towris!iips of Brady and Muddy Creek combined. It is not known as to how many individuals relocated elsewhere in the ,two Townships, I Ibut a conservative estimate would be that approximately 60 families or 25 percent of those displaced did not relocate in either Brady or Muddy Creek Township. 'This amount would account for slightly aver 80 percent of the total papulation I loss occurring in both Townships since 1960. I PROJECTIONS OF FUTURE POPUMTION I

An estimation of future population is difficult to accomplish with a reasonable degree of accuracy due to the many variables that can affect population changes. These factors I such as migration, births and deaths, and the economic base have been discussed in the preceding sections of this report. Additional factors that can radically alter future papulation levels are the effects of annexations, and/or mergers of adjacent territories, as I well as largescale acquisitions of territory with subsequent population relocation as has been the case with both the Moraine State Park and the Interstate Route 79 projects. Estimation of the current population within a few years of a previous census of short- I range population projections on a five- to ten-year basis can usually be done with a fair degree of accuracy if the necessary data is available. Long-range projectioris are, however, another matter. Such projections require certain assumptions and I future papulation forecasts must be geared to those assumptions. In any event, a new population census is to be shortly undertaken and the projections presented must I be examined and re-evaluated when this new data is available as well as periodically thereafter to test their continued validity. I A brief discussion of some of the factors of population change believed mast relevant to future population levels in the Township is contained in the following paragraphs. I I I I I Page 4-1 8 I I I REGIONAL AND LOCAL ECONOMY At the present time, Muddy Creek Township does not contain what could be called major industries in terms of either numbers of employees, plant size, or type of ~1 product produced. Moraine State Park, however, should create major alterations to the areal economy. In addition to existing local industries, employment at the park site as well as employment in the various private service activities necessary I to serve park visitors should result in an increase in the employed labor force. Home development in areas adjacent to the park site should also provide more jobs for local inhabitants, although other economic developments of a national nature I will greatly influence the degree of development of this particular area of employment. It may be surmised at this point that most of the physical and economic changes created by the pork site will occur in the two Townships of Brady and I Muddy Creek. However, Muddy Creek Township, with its slightly more advantclgeous orientation to Pittsburgh and major pork access routes could receive somewhat greater benefit from park-stimulated development than Brady Township, other factors being I equal. I NATURAL CHANGE 1960-1 970

I In general, the overall opportunity for sizeable population growth solely imposed by internal natural increase is somewhat limited in Muddy Creek Township. Further, such in-migration must consist in great part of fomilies within the prime child- I bearing age groups. This statement assumes, of course, that existing resident populations in these age groups will be retained rather than out-migrating else- I where.

The birth rates over the past few years (1 965-68) are believed to be representative I of current population trends, and no great increase in the number of persons in the childbearing age groups ore expected over the next two years - so that an average I rate of 19 births per 1,000 is anticipated for Muddy Creek Township.

It is expected that death rates will continue to increase in the Township between I 1969 and 1970, with Muddy Creek showing on average rate of 6 deaths per 1,000. I I'

I Page 4-1 9 I I I -MIGRATION 1969-1 970 I Migration rates for the Township will, as previously discussed, depend upon three fwtors: the degree of suburbonization of the planning area, the rate of economic growth in the planning area and the County, and changes in the living and working I environment of the Township as relates to its future desirability as (1 place of residence. I

There are within the next two years anticipated alterations to the existing migration patterns that would appreciably change the patterns of the last ten years. Muddy 1 Creek is likely to undergo a dramatically reduced rate of out-migration now that park displacements are ended. I

The net migration rate anticipated fur Muddy Creek Township for the 1969 to I970 period will be on the order of -1 .O%. I I POPULATION PROJECT10 NS

During the years following 1970, some positive alterations to population change for I the community should occur, primarily as a result of improved economic conditions related to Moraine State Park development. It is anticipated that while the community will not undergo a dramatic change in the birth rate, limited in-migration I and increased retention rates of existing childbearing populations will, in effect, cause a more positive trend in natural change - i.e., a greater rate of growth due to natural increase. The death rate is expected to increase slightly during this I period in a relative sense due to the continued aging of those residents currently remaining in the Township. I

Population projections for the Townshipare contained in Table 10. As can be seen, it is anticipated that Muddy Creek Township will undergo population increases. I These increases, moreover, will be almost entirely directly related to influences exerted by Moraine State Park development. I

The Table of projected population levels contains a range of population estimations for the years subsequent to 1970. These estimates are derived from historic patterns I of change dating back to 1900 and modified by assumptions as to future changes that may occur. The "low" estimate represents the minimum population that would be I I Page 4-20 I 1 I

expected and the "high" column is the maximum population that could be expected. I The "medium" category represents an "in-between" expectation that is an average of all trends falling between the highest and lowest historic patterns. Once these mnges were established, the most reasonable trend was selected and is indicated by I an asterisk. This represents the consultant's estimation of the most likely papulation I expected for that particular community at any given time. It is exhibited in Table 10 that Muddy Creek will attain a projected 1990 population of 1,727 persons. This represents a population increase of 441 persons or 34 percent I over the 1960 population level of the Township.

I It must be re-emphasized at this point that these statistics are projections and not predictions. As such, hey must be continually revised and updated to reflect local conditions. They do, however, represent a good frame of reference for I estimating future needs. I I I I I ,I I I I' I I Page 4-21 I I TABLE 10

PROJECTED RESIDE NT PO PU LATlO N LEVE LS I TOWNSHIP OF MUDDY CREEK, 1970 TO 195'0 I I

1960 Population (U. S. Census) 1,286 1968 Population (anticipated) 1,150 I Births, 1968-1970 44 Deaths, 1968-1 970 -14 Net Natural Change 30 I Expected Population 1970 1,180 Net Migration -46- I 1970 Population 1,134 I

Low Med High I - _. - 1,164 1,233' 1,300 I 1,194 1,332' 1,465

1,296 1,468 1,595* I 1/40? 1,643 1,727* I

'Indicates mat anticipoted population level. I I I I I Puge 4-22 I I I I CHAPTER FIVE I I I

I COMMUNITY FACILITIES AND UTILITIES I I

I There are a number of services and functions that must be provided by a community to meet the health, safety, cultural and social needs of that community. The need for these services is dependent upon the socio-economic and psychological ‘I characteristics of the population to be served, while the degree to which these services can be provided is dependent upon both the aforementioned population characteristics and the relative priorities attached to these services by citizens I and government as the services compete for limited financial resources.

I This section of the Moraine Regional planning studies contains an analysis of the physical and functional characteristics of existing services. It is concerned with defining the adequacy of existing public buildings, recreational facilities, I utilities, and schools in order to determine their ability to meet present and future needs. Since these services do and will strongly influence the desirability of each municipality as a place in which to live and work, the quality, quantity, I and availability of these community services are of extreme importance to all I area residents. I b Page 5-1 I 1 I GENERAL GOVERNMENT FACILITIES I -MUDDY CREEK COMMUNITY BUILDING AND MAINTENANCE GARAGE- Location 1

The Muddy Creek Community Building and Maintenance Garage is located on U. S. 4:22 east of the U. S. 19 - 422 intersection in the northeast section of the Township. I

-Site Characteristics I

The building, a weighing scale for trucks, and a gravel stock pile currently occupy the seven-ucre lot. Access is directly onto U. S. 422. Ample room for on-site 1 expansion is, available. Off-street parking is available on-site although parking facilities are not improved in any way. I Structural Characteristics I The one-story building is all block, constructed about 1950. It is in fair condition structurally, but is in need of maintenance. This building is divided into three bays, a meeting room, and one smaller room, totalling 1,800 quare feet (30' x 60'). The I building was purchased by the Township in 1965 for use as a public meeting place and government center. 1 Functional Characteristics I The building serves its dual function fairly well. Equipment stored herein includes one 1963 Cheverolet dumptruck, one grader, and one Ford tractor with a mower. Two men are employed on a part-time basis to operate the equipment. State police I utilize the scale to weigh truck. Interior lighting could be improved as could sanitary facilities in order to improve functional chamcferistics. I

Conclusion I If minor maintenance care is taken of the building, this facility should be adequate to the needs of the Township in the foreseeable future. Joint use of a governmental I center for Muddy Creek Township and Portersville Borough may be worth considemtion in which case this building might be one alternative location. I I Page 5-2 I I I POLICE SERVICES

I Muddy Creek Township does not provide full-time formal police services. A constable is available who serves both Muddy Creek Township and Portersville Borough upon request. The constable utilizes his personal vehicle and no radio communications 3 are available.

I The only other law enforcement services in operation within the Township are provided by the Butler County sheriff's office and Troop D of the Pennsylvania State Police. The former agency has a manpower inventory of two full-time deputies and 150 special I deputies. While two radio-equipped patrol cars are available, there is no established patrol pottern. Two of the special deputies ore scuba divers and two others make I their private planes available for use when needed.

I Muddy Creek Township is somewhat more fortunate than the other three communities in the planning area in term of State police services since it is the terminal paint for two patrol areas. This means that at least one State patrol car is usually within I or very near the Township at almost any time of day or night.

I All prisoners are taken to the Butler County jail since the Township has no detention facilities of its own. I Conclusion I As is the case elsewhere in the Moraine planning area, police services ovailable are not adequate in terms of applicable standards for formal police protection. This situation is mitigated, however, by the very low level of criminal activity I extant in this predominantly rum1 area. This may not continue in view of development generated within and beyond Moraine State Park. Future occupants of the Township, whether permonent or seasonal, rimy require more modern and extensive I law enforcement services and the Township mynow be well advised to consider the provision of such service in the not too distant future. I I I'

I Page 53 I I -FIRE SERVICES The Porterwille - Muddy Cwek Volunteer Fire Company provides fire-fighting I capcibility to Muddy Creek Township as well as Portemrille Borough. Salient characteristics of this service are described in the following paragraphs.

--Location The Pouterrgille - Muddy Creek Volunteer Fire Company station is located on Pa. Route 488 west about onequarter mile west of its intersection with U. S. Route 19 in Portersville Borough.

Site Characteristics

The fire station occupies a parcel approximately 400 feet in width by 475 feet in depth. A gravel driveway circumvents the structure wiih parking space available at the front, rear and east periphery of the fire station. Ample parking and on-site expansion spce is available. The site itself slopes somewhat sharply from Pa. Route 488 northward. I

Structural Characteristics I

The steel frame and block building has one story and a basement with about 5,500 square feet of floor space per floor, being 51' x 108'. There are three bays ot I street-level and one bay in the basement. A hall is also on the street-level floor and meeting, voting, washroom, and kitchen facilities are located in the basement. The building is in excellent condition and should remin sogiven continued I maintenance.

Functiona I Characteristics Personnel Abior Equipment- I 12 Total 1 - 1956 Chevrolet tanker,/pumper - cap. 500 GPM 1 - 1969 International 1,845 gallon tanker I 1 - 1944 Chevrolet Brush Truck - cap. 100 GPM 1 - 1947 GMC 2,000 gallon tanker 1 - 1952 Ford Equipment Truck I 24" hose - 300' per truck 1;" hose - 300' per truck radio equipment -all vehicles so equipped except I the Ford truck Page 5-4 I I I Fire alarm are handled by phone through either a man on 24-hour duty at Prior's I Gas Station or through the civil defense monitoring center in Butler City. This is a joint Muddy Creek and Portersville facility, covering the Township as well 'I as heBorough, I Conclusion Most of Muddy Creek Township is within the maximum three-mile service limit from the fire station and thus is well served by fire-fighting services according to standards I prescribed by the American Insurance Association and as shown in hefollowing chart. The remainder of the Township is within the three-mile limit sewed by the Prospect Volunteer Fire Company, another excellent fire fighting unit. Both companies do, I however, have some mobile apparatus that is somewhat dated and should be replaced in the near future, although they still are operationally efficient at the present I time. I FIRE HOUSE LOCATION STANDARDS AREA SERVED MAXIMUM DISTANCE

I High Value Areas 0.75 Miles (downtown commercial and industrial areas; and high I density residential areas)

Low Value Areas 1.5 to 2.0 Miles I (closely built residential areas)

Sparsely Developed or Rural Areas 3.0 Miles I (scattered buildings) I Source: The American Insurance Association. I I I I Page 5-5 I I I SANITATION AND HEALTH FACILITIES I -WATER AND SEWER UTILITIES Them are no water or sewer systems in Muddy Creek Township at the present time, I excluding those provided solely to serve Moraine Shte Park. In view of generally poor to severe soil conditions for septic effluent dispoxll in the Township, future development of ony moderate to high density will have to and should provide their I own self-contained water and sewer system. I lhe highly dispersed settlement patterns now existing in the Township is the primary obstacle to the provision of any comprehensive water and sewer system. I

SOLID WASTE COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL I

Portersville and Muddy Creek are currently served jointly by a private contractor operating on an individual arrangement basis. Service consists of a single open, built- I up dump truck. Collection is every Friday, and any type of solid refuse is collected. Disposal is at a land fill site in Middle Lancaster Township. The contractor charges a $4 per month fee for each household served. I

The contractor should be required to use a closed-body truck to eliminate litter I originoting from the truck and to increase, thereby, the overall sunitation of the operation. It may be feasible to institute a regional solid waste system at some future date in order to provide a more profitable and sunihry operation also. It is not I known how many households in either community utilize this service and it is assumed fhat public dumping is a primary means of disposal, either on individual lots or in out-of-the-way places. I I HOSPITALS AND OTHER HEALTH FACILITIES

No hospital facilities are located in the planning area itself. Residents of the area I must utilize those facilities located in Butler, Elwood City, Grove City, Pittsburgh, and New Castle. Ambulance service is available within the area. The Bryan Funeral Home and the Pyle Funeral Home, both located in Prospect Borough, and I the Ligo Funeral Home in Slippery Rock, offer ambulance service on a fee basis. A subscription-only ambulance service is available in Elwood City. I I Page 5-6 I I I COUNTY HOME (SUNNWIEW)

I This facility provides services to the aged and/or infirm in Butler County. It is located on a part of the County Farm site on Freeport Road immediately southeast I of the City of Butler.

Some of the services now provided to residents of Muddy Creek Township by this I facility may be supplanted by proposed new housing for senior citizens located in Slippery Rock Borough. As of this time, no specific site for this proposed facility has been chosen. It may be feasible to construct senior citizen housing within I the Moraine area itself, although this would require a detailed study of service I area characteristics in relation to senior citizens or other low-income groups.

I RECREATIONAL FACILITIES

I RECREATION AND OTHER RELATED FACILITIES

There are no Townshipowned or operated recreation facilities now in existence in I Muddy Creek Township. Given the open nature of development and the proximity of Moraine State Park, it is doubtful that any intensively developed communitywide recreation site other than ball fields would be needed. There should be, how- I ever, provision for neighborhood types of play areas where extensive development occurs such as in a subdivision or mobile home park. These could be created as I development occurs in conformance with the standards shown on the following page. I I 1 I I I Page 5-7 I RECREATION STANDARDS

RECOMMENDED LOCATION- NO. OF ACRES TYPE SITE AREA DISTANCE POPULATION PER 1,000 AGE GROUP --FAC ILlTY (Acres) FROM USERS SERVED PERSONS SERVED TYPE ACTIVITY Neighborhood Playlots 0.1-0.3 1-2 blocks 300-700 Under 1 acre Pre-school Active ploy areas children with apparatus

Playgrounds 3-7 1/4-1/2 mile 3,000- 1.2 to 1.6 All ages, Active with play (with elem. 5,000 esp. school apporotus and school) children pluyficlds (5-1 5 yrs .)

Parks 2-7 1/2ixile 4, 000- 1.2 to 2.0 All ages, esp. Possi\,c w;th sn;a!l 7,000 mothers with play cirea small children, and the elderly

Community Plo~ficlds 10-20 1/2 to 1 mile 10,000- 1.25 Youths, young Active playficlds and Regional- 25,000 odulh and for organized oth- adults letics and special community foci I it it

Parks 50 and 30 minutes Entire 2.5 to 4.0 All ages Passive ond active over travel time community esp. development c' or region natural scenic area

Spsciol Varies Accessible Entire Varies All ages Swimming pools, areas to oll community recreation center, or region golf course, ctc .

Note: Total recommanded ocreoge is 10 acres per i ,000 persons.

Source: National Recreation Association, American Public Heolth Association. I I Muddy Creek Township, as previously mentioned, contains a sizeable portion of the Moroine State Park site. This State-owned facility is one of the finest of its I kind in the State and provides he Township, along with McConnells Mills Sfate Park, located in Lawrence County adjacent to Muddy Creek Township's western boundary, with o recreational potential virtually unique in this portion of Western I Pennsylvania. Although the Momine Park site was officially opened on Memorial Day, 1970, many of it; proposed facilities are incomplete. The following paragmphs I describe the more outstanding attributes of this park site.

Moraine State Pork contains approximately 15,911 acres of land of which 3,225 I acres are occupied by Lake Arthur, a man-made water body. I Current facilities located within the park site include, in addition to access roads, 1,050 picnic sites with 1,000 parking spaces, 1,200 linear feet of bthing area I including both houses and 507 parking spaces, food concession areas, 4 boat launching areas with 240 parkings spaces, 3 boot rental oreas, a boat sales and I service area, andwaterand sanitary sewer systems serving the entire park. Future facilities yet to be constructed include additional swimming areas, hiking, I motorcycle and nature trails, equestrian facilities and bridle trails, family camping areas, overnight guest facilities, conservancy and nature study areas, and winter I sports areas. It is anticipated that average summer park occupancy will be on the order of 10,700 I persons with peak visitations of 30,000 and 15,000 penons respectively on a typical Sunday and Saturday. I The park now employs about 100 individuals including park police and firemen and other working staff. The park also muintains a sizeable equipment inventory for I fire-fighting, rescue, and other purposes. I I I Page 5-9 I I I' 1 It is evident from the foregoing that the Township is well-endowed with the type of recreational facilities that can contribute immensely to future economic and population growth if wisely faken advantage of. I I SPECIAL SERVICES FACILITIES I UTI LlTlES I The West Penn and Central Electric Cooperative Companies provide electric service to Muddy Creek Township. Present services are considered adequate and both companies indicated a willingness to expand services as required by future growth. I

The Columbia Gas Company provides gas utilities to portions of Muddy Creek I Township. As is the case with electric utilities, present sewicesare riomidered adequate and additional service would be avuilable commnsumte with demand. I

Telephone service is also available through the People's Telephone System. Existing services are adequate and there appears to be no limit to expansion of service in I the future. I PUBLIC SCHOOL FACILITIES I

The Muddy Creek - Portersville Elementary School serves both Muddy Creek Township and Portersville Borough. This school structure, originally erected in 1927 and enlarged I and/or renovated in 1936, 1952, and 1967, contains grades from kindergarten to grads six. Other secondary age school children attend the Slippery Rock Area High School in Slippery Rock Borough. The following paragraphs contain relevant details con- I cerning this school site. I location I The Muddy Creek - Portersville Elementary School is located on 1. R. 10143 in eastern Portersville Borough. I I Page 5-10 I I I Site Characteristics

I The sixacre, level to steeply sloping site contains the school; large, improved exterior play areas; and a sewcrge treatment plant. On-site expansion space should be ample for future needs. Other utilities include a pivate well, gar, and electrtclfy. I A paved driveway with parking facilities circles the structure.

I Structural Characteristics

The iwo-story building occupies a ground floor area of approximately 1,800 square I feet and is of concrete, masonry and wood frame construction dependent upon the age of a particular section of the building. The structure therefore varies from nonfireproof to fire-resistant in character. Both exterior and interior spaces are I in fair to excellent condition, again dependent upon their age. I Functional Characteristics I The second floor has seven classrooms, two teacher's room, and two offices. The fint floor contains three active classrooms, two abandoned classrooms, one special education and one kindergarten room, one multipurpose room, a control room, a I health suite, a kitchen, and a storage room. The building has a rated pupil capacity of 300 and a current (1969) enrollment of 243. The two abandoned classrooms are being renovated and should be returned to active status late in 1969. Lighting is I adequate and all functional utilities appear to be in good condition.

I Conclusion Some new chalkboards are needed, and Consideration should be given to renovating I the two abandoned classrooms. The building is rated at 666 of a possible 1,000 pirink on the McCleary Scale (revised), and should be adequate for the needs of the intermediate-range future. The older sections of this structure will hove to be replaced I and updated due to their increased obsolescence. I PRIVATE SCHOOL FACILITIES

I The Portersville Christian Day School, a nonaccredited educational facility, is located in Muddy Creek Township along Pa. Route 488 to the east of Portersville Bor- ough. This school serves the entire planning area including Franklin Township but i will not be further described herein since it is a private institution and not, therefore, part of the public school system. I I Page 5-1 1

I I I CHAPTER SIX I I I

'I PHYSIOGRAPHY AND UNDUSEABILITY I I I I A study of physiography and land useability involves a description of the features and phenomena of nature which characterize a particular area or region. Features I such as climate, drainage, soils and topography are some of the more important physiological factors which influence economic, social and cultural growth and development. These factors have had o very decided influence on Muddy Creek I Township and on the Moraine region in terms of shaping past development and will surely influence future growth and expansion. I In conjunction with the evaluation of topographic conditions, o detailed analysis of the slope and soils characteristics of vacant land has been prepared. The degree I of slope and the type of soils are two of the most critical factors affecting the development potential of vacant land. This is very significont in Muddy Creek Township and the region in view of the fact thot a great proportion of the land area I remains undeveloped.

i The context of this report contains reference to the Moraine region as a whole, and in this way a comparison is made between the Township and the Moraine oreo. I Page 6-1 I 11 I' C LlMATE I Excqt for micro-clircafic varicsiisr;;, the climte OF he Moraine region can bo clcssified as of the humid continecfd type according to the Kappen Climate Cia:;sification system. This clim2:ic clossificafion is typified by land dominated I weather systems originating in he in:crior of Canada. Because of such land domination, hero tea& Lo 1;o strong seasonal contrasts and wide variations in daily temperature ranges over a ycarly pericci. Summers tend to be warm and I winters tend to be moderately cokl. Weather sy,tems are transported to the area by predominanSly westcrly winds cnd are somewhat modified as they pass aver the continental intcrior. The moderating effeck of maritime climatic influences from I fik Aplantic Ocean are minimized dw to he blocking action of the Applachian Mountain barrier to the east. I 2RKIPITATION I Based upon Butler City weather infomation, avaroge annual rainfall En the Moraine area is iust ove: 40 inches and is distributed rather evenly throughout th~yeor with peaks occurring during the sumrner months of hy, June, and July. The month of I February usually has the least axount of precipitation. Precipitation in this area is primarily the result of cyclonic fronts lifting moisture-laden air masses that are forced to rise and condense by pressure differentials, although convectional I conditions are also a source of some precipitation. Annual rainfall appean adequate for agricultural purposes, although poriodic serious droughts have occurred 'during I h3summer and early autumn. Rainfall usually occurs in the form of thunder showers that are generally short in duration. Precipitation in the winter occun minly in the form of snow, although occasional rains may occur. Average snowfall for this I OMO is 42.5 inches with peak snowfall occurring in tho month of February. Tables 1 and 2 have been prepred to pissent both temperafuro and precipitotion statistics as observed ot local official weafhcr stations and mcordod in U. 5. weather recorxk I for Pennsylvania. Since no official weoher station is located within the planning ama, no information pertaining to octual weather conditions within the area is availabk. B3th Slippery Rock Bsrough and Butler City do have weather stations I althcugh the Butler station has been operative for tho longest period. Records from both stations have been included in this report for comparative purpC8QS and no concluzicnor statistical average is drawn frcm them for report purposes. This I information therefore can only be considered as representative of the Moraine area and the Township. I I I Page 6-2 I TABLE 1

I TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION I CITY OF BUTLER, PENNSYLVANIA*

I MONTH TEMPERATURE^ TOTAL PRECIPITATION^ Driest Wettest Year Year Avemge

January . 30.3 75 -1 9 2.95 1.47 1.94 8.9 February 30.5 73 -24 2.51 2.88 7.35 10.2 March . 38.6 84 -1 3.46 1.94 4.92 8.2 April 49.6 91 9 3.70 1.60 4.89 4 .5 hY 59.9 93 19 3.77 4.78 6.41 (3) June 69.3 99 32 4.35 4.52 6.99 b.0 July 72.5 104 38 4.16 2.57 5.62 0.0 August 70.6 101 34 3.75 2.29 4.87 0.0 September 64.0 98 24 3.01 1.71 3.35 0.0 October 53.4 92 17 3.07 3.03 1.85 0.1 November 41.7 81 0 2.79 1.81 1.28 4.5 December 31.9 70 -1 8 2.75 2.14 3.53 9.1

Year 51 .O 104 -24 40.27 30.74 53.00 42.5

Recorded at the Butler City Station of the U. S. Deportment of Commerce, Weather Bureau.

Average temperature based on a 29-year record through 1960; highest and lowest temperatures on a 28-year record through 1960.

Average precipitation ksed on a 48-year record thraugh 1960; wettest and driest , yean based on a 29-year record in the period 1931 through 1960; snowfall based on an 18-year record through 1952. (3)Highly irregular traces.

Source: U. S. Deportment of Commerce, Weather Deportment Records "Climatqmphy oftheU.S.," No. 11-32and86-32.

Page 6-3 I 1 TABLE 2

TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION I SLIPPERY ROCK BOROUGH, PENNSYLVANIA* I

MONTH TEMPERATURE^ TOTAL PRECIPITATIOI~ -- Driest Wettest 1 Year Year Average Average Highart Lowest Avora e 1960 1955 Snswfall (W(degroes)(degreesF) &(- (inches)-( inclies) I

January . 27.6 64 -9 2.80 2.45 1.15 9.7 February 30.3 67 -9 2.76 2.58 6.02 9.0 I March . 35.5 74 -4 3.07 1.16 3.82 9.9 April 50.2 05 16 4.32 .98 5.23 2.1 I hY 59.0 87 29 4.46 6.32 4.80 (3) June 67.4 99 36 5.11 4.01 11.07 (3) July 71.7 96 45 4.17 4.04 9.18 (3) I August 70.3 99 38 3.05 3.82 5.26 0.0 September 63.9 99 30 2.98 .61 2.85 0.0 October 53.5 88 22 2.75 1.43 0.90 (3) I November 41 .O 75 -1 2.55 1.93 0.99 6.0 December 30.9 67 -1 0 2 .43 2.43 2.95 12.3 I

Year 50.1 99 -1 0 40.45 30.82 54.22 48.1 I Recorded at the Slippry Rock Station of the U. 5. Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau. I

' Average temperaturn based on a 10-yoar record through 1960; htghest and lowest temperatures on a 10-yoor rocord thrmgh 1960. I Average procipitatim based on a 10-year record through 1960; WttQSt and driest yeaa based on a 6-year record in the prim! through 1960; snowfall based on a 10-year record through 1960. I (3) Highly irmgulor traces evidenced.

Source: U. 5. Departmant of Commrce, Weather Dcportmont Bureau "Climtcgmphy I of the U. S.," No, 86-32, 1964. I I Page 6-4 I I I 1 TEMPERATURE Wide variation is evident in atmospheric tempraturos in the Moraine area both on a daily and seasonal basis. Summer high tempcraturcs and low temperatures I varied from 104 degrees Fohrcnheit to 32 degrees Fahrenheit respectively, whilo corresponding winter temperatures have ranged from 01 degrees Fahrenheit to 18 degrees Fahrenheit, respectively. The warmest month is July and the coldest I is January.

I Based upon a 20-year record of "killing" frosts, the average length 3f the growing season is 145 day. I As a result of the wide fluctuation in daily temperatures in winter and early spring, alternating cycles of soil freezing and thawing occur. Such a condition poses I problem for surfuce structures such as mads and sidewalks which tend to undergo cracking or ather forms of mechanical decomposition, and some unimproved roads and fill areas become impossablc under such conditions. Slopes that have north or I wcst exposure are also adversely affected since thc low winter sun does not reach them. Tho result is that these SIO~CSare cooler and retain frost or snow for longer periods of time than do southern slopes ond are thus m3re subject to erosim and I mechanical weathering.

I In such dissected topography as exists in the Moraine area, local micro-climtic variations clue to differential heating and cooling canditions are quite evident. The results of such conditions include fog patches, air drainage and ih resultant I variations in minimum temperatures in valley bottoms, isolated thundentorms, and thermal lifts and downdroffs. It is, of course, impossible to specifically detemlno each loco1 variation so that ull climatic&escriptiionsc~e dngcneral nature CIS I applies to the region rnthor thun specific areas within it. I I I i

I Page 6-5 I I 1 DRAINAGE I The pttem sf surface drainage in the Moraine planning urea is a function of its topqraphy and geolqy and is thorefore of a dissected and gencrolly irregular nature, Such a pattorn is given the descriptive term "dendritic" since it appaan I like the trunk and branches of a trcc. The entire region lies within the Ohio Rivw drainage srtem, with the Beaver River and Connquenessing Cresk, and Slippry Rock Creek and Muddy Crcek being the next largest sub-hasins of that I system in descending order. I Muddy Creek Township is not situated within one single drainage sub-basin. A description of the patterns of major drainage sub-basins within the community is contained in'the following paragraphs. 1 I In general, Muddy Creek Township is c!ividcd almost equally on an oost-west line by the Muddy Creck and CcniquonmhgCrcck druinuge basins. The Slippery I Rock Creek watcnhec! dxs hwcvcr occupy an areci olmg thc northn-artom. perimeter of the Tswnship generally nsrth sf Po. RGU~430 West anc! vast of U. S. Rout3 19. The Conncquoncssing-Muc!dy Creek clroinugc divide essentially lies I along the course of Pa. Route 488 os it traverses tAc Township. These drainage basins can be seen 3n tho land Usccibility Mop far fha plcinning area. I Stri;, mining has been extensive in bath wotcnhcds und still is baing actively pursued to the north and south of Portarsvillc adjacent to U. S. Route 19. A I number of the more recent strip mines have been bcickfillcd und rwegctated but others remain in their original undesiroblc statc. I Careful scrutiny should be placed upon development in all watersheds, but pr- ticularly in the Muddy Creek and Slippery Rock Creek basins, since these do drain into organized public water recreational areas, although more so in the former I than the latter case. I The relatively steep and dissected topography of Muddy Creek Township, the slow permeability of its soils, and strip mining tend to produce rapid surface run-off with ample erosive power. Vegetation and contour farming has reduced the actual I impacts of erosion but urban types of development with their attendant impervious surfaces and the elimination of natural ground cover could rapidly increase adverse I erosive potential. Great care should therefore be given to all development proposals to insure that they are indeed of benefit to the Township in both a physical, financial, and economic sense. I

Page 6-6 I I I

Lake Arthur will have an inhibitory effdct upon p,iontial dawnstream flodding and I should also provide a m~dercitingeffect u;ion scasmul variutisns in flow in doGnstmam am. laalwater tables may nlsa be psitively inFlucncc2 in the.Muddy Cwek watershed by virtue of the new wcter levels imp>soc! by tho impoundment area of I the lako.

I It is an absolute necessity that the municipality take positive measures to insure that new development will impose minimum disruption to the natural drainage system as well as insuring that adequate lot sizes exist where septic system are I permitted. The greatly increased urbanization potential created by Moraine State Park can occur either'as an advantage or detriment to the community. It is the responsibility of the community'to determine which condition will indeed occur. I , ,. .. I ,: ' I TOPOGRAPHY

As mentioned previously, the surfucc configuration of thc planning area as a whole I is one of a highly dissected naturc with ridgcs and volleys altcrnating in fairly rapid succession. Since the area is part of thc Apinlochian Plateau, .tho rid93 top genemlly prcscnt CI rcithwcvcn skylinc hut is cvidence of tho wiginally I flat Poneplain from which this circa evolvcd. I The highest observed elevation xcurring within thc plunning area is 1,540 feet abovo mean sea level. This point wcurs in Bracly Towruhip near its soulhestem I juridictionat line. The towcst obsorvocl clcvatisn is in Muddy Creek Township at its southcentral oxtrcmlty adjacent to Ycll3w Crccl: Rcac' and is 1,020 feet abman sea level. Far thc most prt, howcvcr, averoye elevations are in I tho 1,150-td ,350-foot ranso with thc formor king an owqc elevcrtisn of mast ridOe :opsandthe latter an avoragc elovation of most vulley Imttams. I I I

1 Page 6-7 I I As a general rule, valley slopes are relaiivsly stet-.? with most being within the 8-24. percent slope range. Ridge tops and vailcty boitciils fwd to be relatively narrow in terms of a level horizontal wldtli so fliot hey fend to resemble a letter I' "w" with each sharp intersection being biunied slig:ttly. k few notable exceptions to this generalization do occur, however. The Muddy Creek, Big Run, and Bear Run valleys in Muddy Creek Township are relatively wid<+and level in compaiison I to most other stream corridan in the planning area. I Topography has played an important role io the historic development of the Township and the Moraine Regional planning area as a whole. This is easily evidenced by I the location of people and the location of roads. Centers of population generally tend to occur at points where topography is flat or relatively so. The:e areas furtlicr tond to be located astride of niciior drainoge basins where the land is gen- I ercifiy high& than suxoaiding a:-ecrs. There cre u number of additional physical and psychological reasons for such settlemnrit patterns that need not be explored herc in. I

The road system tends to follow lines of least resistance topographically, i.e., I drainage divides and valley bottoms, except where cross-country access to strip mines or oil wells was necessary. Ease of access by horse also dictated to some degree the spacing of towns and the slope and location of roads'. I

The shape of land forms also dictated somewhat the ease of extracting cwl and I limestone and had effects upon the location of such extractive activities, and their location in turn influenced the types of land uses found in the community. I

Lastly, the isolationary effects of dissected topography in the Township and planning area hove tended in the past to produce fractionated orientation of residents. This I has tended to act against the creation of a regional outlook to development. I I I I

Page 6-8

I I

The rapid alternation of ridges and valleys with water courses as described above (I introduces constraints to the construction of roads and underground transmission lines of any type, hampers the normal flow of cultural communications such as socialization and trade, and contributes to discontinuities in land development I patterns. On the other haqd, such varied topography produces an excellent scenic and visual impact due to this varied landscape and offers alternatives to those who wish for rural characteristics in the midst of on otherwise urban society. I With judicious forethought, future development could be oriented to exploit the latter and minimize the former, thus creating a rather attractive and varied but I efficient developmental pattern.

The topography of Muddy Creek Township could be considered slightly more characteristic of the county as a whole. The ridge tops present an even skyline and the valleys and ridges alternate fairly regularly. The highest elevation (1,460 feet) within the Township OCCUK along Pa. Route 488 at about the Town- ship's geographical mid-point and the lowest point (I ,020 feet) occurs along .. Yellow Creek in the southcentral portion of the Township. I A high topographical "backbone" of sorts exists that generally parallels Pa. Route 488 and constitutes drainage divide between Connoquenessing and Muddy Creek. I This "backbone" essentially bisects the Township in an east-west direction. From this geneml line on "avemge" slope to the north into the Muddy Creek valley appears to be more steep than a similar slope from the same point southward.

As a whole, slopes within the Township appear to fall within the .15 and over percent I category with slopes in the northwestern and southeastern portions being the least restrictive to development. I Strip mines have imposed additional restrictions to development beyond that of natural slope although a number of recent mines have been backfilled to more I suitable slopes. Strip mining has primarily occurred in the areas adajcent to U. S. Route 19 and the areas between U. S . 19, Pa. Route 488, L. R . 10050 and I L. R. 10041. I I

I Page 6-9 I I C .. The fairly rapid alternation of ridges and valleys introduces land development discontinuities’and complications in providing highly centralized utilities such as I sewer and water fines. Careful land development control could mininiize but would obviously not completely overcome such constraints. I I SOILS I The principal soil group found within the planning area as well as throughout most of Butler County are of the gray-brown podzolic category. These soils were originally developed in humid, temperate climates with deciduous forest cover and have medium I to high agricultural productivity with good management and judicious use of additives. There are, however, glacial till soils distributed throughout portions of fhe planning area on a line generally extending from Portersville to Horrisville. lhese transported I soils contain highly variable characteristics as relates to depth, drainage, etc., so that on-site investigation should once again be utilized to adequately determine their useability for urban or other types of development. I

There are, of course; a number of decreasingly smaller soil groups comprising this I great soil group and each of these groups is described on a soil unit basis in this report. I

Each individual soil has been carefully categorized as to its individual characteristics and it is this information that is of great interest as a planning tool. It must be I emphasized that this categorization is based upon generalization and each site proposed for development should further define these generalizations by on-site testing. I

The most predominant soil associations found in the planning area are the Gilpin- I Hazelton-Weikert, the Wharton-Ernest-G iIpin-Cavode, the Titusvi I le-Gresham- Shelmandine and the Confield-Rovenna-Frenchtown-Wooster associations. The constitutent soils of these associations are further defined in the following paragraphs. I I I I Page 6-1 0 I I I I GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF SOILS In view of the great number of individual soils found in the planning orea, only an alphabetical listing of those soils and their overall suitability characteristics far I a number of selected land uses will be included in this section of the Physiography and Land Useability Report. I The various land uses for which each soil wos judged for suitability are as follows: I Septic Tank Effluent Disposal

I Sewage Lagoons I Homesites (under three stories with basement) Lawns

I Streets and Parking Lots I Sanitary Landfills Cemeteries

I Pipeline Construction/Mointenonce

Woodland i' Recreation I Each of these soils has been evaluated by the Soil Conservation Service for each of these and other land uses. The ratings presented were formulated by the Planning I Consultant based upon these evaluation as extracted from the Soil Survey Interpretations I Report.l The ratins are on a poor-foir-good basis only.

~I 3 U. S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, "Soil Survey Maps 8, lntrepretotions for Developing Areas in Butler County, Volumes I 8 II, January, 1968. II I I Page 6-1 1 I I s .c, .s Yo CF GVERALL SUITABILITY -iiP SYMBOL s Li. P;. RATING I 5 0-3 POGr I 6 0-3 Poor 9 3-1 5 Fair I 12 3-25 Poor-Fair 14 I

15 Gilpin Very Stony c+ Poor .3 I i f Loam I

21 \?/estmorz!andSilt 15-25 Foor-Fair Looin I 26 Guernssy Sik Loam [:.-I 5 Fair I 35 Vandergri2- Ccvode 3-1 5 Poor-Fair Soils I 43 Tyler Silt Locm Poor-Fair

44 Buchanan Loam 34 Fair I

Buchanan Very Stony 6+ Poor LOOiil I Andover loan 3-15 Poor I Andover Very Stony 0-25 Poor Loa ,n I Covode 3ilt Loam 0-25 Paor-Fa ir

Wharton SIIt Loam 3+ Poor-Fa ir I

Conatton jilt Loam 0-3 Good I

(continued) I I Page 6-1 2 I I I S.C.S. % C-F 5VERALL SUITABILITY I iv'AP SYhiBC - -.s LCJPi RATING I 76 Conotton Silt !.cam 0-5 Fair eo Cookport loam 9-2 Fair

I 91 Brinlterton SI!? I.oam O+ Poor I 141 G iI;, in-\Ne i!

I 163 . Dckalb C!?an;:ery 0-5 Good hi11 5+ Poor

I 165 Dc!:olb Very stony a+ Pow Loam

I 1% Tilsit Silt Lomi 3 ..5 Foir

31 4 Chwango Gravelly 3-24 POnrsJOOd I Loom

21 5 &ocoville Sondy 3 -5 PwFair 1 Loam

21 6 Red Hook kndy il-5 Fair I Loom

262 Wooster Grave! ly 3-25 Poor-Gwd I Silt Loam

265 Canbield Gravelly o+ Poor-Fair 1 Silt iocm

2G3 Rovenno C:rcve Ii y 3 4 Poor-Fa ir I jilt Loam I 284 Fr.?nchtow.i Si!: I.wr,i '3-1 5 Poor

I (continued) I Page 6-13 I I I s.c .s. SaIL % OF C. VZRALL SUI TARlLlTY '. -MAP SYMBOL iVAibiE SLOPE RATING I 380 Tifusville Silt Loam 3-15 Poor-Fa ir I 3C2 Gresham Silf !.oam 3-15 Poor-Fa ir 384 Hanover Silt I.oorn 3-25 Poor-Good I MSA Strip Minc 3-25 Poor I i,AL iviade Loid 0-1 5 Poor

iviw I Mine Wosh - Foor I MD ,Mine Dumps - Poor I

If must be noted at this point that not all of the land apa of Muddy Creek Town- ship has been completely mapped for soils. This obviously poses some difficulty I in completing a definitive and conclusive land useability study. At the present time, approximably 47 percent of the total land area of Muddy Creek Township remains to be mapped for soils although 100 percent of the topography of this area I Is mapped and anulyzed for slope. I

In view of the foregoing, he land useability study will differentiate on the bosis of both dope and soils so that a crude sstimate of !and usocbility will exist in t!lOSQ I unmapped areas. I Again, the above conbins a listing of soils located in the entire planning area and, in general, are only fair to poor in term of their suitability for most types of urban land uses. The following paragraphs, however, contains a brief soils I description specifically for the Township of Muddy Creek. I Approximately 53 porcsnt of the Township, QXC~US~V~05 Portersvillo Borough and I Moraine State Park, has been moppad for soil interpretation. The two areas ~QIU such mapping exists are along U . S. Route 19 frox I'nrbrsville northward and in the southern portion of the Townshi;> adjacent to iviorafn~State Park and Prospect Doroo&. Individual soils that occur most often in ?he 'iowns!iip are as follows: I Page 6-14 I I I I I Ernest Silt Loom Gilpin Very Stony Silt Loom

I Buchanan Very Stony Silt Loom I Cookport Loom Dekalb Channery Loam

I Dekalb Very Stony Loom

I The main difficulties encountered with these soils are high water tables, slow permeability, shallow depth to bedrock, and excessive stoniness. I

I VACANT LAND USEABILITY ANALYSIS

I Approximately 88 percent of the total land area contained in the planning area as a whole is classified as being vacant or otherwise undeveloped and is therefore theoretically available for development for urban purposes. Obviously, much of I this land will not be placed into development for one or another reason within the next 20 yean. However, there will probably be a significant portion of land placed upon the market that perhaps should not be made available without adequate I preparation.

I The primary purpose of the land uswbility study is to determine the extent and type of problems of a topographic or soils nature associated with the vacant land resources of Muddy Creek Township and the planning area as a whale. This debrmination 1 will, in turn, serve as a basis for evaluating future land development proposals. Some of the problems this study attempts to anticipate are: 1) foundation cracking or excessive settling; 2) erosion of lawns and excessive stream siltation; 3) septic I funk malfunctions and utility line breakages; 4) soil creep and earth slides; and 5) basement or surface flooding. By making such problem areas knowri in advance, it is hoped that land development will occur with minimum adverse effects to the I community as a whole, as well as to land developen and home buyen. I

I Page 6-1 5 I I I

In order to analyze vacant londs for thzir suitability For ur'san cainmurtity development I purpascs, detailed soils cii.5 ic;xgrr!$1? mcps wx.2 :xmiiied and lands within each coioraunity were evaluaied cxccirrii;i:r to th.-ir abilii.;;. ., to svpport the various urban I land uses anticipated or t!io!ig]ii. iI!.z!;r ?e ctcur ir ill?.?*iture. The primary critxia ,?or the evaluation are cs follo~~~s: I 1. Percent of slop^: Rescarc!i indicotps that .For most urban and agriculturcll cctiviti?s, ci 1: ;xrcant slope is ;.!I? limit OF I feasibility for structural aiIC' mechanical usa. ~GShaving slopes greater then 15 ;:.?rcznt should bz c!

.-3 . Soil Susceptibility to Sccsonal \Not2r Eaturntion: Soils subject to seasonal water sci.urat!on and/or !?irwater tables I pose serious structurol and public hx!th yca:ms.1, Since seasonal high wat.?r t&l::s ;nay be hcrr! to tii..;ct durins: dry I periods, close z-xcrnincflon should h= sjivm ?c ?:I=. soils maps prior to pro2eri.y trcnscic;.loiis or constructioi). I ,, 3. Incidence of Flooding: Flsoding is acoin pri;aori'ly sac~nal in nature and the same conrldomtions E;iwn ti> s.-asonol watw I saturation should be tollcvd, for csm-~t%.ll;~i-no sCiiL1.a prob!sms result. However, the cciitcnt associatcri v3!i :!oodins strsams .. creatss additional prob!cms. Tlieret'ore, IG,ic: s>bject to ilooding I should be !eft undevelopzd .

._. I 4. Soil Permeability Rate: 1ii3 ability or'a soil to allow the poseage of surface and subsurkxE liquids is also oi ;irTfiicry importance to development and coiniiiun%y well being. hzus w? slow soil pwmcability I render snptic fan!:s inoperative and take on the ap,eurortcr? of marshes during wet perinc's. This condition :;iciy be hard to detect during dry periods or in aarly S:G~~Sof dewzlo;ment unlesssoils maps are I consulted. I 5. Degree of Soil Stonincss: The stonier die soil, the higher the excavation and construction costs will bj. T:ie srowth of vegetation wilt be stow adscanty, incrwslil: t!ie crosive I potential of the soil .until a natural or irnpod $onf cwer is provided. I Page 6-1 6 I

6. Soil Shrink-Swell Potential: The shrink-swell potential of a soil, although lesser in magnitude of importance than the above, can become a major localized problem at times. The resulk of this phenomenon, in part, are uneven settling of foundations, cracks and humps in landscaping and lawns, and heaving or settling of roadways.

7. Sail Stability: The ability of a soil to retain its position under normal conditions of precipitation and/or soil wetness is an important consideration for construction activities. Soi I slippage is at present a minor problem in the Moraine region but, as more land is pressed into service, this soil problem may increase in incidence. Some of the results of this soil phenomenon are cracking of foundations, underground utility line break, and landslides on sloping areas.

ADDlTlO NAL CO NSI DERATIO NS

In formulating any realistic land use policy, consideration must be given to the fact &at corrective practices such as tile drainage systems, remedial engineering and construction practices, or other methods of improving soil characteristics can be I applied to render soils more acceptable for development. These measures, however, may provide only localized solutions, and consideration must still be given to the possibility of property damage originating in adjacent locotions that have not had 1 corrective practices applied to them.

I On the basis of these factors, vacant land useability categories were derived and are explained in the succeeding paragraphs. The physical areas contained within these categories are further presented graphically upon the Vacant Land Useability Map for I Muddy Creek Township. It must be noted that the following paragraphs apply to the entire planning area and are not specifically detailed, but rather aggregated within 1 each individual community. I Land Useability Class I These land areas so included offer only slight resistance to urban types of development. In essence, these are the best land in the entire I planning area. Unfortunately, with the exception of Prospect Borough there appears to be a dearth of such lands within the planning area as a whole. The soils and slopes comprising this class within the entire I planning area are as follows: I I Page 6-1 7 I I TCITAL ACTUAL ACRES SGILS AVAl- iABLE I Conotton Silt Lwa 118.5 I Chenango Gravclly I.Oc:il (3-15% slops 01117) I tlanover Silt imiii (3-5% slops on!;p) I LVooster Gravally Si!? :.mn

Dekalb Channery Loam I (0-5% slopes only) 1 Land Useability Class II

These lands are the second best in the planning area and generally I offer moderate limitations to urban development. The primary differences between these lands and those contuined in Land Useobility Class I concern their decreased permeability and in- I creased susceptability to high water tables. A listing of lands contained within this category follows:

.rc TAL ACTUALACRES SOILS LAND SL5FZS AVAl LADLE I

Braceville Sandy Loam r)-lSp/O 3,315.1 (06% slope only) *I Buchanan Loam Canr'isld Grovolly Silt l.oa,n I (3-r.% slope only)

Covode Silt Loam I (04% slop only)

Conotton Silt Looin I ivlodemtely drainod (M%SlO?Z only) I (continuad) I Page 6-1 8 I I I ...... I SCILS I Cookport Loam Zmst Silt Lmin

I Gilpin Shaly Silt Loam

Gilpin-WcilcrP Soils I (34% slope only)

Gresham Silt Loam I (94% slope only) I Gucmrey Silt Lo~m Hanover Silt Lmrn I (54% slope only) Ravenna Cwwelly Silt !.om I (34% slop only) Red Hook'Sandy loa:,^ I (e!%slwp only) Tilsit Silt Loam I (04% dopa only) Titusville Silt LWin I (3496dope ody) Tyler Silt lnom I (0-5% slops only) Vandergrift.Cnvode 50; is I (54% slop ally) Marton Silt Lmin

I ~t?rGravsllySilt Loa:;? I (54% slope only)

I hge6-19 . I I 1 Class II lands require on-site investigation or soil characteri!i?ics for septic tanks and rewaso Iqoons especially, but also for homsites, streets and por!:ing lots, pipeline construction and I recreational uses. I Land Useability Class ill

The land areas contained within this category are generally unsuitable I for urban development without major corrective activities, These lands are distributed throughout the planning area but are primarily found on steep slopes or in stream valleys. I

The’ main problms associahd wit!> thesc areas rslote to excessive I slope, slow soil pr,ne&i!ity, high water ki51es cnd shallow depth to bedrock. The followinc; !:si contains those soils cnd slopes lying within thb classificotion: I

TGTAL ACTUAL ACRES I s31Ls LAND jLC~?2 AVAl LABLE _I I Andover Loam 15% and ovcr 1 0 ,926.6

Andover Very Stony Loam I Atltins Silt Loam I Dracsville Sandy kin (5% and over) I Brinlcerton Silt Loam

Buchonan Very Stony !.WJ I

Canfield Gravelly sill. iaociii (15% and over) I

Cavode Silt Locm (5% and over) 1 (con t inuad) I

Pope 6-20 I 1 I I

I SGILS

Chenango Gravn I 1 y I.oam 1 (8% and over)

Cookport Loam I (PA and over)

Dekalb Channery I-oa~ii I (5% and over) Delcalb Very Stony Lmin

I Frenchtown Silt i.wrn

Gilpin Shaly Silk Loam I (Phend over)

Gilpin Very :tony Silt imfii I (C% and over)

Gilpin-Wnikert Soils I (E% and over)

Gilpin-"harton Soils I (0% and over) I Gr&m Silt Loom (i.% and over) I :+anover Silt Imm (Phand over) I Philo Silt Loam I Purdy Silt Loaiii Ravenno Graveily si!: Lm:il (5% and over)

I (continued) .I

I Page 6-21 I I I SOILS Titusville Silt Loam 1 (8% and over) Tyler Silt Loam I (5% and over) VandergriftZavode Soi Is I (5% and over) Westmoreland Silt Loam I (8% and over)

Wooster Gravelly Silt Loam I (8% and over)

Strip Mines I Made Land I Mine Wash

Mine Dumps I

Class 111 lands should be closely scrutinized for any type of urban lond I use proposed to be placed upon them. This is not to say that these lands cannot be used but rather that severe problems accrue to their use that demands assurances that such conditions will be alleviakd. I While grading and filling can render some of these lands more useable, the development of any land having a slope greater than 15 percent is economically and physically undesirable in most cases. I

Unclassified Land I

Unclassified lands are those for which no soil informath was available and which therefore cannot be conclusively categorized in that respect. I It is hoped that much or all of these lands will be mapped for soils in the near future. At the present time approximately 11,905.4 acres of the totul available vacant land in all four communities is unclassified as I to soils. Slope has been classified on such lands, however, and approximately 8,048.4 acres of his unclassified land is undesirable (Class 111) by virtue of having slopes in excess of 15 percent. Thusly, only 3,856.8 acres I of such land at a maximum would be Class I or II lands if their soils are found acceptable. 1 Page 6-22 I i4uddy Creek Township curren?!y contains a!!nost 8,170 ocros ~f vacant or agricultural 1 land, exclusive OF tha? Ian2 occupizd- by ivioroine State ?or!<. These lands are distributed throughout he entire !ownship and am ?!.le predominant use of land in tho 'Township as a whole. Cf this total, approximstaly 1,749.8 acres or 21.6 percent 05 the total vacant (and c'r?c: is daimed po?ontk!ly ccceptable for residential,

I I commercial, industrial, or p~$li~and semi-public u:sg. fhesa areas are presented on the hnd Useti'Jilify ;hap .?or Muddy Cres!c Township and are further exhibited in I tabular farm in Table 3 following. I I I I I CATEGGRY -rota1 Available Vacant !.ad ;,1;9.: 100.3

I Total Vccant Land for Whki Soil 4,QFjC. 7 53.4 Ahpping is Unavaila5h

I Land Undesirabla by Virtue of 1,141.2 14.0 Unacceptable Soils (although I slopes ore acceptable)"* Lond Undesirable by Virtue 3 5,252.7 64.4 I Unacceptable ;lopa** b.vaila5le Vacant Land Potei;tin!ly 1,766.8 21.6 I Suitable For Devclapmmt Includes actual Iond areus .for which soil ond S~Q;J~iii.?ormation is available. I ** Defined a5 undesircbli ii^ iio cx:-ansivc carrec?lve ;pcc?ices are applied as required. 'I riune: Lorenzi, Dodds, i::C?uni?i!l, Inc.

I Page 6-23 I I 1

If must be reemphasized at this point that soils m;p;>ing is not availablo for abut 47 percent or' the Townshi? land crza so that a definitive and final estinwte or' I useable available vacant land cannot be determined a? this time. However, an estimate ksed upon a sfroishf proportional projection of areas having !;oils information would indicate that in acfunlity about 1,2!i7.7 acres or 14..6 prcent of 1 all vmant land wwld be suitable :or development wi:.houi. major corrective practices beins necessary. C~bvlously, this would ozly be a crude estimate and is not conclusive pending Fur:her soils mapping. I 1 REGIONAL SUMMARY

In summary, it appears that a potential 41 percent or an estimated 18.8 percent of I the available vacant land "bank" of the planning area os a whole is suitable far urban development without the application of major corrective measures. Unaccept- able slope (over 15 percent) is by far the predominant factor responsible for the I unsuitability of land resources. I This is not to say that such lands cannot or should not be developed but rather that great care in their use should be exercised to insure that development will not adversely affect the community as a whole nor the individual who uses these lands. I Environmental hazards from pollution of one or another type are already at a critical point on a local, national, and worldwide basis. There is neither a need nor any kind of justification far further ruination of our environment or the fiscal I stature of our communities by mishandling of our lands and this tenet is one of the stated short and long-range goals of the Moraine Planning Commission and its constituent members and governing bodies. I I I I I I

Page 6-24 I I I

CHAPTER SEVEN

H,3USING ANALYSIS

I I I

I Attmctive houses and well-maintained residential neighborhoods are one of the mast important assests of any community or area. On a communitywide basis, good housing not only assures a sound tax base that will continue to appreciate in value, but also 1 assures an environment that is conducive to healthful and satisfactory day-to-day life of the residents in the areas. Since the Township is predominantly a residential community, the quality and condition of the residential housing inventory are 'I extremely important to the continued growth and prosperity of the municipality. The purpose of the housing study for Muddy Creek Township is to provide an up- to-date detailed analysis of housing characteristics. This is necessary in order to I delineate those areas where the adverse effects of poor housing or environmental 'I conditions may be substantially contributing to further blight and deteriomtion. I I Page 7-1 I 1 As land in the Township is absorkzd by new development and as vacant and open land areas diminish, there will Le c growing recognition of the need to develop and maintain good residential areas free From blight and blight-causing conditions. I

In predominantly rural areas where development is scattered and detached with an I alwndance of open space, the blighting influence of a subsiundard house or even a group of substandard dwellings is greatly reduced. Rural blight is perhaps the most insidious form of housing blight, howevei, since most rural area governments are I unwilling or unable to take .positive action to eliminate those isolated substandard structures that may exist. Such isoluted structures are not highly "visible" and their impact is not great. In addition, ruial conditions impose additional constraints to I' housing rehabilitation. In more fully developed areas, however, such as the urbanized core represented by a Borough, the impact of substandard houses or neighborhoods become rnuch'rnore significant and has a much b:iuder influence. With safeguards attendant with isolated developme:it and open space removed, every residential neighborhood'can be severely injured by substandard or nuisance conditions. Experience throughout most of the urban and developed prts of :he nation has demonstrated that if poor housing is left unchecked it can and usually does continue to decline; and further, this decline may spread to tetter areas of the community. Coupled wih . the numerous problems created by such conditions is, of course, the one overriding consideration involving the plight of the family or individual occupying substandard housing. Not only do they suffer from the poor living conditions associated with such development, but the community suffers by being confronted with economic and social liabilities which could Lave been avoided for the most part through positive progmms of public and private action.

The type of programs which can be brought to bear on these problems locully range from simple housing and building code enforcement to more complicated activities involving housing rehabilitation and redevelopment and complete tooling-up of the community to conduct a continuing program of housing improvement. Because of the imporfance of these programs, Appendix I1 of the Housing Study will also be devoted to introducing the Township to the scope of various activities which can be undertaken in this regard.

Page 7-2 I I

I Concurrent with this approach, the findings of the housing study and analysis will serve as a basis for subsequent studies dealing specifically with the development of a comprehensive program to assure: first, the continued maintenance of sound, I desirable residential neighborhocds; and second, to improve areas affected by structural deterioration and adverse environmenta I conditions. I Statistical and mapping information for the Township is provided throughout the report. Statistical information for the entire Moiaine region, Butler County and the I State of Pennsylvania is provided in Appendix I of this report.

I The following discussion of housing characteristics in Muddy Creek Township reflects the findings of the house-by-house exterior surveys conducted by the consultant in late 1969, as well as an evaluation of the data reported in the 1960Census I of Housing. For the purpose of clarity, the term "housing unit" is defined as follows, and is essentially the definition used for census purposes. I "A house, an apartment or other group of rooms, or a single room is regarded as a housing unit when it is occupied or intended for I occupancy as separate living quarters; that is, when the occupants do not eat 0:' live with any other persons in the structure and there is either 1) direct access from the outside or through a common hall, I or 2) a kitchen or cooking equipment for the exclusive use of the occupants of the unit. The occupant of a housing unit may be a I family or other group of persons, or a person living alone." I I I I 'I I

I Page 7-3 I I HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS I -HOIJSING UNITS AND STRUCTURAL TYPES I Muddy Creek Township, excluding Portersville Borough, contained a .total of 363 housing units, as reported in the U. S. Census of Housing in 1960. No information vms included in available census information as to a distribution of housing units I by structural type ot that time. There is strong evidence to indicate that the distribution of structural types has not undergone significant alteration within the intervening ten years, however, so that the distribution of structural types should I' be quite similar to that observed during the consuliunt's field surveys in 1969. I The distribution of housing among structural types at the time of the suiveys is as follows: approximately 99 percent of all housing units were in single-family structures; about 1 percent were in two-family or duplex-type structures. There were I no three-or-more family types of structures in the Township at the time of the survey. I TABLE 1 I HOUSING TYPES*

MUDDY CREEK TOWNSHIP, 1969 I

TYPE OF HOUSING HOUSING- UNITS I Number Percent

Sing le-family 29P* 99.0 I Two-Fomi ly 5 1 .o Three-and-four-fami I y Five or more family I TOTAL I "1960 housing distribution estimated to have been similar. **Includes trailers. I - 3ource: Lorenzi, Dodds & Gunnill, Inc., 1969. I I Page 7-4 I I I On the basis of this breakdown, therefore, it can be seen that the single-family home is the predominant type of residential structure throughout Muddy Creek I Township. It is anticipated that this type of housing will continue to dominate in importance, primarily as a result of continued single-family home construction 'I pmctices and consumer demands.

With respect to housing distribution throughout the Planning Area, it should be I noted that, except for two-family types of dwellings scattered throughout Muddy Creek Township, nearly all of these higher density dwelling types are situated within the confines of Portemille and Prospect Boroughs. At the Township level, I however, housing is further distributed among three geneml types of development. First, around the periphery of the Boroughs and extending outward along most of the major streets and highways, much of the housing represents extensions of housing I development 'which resulted from normal outward expansion from the more centml area of the Boroughs. The second and third type of housing distributed throughout the Townships consists of a number of rural nonfarm houses and rural farm houses I which are directly related to farming and agricultural development.

I HOUSING OCCUPANCY AND TENURE

Housing occupancy and tcnuro charactcristics are one of the most important I indicators of the current housing situation in an area. Thesc characteristics deal with the extent of hone ownership, the extent of housing unit rentals and he I ratio of vacant housing to t!ic total housing inventory.

With respect to Muddy Creek Township and as shown in Table 2, a total of 363 I housing units were contained in the Township in 1960. Of this number, 269 units or 74.1 percent of all housing were owner-occupied, 59 units or 16.3 percent were renter-occupied, and 35 units or 9.6 percent were vacant. With the exception I of the vacancy ratio, the statistics indicate that Muddy Creek Township had a favomble housing situation in relation to Butler County and the State as a whole at that time. In fact, the extent of home ownership is much higher in the Town- I ship than in the County and State as a whole. (State and County statistics can be found in Appendix Table 1). These figures give an indication that a stable econo- I mic situation was in existence.

As a cornprison, in 1940 iviuddy Cree!: contained a total of 225 unik of which I 72 percent were ownor-occupied, 23 percent were rentcr-occopied, and 5 pcrcont wero vownt. kedupon t5is cornprison, tho Township witnessed a long-term increaso in hone ownership and vacancy rotios and a decrease in ik renter-occupancy I ratio. I I Page 7-5 I

TABLE 2 I HOUSING OCCUPANCY AND TENURE 1 MUDDY CREEK TOWNSHIP, 1960 I -OCCUPANCY AND TENURE HOUSING UNITS Number Percent I Owner-Occupied 269 74.1 Renter-Occupied 59 16.3 I Vacant -35 9.6 TOTAL HOUSING UNITS 363 100.0 I

Source: U. S. Census of Housing, 1960. I I POPULATION DISTRIBUTION BY HOUSING UNIT

The distribution of the population in occupied housing units is an important measure I of family sizes and the potential demand for certain types of housing. Table 3 has been prepared to illustmte this characteristic within the Township. I

As shown in Table 3, there were a total of 328 occupied housing units $withinthe Township, and these are distributed as follows: 112 units (34.1 percent) were one- I and two-person households; 52 units (15.9 percent) were three-person households; 53 units (16.2 percent) were four-person households; and a total of 70 units (21.3 percent) contained five or more persons per household. I

By comparing age distributions, household sizes, and household unit sizes, it appears I that some Township citizens have been and may now be oocupying housing units much too small for their needs such as one-member households occupying one room. Conversely, it also appears that some residents were or are also occupying homes that I may be large for them to manage economically or physically such as o two-member household in a five or more room house. Both of the foregoing situations indicate that some imbalances exist in the housing supply of Muddy Creek Township. Evidence I seems to indicate that some of the larger underutilized units could be placed on the market while smaller public or private housing units could be created to provide for the citizens so displaced. The end result of these activities should be u more I economical and efficient utilization of available housing resources. I Page 7-6 I I It can be seen by comparing Table 3 and Appendix Table 2 that there was a relatively average proportion of one- and two-penon households in the Township as a whole. I On the bosis of these and other statistics presented in other plan reports and in view of age and income distributions and the number of substandard structures existing in the Township, it appean that a demand may exist for sound housing of either the I one-to-two or three-or-more bedroom variety. Such housing would most likely have to be provided through subsidized public housing efforts rather than by the I private sector, unless the currently static economic picture improves considerably. I TABLE 3 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION BY OCCUPIED HOUSING UNIT

I TOWNSHIP OF MUDDY CREEK, 1960

I NUMBER OF PERSONS OCCUPIED HOUSING UNITS Number Percent

I One 28 8.5 TWO 84 25.6 Three 52 15.9 I Four 53 16.2 Five 41 12.5 I Six or more -70 -21.3 I TOTAL OCCUPIED HOUSING 328 100.0 Median: Muddy Creek 3.5 I Source: U. S. Census of Housing, 1960. I I SIZE OF HOUSING UNITS Further analysis of another characteristic of housing in the Township lends additional insight into housing conditions. This relates to the size of existing housing units, I and these characteristics are presented in Table 4. Here, it is seen that the median size of houses for the Township, in terms of the number of rooms, is about 5.2 I rooms per unit. I I Page 7-7 I

The housing unit supply of Muddy Creek Township, os can be seen in Table 4, I suffered from some inadequacies, particularly in relation to the number of one- and iwo-room units. Such units are generally considered as totally inadequate for any type of habitation unless they are part of a well-designed multiple unit I structure. I The predominant housing unit sizes occur in the four- to seven-room mnge within which lies over 84 percent of the 1960 housing unit supply of the Township. This state of housing compares favorably with that of the County and Pennslyvania although I it was a slightly lower proportion in relation to the geographical area CIS is seen by comparing Table 4 and Appendix Table 3. If other housing unit sizes are also 50 compared, it is found that the Township closely parallels the County and State I in term of one- and two-room units but is below those two entities in relation to units containing eight or more rooms. I

There appeared to be evidence of some overcrowding of housing based upon a comparison of the number of households requiring seven or more rooms (five or more I person households) and the number of such units available. The actual extent of such conditions were not and are not now known but evidence indicates that the extent WCIS considerable. I

TABLE 4 I SIZE OF HOUSING UNITS I TOWNSHIP OF MUDDY CREEK, 1960 I NUMBER OF ROOMS HOUSING UNITS Number Percent I One '4 1.1 TWO 12 3.3 Three 41 11.3 I Four 80 22.0 Five 63 . 17.4 Six 81 22.3 I Seven 55 15.2 Eight or more -27 -7.4 I TOTAL HOUSING UNITS 363 100.0

Median: Muddy Creek 5.2 I

Source: U. S. Census of Housing, 1960. I Page 7-8 I I

I HOUSING CONDITIONS

I Muddy Creek Township contains a number of fine neighborhoods, subdivisions and homes which help create a pleasant living environment in many portions of the area; In general, the maintenance of residential properties in these areas is good. I In toa many other areas, however, there are an appreciable number of skuctures which show visible signs of exterior deterioration and dilapidation. In several instwnces, these substandard structures are grouped together and have thus resulted I in the formation of blighted areas. I GENERAL COiWEWATIGNS

I The primary concern in residcntiol nei&bor!ioods is io provide housing w!iic!i is decent, sal% and sanitary; frec froin Iblicht and bIi&iiins ini'luenccs. Blight is a term used fo define o conbination of conditions which render areas undesirable I or unsuitable for residential occupancy. Blicjlit has two characteristics. One relates to the condition of structures: the individual structure in dcterioroted or dilapidatsd condition is a symptom of IAiCht. A concentration of residential I structures in poor condition constitutes o blighted or substandard area.

I Tile second, and sometimes lcast recognized bliglitiiis condition, relates to resi- dontiol environment: kcavy iiaKic, noise and oclors from indusfry, poorly maintained streets, inodcquak open space and rccrcation arcas, and mixed commercial, I indusjiial and rcsidcntiol uses are some common conditions wliic!l create an undesirable environrnent. A combination OF such odversc environmental conditions may have a deprcciatins egcct on residential values and can and okn does lead to I 'neglected housing mintenancc. The overall condition 0: residential structures I and their environmcnt in the Township is discussed below. I CRITERIA FOR 3').LU Ail NG STRUCTURAL CO 1\1 DIT 10 NS In order to establish a firm, uniform hsis For evaluatinc.; and classifying the condition of structures in the Township, three categories were used as criteria. These I are defined as follows: I Sound housins is dciined as that which hos in0 ddccts or only mclcfecis which arc normally corrected durins tho course of regular maintenoiicc, i.c., lac!: or iwint, slight damage to L -' I porches or steps, small cracks in walls; ;ouiidcltions or chimneys, I and broltcn Suttcrs or drainspouls. I Page 7-9 I

Dobriorating housing noeds more repair than would be provided I in be coursc of regular maintenance. It has one or more dekch of an intermediate nature thot must bc corrected i,; the dwelling unit is lo continue to provide sde und adcr]uatc shelter, i .e., I sha!:y or unsafe Foundations, porches or stcps; holes, open croc!;s or rnissins materials on floors, walls or rook; rotted windowsills or frames; deep wear on stairs, floors or doorsills; and broltan or I loose stair treads or missing balustcrs. Such defcck are signs of neglect which lead to serious structural damage if not corrected. I Dila idated housing does not provide safe or adcquak shelter. +t ias onc or morc critical defects; or has a cbmbination of intermediate der'ock in sufficient number to require extensive rcpair I or rcfauildins; or is or' inadequate original construction. Critical defects are iliosc vhicli indicate continued neglect and serious damp to thc structure includins conditions such as holcs, open I cracls or missin~material ovcr large orccs 07 floors, walls or roofs; and structural sag in hciloors, walls or roofs. Inadequate original construction includes structurcs !>uilt OF iiio!ccshift rtnoterials I and inadequately convertcd ccllars, sheds or garages not originally intended .for livinfi quarters. I

STRUCTURAL SURVEY I

The 1960 U. S. Census of Housing shows the overall conditions of housing in the Township. The information contained in the census was derived by exterior and I interior inspections. It is not possible from the census material, however, to pin- paint areas where critical housing conditions exist. Therefore, an exterior survey of all residential structures in Muddy Creek Township wus conducted by the consultant I to determine the incidence of structural deterioration. The criteria defined above were used in undertcrking this survey. While an exterior survey is not necessarily conclusive as to the structural condition of a building, it serves to generally I identify substandard conditions and blighted areas. I I I I I Page 7-10 I

STRUCTURAL CONDITIONS

Referring to Table 5, it can be seen that the 1960 Census of Housing reported for I Muddy Creek Township a totul of 363 housing units. Of the total housing units, 274 or 75.5 percent were reported sound; 82 units or 22.6 percent were reported as being in deteriorating condition; and 7 units or 1.9 percent were reported as I being in a dilapidated state and therefore unfit for human habitation.

I The 24.5 percent 1960 incidence of substandard housing in Muddy Creek Township ms well above the corresponding State and County ratios as presented in Appendix Table 4. It is of utmost importance that no more than 20 percent and preferably 1 less than 10 percent of any community's housing supply be in the substclndard category at any one time. The greatest portion of these substandard units, moreover, should be within the' deteriorating category, and building and housing codes should be in I effect to insure that such units progress no further downward. On this basis, it is obvious that Muddy Creek Township's housing supply is beyond a range that the I Township can or should accept.

The 1969 condition of housing as determined during the consultant's field survey I indicates that housing conditions within the Township have also progressed upward since 1960, as is evidenced in comparing Tables 5 and 6. Application of regulatory controls such as building and homing codes are necessary in order to maintain this I situation. Unfortunately, while the percentage of sound housing has increased and the incidence of deteriorating units has decreased, the number and relative per- I centage of dilapidated housing units has increased greatly. This appears to have been, for the most part, the result of the lack of adequate regulatory controls for I housing. It should also be noted that the above classification is based solely on strucfuml I conditions and does not include an evaluation of the extent or adequacy of basic supplied facilities and utilities. Interior improvements such as electrical, plumbing and heating facilities also have a direct bearing on fhe quality and livability of I housing units. Where these are lacking or are grossly inadequate, regardless of the overall structural condition, a housing unit may be considered as being substandard. For example, as shown in Table 5, approximately 109 housing units I exclusive of those classified as being dilapidated lack certain basic supplied fucilities. These deficiencies include the lack of running water, piped hot water, and private bath or toilet facilities. Of these deficient unifs, 47 were rated as I being sound and 62 units were rated as being deteriorating. I I Page 7-1 1 I 1

TABLE 5 I CONDITION OF HOUSING I MUDDY CREEK TOWNSHIP, 1960 I -CONDITION HOUSING UNITS Number Pement 1 SOUND 274 75.5 With all plumbing 227 .82.8 No hot water 4 1.5 1 No toilet, bath or 43 '15.7 running wclter I DETERIORATING 82 22.6 With all plumbing 20 24.4 No hot water 3 3.6 I No toilet, bath or 59 72.0 running water I DILAPIDATED -7 -1.9 I TOTAL HOUSING UNITS 363 100.0 source: U. S. Census of Housing, 1960. I I I I I I I I Page 7-12 I I

I TABLE 6 I CONDITION OF HOUSING TOWNSHIP OF MUDDY CREEK. 1969 I CONDITION HOUSING UNITS I Number Percent SOUND 259 83.8

I DETERIORATING 23 7.4 I DILAPIDATED -27 -8.8 I TOTAL HOUSING UNITS 309 100.0 1 Source: Lorenzi, Dodds 8, Gunnill, Inc., 1969.

I ENVIRONIYENTAL CONDITIONS For the most part, the structural quality OF housing in more highly developed areas I is closcly related to neighborhood environmental conc!%ions. In neighborhoods with Goad planning and facilities, housing is more likely to be maintained in good condition whilc the opposite is usuully t!ie case in ncicjhborhoods with a number of I impartant environmental deficiencies. Some of thc mojor environmental eleritcnh which dctamine the quoIit;r o? n residential neighborhod are as Follov~s: I 1. Conditions of land us3 - moderate land coverage by structurcs; restrictxi and/or selcctive intorr,lixturc & I commercial and industrial uses in residoiitiul area; moderate population donsities, odequaio ond \*/ell- attended yard areas; suitable street v/idt!is; and adc- I quato &-street prkins.

I 2. Freedom kola hcalfh and nuisance conditions, such as noisc, smoke, odors, litter, rodent intestation, abandoned I vehicles ond/or scrap yards. I I Page 7-13 I

3, Freedom from hazards, such os cxcessive trofu'ic, ground I subsidmce, 'floods ond steep terrain. I 4. Adequate streets and sidowol!ts, trez plantins, and adequate utilities. I

5. Adoquo?c community .kxilitics, including scAools, ;parks, playgrounds, shopping, libraries, and ihe like. I

Obviously, existing residential development in the Township cannot be categorized I into neighborhoods due to their dispersed nature. Further, the impact of adverse environmental conditions is therefore much less of a casual factor for blighted conditions that would be so in a densely developed community. Nonetheless, I such environmental drawbacks os do exist should be recognized. I Seveml environmental deficiencies which are applicable to some of the residential properties in Muddy Creek Township are discussed below. I Mixed Land Use I In a small number of areas in the Township, there are mixtures of commercial or industrial and residential uses in varying intensities. While industrial and commercial usas of themselves can generally be compatible neighbors, residential structures in I close proximity to them are often adversely affected by the noise, traffic and other nuisances which nonresidential structures tend to generate. In general, however, such existing mixed land uses do not constitute o significant blighting influence I in the Township. The principal adverse mixed land use condition occurring in the Township is the extensive occurrence of strip mining mctivities. In many oreas where these operations have ceased, open cuts and spoil banks were not graded I back or replanted, and abandoned cwl tipples and other structures have been left standing. The visual appearance of such areas along with the various environ- menful and safety hazards they create is not an advantage in term of the market I ability of a residential property. I Conversion I Some evidence of conversion of structures exists in highly dispersed oreas, but for the Township as a whole, the incidence of these types of buildings is not appreciable nor is it a significant contributor to blighted conditions. I I Page 7-14 I I

I Tmffic Nuisance

Several of the major roads in the Township are subject to heavy volumes of traffic I which do exert an adverse affect on the residential chamcter of the areas they traverse. Several of these heavily traveled roads include U . S. 422 and U. S. 119. Tmffic- related environmental deficiencies are not, however, a mjor source of blighting I influences.

I Community Facilities and Utilities

In all communities and more particularly in urban ones, there is an essentiai need I for parks and playgrounds so that adults and children have space for active and passive recreation. (A more detailed analysis of community facilities and their adequacy is explored in heCommunity Facilities Report.) Due to the relatively I open nature of land within the Township, the total impact of inodequate community facilities is not felt as greatly as in a more urbanized area, but the present lack of such facilities could be a contributing factor to the mrket undesirability of I existing residential properties in the Township.

I In relation to utilities, it can similarly be said that the lack of sewer, water and gas utilities could be detrimental to large-scale residential development in particular and residential development in general. Again the impact of such inadequacies I is not felt as much as it would be in a mare urbanized area. I I I I I I I I Page 7-15 I 1

CAUSES OF BLIGHT I

It must be realized that the provision and maintenance of any housing unit involves I a wide range of considerations related to both individual and communitywide actions. A house is undoubtedly not only the most expensive acquisition a family is liable to . make,, but also is its longest-tem and behavioially most significant acquisition. A 1 house requires large sums of money to purchase and only slightly less money to maintain, particulary os the home-owner becomes less able to make his own repairs. I The visual quality of one's homo is also a reflection of his individual attitude as well CIS that of his neighbors. Therefore, the acquisition and appearance of a home is governed by a large set of social, economic, psychological, and physical factors 1 that are interconnected in varying degrees and at varying points in a highly complex manner. This section of the Housing Study presents an attempt to unravel at least the major factors leading to the relatively high incidence of blight in the Tomship 1 as wefl as to provide some recommendations aimed toward the reductiori of future blight. I The primury and almost sole cause of blight within Muddy Creek Tomship appears t0.b negligent maintenance attitudes on the part of owners and landlords. The reasons I behind such a maintenance attitude are primarily related to economic and structurul factors, although owner and tenant attitudes and owner physical capabilities do play a part in contributing toward blight. These factors are discussed in the fallowing I paragraphs. I 1 . The most significant contributing factor toward maintenance negligence appears to be rooted in the past and present economic character of the community. An economic base I oriented almost entirely to coal mining and small-scale agriculture and industry could not and still can not keep pace with rapidly changing economic and social conditions. I Therefore, out-migration of many younger people looking for employment opportunities elsewhere left behind a segment of population who to a great degree were no longer able to I adequately caie for their properties. Here, a combination of factors operated that ultimately resulted in a very poor housing situation. First of all, low incomes such OS are I associated with retirement or welfare income sources obviously restrict the owner's ability to finance or obtain financing I 1

Page 7-16 I I I I fcs such imp;svernenk cs crc necz:cj:y. Tne lack of witabla howjina ultercatives such as senior ci?izcx us low-rent housing has "forced" I some of thse individuals to occupy such housing while others prefer to livo "on their own" regardfcs of the conditions they are faced I with,

Secondly low incoiiies associated with flio unemployed or under- I smploycd rcsfricf the clioice OF some individuals who want bettor housing bu.? simply ccnnof aPforc! it under existins marlcct conditions. Thcy occupy such homes because tlicro is no altcrnativo I and rho substandard condition of such hofiizs could not possibly be chanced appreciably even if thc maximum possible effort I were oxerkd. I

fiird, the asc and structurul characteristics of a srwt number of there I homes create above norrml rehabilitation und repair costs that arc normally not cvailable or wort!iwhilo to file owners. Such indiuiduafs ure merely biding tlicir tirm until ?!ley can afford I botter housing. The foresoing are contributing factors to blight I but or0 nM factors in creating such conditions. 2. Obviously, in cny group of peaple ihwe me individuals who have no pride in property, particuParly tlia'rwhich bclongs to I others. This, of come, re&cfs their family environmnt as vdl as fhcir $roup onvironnont. A mall nunbcr of such cascs were observed by the consultant during ficfd int~nriews I but sw!i individuals ScnoPoPly cro situated in highly localizcd amas usuably occcr;rins one or two units in ai7y on0 area a) 60 vcry nost. Thus, tvkilc scch a:ti?udes are a cawso of blight, I they arc no: a mior facfor as'are those features discussed in I th~other two wrqp$:s 07 this scction. 3. OP a iilorc serious nafuie in rdaiion to Lliahted housing aro I simply landlord and owmr neclcci. and lock d pride, Such a situa.iion is atmat impossiijle to corroc? since suC!l pooplo arc sencrally no:: resFonsIvc to any t\ypc o? appeal short of .I legal action. Aiuch of the b!s.mz fmLJigh?d conditions can be placed upon such individuals. I

I Page 7-17 I I I I 1 I I I

7150 ?or-.goins, tIicii, ropresenfs the consultaiit's Findings as to ho CUUSQS OF blighted housing conditions in Muddy Creek Township, I I

The following discussion contains rcconmendations For metlids to alleviate blightod I conditions in the Township. I 1. The first rccoimendation calls for hc immcdiatc adoption of buildin0 and liousins codes to prcvcnt further deferiaotion of I housing conditions a,d also fo enablo positive action to bo talcon to rcmovc wisti,ig blighted structures through rengwal, rehobilifation, conscrvation, and/or condemnation, I

2. Conccr?ed communitywido pub1ic and privote activities I aimed at providing adcquato housing for those presently occupyins substandard structures should be initiated and rsiaintoiiiecl, cspecicilly iii relation to providing for can- I shuction or low-incornc and eldcrly housiiis units or otherwise cnablin:: such people to &toin botter housing at a price they cun a,i?ord. I I

Page 7-1 8 I I I

.I 3. Any and all activities possible should be directed towards the creation of a more diversified and enlarged economic base to provide more adequate income .?or local residents and to retain I younger sectors of the population. The Moraine State Park sit0 and its potential economic impact could provide a significant I initial push fo that end.

4. Communitywide efforts to instill greater community pride in I both owners aid rentcrs should be pursued. Self-renewal activities could geatly improve community appearance with minimum expense, particularly if volunteer organizations and con- I struction oriented agencies such as trade unions and vocational school bainees could be enlisted to provide low-cost, on-the-iob I +raining experience for their mmbers in the process. 5. Alhough the possibility of locul Financial institutions and other I organizations providing completely locally backed, low-incom loans for property improvement is somewhat remote, it remuins a powibility if pursued on a limited basis. Thus transactions I and profits would be kept within the local area and would not be subjected to outside interference. I A listing of currant Federal and State Progra;m for community improvement are contained at tho conclusion of tilo HousinG Analysis if local avenues of assistance are not avail- I able or adequate. Obviously, these program require the preparation of various roporb and documents of which this report and the Comprehensive Plan are an important part. I I I 1 .I I I Page 7-1 9 I I I I I a I I I I APPENDIX I

I HOUSING ANALYSIS I I I I I I I I I APPENDIX TABLE 1

HOUSING GCCU?AhCY AND TENURE, 1960

OCCUPANCY PENNSYLVANIA AND EQIURE BUTLER COUNTY STATE MORAINE REGION Number Percent Number Percent Nornber Percent

Ciwnar-Occupiad 24,572 69.i 2,227,741 63.9 715 70.3 Renter-C’ccupiocl 7,hll 21.6 l,MI,W3 29.6 1 bG 16.5 Vacant 3,077 0.7 .ISl,im‘10 6.5 134 13.2 .___ - 7 - - TOTAL iiOUSING 35,263 100.0 3,m ,877 100.0 1,017 100.0 UNITS

Source: U. 5. Cansus oi Housing, 1960. b

APPENDIX TABLE 2 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION BY OCCUPIED HOUSING UNIT, 1%0

PENNSYLVANIA PxJl~/\BEROF PER5ONS BUTLZR COUNTY STATE - MORAINE REGION-_ i\:on#oor Percent Number Tercent Nmercent - P Cnc 2,979 9.3 400,198 11.9 01 9.1 Two 8,523 26.5 91 5,310 27.3 234 26.5 Tinroe 6,052 18.2 67C,!3l 20.3 164 18.6 FOW 6.046 l3.G 616,3%2 13.4 149 16.9 Five 4,393 13.6 335,300 11.5 107 12.1 Six OT nae 13.0 355,157 10.6 143 16.8 I4 1E9 - - - - TOTAL OCCUPIED 32,tM 100.0 3,350,339 100.0 8K3 100.0 UNITS

Sourcc: U. S. Census of I-louring, 1900. APPENDIX TABLE 3

SIZE OF HOUSING UNITS, 1960

PENNSYLVANIA i\lUAIBER OF ROCMS BUTLER COUNTY STATE MORAINE REGION idumber Percon: Number -Percent - -orcent One - 399 1.1 62,041 1.2 11 1.1 Two 764 2.2 iOi,541 3 .O 36 3.5 Three 2,530 7.2 31 0,2m 2.7 1 ia 11.6 FOW 6,153 17.4 550,610 15.4 225 22.1 F ivo 7,905 22.4 65C, 333 1C.4 1% 19.2 Six 9,762 27.7 1 ,m.6,705 213.9 226 22.2 Seven 4,541 12.9 $31.290 12.1 116 11.4 Eight nore 3 208 9.1 11.7 8.9 or L - 420,550 - -90,. - TOTAL I-lOUSII\IG UNITS 35,263 1m.o 3,5Cl,C77 100.0 1,019 1W.O

P Swrco: U. S. Census of Housity, 1960.

w APPENDIX TABLE 4

2 CONDITION OF HOUSING, 1960 0 m P PEN NSY LVANlA CONDlTlO N BUTLER COUNTY STATE MORAINE REGION Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

SOUND 28,110 79.7 3,021,660 84.4 633 62.2 DETERIORATING 5,396 15.3 440,589 12.3 266 26.2 DIlAPl DATED 1,757 -5.0 119,179 3.3 -118 -11.6 TOTAL HOUSING UNITS 35,263 100.0 3,581,428 100.0 1,017 100.0

Source: U. S. Census of Housing, 1960. APPENDIX TABLE 5

CONDITION OF HOUSING, 1969

CONDITION BRADY MUDDY CREEK PORTERSVILLE PROSPECT TOTAL Number Percent

SOUND 1 53 259 85 318 81 5 85.5 DETERIORATING 45 23 6 15 89 9.3 DILAPIDATED -10 -27 -5 -8 -50 5.2 TOTAL HOUSING 208 309 96 341 954 100.0 UNITS

Source: Lorenzi, Dodb & Gunnill, Inc., 1969. 1 I I I I I I I I I APPENDIX II HOUSING ANALYSIS I I I I I I I I I I I L3CAL HOUSING AND

I NEIGHBORHOOD IMPROVEMENT ROGRAM I As mentioned previously, Muddy Creek Township has not yet undertaken urban renewal activities. Neither has it adopted the various codes required as part of the Workable I Program leading to such activities. The completion of the herein described Housing Analysis and the ultimate completion of the Comprehensive Planning Program are two further steps towards the possible initiation of such community improvement I activities. I I I I I I I I I I I I Appendix Page 1 I ‘1

FEDERAL HOUSING AND I NEIGHBORHOOD IMPROVEMENT LEGISLATION I The purpose of this section of the Housing and Neighborhood Analysis is to identify some of the current Federal Assistance Programs which are applicable to housing I and neighborhood improvement. The following program are as described in the Catalogue of Federal Assistance Programs, June 1, 1967, produced by the Office xkconamic Opportunity, Executive Office of the President, Washington, D. C. I All of these programs are administered by the U. S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and its constituent agencies, through which additional printed information ond direct community assistance and advice can be obtained. I I CODE ENFORCEMENT Nature and Purpose of Rogram I This program provides technical assistance and grants for pluming, reviewing, and administering concentrated code enforcement pro- I grams in selected local areas. These programs are both remedial and preventive, such as restoring properties and their environments to decent and standard conditions and arresting future deterioration. I

Grants can be made up to 2/3 of program cost for localities with I 50,000 or more population, and up to 3/4 for hose with papulation under 50,000. Eligible project expenses include planning and administration and such environmental improvements as streets, side- I walks, curbs, gutters, lighting work, landscaping, plants, signs, and fire and police communication systems. I

Additional financial assistance is provided via absorption of relocation costs for displacees; availability of FHA mortgage insurance to residen- I tial property owners for rehabilitation work; and direct low-interest lwns and grants to property owners in the selected code enforcement area for rehabilitation purposes. I

Who Can Apply I

Cities, municipalities, and counties with sbtutory authority to enforce housing, building and related codes are eligible and must: I I Appendix Page 2 I I I 1. Havc an approved vror!:&!c progclm For communify I improvemenP. I 2. Have a coinprehensive system 07 codes. 3. Be carrying out an cffcctivc pragram oi code cn- I iorccriint. 4. Agree to maintain normal lcvcls 0: expcnditurcs I for codc cnbrcemeiit ouixidc the iirojecf areas. 5. Have a satisFoctary capital and public improvement I prwjrafii. 6. Give relocation assistance to fhosc displaced by tho I projecl. 7. Select, far concenfratcd code eniorcoment, project areas \%iercthere is reasonable cxpcctation that thc I prqram can bc complotcd in three years and vhero 20 percent of the buildings have codc violations. I I DEir\OLITIGi\l OF UNSCUND STRUCXKS Nature and Purposo OF Pror,ram

I -11411s - program provides technical assishncc and grants to cities, other municipalities, and couiities to finance up to two-thirds or' tllG cost of demolishingstructures whichskrte or local law dcternines to 5~ I structurally uiisound. Thc structures- may be locakd eihr within ar oukide oi urban rcncvml areas. Ihc locality must assure that displaced persons arc rclocotcd into deccnf, saie, and sanitary dwellings I wifhin t!ieir nenns .

I Who Ccn Apply

Cities, municipalities, and counties llavinG authority under state and I local low todcmolirb structures are e1ir;iblc. Conditions for urban ro- nevtal area sslection and approval must cxis: properties vrilhin urhn rcnewal areas. For properties oukide of urban renewal areas, Hilo lo- I cality must have an approved wor!:able prwram for community improvc-

I Appendix Pace 3 I I

.. I mont; t!io propcsed demolition musi' be on a planned nei&hrhood basis and musi Surfher the Iocalify's urban renevml objective; a local prmram for eniorcing'housing! and related cadet must b~ pro- I ,! sent; the structures must constitute a>public nuisance and seriow hazard to public health ar wel?are; and the local r;ovcrning body must havc dctermined t!iat other available Iepl procedures to SQ- I cure remedial action by the property ovmer hwc been sxhaottd and t!id r;overnment-action demolition is required. I

URBAN RE NNIAL DES.io i.]STRATI 0 i\l GRAt\!TS I i\laturc and Tur;>ore 0;' Progai.,i I This program provid~sgmnbto public bodies to faster projects that demonstrate, dcvclop, aid test improved tcchnicjucs for prevent ins and eliminaiins slum and urban blic!it. Grants nay covor up to two- I thirds 07 thc demonstration project's cos?. I In addition, SraniP may cover the full cast oi witing and publishing reports an completed dcnanstration proiects and on activities and undertakings that iurthor the purposc of this progroi:i. RBFcrcncc is given I to activities and underta!:in&s hat: (1) contributc t!ic improvemenh or' methods for eliminating and prwnfirq slunls and BIighf; and (2) servo best Pa Guide renewal prwranu in othcr cornmu,iities. I

Who Can Apply I To be elisible, a phlic body nost haw thc Iccal aut!iority to undor- I take tho demanggation projcct activities and ta contract with tho Fod- oral gavernmcnt, and nust ba preFrcd to dire& and suprviso project activitics. I

Other intcrcstod public or private agencies may participate in and I eontribuic throug;A the contractin5 body. I I Appendix Page 4 I I 1 I I UREAN REWEVIAL FROJECTS Nature and Purpose of Program

'I This program provides grants, planning advances, and tcmpomry loom and guarantees to help public agencies eliminate bIic;!it in urban areas I through survcp and planning, land acquisition and clearing, rchabili- tation 0; existins structures, new buildins construction, and the in- stallatioii o? public iiqxovenenk including. streek and sidextt!ts, I utilities, incidenial recreational ereus, Flood protection, prcserva- tion 0: historic structures, ctc. Technical assistance is available to local public agencies. Special assistance is ovailablc for displaccd I residents and busincsscs (including loons to snoll businesses) clid p:i- orities ,for !lone purchose or rcnt by displaccd pcoplc. Public agc:icies may includc local hospital and university expansion program as pzri I of their locul contributions.

I Who Can Apply

The local public agcncy, doponding upoii state enabling legislation, I nay be a public corporation, such cis a local rcnewal agency OT housing authority, or a local govcrnii1ent department. The urban renew1 project iiiusi. be approved by resolution or the local govcrning body. I The locality musf adopt, and have ccrtiiicd by I-IUD, a workable program ?or community improvement. I I URBAN RENEWAL r\E~-IABILlTATlGNAND CGDE ENFORCEAiENT This prcgratii is designed to assist comrbiunities prevent bliohi and achiove rcllabilitafion without displacing existins property ovmers and tenants. It I is basad on a v/orl;a'uIe program For rehabilitation in cooperation with the local 9ovcrni;ient and tho aifectcd land owners. T!ie local government concentrates on tho enforcement o? minimum housinc, public hcalth stan- I dards, the iiyrovecient oi public rights-or-way and utilities. Private o\*mcrsare responsiblc For up-gradins their propcriies . Grants are available to local governwnis .?or concentratxl code cn~orccment;direct pro- I perty relio5ilitation focas arc available as well os pr0,perl.y improvcmcnf I grants for low-incom Iioiiieowncrs.

I Appendix Page 5 I I I Who Can Apply

Eligibility includes local governments who adopt and have certified a I "Workable Program for Community Improvement" and individual property ownen within the community and designated oreas who upgrade their properties. I I COMMUNITY RENEWAL PROGRAM

Nature and Purpose of Program I

This program provides grants to communities to assist in studying and perparing a Community Renewal Program (CRP) covering the full range I of urban renewal action required to meet local needs. I A typical CRP includes information and plans of action concerning need, economic basis, goals, and resources for renewal, rehabiliation, code enforcement, capital improvements, social and antipoverty program, etc. I

Federal grants will not exceed two-thirds of the cost of preparing, com- 1 pleting, or revising the CRP. The remaining cost will be borne by the community and may be provided either in the form of ash or in per- formance of approved work. CRP assists in identifying slum or deterior- I ating oreas; measuring the nature and degree of blight; determining the financial and other available resources needed; identifying potential action areas and required action; and gathering dab and analysis, I opemtions research, system analysis, etc. I Who Can Apply I A CRP grant may be made to a metropolitan, county, or municipl public body if the applicont meek the following requirements: I 1 . Is empowered to contract with the Federal government, and with other public bodies or organizations if such I contracts are contemplated as part of the CRP. I I Appendix Page 6 I I I 2. Is er,ipoo\.vcred to underta!:c plonninc work necessary I to the CBP. 3. Is eithcr enpowered to schedule, r'inance, and under- I take urban renew1 action, or has established a public agency so ci;ipovmred wiili rospct to the community, or providcs satis;acfory evidence t!iat the community I has the power to establish such on agency. I

I Nature and Purpose 05 Prograiii This program provides $rank and technical assistance to plan, develop I' and carry out coiilprehensive prwrana For rehilding or restorin0 slum and blightcd areas through coordinated use oT all available Federal program and private and local resources. Grants include: (I) 80 percent I ou' the costs o? plainning and developins local mdcl cities prgrana; (2) perceint cF the cost OF administerins approved prcgralm; and (3) supplements up to GO pcrcenf of :hc total non-Federal contribution required under I existins Federally ossisted projects or activities carried out as port 0; on approved prqmm. Supplenental grants rnoy be used, without further local matching, for any project or octivity included as prt of the ap- I proved program. Tho funds must be used Tint to support new proicck and activities not otherwise assisted under an existing Federal orant prwram. To the extent they are not so needed, they can be wcd to I make up tho non-Federal contribution to new Federally assisted projccts or activities. ;\ieis!iborhood residents should becomo involved in prq!ram plannins and execution. Plans should cover housing, jobs, I and education, and such associated problei;a as health and social services, transportation, crime, und recreation. I Vho Can Apply

1 Gmnh will bc made to a "city demonsfration agency". whicli mybe 0 ciiy, county, sinslo ar jointly actins rwnicipalitics, or single or jointly actinu local public agencies dosicnoted by local government to administor I the program. Applications must detail the city's problem and proposed action plans ?or their solution. Areas selectcd in cities should conbin I such problems as serious ctcFiciencies in housing, ciivironment, and education and high conccntrotions OF poverty, unemployment, and ill d health. Prqran plannins may run &on six w v~vcIvcnonhs, Upon completion I 0;plonninC, applications mybe fiiude for grants. I Appendix Page 7 I I MOUSING FOR ELDERLY OR II!..NDICAP?ED

Nature and Purpose of ProcJrarn I

TIiis pragmni provides low-interest, long-term loans Po private non- proiit corporations, consumer coopcrative, and public agencies 1 (cxccpt local housins authorities financed under the U . S. ii,ousing Act, 1927). Those lwns are to be uscd .?or iicw and rchabilitatd rental housinG, dinins facilities, community room, aiid vJor!rshops I for the elderly (62 ycars and oldcr) and the handicapped, A ‘younger person, not a r,w;{Jcr OF tho .hnily, may reside with h? elderly or handicapped pcrson i.7 it is necessary to providc ;>hysical corc or I economic supppaf . I A loan may cover 100 pcrcenf olC the total cligiblc development costs CF o naior project (includinl; costs 0: land aiid sitc improvcmenh, construction, fixed cquiprxiit, and orchitccturnl, Icgal, advisory, and I othor fees). Loains can be- rcpaid over a period of up to 50 years at three percont interest, lomporary financinc dur in5 construction may be obfainod ,From tlie Fcderal govcmiimit ii*ncedcd. I I Vtro Can Apply Private nonprofit organizations, consumer coopemtives, and public I agcncio arc clicjible (except loc~lhousina autiiwities r’inanced under the United Skates l,iousiii2 Act 0; 1337). Applicants rwst shovt hat they cannai. obiain i!ic ~OSWP/hnds from otlier sourccs on terms I and conditions os avora5le as those uiickr this procram, I Projoct occupaiicy critorio o? t!ic nonpro;it applicant must Lie approvcd by I-IUD; in pwal, tho proiccts ore .For t1im.3 over 62 or tho handicapped \*i!ioso incomes arc a5ove the lcv~lssct u’or admission to public housing I prcjccts, but bolovr hot nceded to pay rents or available private housing. I I i..lature and ?urposc of Program

This prqrarn provides Cranh to public and private bodies or agencies I to dcvclop and dcfiionshte now or improvcd rmms ai providin9 horn- ins for low-income persotis and hfiiilies. I Appendix Page 8 I I I Demonstrations of mans of providing housing for low-income persons and families who are physically handicapped are specifically author- I ized.

I Eligible demonstrations are not limited to construction of housing. Other aspects of providing housing, either new or existing, such as design, land acquisition, land use, and financing may also be used I for demonstmtion of new and improved method.

I Who Can Apply

A contract for a demonstration project may be made with public bodies I or agencies; nonprofit groups; private welfare, professional, and other I community organizations; and private educational institutions. The organization, whether public or private, must have the authority, I powers, and capacity to carry out the demonstmtion. I LOW-RENT PUBLIC HOUSING I Nature and Purpose of Program Through Iwns and annual contributions from the Housing Assisfunce Ad- I ministmtion, this progmm for local housing authorities provides decent, safe, and sanifury housing for low-income families at rents they can afford. Low( housing authorities rent dwelling units acquired by construc- 0 tion, by rehabilifution of existing structure, by purchase from private developer-builders ("turnkey"), and by lease, including part of larger I projects not operated by the local housing authority.

There are special provisions for people of limited incomes who are: I displaced by urban renewal, highway construction, other government action, or by natural disasters; elderly; handicapped; or Indians. I I I Appendix Page 9 I I I Who Can Apply

Eligibility includes local housing authorities established by a local I government under state legislation or by an Indian tribol organization, The proposed prwram must be approved by the local Sovoming body. I

RENT SUPPEPENTS FOR DISADVANTAGED EKSONS I Nature ond Purpo6e of Prwrom I This program provides rent supplement paymenk to Iwlp make ccrtain privately owned housing available to low-income individuals and fam- I ilies of low incomo who are: (1) oldcrly, (2) handicappod, (3) dirplaccd by governmental action, (4) occupnk of substandard housing, or (5) OC- cupanis oT dwellings dafimpxt or destroyed by o naturol disaster subsequent I to April I, 1965. The program also auhrizes rent supplemonk on a rc- strict4 and experimental basis for housing financed with low-interest rate mortgager insured by FHA under Section 221(d) (3) and for housing C for tho oldorly financed with a dirocf Federal Loan Gection 202) or financed under the F:-IA rental housing program for HIO elderly (Section 231). I

Tho rent WpphIQnt payments for any dmlling unit cannot exceed tho I difference botwcen the fair market rental for the unit h3s.s one-fodh of the tenant's incomo. As the tenant's income rises, the rent ~upple- mcnt will ko reduced until, at a specified income level, he 1m0ycon- I tinue to liv~in the same unit withcub o rent supplement payment. P Who Can Apply

A tenant will be eligible for occupancy ii his incmdm not QXCQ~ I the maximum amount cstablishod in the area for occupancy of Federally aided low-rent public housing and 110 is also among die five C~OSSCScf disadvantaged families indicated ObVQ. I

Iiousins ovmcn who are eligible for contracts to receive rent supplo- I monk must be nonprofit, cooperative, DT limited-dividendownors who povido housing Financed with mortgages insured by FHA under SCcfion 221(d)(3). I

Appendix Page 10 I I I I The morfgage must have ken approved cor insurance by tho FilA after AWat 10, 1965. Rent supplements on an experimntal basis are limited I to Section 221 (d)(3), below-markot interest rak prqram, martgaga in- I suranco and direct loan pragrom providing rental housing for tho aldorly. I 1 This prm;ram is dcsiyled to encourage the rehabilitation of deteriorating or substandard IieusinC. It authorizes FIiA insurancc oi nortgqp exo- I cutcd by private noiipro?it organizations with respect to thc purchcm and rehabilitation of such housing Cor resole to low-income purchasers. I Mortgages will bar interest at a bclow-marl:et rate (3 percent). The purctiasors' individual morkaps will also Lm insured under this program at the Sam !xlovt-r;mr!cct rate. Purchasers must pay at least $209 dml, I which may be applicd to closing costs.

I Who Can Apply

Eligibility includes nonprorit corporations OT associations seeking to pn- I chasc, rehahilitate, and resell to low-income purchasers, five QC more single family dwellings or detached, scmidctached, 01 row conriruction. Either the property must be locatcd in a su;Ficiently staclblc neighborhod I with adequate public facilities and afiwnitics to suppori long-term VOIUOS, or the planned rehabilitation, tqethcr with ohcr public and private activity in he area, must give rcasonablc promise that a stablc en- I vironment will 'r crwted in thc neighborhood. I I Nature and Purporo of Program

I Fi-IA providos mortgosc insura;lcc for financing construction or rehabilitation of rental and cooperativc housing 05 modest clesiGn for Families of low I and moderate incornc. The principl pragram is based on below-mcrrlwf I Appendix Pop 11 I I I interest rates, providing FHA-insured martgags at 3 percent interest, which are eligible for, and are generally purchased by, ths Federal I National hbrtgage Association under ik special assistance functions. I The low interest rates and relatively modest dcaicns permit renk hich are sisnificantly below-market rentals for comparable privato housing. Eligibility for occupancy is governed by specific income limik esta- I blished separotcly For each locality according to family siice. Families displaced by government action are given priority for initiid occupancy ond are placed on waiting lists. I

Who Can Apply I

Rivate nonprofit, cooperative, limited dividend, and public spon~~n are eligible. Public sponsors may not be housing authorities receiving I Federal Public Housing Assistance. I MORTGAGE INSURANCE FOR HGUSING FOR FAMILIES OF LOW AND- /\A0DERATE INCOKE I Nature and Purpose OF Program I This program enables mortgage Financing Cor canshuction, purchase, oc rehabilitation of single-family homes and one- to four-unit rental project?, at the regular intcrost rate for moderate income families, and at I a balow-market rate of interest for lower income families. I Specially advantageous Pinoncing term far home purchase are availabls to families who are displaced by urban renewal, his!lway construction, or other governmental oction. In rental !lousing constructed at below- I mzrkct rates of interest, priority occupancy is accorded to governmental action displacces, tllc elderly, and tho physically handicapped. I Who Can Apply I All families are oligible :or occupancy in the single-family housing pragram and tAe multi-family rentol housing program at regular interest ratos. Occupancy of belowmarkct interest rate multi-family rental housing is I controlled by FI4A prescribed family income limitations. I Appendix Page 12 I I I

I iilORTGAGE INSURANCE FOR RENTAL iiClUSlNG FOR THE ELDERLY I Nature and Purpose of PrcKJram This program provides mortgase insurance to profit and nonprofit ~p~nr~n of new or rehabilitated rental housing projeck specifically designed for I occupancy by the elderly (62 years or over) or the handicappcd.

I The mortgages may be repid over a period not exceedins 40 yean and may either iinance 103 percent of the replacement cost or rehabilitated value in the case of nonproFit sponsored projects, or Finoncc up to 90 I percent in the case of profit-motivated groups.

I Who Can Apply

Nonprofit OT profit-motivated sponson are eligible if their projeck con- I tain at least eiglit dwellinC units. The proposed project must meet FHA requirements regarding location, desisn, and adequacy of market. I

MORTGAGE INSURAiKE FOR URBAN REI\IEWAL I - Nature and Purpose OF Prqram

I This prcqram providcs mortGap insurance to illveston, builders, developers, individual home owners, and apartmnt owners for new or rehabilitated homes or multi-family structures located in designated urban re- I newal areas and areas with concentrated prqroms of code enforcement and neighborhood improvement. This prqram is designed to assist in elimination of slum and blisht and in preventing properties from deter- I iorating. Section 22O(h) provides improvement lwns which may be used to aid in financing improvements that will enhance and preserve salvable homes and apartmenh in desisnated urban renewal areas. ThCSO are sup- I plemental loans that do no: require refinoncins or any ouktonding indebtedness. I Tho terms of this FI-IA mortgage insurance program for urban renewal are more liberal tlian hose under FHA's regular home and multi-family mort- I gage insurance prqrams. Larger loans and smaller equity investments by private capital are possible. I I Appendix Page 13 I I Who Can Apply I Sections 220 and 220(h) can be used by investors, builders, developers, individual home owners, and apartment owners. I Sactiow 270 and 220(h) mortgage insuranco within this program apply only to properties located in (1) urban renewal areas where the Secre- I tary of ~ausinsand Urban Development has ccrtir'iod to th,e FHA that the city has the lecal authority and fina,xial capacity io carry out an approved urban renevral plan, or (2) an area in which a program of con- I centrated code cnforconenf activities is 'Soi,ig carried out pursuant to Section 117 of tho Housing Act or' 19449 as amended. I

MORTGAGE AND CREDIT INSURANCE FGR RESIDENTIAL REHABILI- i TATION AND I-IOME WRC:-IASE AND IE.i,llOVEi.iiNT

Nature and Purpose of Prcgram 1

FHA procjrams provide a wide variety of ways to finance both rehabilitation and other homc purchases and improvements. Theso activities I may be financed separatciy or through refinancing which provides a new first mortgage to pay OR prior mortgager and financc improvements. Special home mortgoge rinancins for veterans is available. I

While FHA prosram are usually used by individual proparty buyers and I Owners, they have also been mobilized and coordinated For large-scale rehabilitation efforts. FNA provides special tcchnical advice and staff expcrh to aid cities in planninz and manacinS such largo-scalc &a&. I

The Title I prqram provides insurance for nonmortgage consumer typo I loans for residential improvemnts up to $5500 for term up to 5 years. The Section 292(l:) and 220(h) prograira For major rehabilitation or' 1- to 44amily homos and :or aprtfiients in ur!>ai) renowal areas, provide I For lwns up PO $10,000 per family unit up to 20 ./cars maturity. Similar insurance is available ;or proporties not wit!lin urban renewal oreas. I I

Appendix Page 14 I I I I I Who Can Apply Residential property buyers and owners are elisiblo for financins and mortgase insurance; Community officials or local orsanizations arc I cliciblc ;or special consultinc services. I

1 Nature and Purpose of Program

This program providas sranls to local public bodies or asencics to help I establish multi-purpose ncigliborhood centers offerins concerted community hoatth, recreational, or social services. Grank may cover (wo- thirds OF the development cost o; 75 pcrccnt o? the cosf in areas designated I ?or redevelopment under kction 401, Public LVor!cs ond Ecoiloinic Devel- opncn'r Act, 1965. I Facilities na;r be provided 5y inems of new construction or by expanding, acquiring, or rehabilitotin~existing structurcs. Facilities must provide I ncw services or extend or improve existing sorvicas in a ncighhorliood. Zxistiiic social services in oi.her parts os the locality iiiwt be maintained. I i\!onpro?ii. Uroups may cointract with public-body ap:dicani3 to own or opera$c Tc!cili;.ies. Priority is given to proicck that benefit mcmbcrs of I low-incomc .fcinnilies or substantially icurhr Community Action Program objectives under Title It, Cl'conomic Opportunity Act, 1964. I

I Public Lodics or opncies are elisi5lc if the requested neighborhood .kicilii.y is detcriniiicd to IJC (1) ilocded to carry out a program of health, recreatio;ial, social, or similar connuinity service (iilcludiilg a Com- I nunity Action Program under Title 11, Economic +portunity Act, 1964) in the area, (I?) coiisis>eilt with comprehensive planning for devclopmenf o? the area, onc! (2) so locat& as to 'uc availablc to a signiricant pro- I portion of :lie arao's IOYP or moderate-income resideinh. I

I Appendix Page 15 I I I

Nature and Purpose e? Program I

This prosram provides 50 percent matching Crants to public bodies for accluirins, devcloping, and prcscrvinc OpCii space land Tor permanent I pufdic use, therehy liclping to prcvcnt urban sprawl and thc spread of blisht, and providing rccrootion, conservotion, and scenic areas. Granis covcrins u;3 to 70 percent o: tlic cost or activi:ics kwy be I approvcd in proicck that dcmonsfrcitc inprovecl ~~~t!iocIso? prc- serving urban oixm s,pace. 1

Grants may cover following activities: (1) obtainins title or other pcrmonent intcrcsts in opcn land .?or pcrfiianciit public par!: and recre- I ation use, conservation e: natural resources, and historic or scenic purposes, (2) obtaining title or othcr pornanent interests in developed land in built-up areas to hc cleared ond used for open space use (including I demolition costs) or in areas whcre open space cannot effectively be provided through the use ou’ existins undeveloped land, and (3) do- velopinr, opcn space land acquired under this program, includins such I item as !basic sanitary !acilifics, paths, \*/aIl(s, landscaping, and shel- ters, but iioi such major itcm as doc!(s, amphitheofcrs, swimming pools, I goK courses, etc. I “!io Can Apply

I. Grants may be rmdc to statc, resional, mci’ropolitan, municipal, or I other local public ’oodics cstabIis!icd by state law, lowl h, or by interstate coiilpact or a~recnent. The applicant must havc the adi- ority to acquire, devclop, and preserve open space land, and to rc- I ceivc and spcnd Fcdoral bids Tor this purposc. I Grants may only be iiwde where assistance is needed for carryins out a unihd or oi’ficially coordinated prcgram that fiiects cribria (csto- blisfied hy tho Secrctory of I-lousins and Urlxln Ccveloprneiit) for pro- I vision and development 07 open spcc land as part o? a comprehensive area development plan. I I Appendix Page 16 I I I I I Nabre and Purpose of ?rosram

I This prqran providcs lo;ig;-torm construction loans, up to 40 yean, to finance tho construction oT all types ou' public worlo, 0ththan school I facilities, dien suc!i crcdit is not otlicwrise availablc on reasonable tcrm. I Loans limy covcr up to 100 percent oT tho projcct cos?. I Ainy local unit o? yovernmci-!t or statc: instrumcntality (city, town, vil- I lace, tovrndiip, county, puLlic corgorotioil or board, sanitary or wator district, cind Indian tribe) ?ha:. has the lcCol authority $0 build public wor!:s aid issue bonds to puy for them, is eligible; hovrcver, the applicant coiiifiiunity must !lave a po;)ulntioil o? under 50,000. In dcsisnoted I development arcas, population nay be up to 150,000. hasnear research and developmont installations oi' P~CNational /bonautia and I Spce /r\dtiiiiiisira?ion are noi- subject to a population limit. A nonprofit privute corporation scrving CI conmunify undcr 10,000 populatioii also I is eli~iblcfor assistance, !>ut ior water and sewer ?acililics only. I Nature o? Prqram

I This prosram providcs intercs?-rree advanccs io rtatcs and thcir political subdivisio!is, and to noii-Fcderal public agencicr. to assist then in plannins essential public wor!:s cind coixiunity .kxilitics (cxccpt public hout- I ins) to k construcicc! \vithiii a reasono!,le pcrioc!. I Thc planning advonccs arc rapid to ihc Federal Covernrncnt when con- I struction 5osins. I I Appendix Page 17 I I I

Any no;:-Scderal public ngcney that is .;gal!y auhorized to plan, finance, orid cor6truc.t fhe pIopad project is eiigible. This includes I ztciies, pvbiic agencks, politicai subuivisiol,s a? states (coimties, cities, regions, rmfropditata ares, townships, towns, school distr'ick, and I Indian trlkcs) and other special districts, authorities, or agencies. I ADVANCE 1.- ACGUISITION OF LAND I Nature or' Progum- This program encourages and assists local public bodies to acquire, in I a planned cnd orderIy fashion, land to bo ufilized in future construction cr' public c.orls and faciliiies. Grants are authorizcd up to the aggregate amount of reasonable intoiest charges on funds borrowed locally to pur- I chase Imd up to five years in advance of proposed constru'ction of public wwl~and facilities. I Who Can Apply I TI19 applicant ageiwy musf be a local public body or agency of on0 or mor0 stores, an Indian tribe, Q a board or commission established by state law and must possess aufh0ril.y to acquire land. The upplicunt I must bo underta!ting comprehensive planning. I

WATER AND SEWER FACILITIES GRANTS -- , -- - I Nature ond Purpose oi Bragram

i%is program provides grunts or up to 50 percent OF costs of land and I ccnstruction of new vfa$er and sewer kcilitios that will Idp improve livino standards and promote cfficient and orderly growth and ded- opment of tho cirsawidc communii.y. The proposed proicct must bo I consistent with a progFam for a unified or oFficially coo:dinatec! areawide w.kw or sewer facilities sysfem as part 0: th~compre- hensi\ely planned dc\fi;lopmoilt of the area. I I

Appendix Page 18 I I I I A grant myLe iimde prior to July 1, 1762, i?:tho program car a unified I or coordinated aoter or sewer :acilitics system is under active preparation t!iou& not yet complekcd; ir* heproposed facility can bc expected to bo required as port of the araawidc system; and if therc is an urgent need I for fie Tacility.

I Who Can A$y

The applicant agcncy must IJC u local public body or agcncy of one or I more stabs, ail Indian irih, or a board or coimission established by state law to iinancc w;cr unc! sewer improvcixent projock. I I URBAN BFAUTIFICATlOi'~1 i\!aturc and Purposc of Prcgan

I This program providcs crank to assist local programs of urban hutir'i- cation and inprcyement or open space and oher public land in urban I arcas.

Graiik rnay be used Cor par!: devclopment, suc!i as basic water and sani- I tary facilities, paths mid \rol!s, landscaping, sheltcn, and recreation equipment; upgradins and im;xwcrcnt oi public areas such as malls, squarcs, and waterfronk; shef inproveriwnts, such as lightins, bsnclies, I and tree planking; and activities on hhal: of Ilic ark, such as facilitios I far outdoor exhi!3ib. Fedoral sranls nay not excccd pJ percent d tho anount by which thQ cost of approvcd urban hautiiicatian and inprovcfiient activities (car- I ried on by tho applicont, during a fiscal year) cxcecds tho usual ox- I pcnditures for comparable activities. Grank covcrin5 up tc 70 percciit or tho cost 07 activities may bo approved in dcmciistrai.icn proiccts having spccial valuc in developin0 I and der,ionsi.roting kiproved ncAods nnc! materials. I I Appendix Poge 19 I I I Wlio Can /;pply Applicani3 arc limited to statcs or local -puhlic bodies with auihority I to undcrtalce beauti3cation activities. IO bo eli(iible, loixal prqramc u? urban !xautiiicafioi-i ond inprovoiiwnt must bo significant and important to cmprehcnsively planned devolopment 07 he locality. I I

Nature and Purpose 0; Propxi I

TI#iis * pr0C;rar.i provides 5;ran.h to assist comprchiisive urban developent plaiinins prwram in snall commuiiitics, e~cites,and metropolitan areas. I Eli~hleactivities includc prcimrcrtioa OF comprehensive developmcnf plans, devclopmcnt c: capital iiiiprovencn? prouraiils, coordination of dcvelopneni ploiinin~,coordination OF iiitcrC;ovcramental urban plan- I nins activifics; ond prcprotion a?rcgulotory and administrative ma- surcs (0 .s., rJmcral platis, zoning, crdiiiaiiccs, ctc.). I

Certain studies ;or overall Economic Dcvc?lcpL1cii: Prqrams under the U. S. Deportment oT Coi-inerco ore also cligiblc under this prwrara. I Grants may ulso be rnadc to cover tho cca? OF studies and rosearch to dcvclop and ii;ipove planning wthods. I

The 701 Crank are usually made for fwo-thirds OF the tohf cost of eligible . activities under approved programs. For localitics situated in redevel- I opment areas designotcd undcr tho Public Worls. and konomic Develop-, men? Act oi* 1965, or arcos with substantial uncm;doyrnciit resultins in I n decline 0: ~overnrmnt:wrchnscs, Cronis fiiay ccyal threc-iourths oi the projcct cost. I Who Can Apply I Eliuibility includes: cities with less than 50,000 population (or croup of adjacont small communities totaling less than 50,000), counties, Indian tribes, all of which a:~plydirectly to thc siuQeplanning ageiicy or re~imal I planning ugciicy; ciTicial stute, resionol, or mtropoliton plannins group hat apply dircc;ly to the XUD rcgioncl oxice; cities in disaster arcas, in Federally impacted areas, or in Federtil expmdiiures, all cii whicli apply I to the state plainiiin: ogency or >IUD rer:iontil oXicc; ike Applachian Re- (iional Commission; ciiicl areawide orgonizaiionsI 02 public oXcials that upply to ?tic HUG regional oFKcc. I Appendix Page 20 ‘I I I

I Nature and Iourmsc oT Prar!ra:;i

This program provides $or natchinrJ Crnoir OF u? to 50 pcrccat of I projcct cost Tor planninr, acqui:I;ion, and dcvolopmnt OF public I outdoor recreation areas atid facilities. ,A.cquisition and dcvelopiiicnt projccts in acccri: with tlic State Outdoor Rccreation Pla:i and y/Iiich iicet Cweo:r OT Outdoor Rc- I creation criteria aro clic:iblc .:or .?u;idins. I Who Can Apply I Political subdivisions suc:~as city aiid couiily govornnents and otlior oEicial public agcncics may upply ?or ussistancc. I I Noturc and Purposo ou' Prqram I This prcKjram provides Grants to iinancc acquistion, dcvclopment and planninr: of public recreation and par!: ?acilitics rclatinc to outdoor rocreation, flistoric restoration and dcvelopncnf proiocts of a modest I nature iiwy !>c elisiblc for assistance. Site planning, adminisfrativc and sit0 prepraiioii cosh myalso bc eligible For assistence. I Grants may covcr 50 pcrccnt oi* project cosis, oiid State-Fcderol aid may amount to as xuch as XI Ixrccnf OZ fhc project casts if I inter~ovcrnracntalprojeci: are involved . I

Any local ~ovcrnmcntalunit or any oXicial ascncy crcatcd by tho I brqoing uniis or ~ovcmmcntfiwy singly or iointl;! apply, School districts, cormunib/ scrvicc orgaiiizai.ians and Community Action I agencies connot directly qualify to rcccivc gronk. I I I 1 THE URBAN RENEWAL AND

NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS I llrbaii renew is o locally conceivcd, planncd and exccutcd procoss aimed at ' IC I prevention an clifiiinction 07 substandard residential ax! nonrcsidontial buildings cnd blighted conditions. In cZcci., tlic proccss represcnis a concortcd effort by a c:onmuiity throug:i ii3 public a;id private rcsourccs to cstublish o long-range, planned I ronewal of worn-out ureas - arcas vi:iic!i, bccausc 0: structural acid environmental dcterioration, no longer providc a sound Iivins or !xsiiicss sct:ins and are pierally clcirimntal to t!x? hcalth, sa7cty and ScncraI welhc oT occupank; ior any voricfy I d reasons. TIic praccss "cy bc con;>riscd of ;hrec basic clcnciik: conscrvafion, rcliabi litation, aild icdcvclcpncnt . 1

In Housing and Ur'lan Dcvclopr,icnt /?ct OF 17&, a iicw procram i'or urban rc- ncvral action vios crcatcd - T!ic ;JoiChbwliood Developmiit Prqram (i\!DP), T!iis I program essentially c~:pands uPon thc urban rcncvial prorjrarii creafcd undcr the Housing Act oi' 19%. Althouok a number 02 chanp in procedural aspcck occurs undor I4DP, many of thc clcincnfs 0: the conventional ur!mii rcnevml prcgarn rc- I main; and both conventional urbon rcnevml projccfs and b1DP projcck can be unclu- taken concurrcntly. She prinmy purpose or the h1DP is to occelcrate the urban re- now1 process and provide for more eficctive and respo;isive application ai local re- I newal activities. Renovial acPion areas incluJed in an ?:DP may bo co;itiCuous ar noncontisuous os long as thy qua1ii';r as an eligible urban rcnc*wcllarea. Furthcr, he spccific projcct activitics prosrammed must 'sc completed an a yearly basis. I I ELEMENTS OF AN URBAN RENEWAL OR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM I Conservotion Aciivitici

"Conswvation" is largely a prevcntative typc 05 proccss w!iic!i is applied to areas ai I predominantly sound structural conditioii and stable nci&!5orhoocl values. In theso areas, urban rcncval ocfivi'rics arc ailled at bliclii. prevc?ntion largely f!irough Hie QnkWCCrEnt a2 various rcsulatory controls, includins zonincj rcCulations and building, I piuribina, clectrical and housinc; codcs. i.:lunicipl expiditurc; For activities ctther than cadc cn:orcnmont arc nornully not requircd, alt!iour!i in sone cases, spot c:Iear- I ance and thc irqxovcment oT sc!iools, recrcaiion ?acili:ics, streoh and utilities may be warranted to maintain and cIcvatc ?ne quality oi' thc nciC!il>or:iood. I

Appendix Page 22 I I I I 7/10 formulation OF neighborhood or civic iqxovcmcnt associations can &cn havc a very important impact on the odherencc and mint,manco or area standards. Add- I itionally, special FHA mortgage insurancc is avcilu1~1c;or propcrfy owners to assist tliom in tho improvcmnt 07 their horncs and Luildinp in order to met the standards I established by local codes and ordinailccs. I Rehabilitation Activities "Roliabilitation" is an ur'xln rcncwal process used in coinncction with areas in vvhich thoro is a dcsrec oi obsolcsccncc and dcceriorution, !hi. vhcrc physical and environ- I mental conditions as well as cccnomic values con 5c improvcd larscly by th3 rcstor- ation and reconditionin3 0: existin9 structures and .facilities, ra'rhcr than by Iarsc -IC clcarancc. Thc tools appliccl undcr o conservation prqrai;i are also used in I reXabiIitotion areas. Tic major di5croncc in thc two +cyorils tics in heir dcpth and the exlciif OF spot clcaranco a;id recondiiioiiing action. I Undcr the provisions o? the lousin5 Act, i!icrc is kcbra1 aid availablc for rcliabil- itation proiecis. For cxai;iplc, thc Fcdcrol Goveriiiincn: viill contrib3ic toward the I cwf af spot clcarancc of badly deteriorotcd structurcs, tho relocating of displaced Sonilics and businesscs, and the undertaking 02 tra7Zic and community hcility im- provemenk. special FIlA mormp insurancc loans and >:!-lF/. low intcrest bans I are ovailablc to o\viicrs and tcnank in rclial~ilitotionarcas 73r structural repoirs.

I Redevalopmcnt Activities

Tho third and most commonly rccwnizcd urhn rcncwal process is "redevelopment ." I Rcdevelopmcnt is a process appliied to arcas in diic!i :he overall structural conditions havc gallen into advanccd sto~csof dctcrioration or obsolesccncc, and vhero conservation or rcha5ilitation ocfivitics arc not economically Feasible. A redevclopmnt 1 projcct pncrally involvos the oliminatioii oi most or all oT thc structures in a dcsic- noted project orca. Such a project rmy Le dcsignatocl Tor areas whcre morc than .Sty percent oi the buildinss arc substandard or vdicrc only twenty prcent or tlic I buildinss are suhtaiidard but thcre arc also extensive environmental ddiciencics. I An iqD2 project basically rctains +!icsc stanclards. I TI10 rcdevclopment process is ~eincrollyas ~~01lol:ls: - - An area is survcycc! to dcicriiiinc ovcroll si.ruci.ural and I cnvironmsntal conditions . I Appeadix Pace 23 I I

- - Detcilcd project plaiis are prcpcrcc! spxifyiiyj pro- I pzrties io b!> acquired, site inprovenicnts and ihe proposed reuse oT the land. I

- - T!ic plans arc approved !JY fho govcrilinc :JO+ 07 the comimiiity and the other SovsrivEnia I o5aicics in- I volvcd. I - - Affected propertics arc! purc!ioscd through noCotialion or conder.iilcftion . I

- - Displocec! Families mc! hsinesscs crc rclacaicd in$o I atisractory accormiodotiais . I - - -1I .ic structures ore clzmolishx!, mc! ilac.essory in;?rove- nents arc nadc ?o thc clcarod siti:. I - - - 1110 cleared land is sold ior privatc or public rcdcvcl- opmcnt in accordance v/if!i an approved rcdevelopnciit I plali. I In conventional renewal practice, it is not uncofiiiiion .?or the rcdcvolapmnt proccrs to ?a!:e two to three years or wen more, dopondinC; oil the complexity oio particolar project. Witkin the NDP approach, Iiowwcr, all oT the elements 'or a speciZc Ipc- I ject sit0 are dosit;nod to and rws? be coi;iplctccd \:.ithin onc year OF rcceivins prcjrct funding approval. I I

Frequently, urban rcncwcil is ciccanplished :hrouc;li a conhination ol conrcrvotim, rehabilitation, and rcdevclopncnf . Fcdcrol prococlures providc :or the undcrta!:ing I of any or oll 07 the urbon rc~owolActs in n siii;.l-. proicci.. T!lis procedure pcr- nits brwdcr prograiiir:~iii$ciid :xoieci. plmninc . I I

Appendix Page 24 I I I I

I llic Federal prcgram For conventional urban renewal was first set forth in tlio :-lousins Act of 194.9, and later amended substantially on several different occasions to increase the prgran's elsfcctivencss. In ?cnnsylvania, enabling legislation for I urban redevelopmen'r has 'ireen in existence since 1945 and 1949, wifh subsequent revisions. (TAo knrisyivanin Urban Rcdeveloprmi: Law, Act of ;?my 24, 1945, I P. L. 991, as amended.) Undcr the provisions of this legislation, Fcderal advances are made for planning I studies and Federal Grant Funds are provided to underwrite throequarters of the net cost or a project in a community Iiavincj a population or' less than 50,000 persons, or For areas designated as ocononiicolly deprcssed with populations OF up to I 150,000. The State in turn will provide 50 percent 0: the remaining Onequarter, leaving one-cighh to Lc financed locally. In short, die Federal and State GOV- ernmcnts will provide 27-1/2 percent of the net cost oi a redevelopment project I in o community. Tlw rermining 12-1/2 percent is a local r'inancial obliwtian, and often con be partially fulfilled with what the Fodcral Government considers "credits," or in other words, by providins new strects, public facilities, or other I site improvemnts to scwc the renewal area.

I Under the provisions oi ihc newcr Neighborhood Dcvolopmnt Prgram, Federal funds aro not advanced far initial survey, planning and application pracodores; but dier these costs are provided solely by thc community. In the Stab or' Pcnn- I sylvania, hov/cver, advances OF all or part of t!ie cost of such planning activities can be provided by the State. Only the actual cash of phyjically undertakinC the rcnewal actiwity, such as program-related adiiiinistrativc and legal services, land I acquisition cosk, and relocation payments, are cligible for Federal grants on a two-thirds OT hreequartcrs of net projcct cast basis dependent upon municipality sizo and its status as a rcdevelopment areo. The State and local governncnk may I equally share the rcimining cosis. Local obligations con be Furher partially fulfilled by "local crcdik" - as under a conventional rcncwal program. I Tho Ur'xln Renevml Administration OF the Departmiit o7 Housing and Urban Devol- oprnent is responsible for i.!ie program at the Federal level. Ai. the local level, a "I County or City Rodovclopnont Aut!iority must be famed to administer tho program. Such an authority is currently in existence in the County OF Butler. I I I Appendix Pago 25 I I I -JI.IV'LE,~~ITING AN URBAN REP.:WAL ?r\oc;r~i!~i In order to undorb!a an urban renewal program with Fedcral on$ SPa(.o participatimr sovoral steep musd be initiated loccilly as prerccpisitcs. These are as Follows: I I -Workable Prqrarn The I-lousing Act OF 1954, as am,znded, rcquirec! that a coninunity sca!:inC Federal I Financial assistonce for carfain prosrcma, including urbaii r?newciI cincl public housiq;, submit a "Prqraix for Community iiii~3rovcmeiitt"3r G 'Vor!:cblc ?rqlram" as it is generally known. The \>/or!cnhlo Prgiracn, in &QC~, indicates Q coni-,iunitpvide I CWI~Qof action aimd at tho iinprovci;ent 0:: housinr. conditions and ?he elimination of bliC;hting in;"luenccs, The E\lei$i!jorfiood Dcvslopmcn? ?rqran ratuins that re- quircfiient . I

As nost rocenfly definod by t!ic Department 0;" Xousins and Urban Devclqment (lWD), I the \VorkaLle Prqraiii is cofinprisod 0: ai cvaluai.ion & wkr? thc coi-munity has donc, is doins, and will do wii.!i respect to rhc ~followiiv~: I Codc enforccclent and ac!option Plannitis, proc,rar;ii;iint aid LudptiiiC I !-lousing and relocation Citizen involvcmcn? I

Under the procedures ostablishcc! by the Federal Governmnt, the \'Viirkablc Program must be recortifiod evcry hvo years in order to mainfaiin 'continued local eligibility. I Irrespctive of tho ?/arl:able Prqram thing a prcrquisit? to certain Federal finan- ciolly assisted prograiiis, iT used proporly it could h a very sisniricant vehicle for organized community in;xovemnt oi a continuins nature. I

Comprehensive General Plan (kiistcr Plain) I

Tho Act Further expects either progress towards or Hiat tlicre be a cornprehensive piair for tho physical dovclopmenf oi gie conmunify as a whole. Accordingly, an urban I' renovml plan for a particular projcct nost conform to the comprohonsive plan, Tho minimum plan compononh cxpccted to be part OF c gcneral plan normally include a: I I Appendix Page 26 I I I I Gasic Inventory OF Community i\lccds and bbjectivos I Land Usc Plan Thoroushfare Plan Coni;lun ity Fac iI it ies r3 fan I Public Ir,iprovcii1eiik Prasram Gesulatory Licosures Zoninc L&!inancc adEviop I Subdivision Rcgulaiions

I Lacal Citizens' Involvement Activities I The succcssoi any -prOrJram hinccs on conmunitywide public participation, rccopi- Pion and support. rlicre;oore, i? is required f!m: R Citizcns' Advisory Committee 01 otlier organizations aimcd at achicvins oild mainkiinins citizen invobcment be es- I taablished &ic!l will hclp to provide, boil1 in ihc corimunity generally and in SC- locted arcas, the understandins cnd sup;>ort ncccssary to insurc the SUCCCSS~U~ I OfiQChJatbil or' Hie prqram. I I I I I I I I

I Appendix Page 37 I I 1 I A number 07 additional procJram \hose purpse is to provide improvsd !lousing and utiilitios, primrily in rural areas, arc available. Those programs mo administored by tlio Farms Home Aclministratian and additional informution CIS to the availa- I bility oi? funding are available .;rotit cifficr t!ie local Farmers llom Adminisfmatian Coordinator or directly ?om t!ic Farmers )lam Adr,iinistrafion or' thei U. S. De- prhmf of AGriculhro in Washinctan, D. C. A briof description 05 these I preram follo\vs: I

Nafurc and Purpose OT i'rogari I

This procJraiii provides :arm ownership loans and technical manage- nont assistancc to :armcrs oiid rancliers vdio arc, or will becoma, I operafaon 05 Farm not largcr than Family Farms. A borrower's principal indebtedness may not excccd $60,000 or the inorrmf value a; the sccurity, vdiichever is less. The maximum term is I 40 years. Tlic interes) rate is 5 perccnt. Loans mybe used to: I 1. EnlorCe, improve and buy family .:arms.

2. Refinance dabk so as to place PIic farrninrj I operation on a sound basis.

3. 2rovide nccessary wafer and sewer .?aciIifics. I

4. Providc &sic soil treatment and Icind conservation measures. I

5. Construct, repair and improve huildinss ixcded in tlie operation 07 a family .?arm. 1 5. Construct or rcpair farm houses. I 7. lmprovc, ostaablish or buy a ?arm foresf enterprise. I 0 U. ?roduce .;ish under controlled conditioiis. 9. Finance recreational enterprises to supplement I farm income. 10. Pay authorized fees. I Appendix Page 28 I I I FII'IANCIAL ASSISTANCE io Si:IALL TOYWS AND RURAL GROUPS I Nature and Purpase o? Prqrar.1

This pragram ma!:os loans and grank to public and nonprofit orsani- I zations primarily sorvinc rural residonfs to ylail aid dcvo!op domastic vratcr SUiJply and waste disposal system in rural arcas. I Lwns and grants may be uscd to: install or improve rural vrator supply and distribution systcr,~including water supply reservoirs, pipelines, I wells, pumpii>S ploiits, and wotcr puriFicatioi7 ;acilities that furnish wter far hauschold, livcstoc!:, irrisation, industrial use; purchase a umim supply or a watcr richt; and install, repair, improve, or I oxpand wasto collection, treatment, or disposal systems including I sewor lines, trcatixnt plank, settling basins aid lagoons. When nocded to rcduce users cliorccs, applicanis may obtain Crank up to 50 percent o? the d~velopmcntcost 07 a wter or waste dis- I po~lsystem.

I Loans also rmy be made to instoll or improve drainasc and irrisation .?acilities; cstcblis!i recreational rbcitities, establish soil I canscrvatioii mwsurcs; shict land use to grazins, wildlife, and recreation areas and Forests; and to consiruct liousins ,?or do- I mestic farm labor and rciital housins for rural scnior citizcns. I I Nature and Purpose o; ProcJram -rhis ;xoc;rai;i providcs direct Jwix YO low-income Farm and non- arn rural Fanilics who iiced capiicl to inyrovc their earnings but I are unable to obtain credit elscvrherc on rcasonablc rates and Perm. Loans to farm and nonfarm .kanilies livin5 iii tho country or in small towns (5,5OG popula+ion or less) may be used to finance small busi- I nesscs, trades, or servicos such as ytell drillhs, carpntry, (ruck- ins, and oher income-producinc activities. Loans to farmers may be uscd ?or such purposes as to buy livcstoc!: aid .;arm equipment; I to buy an interest in coo;mativety used ccjuipmcnf; to develop water supplies, ;arm land, and Luildinss; to hyoperating motor- I ials; or io pay Farm operating expcnscs . Appendix Pace 27 I I I The total amount loancd to any onc family may not exceed $:3,500 at any one -time and will 5c limited to thc Family's need and ability to repay. lhe maximum loan tera is 15 ycars at 4.-1/2 percent in- I tercst per annum an the unpaid lxilancc. The loan must bc secured by a promissory noto and u Iwn acreenent. hnswill be accam- panied by technical and rmnagci;icnt assistance. I I

Nature and Purpose OF Pror,ran I

This prwram provides dircci and insurcd loaiis Gor rental !lousing in rural areas ,?or IOVP and r,ioderatc-incomc farailics, including senior I citizens, 62 years of ogc or older. Direct loans arc made to private nonproyit corporations and consumcr cooporativcs for rental housing .far low-incomc rural faanilics in 011 ace groups. Insured loans are I mdc to associations' parternershipscorporatioas, trusts and individuals .?or rental !lousins for moderate-incomo kmilies in all age Croups. A direct-loan !mrravw pays 3 percent intcrcst on the un- I ,paid principal. An insurccl-lwii borrower ~oys54/4 percent interest on he onpnid principal. i\.iaximun repaymont period fer direct loan is 50 yoors, and an insured loan 49 years. I

Loans may be used to construct, purchase, inprove, or repairs I rental housing desisned to met thc nceds o? low-income Families. Housing may consist of aparhient buildinp, duplex units, or individual dctachod houses or cottagcs. Funds may a Is0 !, wd I to providc apprapriai-c recreational and service facilities, to Luy and in;xovc tlic land oil vAiic!i the buildincs are to bc located, and to devclop water, scvrace disposal, hea;, and Ii@sys?em. I I Loans may not 5c rxde for nursin5, special corc, or institofianal- typc hones. I I I Appendix Page 30 I I I I RUPAL i-IOUSli..lG LZAI\IS

I Naturo and Purpose 06 Prqrom

This prqram provides loons to ?art& and rcridenh in rural areas I and cormmitics with populo~ionsup to 5,500 I;iat are not part 05 or closely associated with an urban area. There arc special pro- I visions for low-incom ianilics.

Loons may be made: (1) to individuals wlio have incurred damage I From flood, tornado, or other disaster, (2) for constructing, improving, or rquiring rural houscs and rclatcd facilities, iorm service buildings, or fallout slielters, or to provide water For i'nrr,stead andhousehold I use, (3) under certain conditions, fo refinance housing dobk, and (4) to buy buildings and IO^ or fa buy a minimum adquatc site on which to build a house, The naximuiil rcpaymcnt term is 33 I years.

I FiFky-year loans up to $2OO,OW may be made Po private nonprofit corprotions and cooperatives for constructins houSii15 For low-income senior citizens; Forty-year loans up to $300,000 Cali bo mado to in- I dividuals and organizations to construct housing for the elderly. I

I Nature and Purpose of Program

This prosram provides limited loam and technical aid to public I asencics and local nonproZit orgpnizotions in rural rcnovtal areas to help StifiiUlfltC the economy 0; low-income areas. SOW funds I are available :or plannins survcys, ?casibiIity and cn~ineering studics, OT similar plannins activities. I Loans can be used to: (1) purchase land to consolidotc small tracts, or sulxlividc larcc tracts .:or rcsale os htrn or non.:arrn property, (2) I develop a system far ,7lood control, conservation, recreation, or water supply, (3) purchase and develop land, irnprovc timbcr, build access roads, and construct ii:iprovemnts, (4) develop vmtcr and sanitation I Paeilities and community !wildings For improving land use, (5) purchase and develop crazincj arcus, (6)dovelop rccrcational ;acilitics, and (7) pwchasc and develop tracfs of land and construct modest dwellings I for sale to low-income rural residents. I Appendix Page 31 I I I CHAPTER EIGHT I 1 I I ECONOMIC BASE I I I I Human settlements arise from the interplay of human activities. Consequently, any attempt to gain insight into a given settlement or community must be based upon a I description and an analysis of such activities. Of the impressive variety of human endeavors, this report deals with those thought to at the heart of a settlement's existence, namely the economic activities which support the residents of that I community. Without some understanding of the economic support which underlies a given community one cannot realistically project the coarse of future development in that community. The evaluation of this economy and its principal component I parts can aid in assessing both the strengths and weaknesses of a community's regional setting. While obviously conditioned by areawide considerations and by local physical characteristics, features, and resources, the community's economic base I becomes one of the most imporfont elements in determining and anticipating the futuwphysical development af the community as well as the well-being of its I residents. I

I Page 8-1 I I I Both geogmfiically and statistically speaking, the Moraine planning arm is swc- cesslvely part of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the Southwestern Penmyl- wonk Region, and Butler County. Consequently, this report attempts to describa I aolected economic relationship which exist among the Commonwealth, the region,, Hie county, dnd the planning area. In COS~S'W~WQthe data is available and suit- alble fa use, these descriptions include future projections as well cis current pN- I culm and port trends. I

REGIONAL BACKGROUND I

The overall economic development plan prepared for the Southwestern Pennsyhnio 1 Region in 1963, from which the preponderance of the material in this section WIU garnered, states that there are seven principal economic forces tying the region tcgether: I

1. There is a generol uniformity of interregional tranrportntion I rates for points of origin or destination. I 2. There is a branch banking ;rovisionof the Pennsylvania &Inking Law that permits he extension of banking oper- I ations into contiguous counties, thereby making the six counties a distinct banking rogim. I 3. There is a single-labor markot. I

4. The six counties provide large fractions of the market 01 the source of supply for nearly all of the localized in- I dustrial and commercial activities being conducted in them. I 5. There is a cohesive comumr trade area. I 'An Ovemll Program far the Economic Dovelopment of Southwestern Pennsylwnio, hgional Development Corporation of Southwestern Pennsylvania, 1563. I I Page 8-2 I I I 6. The existence of a single populous region means a combination of important and desirable business and cultural ser- I vices not mdinarily available to small localized areas.

I 7. The six counties are heavily dependent on the steel and glass industries for tho bulk of manufacturing employment 1 and on coal mining for additional thouxmds of jobs.

Aside from the preceding economic forces identified as cohesive influences upon the I Southwcs!ern Pennsylvania Region, several other facton lend legitimacy to the regional qpelation. The following subsections enumerate and describe the more I important of hose facton.

I WEATHER

The prevailing wind in the region comes generally from the west ocra the prairies. I Thunderstorm move in from the Mississippi Valley, while winter storm systems mast often originate in the southern Rockies, approaching the region from the southwest. The climate is temperate with mild winters for this latitude and with warm, humid I summers. With respect specifically to Butler County, average January tempmtures run from about 26 to 28 degrees Fahrenheit, while July temperatures average around 74 degrees Fahrenheit. Precipitation is in the 36- to &-inch range, of which 26 I inches come in the period from May to September. I WATER RESOURCES

I An average daily water consumption of 4,568,000,000 gallons was recorded for all regional, residential, and industrial consumers in 1959. Almost all of the water ws I taken from river sowces. Approximately 60 percent of the total regional consumption hat year went to satisfy the needs of Allegheny County industries alone. Despite this heavy water useage, here is little danger of a regional water shortage since 1 there is an annual average stream flow of 23,B93,000,000 gollons per doy augmented by large quantities of ground wter. I I I Page 0-3 I I

inskad, he region's major problem concerning its water supply center around I a) wbr pollution and b) the quality of the water in relation to ik useage. With mgard to the former, pollution resulting from the discharge of raw sewage is olowUy &meosing, as is pollution athibubble to induskial wastes. However, water PI- I lution From acid mine drainage is a growirg threat to the region's wuter supply. With regard to the latter point, regional surface river waters tend fa run high in wlciomond magnesium throughout the year and in sulphate and chloride in the full. I Underground water in the region generally has a higher chemical content than doac the river woter, but its acid content usually is neutral. However, wter at depth greater than 100 feet below the valley flood plain level usually is somewfrat brackish. I I Flooding has been controlled within the region, with the exception of som lwl- ired problem areas. Continuing attention is being given these local areas. I

MINERAL RESOURCES I The older Kittanning coal beds in the region are mined only in the iiorthern parts of Armrtrong, Beaver and Butler Counties, while Freeport cmls ore mined in ev0ry I county but Washington, and Pittsburgh and Redstone beds are presumably eroded from the surface in the northern counties including Butler. In recent yeors, 20 percent of all the coal procured in the region has been from strip mining. The I land use survey completed for the regional economic study in the year 1958 indicated that nearly 60,000 acres of land in the region were destroyed by strip mining. I

The Pennsylvania Sanitary Water Board recently estimated that then? were 2,300 I miles of mine-acid polluted stream in Pennsylvania, OF which approximately one- third are located in the Southwestern Pennsylvania region. Furthermore, subidonat wused by deep mining and by improper back-filling of strip mines also has proven I to be a problem within the region. I On the other hand, bituminous cool reserves are estimated io run as high as 1% billion net tons of useoble coal within the region. Consequently, it is conceivable that this coal region will become the site of future electric generating plants &- I signed to serve the entire east coast marltet . I I

Page 8-4 I I THICKNESS OF MAJOR COAL BEDS IN THE SOUTHlVfSTERN ENNSYLVANIA REGION

Allegheny Sutler Washington County County County

Redstone Bed: Range (in inches) 32-48 - 34-48 36-57 Median (in inches) 42 - - 46 Number of mines reporting 11 - 3 20 Pithburgh Raw 48-72 - 46-72 60-96 tvledian 62 - 62 72 Number of miner reporting 30 - 55 52 Thick Freepat Bed: 6&% - hledin 04 - Nu& of mines reporting t3 - Upper Freeport Bed: RaQF 38-46 30-60 35-66 Median 42 40 40 Number of miner repatiqg 7 24 20 lavnrhpatBed: llano0 - 23-32 40-60 hWin - - . Nu& of mi- reporting - 3 4 Mi* Kittclnning Bed: w0 Rango - 22-3E Median - 36 Nuntbar of mine, reparting - 17 hwr Kittanning 8ed: Ran00 - 364 Modan - - Number of mines reporting - 5

N&: !Some minos am double-listad, adnot all are currently active; operotions involving cocbirlinzd ha& a7 As of 1959, Washington, Butler, and Allegheny Counties still weris Significant oil fwoducen. Together, the three counties accounted for 8 percenf of all Pennsylvania arude ail shipments that yeor. On he other hand, the regFon is n,ot an important I producer of natural gas, although some producing wells are to be found in Westmoreland rind Armttong Counties. Similarly, the region is not an important producer of salt cit the present time, although it has been in the past. However, the rock salt of I the region is of high quality, approximately 95 to 98 percent sodium chloride in content, and is quite abundant. For instance, in Butler County thicknesses of drilling vary up to 130 feet. Consequently, it is conceivable that at some futum I tima the region will once again recapture its position as a leading producer of salt. I In addition to tho aforementioned mineral deposits, the Southwestern Pennsylvanici Region has significant deposits of industrially rokd limestone, structural sand and gravel, quartz sands useful in the manufacture or' class, and plastic clays used in I tho production of refractory ceramics. I AGRICULTURE

As of 1962, 13,900 persons, or approximately 2 percent of the region's total work I rorce, were employed on the ;arm. Comparatively speaking, Washington County had 44 percent of its land in agriculturol use os of 1958, while Westmoreland had 39.6 percent, Armstrong County hod 34.4 percent, Butler County hod 33.1 percent, I Beaver County had 25.6 percent, and Allegheny County had 16.7 percent. I As of 1963, only 13 percent of .the flour and grain used locally was produced within the region, and only 25 percent of he area's mmt, dairy, and poultry needs werct supplied within the region. This left a $57 million ddiclt that had to be supplied I annually by imports. The chief obstacle to reducing this ddicit is the eccessive cost or' raising livestock in the region as a result of hc limited local supply of animal Feed. This situation could be reversed by removal 02 discriminatory roil freight rotos I which would allow the recion to use its position on he inland waterway system to become a grain milling center, providins anirml feed as a by-product. I POWER RESOURCES I The region generally has lower rates For electricity and gas than do other competiirg regions in the rcidd!cAItantic and noriheast stotes. With regord to gas, this is I because OF the region's proximity to the sout!iwestern gas fields relative to that of the competing regions in t!ie midwest, northeast, and New England. 1

Page 84 I TABLE 2

TIME AND DEMAND DEPOSITS IN REGIONAL BANKS BY COUNTY, 1960

Deposits Allegheny Armstrong Beaver Butler Washington Westmoreland

Time 976,094,000 50,861,000 65,560,000 57,041,000 97,158,000 167,797,000

Demand 1,765,983,000 29,129,000 60,709,000 44,725,000 72,722,000 117,017,000

2,742,077,000 79,990,000 126,269,000 101,766,000 169,880,000 284,814,000

Reg iona I Tota Is: $3,504,796,000

Source: 1960 Census of Population, as quoted in An Overall Program for the Economic Development of Southwestern Pennsylvania, Regional industrial Development Corporation of Southwestern Pennsylvania.

01 I U I 1 There are three major electric powcr suppliers within he region, nonely Duquesne Light Company, The Pennsylvania Power Company, and West Penn Ptwer Company. Them three utilities provide the bulk of electric power within the region. Publicly- 1 owr:ed municipal facilities are not very extensive within the region; Rowever, both thep and those large industrial users generati@ their own power usually are tied into tho public utility network for peak load requirements. I

Columbia Gas of Pennsylvania, Equitable Gas Company, ond he Peoples Natural I Gas Company are the three mojor suppliers of gas within the region. Underground storage capability within the region allows storage of gas during the off-season For top winter useage, and service by these utility companies generally is considcred I quite adequate. I CAPITAL RESOURCES h of 1960, banking institutions in the region had deposits exceeding $3.5 billion, I os well as considoroble capitol resources which could raise that figure for beyond its stated value, Furthermore, at least Five small business investment corporations are located within the region, as well os the $11 million RIDC lndurtrial Developmnt I Fund. Consequently, it can be seen that there is a good deol of investment capital to be had within the region. I -TAXES I Within tho recent past, Pennsylvanio has not been at a marked disadvantage with regord to ather regions in the area of taxes. The Pennsylvania Economy conducted a survey in 1957 which concluded that at that time the -ion was in I fact competitive with regard to taxes vis-a-vis other regions in neighboring states. To quote that report: I

Western Pennsylvania communities are no longer at o competitive disadvantage to manuFacturing operations from the tax point of view. I Now, the question OF tax costs is a conditional consideration con- tingent upon comparison with specific locations elsewhere. These comparisons can often be made in Pennsylvania's favar, for its I communities offer decided fax advantages to manufacturing industries which: I I be8-8 I I I I

a. revire far their operations extensive !ioIdiws I of land and buildings, ;or local reality taxa in Pennsylvania are low compared with munici- I palities elsewhere; b. postcss machinery, equipment, inveniorics, and stock o? raw materials and semifinished I goods whicli are IargeroJdive to thcir total assets, for these go untaxed by state and I locot C;ovorniimnts in ?ennsylvanio; c. possess large amounts oi intan~illepersonal property, For these, too, ore exempt from I tamtion in Pennsylvania;

d. realize net incow which are moderate in I relation to gross sales or total receipts. As an illustrotion, when a corporation's income is a'mut 6 percent or less of Sros I sales, the net income tax in Pennsylvania is less castly than are f.!mgross receipts I taxes of Indiana and West Virginia.

05cour~, the tax paclagc currently being discussed by the Sbte Legislature I will have a great impoct upon thisaspect of industrial developmenP rolcQed in ih ultimate form. It is diCFicult to assess iug exactly what that impact will be I fa twS reaspns: 1) the impact will be determined by tax deve!apmnh in competitive stabs 06 wdl a by developments in our awn, and ?) tile tw packgo which emerger far this fiscal yap may well be modified sobstantiallly within the next fisd year a the legislature tries towwith toso pr&hwhieh will reminafm this I yeork wotiatioru.

I lAND USE I OF the 4,500 square miles a? land in the Southwestern Pennsylvania Region, only 12 prccnt, (roughly 535 miles) vias bins uscd in 1930 by tho rocion's 2,600,000 popla for "livin$' purpoxs. tUonu?acturin~activities occupied less than onc-half I OF one prcent of the land; 3 percent was used .For hic!lvmys, street and utility rights-of-way; 5 prceni was devoted to wafer area or marginal use; 33 percent was I umd for farming and !oredry; and 59 percent was not "usGd" at all. I I Page 6-7 TABLE 3

InB PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF DEVELOPED LAND USES IN THE m SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA REGION IN 1958, Ff COUNTY W I 4 0 The Allegheny Armstrong Beaver Butler Washington Westmoreland Region County Coulity County County County County

Total area of non-agricultuml uses (in acres) 342,065 140,762 31,431 35,883 35,356 40,703 57,930

Percent of total in:

All non-agricultural uses 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Residentio I 51.3 45.6 41.4 62.6 55.4 56.7 57.6 Extmctive and industrial non-manufacturing 4.2 3.2 8.1 2.9 7.4 5.1 2.7 Manufacturing 2.8 4.0 0.6 5.2 1.7 1.1 1.4 Transportation, communiwtion, and utilities 29.9 30.0 32.9 23.7 30.4 31.2 30.7 Terminal facilities and structural uses ( 2.0) ( 2.6) ( 0.9) ( 3.7) ( 1.0) (1.5) ( 1.2) Channel facilities end rights-of-way (27.9) (27.4) (32.0) (20.0) (29.4) (29.8) (29.6) Wholesale, retail, and commercial services 1.8 2.5 0.4 1.8 0.8 1.3 1.7 Public and quasi-public services 3.9 6.9 1.2 1.5 1.4 2.5 2.3 Outdoor recreation 6.1 8.0 15.4 2.3 2.9 2.0 3.5

Note: Percentages will not necessarily add to 100.0 because of rounding off.

'Source: Regionai Economic Study, Pittsburgh Regional Planning Association Pittsburgh Area Transportation Study (PATS), as quoted in An Overall Program for the Economic Development of Southwestern Pennsylvania, Regional Industrial Development Corgomtion of Southwestern Pennsylvania. I I EDUCATION

I In 1940, 22 percent of the region's men and 24 prccnt OF it5 women had attained an educational IWQIequivalent io high school graduation. In 1950, Pittsburgh's mdian school attainmnt for mnwas 9.0 years, vhile the median for women wus 9.3 years. I In a ranking by median schooling of the nation's 24 largest mtropolitan areas, tho 1950 Figures for Pittsburgh placed it twentieth with regard to mole education and nineteenth with regard to female. By 1960, 39 percent or' the men and 42 percent of I tho womn had attained an educotional level equivalent to high school graduation. This improvement enabled the rcsion to rank soventecnth out or' twenty-four in the I education oi men and fourteenth in education of womcn. I DISTRIBUTION OF OCCUPATIONS The distribution of occupations wi;hin he region is heavily wei$ed toward bbe- collar and unskilled-wotker classiiiwtions. In 1960, 55 percent 0: all workers who I reported their occupation were blue-collar workers. This figure is higher than the United States as a whole, his!icr than urlxln areas generally, and higher than any I of the other nineteen larpst metropolitan areas in the country.

tlowever, lxtwoen 1950 and 1960 white-collar iobs in tho Pittsburgli lobor market I increased rolotivc to blue-collar ioh, and thoso iobs requiring higher skill levels within each of those broad categories increased relative to tliose jobs requiring I lower skill levels. In 1950, tlie propartianofwhite-collclr workers in the Pittsburgh area was 37.8 percent or '2.4 percent below the national average. In 1960, it had risen to 43.2 percent or only 1 .O percent below the national average. In I he same period, the Pittsburgh area's large, relative excess proportion of laborers dmstically declined while ik proportion of craftsmen and foronen sreatly increased. I FO~OIOlobor in the Piffsburgh region is highly underutilized. I WAGES AND EARNINGS I With regard to wages and earnings, the region has shown a higher than average earnirrg profile in heconstruction and manuhcturing secton and a lower than average profile in the retoil and wholesale trade and the services sectors. As of 1960, union members I in the region earned higher than average national viuges, although nonunion workcrs #end to carn Jess than is t!ie national average For the given category. I I Page 8-1 1 I I TABLE 4 I PERCENTAGE CHANGE IN EMPLOYMENT BY OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS* - IN SOUTI-IWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA REGION, 1950-1Y60 I

OCCUPATIONAL GROUP TOTAL UIA LE FEMALE I c Total employed, oge 14 and Over 4.2 3.6 +21 .A, I Proicssionol, technicol, etc. +34.9 +35.3 +34.2

nr I liJaanagers,.officialr, ctc. -7.G -0.0 -0.5 Clclrical Worlcers +10.G -1 .7 +20.0 I Sales Workers +122 +14.7 +G.7

Crofkmn, foremen, etc. -0.3 - -17.5 I Operatives, otc. -14.9 -15.9 C.0 I Service Workers +13.1 2.0 +XI.5 I Laboren -75.6 -25.3 -32.2 I "Occupation not reported" Group is cxcludcd. I Grco: 1960 S. Census of Population, as quoted in Overall --,- EconomicU . Development of Sout:iwstern Pennsylvania,An Regiono bevelopmcnt Corporation of Southwestern Pennsylvania. I I 1 I 1 kg0 8-12 I I I I PERCENTAGE OF WORK FORCC IN A4anu:oc>urinC Industries Wh Ite Cot tar* -Other I Allegkmy County 33.7 46.3 20.0 I Armstrong Counfy 37.6 31 .o 29.4 Goaver County 53.2 33.0 13.2

I Butler County 37.2 35.0 -77.3 I Washinston County 35.5 33.7 2?. 3 I \n(ertmorcland County 44.1 36.4 19.5 I *Fmfesionol, ManaCerial, Clerical ond Salcs hrce: 1960U. 5. Census of Population as quoted in P.n Overall Pr ram I-or the Economic Development o? Sou&vesfern Pennsgvonio , Regiozi I Devclopmont Corporation of Southwestern Pennsylvania. I I I I I I Page 0-13 I I' I The! 1963 overall economic developmont plan projccted o Ieveling-off of wages and exrtings in tho Pittsburg!i region. Tho reasons givcn for *is prediction wore increased emplcymnt of women, wlia are generally lovm wage earners; an increasing importance I of mrvice hpd~sectors within the region, whichare gencroily lowor-paying socton; ond cn cworsupply of womn and uns!:iIled labor, keeping the wage levels in iobs emp1a)fing such persons at a low level. I

MAJOR ECONGivtlC SECTORS I

According to various regional studies, the six most impartan: sectors of the region's economy appear to !x coal mining, steol and other primary metals, chemicals, glass, I electrical machinery, and rcscarc!i and administration. Prospects in these sectors are as ~ollows: I

1. Coal minins will remain an important economic activity within the region. However, wliile production lcvcls are likely to I remain relatively constant throuzhout thc next twenty years, the number of employees required to maintain that level of production I mast likely will decrease. Conscquenhy, while coal production will remain an important part of t!ic economic picturo, it will not remain as important an economic employnEnt factor s it I hor been in the past. I According to the report, thore are several reasons why coal production will remain at a fairly constant if not growing IOVOI.First, coal already has felt the greatest brunt of I competitive encroachment from gas and oil. The markets w!iich coal has lost to thoso two fuels cannot be lost again. Second, there seem to be a consensus OF opinion that I energy consumption can be expected to incrwse about 30 percont between 1960 and 1920; consequently, thc demand for coal will extend into the .%Cure. Third, som studies I Iiava slrown it is likcly that cwl will !lave a cornpetitivo price edge over natural 60s over the coming decades. Fourth, coal is an essential ?actor in ciiuny mefallurgicol I processes o? whicli the kstknown is blast Furnace production of steel. I I I Page 8-14 I I I Unfortunately, while the production of bituminous coal is expected to increase by 100 percent by 1900, it I appears that the Pittsburgh region will lose its comparative'ranking as a coal-producing region. As for I employment in coal mining, it is projected that, of the 11,638 miners employed in the region os of 1960, only 7,500 will La employed by 1976 and only 5,360 I will be employed by 1785.

I 2. Stecl and other priinary metals have becn, and continue to date, to.bsthe backbone OF the resion's economy. Unfortunatcly, future prospeck ?or this sector 0: the I economy are not encouraging. Insofar as access to markets has emerged os the primary location Factor in steel production, and insofar as Pittsbursh no I longer enjoys a competitive odvontage because of its location in the Sout!iwestern Pennsylvania cool fields and at the confluence of three great rivers, I it appears that the regional steel producers will hove to rely upon a natural market which represents approximtely 7 percent of the total notional steel I market. Given the ;act that current production capability is roughly twice that 7 percent Figure, it can be seen that there is no grea? hope for growth I in this sector oi the economy in the future. This pssimistic &servotion is underscored by the .fat? that it evidently costs Pittsburgh steel manufacturers I more to export their steel than it does producers in other large stee I-producing areas. I In s!iort, the trend in the steel-producing sector of the economy is toward the alirJnmnf OF productive capability I with market consumptive capability. The implications of this trend :or the Pittsburgh reaion, whose productive capability is approximately twice its current market I absorption capocity atid whose market is declining proportionately to the national trends, are obvious. I I I Page 8-15 I Employment in this economic category is liltely ta decline in the future, wit!? particular regard to steel employment. While employment increased from 106,0001 in 1957 to 110,000 in 1960, if is projected to decrease to 77,000 by 1976 and to decrease further to 63,000 by 1985. Employment in the primary mtols sectors other than basic steel probably will amount to 10 - 15,000 by 1985. Consequently, in 19% the total for the whole primary metals industry group is I likely io be on he order or' 75,000 compared with 126,000 in 1960. I

3. In 1960, the chemical industries accounted For approximately 6,700 jobs within thc region, which I rcprescnted about 3 percent of all the manufacturinS employment as or that date. Gf that total, approximately 4,000 jobs were provided by he coal by-product chemical I industry. lnsofor os the process utilized by the region's coal-chicol producers deals mainly with primary derivation octivities and insofar os the petto-chemical rector has been making great inroads into the coal- chemical sector, the odook for the coal-chemical sector in the region is one oi moderate decline. In terms OF employment, the prediction is for a decline fromapproximately 4,200 in 1960 to ?ewer than 4,000 by 1%.

The outlook for paints and reiatcd chemicals, on the other hond, is quite positive. The expectation is that employment will iwrepseopproximatdy 60 to 70 percenb hween the years 1960 and 1925, providing a total of opproximately 2,600 jobs by 19C5. I Employment in the rcmainder of the chemical industries is expected to increose at an opproximate rate of 2 percent a year to provide 1,700 iobs in 1976 ond about 2,000 I jobs in 1985. I I

P.ge 8-16 I I I Taken as a whole, the outlook for the chemical sector of the regional economy is one 05 siability with particular I industries suffering moderate setbocks or rimking moderate gains. The overall job projection is an increase from approximately 6,700 jobs in 1960.,?0about G,400 by I 1985. As of 1960, the Pittsburgh regionhadno fiber glass industry, which is tlie growth industry viitliin the glass-production scctor. i-lawever, flat glass, glass I container, and glass specialty industries all were located within the resion. Unfortunately, each of these latter three is predicted to decline in importence within I tie region's economy in the years to come.. An overall view of the glass industry indicates that the region's share of the glass-mal:ing employment wi I1 fall approxi- I mtely one-third durins the period 1960 to 19885. From the 1960 employmeni. base o? 14,100 to c2pproximately 12,200 by 1985, iobs in the glass industries sector of t!ie I economy are anticipated to decline.

I 5. Within the overall elechicol machinery industries sector, the anticipated behavior of t!nc three subgroups - electrical equipment industries, communications and electronics I industries, and other elecirical rimchincry industries - calls for quite difkrent development characteristics in each I instonce.

With regard i.0 the electrical equipment industries, it I Is estimated that output will have to quadruple at least by 1x5 to supply tlie demand which will be present at that time. Nowevcr, increased activity per worlcer will I lessen the impct 07 the demand upon employment characterisiics oT the industry. With particular regard to the PittsburC!i region, it is estimated thct the region's I share of national employment in electrical equipment production will Fall from on approximate 6; percent in 1960 to about 5.2 percent in aild roughly I I 1976 4.5 percent by 1985. Consequcntly, it is cstirncted that employment in these industries will be in the 34,000 I range both in 1976 and 1985. I I Page 0-17 I I

As for household appliances and lighting fixtures, the I "other electrical machinery" subgroup of industries, it is expected to grow rather less than the electrical equipment industries. Gross output is predicted to increase I by approximately 230 percent between 1960 and 1985. However, once again output per mn is expected to increase at such a rate as to diminish substantially 1 the impact that such expansion in production will have upon the employment characteristics of the industries. With regard to the Pittsburgh region I in particular, it is estimated that the regional employment will increase by approximately 600 persons from 1,800 to 2,400 in the years 1960 to 1976, and I by an additional 200 persons by 7985. I It is in the communications and electronics subsector that the greatest increase in employment and production is anticipated in the coming years. Production is anti- I cipated to increase by nearly 800 percent between 1960 and 1985, while increased productivity per worker will I limit employment increases to approximately 200 percent over that same period. Unfortunately, Pittsburgh as of 1960 was involved very little in this subsector of the I economy. Consequently, the projected employment in the Pittsburgh region in this subsector is only on the magnitude of 10,OOO jobs in the region by 1976 and I 14,000 by 1985. If certain assumptions are granted regarding a changed attitude within the region toward this subsector of the economy, it is conceivable that I regional employment will rise to the neighborhood of 16,000 by 1976 and 28,000 by 1 985. I As a whole, the electrical mchinery industries sector is anticipated to be a growth sector. In terms of em- I ployment, this sector is anticipated to provide between 15,000and 21,000 new jobs by 1976 and between 19,000 and 33,000 new jobs by 1985. I I I I Page r3-18 I I I 6. The PRPA report deems tho administration and the research and development sector as boing tho lor@ I growth sector in the economy. Considering administration separately korn research and devolopmnt, tho forecast for tho former is that employment in that I industry will increase horn an estimated 1960 fcvd of 33,800 to an estimated 1785 level or' 53,W, and QmplOyIIICnt in tho fotter industry is Forecast to improve I from a 1960 estimto 07 13,000 to a 1935 estimate of 50,800 For an ovorall increas in employment of I approximately 57,000 persons. I I I I I I I I I I I I NO8-19 I TABLE 6

B EARNED INCOME COMPONENTS FOR SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA KEGIOI’? mm 03 BY COUNTIES, SELECTED 1929-1959 I YEARS, N 0 Total eauneal income (in millions of current dollars)

The AI legheny Armstrong Beaver Butler Washing ton Westmoreland Year Region County County County County County County

1929 $1,354 $ 980 $ 31 $ 80 $ 31 $ 94 $ 137 1940 1,289 926 28 78 31 97 128 1947 .. 2.810 1.898 65 21 9 79 220 329 1951 3 ;676 2,503 84 295 107 274 41 3 1955 4,174 2,840 81 353 124 300 476 1959 4,877 3,329 89 422 153 320 564

Percent distribution of total earned income by type

Wages, salaries, and fringe benefits

1929 90.7 92.4 81.6 88.8 75.2 87.2 87. 1940 90.4 91.8 83.2 91 .O 78.4 87.6 88. 1947 90.0 91.1 84.6 90.9 78.5 87.7 88.4 1951 91 .O 91.8 84.5 92.2 81.3 89.4 89.6 1955 91.9 92.4 86.4 93.5 83.9 90.7 91 .O 1959 91 .5 92.0 85.4 93.4 85.6 89.7 91 .O

Continued TABLE 6 (CONTINUED)

Proprietary incomer (form and nonfarm)

The Allegheny Arm Beaver Butler Washin@m Wmhnocaland Year Region County County County County County County

1929 9.2 7.6 19.4 10.0 25.8 13.C 11.7 1940 9.7 8.3 14.3 10.3 22.6 12.4 12.5 1947 10.0 8.9 15.4 9.1 20.3 12.7 11.6 1951 9.0 8.2 14.3 7.5 13.6 10.6 10.2 1955 8.1 7.6 14.2 6.5 15.3 9.7 9.0 1 959 8.5 2.0 14.6 6.6 14.4 10.0 9.0

Note: Oatnil will not necessarily odd exactly to totals bcouse or' rounding off.

3oune: Regional Ecdiofion, as quo? in i 'vera mm 01 the Economic Development of Soutliwestorn Pennsylvonio, Reglonal Industrial Development CorpDADtion of' SouHwestern Pennsylvania. TABLE 7

PERSONAL fNCOME FOR SGWTHWESTERi-J PENNSYLVANIA KGEN

BY COUNTIES, SELECTED YEARS, 1929-1959 Personal income (in millions of current dollars)

The Allegheny Armstrong Beaver Butler Washington Westmore land Year Region County County County County County County

1929 $1,793 $1,338 $ 38 $ 97 $ 41 $1 14 $166 1940 1,585 1,164 33 89 40 111 149 1 947 3,330 2,282 76 244 98 255 375 1951 4,301 2,955 97 329 130 317 472 1955 4,988 3,405 98 406 155 360 564 1959 6,044 4,166 115 509 1 96 407 ’702

Percent of regional total

1929 100.0 74.6 2.2 5.4 2.3 6.4 9.3 1940 100.0 73.4 2.1 5.6 2.5 7.0 9.1 1947 100.0 68.5 2.3 7.3 2.9 7.7 11.3 1951 100.0 68.7 2.3 7.6 3.0 7.4 I1 .o 1955 100.0 68.3 2.0 8.1 3.1 7.2 11.3 1959 100.0 68.1 1.9 a .4 3.2 6.7 11.6

Note: Detail will not necessarily add exactly to totals because of rounding off. source: Regional tconomic Study, Pittsburgh Regional Planning Association, as quoted in An Ovcrall Prcgmn kr Economic Develepment of Southwestern Pennsylvania, Regional Industrial Develcpmnt CorpxaKza -or I I TABLE 8

I MEDIAN FAMILY INCOME FOR SOUR-WESTERN 1 PENNSYLVANIA REGION BY CO'UNTY, 1948 AND 1959 I 1947 1959

I Allegheny County $3,457 $6,173 I Armstrong County 2,870 5,033 I Boovor County 3,390 5,777 Butler Couniy 2,942 5,815 I Wash inc ton County 3,027 5,386 I Westmore land County 3,017 5,597

I Source: 1%OU . S. Census of Population, as quoted in An Overall Program For the Economic Development e? Soufhwestern Penns ylvanio , Regional Industriol' D~~~l~ -~~~~ ~- I opmnt Corporation ofSouthwestern Pennsylvania. I I I I I I Page 0-23 I I

TABLE 9 I PERCENTAGE OF FAMILIES IN SOUTHWESTERN PEN'NSYLVANIA REGION, I - BY COUNTY, WITIL1 LESS THAN 83,WOANNUAL INCOMES, 1959 I 1 - Percentage - I Allegheny County 13.7 Armstrong County '3.3 I Beaver County 11.9 I Butler County 16.1

Washington County 19.4 I Westmoreland County 17.7 I source: 1960 U. S. Census oi Population, os quoted in An Overall Program I-or tho - I Economic Development of Southwestern Pennsylvania, Regional Industrial Development Corporation of Southwastern Pennsylvania. I I I I I I

pase 8-24 I I I TABLE in I

I Loco t ion" SIC quotient Employment 1 33 1 Steel rolling and Finishinu 12.3 103,340 374 Railroad equipment 6.4 4,Cll 321 F la?glass 6 -4 5,31C ., I 324 Cement, hydraulic 332 Preuod and blown glass 5.1 6,852 361 Eleciric transmission and disiribuiion equipment 4.9 7,5% I 326 Pottery and related products 4.0 2,566 244 Fabricated structural mfal products 3.5 17,295 323 Glass products made oi purchased glass 3.4 1,192 I 33? Iron and steel foundries 3.2 8,339 349 h\isccIlaneous rabricated rnctal producb 3 .O 6, 035 3M Surgical, rnodical, dental instruments B supplies 3.6 1,693 I 325 Rolling, drawing & extruding of nonforrou, metals 2.7 6,317 383 Optical instrurncnh and lenses 2.6 -717 325 Structural clay products 2.3 1 ,570 I 354 Notalworlting machinery and equipment 2.1 7,204 364 Electric lighting and wiring equipment 3.1 3,740 346 Me tu I stamp inp 1.7 3,090 I 345 Screw rmchine products & bolts, nuts, screws, rivets and washers 1.6 2,001 333 Ailiscellaneous primary mtal industries 1.5 1,132

I 34~~ 1 ivlctal-~ CQRS 1.5 1,162 333 8; Primary 8 secondary smeltins and refining OF 4 nonferrous metals 1.5 1,299 I 235 Paints, varni&cs, lacovers, enamls 8 allied prod. 1.4 1,225 395 Pons, pencils & othor oKce 8 artists's materials 1.4 605 200 Beverage industries 1.4 4,233 I 327 Abrasive asbestos 8, misc. nonmetallic mineral prod. 1.4 1 ,csI 302 Instruments For measuring, controlling 8 indicating physical characterisfics 1.3 1,461 I 202 , Dairy products 1.2 5,131 I I (Continued) I I POSO 8-25 I I 1 TABLE 10 (CONTINUED) I

Location* 1 -SIC quotient Employmant 336 Nonferrous Foundries 1.2 1,044 1 356 Generol industrial machinery and equipment 1 ..? 3 ,555 271 Newspapers: publishing, publishing and prin2ing 1.1 4,759 205 Bokery products 1.1 4,653 I - lotal, 33 industries listed ??3,c31 I %sod on tho Region's share of U. S. population In 1960. 1 - 3aunas: U. 5. Census OF rtionufoctures, 1353; County ksi2e:; Patterns, First C!uorfer, I 1959; Pennsylvania C

Page 8-26 I I TABLE 11

ECONOMIC ROFlLE

I BUTLER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA, 1760

I MEAN STAW REGIONAL^ STATEe COUNTY 1 CATEGORY --RANK RANK __.NUi~lb@ PERCENTd -TOTAL PZRCENT ?5 5 114.6 - 11,319.4 I&3.F I PoputaDion Labor Force 27 5 3C.O - 4,127.2 61 .& A4anu;acturing 29 4 14.? 37.? 1,502.9 36.4 1 Agriculture 51 2 1.9 4.9 107.2 2.6 -Mining 23 "0 0.9 2.2 65.5 1.6 I ronsporiution/ I Communication 31 3 1 .c 5.1 234.5 5.7 C onskuct ion 18 1 2.5 6.5 205,2 5.0 \Miolesale/Retai I 13 2 6.5 17.0 642.3 15.6 I Services 33 3 9.4 '24.6 1,149.9 27.9 Unemployed 1% 1 1.9 4.7 264.5 6.0 Reside and Work 41 3 29.5 79.1 3,2115.6 79.7 1 Work 50-5? wl:s/yr 34 2 ?4.0 54.6 7,714,4 S.8 I Median Family lnceme 10 2 $5.0 - - 35.2 ihrket Va lue/Capi ta 21 3 $3369 $2.9' $34,322.7!? $3 .OIC

I .Population Density 28 5 144/sq. mi. - 250/sq. mi. Urban 45 5 33.6 29.3 G,102.1 71.6 I Rural (totul) 23 2 01.1 70.7 3,217.3 28.4 Rural (form) 44 1 6.0 0.41 355.9 11.1 Change 1750-60 3 2 17.3 171G 821.4 73 1 Net Migration 13 3 1 .I - -453.1 -6.8 Youthfulness (Leo than or equal to 1C years I af age) 6 1 42.7 37.4 3,672.0 32.6 1 I-iousing Built in or ur'ter 1729 0 2 17.0 48.2 1,301.1 36.3 Sound 35 4 23.1 79.7 3,021.7 84.3 I Vacant 32 1 2.6 11.5 1S.5 9.0

(Conhucd)

Pap3 0-27 TAiAr,E 11 (COi\!TINUED) I h!iFA N sTATEQ REGIO I\J A ~b STATE" COlJiWY I CATEGORY RANI< RANK IWA~BERC PERCENT^ --TOTAL --~.mr EN T Median Value Owner I Occupied 13 3 $10.9 - - 83.7m Owner Occupied 7 3 16.6 72.7 975.0 62.2 With Telt:p!one 16 4 28.4 88.3 2,864.9 05.5 I With Automobile 15 1 2u.2 87.5 2,520.5 75.2 Manuracturing I Production Value 21 $739,C53.0 - $26,591 ,905.0 $396,894.1 Change in Value Added 1947-1 958 13 $4,370.0 102.0 4,521,556.0"' 65.3 1 Wages/Solaries 24 $44,911 .D - $7,010,739.0 $1 04,637.9m Capitul Expenditures/ E mpl oyee 2 $1 7,027.3" $1.2O SC67,UB.O $0.50 I Change in Employrnont 1939-1 960 15 9.3 191.6 644.6 75.1 Exports 3% $1,760.0 - $747,353.0 $11,152.9"' I Pqortion Employed Primary hlctalr 5 4 5.6 39.3 266.7 17.7 Proportion Employed I Nichhicry (except Electric) 16 1 1.3 0.9 119.6 3.0 Proportion Emplapd I Electric fikehinery 44 5 0.5 3.% 136.5 3.1 Proportion Employed Fa br icatcd Abto Is 36 5 0.7 4.0 119.8 Z.0 I Proportion Employcd -1 ram. Equipment 6 1 1.3 9.5 46.6 3.1 Proporiion Employod I Motor Vehicles 44 4 0.04 0.3 30.2 2.0 Proportion Employed CAem., Oil, Allied 17 2 0.5 3.6 59.0 3.9 I Proportion Employed Print, Pub., Oj!ier 41 3 0.4 3.1 79.5 5.3 Proption Employed I Furn i Pure, Lumhr, \QOOd 46 0.3 1.9 38.4 2.6 Proportion Ernployod I Food and Kindred 55 5 0.5 3.: 120.9 0.0 Ptopor>ion Employed Textile MJIIProducts 55 3 0.02 0.1 74.0 5.0 I Proportion Employod Apparel 51 ...7 0.3 1.7 155.8 1Or4 I (Continued) Page 84!8 TABLE 11 (CONTINUED)

r?EAN 1 STATP REGIGNAL~ STATE0 COUNN CATEGORY -RANK RANK MUh\BERC --PERCEF\!Td TOTAL PWCEMT I Agriculture Farm Acreage 21 3 215.1 11,861.7 1i7.0 Chnge in Farm Acreage I 1600-1 959 6@ 5 -770.5 -73.5 -7,929.5 43.? Avorap Value Land I and DuiIdings/brm 20 3 $20.3 921.4m Average Farm Size 54 4 94.6AP 182 .6A .p Average Value Land and Cuildings/Acre 17 bo.? $0.2m I Proparhn Total Farm Comm. Farm 60 5 0.9 37.6 5G.3 58.8 I Total Value of all Products 16 1 .$12,679.0 - $712,534.5 $1 0,W. Em Crop Value 8 2 $5,664.0 46.3' $1 07,120.1 26.3 I Lives;ocl: Value 60 5 $434.0 53.7' $525,414.4 73.7 Dolry Rod. Value 54 5 $3,952.0 43.35 $?73,317.2 53.1 :larvcsted Cropland 33 ._3 C4.3 A. 39.3; 4,353.7 A. 40.9 Corn 39 2 15.6 A. 13.5 1,113.6 A. 23.4 Wheat 30 I? 9.0 A. 10.7 501.0A. 10.3 Gats 17 .-3 15.0 A. 16.7 630.6 A. 13.0 ll0Y 32 5 33.7A. 45.9 7,160.1 A. 44.5 Pasture/Pond 26 5 49.1 A. 2:? ."nt 3,055.6 A. 75.0

Minerals Value OF Exports 12 5 $14,307.0 - $971,574.0 $15,522.5m Proportion Coal of Total Minerol Producfion 13 3 $13,131.0 33.4 $77c,126.0 GO.l Proportion CIil and Gas 0; Total Minerol Products 14 .? $50?.0 ? .4 $54,49G.0 5.6 Proportion Idonmtallic 0; Total A4ineral Prod. 44 3 $1,224.0 8;2 $121,099.0 12.5 Bituminoun Production 17 5 2,068.3 ions - 65,425.3 tans 2,336.6 tons Eituminous Reserve .-7 1 4,016,969.7nsf 96.7 59,454,644.5 tons 79.1 Change in Bituminous tOnS Coal Production 131 E-1 960 4 ..? 1,527.5 Pons 109.3 -113,125.5 tom -53.4

(Codinued) RJ'ar.0 &?9 I TA3LE 11 (CGNTINUED) 1

STATEa REGIONAL(> STATE e COLJitXY I CATEGORY -RANK RANK NUMBERC PZRCENTd --TOTAL --PERCENT Prop. Totd Dituminaus I Production Deep Mined 15 4 222.9 tons 10.8 44,070.6 tons 57.4 I Prop. Total Gituminous Production Strip iviined 7 1,770.1 tons S.6 !!O, 875.5 tons 31.7 1 Avwaga \/aluo/Ton 3:tuminous i‘/\inedu 4 83.5GV - $5.29V AveraSe Daily Bituminous I “or!: Farce 13 0.6 - 33.7 1.4 Average Daily Production Cituminous/iviin 4 17.2’ - 1?.5” I hverap Days \Vor!d/ n 307v hn/Year L’ - - 2oov Crudc) Petroleum . 163.7 SI 959.5 330.6 I Production 5 Barrels - Borrols Parrets Change in Crude F‘otro. -2R8.1 - 14,040’. 3 Products 1737-1 760 11 Barrels 43.7 8arrols -70. -7 I Rceovero3lc Crude Potro. 164,572.0 1,467,313.0 i?cszrvos 7 Barrels 5C.1” Oa‘rrels 53.7 I Forests Prop. Tatal Land In Comm. Forcsf 44 ...7 1P.O A. 37.G 15,9Gt3;9A.X 57.3 I Prop. State Forest Land to Toiul For& - ._ - - - I Accessihlity Vehicles/lOO Pop. 77 2 51.4 Cars 45/100 - 44/190 Vehiclos/Mi le/ll ighwy 29 2 3.0 Mi. 25.8 Mi. - 35.0 I Milo i-Ii&woy/Sc;. kiile 27 4 2.0 AG. 3.5 tMi./fi;ii.’ - 2.3 Mile Hig!ivay/l,OOO Population du97 2 2.0 ivii. 17.3 /%Ai./ 103.C - I 1000 a Figures relato to prcen;ile ranking’in a range from one to six+;-sovan. I b Figures dato PO perceniite ranking in a rango From onc io six. FiCurcs in t!iousands. d Pcrccnt of relevant County toiuI figure. I

(Continued) I Page 8-30 1 I I TABLE 11 (CONTINUED)

e Figures in thousnnds. I i ~emon~in ttiousands. S Ranking is from lowest to hichest; ranking is not so noted are from highest to lowest. To:al Market Value. I i rlicrtcet Value per wpita. k Market Value per wpita in thousands. I Percent ai toto1 rural population. I m Dollars in thousands. Total ccritcll exponditurcs. Dollars in thousands per employee. I P Toial Acreage. County form total or 2.3. Pcrccnt OF value of all farm products. I Percent ai a II livestock valuc. Percent of iota1 farm dcrcaco. I u Figures reflects cost of mining; ranking Is %om low~stto hidiesI.. V Figures are absolute. W Percent of total reserves. I X Total land is 28,3213.C acres.

I Source: An Economic Atlas or* Pennsylvanio, Pennsylvania State Planning Board ,Conunonwealth Gf Pennsylva;lio, )larrisburS, 1964. I I I I I I I I Page 0-31 I I

BUTLER COUNTY ECONOMIC PROFILE I

Butler County in 1960 was one of the most promising counties in the Commonwealth. I Of the five "magnitude of importance" categories identified in An Economic--- Atlas -OF Pennsylvania, Butler County was rated in the first rank (mnksynged from one to six) in the housing, manufacturing, bituminous coal, and socioeconomic compmite c categories, and in the third rank in the agriculture category. The County vas so mted despite its relatively modest overall rankings in the particular economic indices illustrated in Table 11. I

Analyzing Table 11, it becomes evident that while the County ranks moderate-to-low I -bath statewide and regionally-in terms of total population, Butler County ranks quite high in those categories which indicate actual or potential population growth, inciuding youthfulness of population. In fact, while Table 12 indicates that the I County had the second highest number of immigrants in the region, it also indicates that the County had the highest -rate of immigration in the region in the decade 1'XO- 1960. Furthermore, Table 13 demonstrates that Butler County had the highest birth I mte (23.9/1,000) in that decade, and Table 14 illustrates that the mole-female balance and the distribution of population by age groups are quite favorable. Table 15 demonstrates that the Butler County population rates highest in median I schooling for females and second highest for males in the region, cn important labor force characteristic in these times. Finally, referring once agoin to Table 11, the population of the County is, in the min, rural nonfarm ond relatively I dispersed. I An overview of the employment choracteristics described in Table 11 reveals that he major employment sectors, in order of percentile importance, are manufacturing, services, wholesale/retai I trade, construction, tmnsportation/cornmunication, agriculture, 1 and mining. The statewide mnkings of the County in terms of percentage of labor force employed in the several sectors is not especially impressive except for constivction and wholexlle/retail trade. However, the regional mnkings are quite interesting.. I Butler County ranks first in percentile employment in the volatile but lucrative construction sector; second both in the diversified wholesale/retail tmde sector I and in the troubled agriculture sectors; third in the mining, transportation/communication, and service sectors, the latter two of which are growth sectors; and fourth in mnuhcturing, a declining sector in the region. In short, the County demonstmtw a fairly balanced I economic base in a region noiubly lacking diversification (see Table 16). This is reflected by the low unemployment rate in the County, 19th lowest in the Commoiiwealth and lowest in the region, and by the County's second highest regional percentile ranking in employees working 50-52 weeks per year. I I

Page 8-32 I I I iI TAR LE 12

'I COMPONENTS OF POPULATION CHANGE IN THE I SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA REGION,- 1920-60

lntercensal change (in thousands) As percent of bse year I Net chance Natural Ne: Net change Natural h!ef in population increase migration in population increase migration

I Six-county Region 1950-60 +208.2 +321.7 -113.5 +8.7 +13.5 -4.8

I Allegheny County 1950-60 +113.4 +197.4 44.1 +7.5 +13.0 -5.6

I Armstrong County 1950-60 -1.3 +10.9 712.2 -1.6 +13.5 -15.1

I Beaver County 1950-60 +31.8 +29.4 +2.3 +18.1 +16.8 +1.3

I Butler County 1920-30 +3.2 +14.2 -7.8 4.2 -14.2 -10.1 1930-40 +7.1 6.9 a.2 +8.8 +8.6 +o .3 I 1940-50 +9.1 +11.3 -1.5 +11.1 +12.9 -1.8 1950-50 +17.3 +15.7 +1 .6 +17.8 +16.1 +1.7

I Washington County I 1950-60 +7.6 +24.4 -16.8 +3.6 +11.7 -8.0 Westmore land County I 1950-60 +39.5 +43.8 -4.3 +12.6 +14.0 -1.4 Note: Detail will not necessarily add exactly to totals because of rounding off. I Source: 1920-50 statistics, University of Pennsylvania Studies on Population Redistribution and Economic Growth; 1950-50 statistics, Regional Economic Study, Pittsburgh I Regional Planning Association. I I

I Page 8-33 I I I I

Birth Eoto/lOOO Po ulation Birh 1900 r lk-5- CwnPy T9JT 1729 I Alloghcny 35,275 24,941 21.7 21.5 I Armstrong 1,750 1,~.1 22.1 23.6

Ocavcr 4,?13 4:650 24.5 22.5 I Cu?lcr 2,776 2,7% 25.5 23.9 I \Vash i ngton 4!,459 4,293 21 .o 19.8

Westmoro land 7,434 7,232 22.0 20.5 I I Source: Pcnnsylvania Statistical Abstract, 1 Sol . I I I I I I I I Page 8-34 I I

I TMLE 14 I p()wMTloi\l C;F OUTER COUNTY, 1960

FEirik MAE I -LiGE Li _L_ 0-5 6,625 5,997

I 5-3 6,139 6,450 I 10-14 5,4?1 5,556 15-19 4,3c9 4,169

I 30-34 3,4?5 2 ,362 I 35-29 3,113 3,155 30-34 3,930 3,244

I 35-39 4,166 3,913 I 4044 3,C15 3,w 45-49 3,?92 3,500

I 50-54 2,752 ?,e15 I 55-59 ?,369 2,337 I 60-64 3,110 2,056 65-69 1,948 1 ,C?1 I 70-74 1 ,AS? 1,506 I 75 and over 2, 25? 1,377 I Source: 1760 U, S , Census OF Population. I I ‘Page 0-35 I TABLE 1.5

YEARS OF SCHOOL COMPLETE9 - SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA REGION, MALE, E'{ COUNTIES, l%O B com co ELEMENTARY HIGH SCHOOL COLLEGE r!.J .0.

Allegheny 45%,725 10,626 22,014 3,563 2E,J82 22,WF 90,594 106,591 33,467 50,771; 10.7

Armstrong 22,102 323 958 i,w 2,757 6,301 3,513 4,745 6FC C76 ?.C

Beaver 57,840 1,912 3,552 4,590 4,265 11,239 11,761 13,990 2,342 3,579 9.9

Butler 20,& 5 362 937 1,715 2,?94 7,441 5,650 7,412 1,c29 2,254 13.0

Wash irig tan 61,545 2,460 3,661 5,461 5,797 13,571 11,107 13,C52 3,053 3,363 9.0

Westmoraland 79,552 2,C20 5,515 0,129 8,054 29,971 17,596 24 ,756 4,977 6,7341 9.7

Total 730,449 IC,503 36,457 56,399 51,849 841,531 140,423 107,456 47,047 67,5M

Percentage of total .0253 ,050 ,077 .on .194 .192 .233 .OM .092

Source: 1960 U . S. Census of Population TABLE 15 (CONTINUED)

ELEMENTARY HIGH SCHOCL COLLEGE

AI legheny 503,3C3 10,986 19,223 36,112 27,744 92,802 99,689 155,171 32,621 28,415 10.9

Armstrong 23,024 203 730 1,701 2,078 6,425 3,567 6,467 1,111 639 ?.2 Beaver 5ES,654 1,780 2,C16 4,726 3,597 !1,M 11,592 ir,m 2,926 2,302 10.5 Butler 31,743 4 36 676 1,499 1,929 7,311 5,&13 10,015 %,4C3 1,531 11.1

Wsshington 64,231 2,OE 3,116 4,961 4,823 13,37 11,504 17,786 3,932 2,127 9.8

V Westmoreland 104,735 2,699 4,516 7,354 6,709 22,192 18,254 33,720 5,607 3,744 10.5 0 (D 0 Total c3 725,830 1F,2C5 31,677 55,853 46,900 153,i61 150,439 241,330 46,680 38,F06 wI v Percentage of total .023 .040 .071 -059 .195 .191 .307 .061 .cas

--e Scurca: 1960 U. S. Census of Poplatic,; TABLE 16

INDEXES GF DIVERSIFICATION OF AREAS \/VIT:.I MCRE T?lAi\l 1OC, 0011 r?,L?\I\lUFACTURlNG EMPLOYEES

03 I 0 NUhXR OF TOTAL NUMCER m AREA SPECIALTY I NDUSIR IES OF Ii\lDUSTRIES

(dew Yor!: 61 133 Chicago 63 136 Los hgelos 38 136 Pliiladolphia 59 135 DETROIT -26 125 SOUTI-IVJESTERN PEi\lNSYlVAN IA -27 113 C lcvc lond 43 125 OOS?OI~ 53 130 St. I:ouis 65 1?C BuXalo 34 124 kltimorc 4.7 1 .?1 idi lwau?:co A, 1 131 Son Francisco 50 131 C incinnoti a 1?I ..hiinnoo?oIis-%. Paul .?c 113 1.- Providence 37 I Id Kslnsas City 41 1 l?. Rokhcstcr ?? 106 Youngstown 18 88 Indianapolis 33 100 I I On tho other hand, from the dollar volume perspctive, the sectors in ardor oi importance in t!ie County are manufacturing, wholesale/retoil trade, mining, I transporiation/cornmunication, services, osriculture, and construction (See TaMe 17). From this perspective, it it clear that vAiilc tho County's work force distribution is favorable, tho size 07 :lie work force is no? larco anoug!i to Cenemte I a pro?ortionate infroregional dollar volume proi'ile. ?qi~allyapparent is the pint ?!?atthe greatest intrarecional dollar volum impact per employec is in tlic agricul- I ture secior ,

b!otc t!iat, jlnt as 3utler County has the lowcsi unemployment ra>e in the region, I so also has it the second XI$es: median family income (See Ta!>le 11). This indicntes that the maCniSude of cconornic activity in Duiler County, whilo rather minor in reC:onal tcrms, is relatively su2iciznt :o ?lie neads OF :lie Couniy I residents.

I 3u:lor County ron!:s third rcrjioilally in market value per capito, median value of owner occupicd housin9, and cverase valuc 0; land and !milding per farm, and second in !lousins buil;. since 1327 and- mnuiaci.urin9 capital cxpnded per I employee,butfourth in sound housing. IAcu: si.anc!inCs inclicate a fairly sound structure stock in the County and either re1ativel;r modcrnizcd or relatively out- I moded manuhcturing ;aciliiies.

Yii5 regclrd to the mining secior, w!iile production has not 'xen outstanding, I chanp in produdionhas kea mked. Gituminous coat production !ias hen increasing in t!ie facc or' a s)a:swide awmgo docrease and oi I production has I dropped.

Table 10 indicates that, during the ten year period 1750-1963, t!ie Butler I County work ,force incroaaed by 4.,300 and unemployment dropped by 1,300, Iiikiw toial evloymoot by some 6,200 pclaons. i\!onocricultural employmnt increawd while agricu Ituml cmployi;Eni decreased. NurncricaI employmen? i nereasod I almost identically in both the fimnuracturing category and the nonmanufacturing I category, but the percentile eiiiploymn;. was greater in the former than the fatter. I I I Pose 3-33 I I

TABLE 17 I DOLLAR VOLU/.E BY SECTOR, DUTER COUNTY, 1960-1763 I DGLMS IN TIiOUSAi\!DS RGU,\IDED\ 1 -s ?CTOR VG LUIvE EGIONAL RAi\lfC I r':ianuFac tor i nga scs, 950.0 5 I Lgriculturea 13/ 700.0 1 1 h.4 i n inga 14,9OO.O 5 - I ranspariation/ I CommunicationlJ 1 '!, 503.0 4

Constructionc 8, 000.0 5 I Wliolesa te/RGtai I' 21 1,000.0 5 I ServicesQ 12,.?00.0 5 a PSA Table 213,221; transporiation only; it is passiblc that inc. of I communication as wvcll would place t'E1 1s" S

Source: U. 5. Census of Population, 1760. Pcnnsylvania Statis;IcaI Abtract, 1966. I I I I I

Page 8-40 I I I Within the manufactwins category, cmplayment in .>!iodura% pxxls sectors increased more by For t!ian die! ;.!io; in iiondura'h zoods sec:ors (other t!ion I chemicals) ?vl:h the nonslccirical mchiner:r: otlier.fiiac:iInery, and primary and obricded r;lcPal products s!iovinS the srcoics: cab. I I

If onc uses Table 1 E gs c!n indicci-or ai t!ic course 03 roczni ccononic activity in I Cutler Coun:y, ii. a?:xcrs :fic!k I.~Eior.~ccs;.~ coiqtc!Imc! in tlic !,ackground section wore rccsonajly accura;.c and ~hc:the c!sscri!Sion ol ;.!)e Ccuiity presented therein is rot!ier represcntctivc. Cc.n5~ij1~0~7;.Iy,it cqxars i.!m>the economic environment I in which particular WurC econoimic a~ivl:yin i!io COIJIY>~will ~.Q!:cplace is I lil:cly to (x as dcscrilxx! previously. \%on usins omployiilcni. cs oil in:lica;.or 0; cconomic ac;ivi;y, it must be !tcpt in mind iliot c!ionccJ In y&uc;.iviiy roto5 clis;.or; ,?!leci;~~lo;.mcni-to-procluciion .. I rclotionships . tdonotlicloss, IT cppars ;.!io:. tho ociivc scc;ors ar6 the anficipted one, I supporting ;.!io prcvious scnoral prdlciions. I I I I I I I

I Pcce 3-41 I TABLE 10

lvlP LOYIL\E NT ROF ILE* B 0 BUTLER COUNTY, PENNSY LVANlA, i 960-1 967 (D (Fisures in Thousands) rtu Number Percent Change Change CATEGORY ------1960 1961 1962 1762 1964 1765 l?66 1767 1963 1769"* 1?60-1769 1960-1969 Civilian Wor!: Force 36.3 35.1 36.c 37.2 37.4 32.7 41.2 4.0.3 40.: 41.7 +4.9 +13.3

Unemployment Number 3.0 3.7 2.1 3.5 1.7 1.1 1.1 1.5 1.5 1.7 -1.3 43.2 Perceni g.2 10.2 i2.4 6.0 4.5 ...I"U 1.7 3.7 3.7 4.1 -4.1 -50.0

n- 0 32.4 39.3 Einploymcilf (Total) 3.7 34.7 35.7 37.G 4.0.1 3c.7 40.0 G..? +1$.3

;\!onagricu I tura I 33 c)u +25.3 Wac.o and Salary Em$oyment 26.7 35.4 '9.2 31 .? 33 .J 32.5 23.3 .7 +7.0

rklanvi'ackring 11.9 9.9 11.0 11.3 13.13 14.0 15.1 13.9 13.C 14.3 t3.3 +30.0 8.6 ?.? Durable Goods 7.8 2.6 10.4 ll.? 1?.3 11.3 11.4 11.7 +3.1 +26.1

Glass, sione, clay, and d.2 +14.2 primary metals products 1.4 1.2 1.2 l.? 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.4 1:3 1.6 +1.3 +.?5.5 Fabricatedmetalproducts 4.7 4.5 4.7 4.G 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.1 5.6 5.7 +100.0

+55.6

(Continued) T,?.BLE 12 (CONTli'dUED)

Number Percen: CAanCe Chance CATEGORY ------1960 1961 1963 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 196; I%P* 1960-1969 1960-1969. Nondurable Goods 7.4. 2.1 3.4 3.6 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.6 ?.5 2.6 +0.3 +c.3

Fwd Products 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.2 O,? 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.0

Chemical Products 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.6 +0.1 +?O.O

$3n i nc 0.7 3.7 0.6 0.6 9.5 0.6 c.5 0-4 0.5 0.5 4.? -23.6

Contract Construction l.? 1.7 1.3 1.3 l.? 1.4 1.4 ?.l 2.2 3.4 +1 .I! +100.0

Transportation and Public 1. .: 4.2 u":I, lilf5 1.9 1.G l.? l.? 1.9 l.? 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.7 -1 0.5

r" VVholcralc and Rc?ail Trade 4.7 4.4 4..6 4.7 4.c .I...'. 5.5 5.5 5.3 5.9 +1.? +25.5

Financc, lnsurancc and +11.5 Real ;state 2.C 0.2 0.7 C.7 0.7 0.7 0.: 0.: 0.9 0.9 +o. 1

3" +??.? Service and r\/2irc~llonaaus ?.7 2.2 2.c 3.c 3.0 3.1 d..'. 3.3 3.3 3.3 @.A

Government 2.7 2.: 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.6 4.3 4.7 5.1 4.7 +1 .o +?7.0

Federal 0.G 0.2 0.9 0.7 0.7 1.0 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.0 +0.3 +25.0

Stafc/Local 3.9 3.0 3.1 ?:! 2.3 3.6 3.8 3.9 4.1 3.7 t0.6 +27.6

(Contlnucd) TABLZ 13 (CONTIiWZD) i\lurnbcr Percmf C:ionse Ciange (DB 0 CATEGORY ------1960 1961 1962 1961' 1964 1755 1756 1967 19G 1969"" 1759-1969 19J0-1?63 P Other Monagriculfural 5.1 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.7 4.8 4.3 4.4. 4.3 4.4 -0.7 -13.7

/:Cricu ltural 2.0 3.0 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.2 1.; 1.c 1.2 1,z -0.1 -5.0

Figures arz annual avcragcs ** Estimated, January 2, 1969

Sourcz: Labor iI.iork2:. Letter, Outlx ClZice, Pcnnsyivania Gurcau OF Em?loyrnzni. Security, 1960 throu9h 1369. I I I MORAINE PLANNING AREA Economic base studies are rather complicated at best. Such a study dealing with I a small area of low population, for which little data is r-mdily available, bccom~ most difficult. A survey of existing industrial and commercial unib in the Moraim area indicates chat thc economic base of he planning area is not congruent with the I political boundaries of the area. The residents of the planning area are, in fact, quite dopendent upon other areas of thc County, though probably not upon areas wkide of the County to any significant dcgrec, for their livelihood. Indications I are that this situation in not likely to chango during the planning period.

I CURRENT AND PROJECTED LABOR FORCE

Table 19 illustrates tho current and projected relationship bobween labar force and I lab wailability in the planning area. As may be seen, only Portorsvillo OS a favmblc estimated employed-resident/rcsident-job ratio, and hot door not I neccrsarily mean thot all the residents of Portersville work in the Baraugh.

Unfooptunatoly, the Table docs no! givc any impression of underemployment. Con- I sequently, it is conceivable that more jobs could be absorbsd within the plonning area than is indicated by Table 19. In ony cvcnt, due to thc necessarily tonttrPlve noture of the data from which Table 20 was developed, the figures containod I herein should be thought of as indicators of direction and magnitude, not as procise sum; and the indications are thot intra-areo job opportunities arc likely 00 continue to be inadequate to the necds of the infra-arca lobor force, although I Portersville may continue io encompazs morc iobs than rcsident employees.

I Although Table 20 mynot include all thc jobs in the planning area, the field survcy upon which it is based was extensiveenough to enable the Table to be o reasonably accurate indicator of tho relative importance from an employment I penpectivo of each category to the economies in the planning area.

I It appears that the order of importance in Portersville is mnufacturing, service, wAolesale/retail trade, government, and utilitics; that the order in Muddy Creek Township is mining, vholcsale/retail trade, service, and utilities, and that the I order in Prospect is wholesalc-retail trode, service, government, manufacturing, utilities, tronsportation/communication, and insurance. Informtion concerning I Brody Township is not avoilablc. I I Page 8-45 TAW 17 I

PORTERSVI LLE PROS PEC T .-BRADY I Toto I Popu lo?iona 340 1,153 1,035 I Acc Group& ;\!umber Porccii: -i-juiiiber Pzrcen) ;-dumber Percent --Wumbw Percant 15-24 5G 17 1 PI4 16 1O? io a$ 13 I 25-3fL 37 11 I27 11 119 11 65 10 35-44 31 7 150 13 162 15 91 45-Y, 43 14 115 10 107 10 52 c 55-64 -77 -c To;aI Wor!: Forcc 301 57 Matefiemale(l950) 1.0:0.95 1.0:o.gc 1.0:1.02 1 .&I .05 I iviedian Fanily(l310) 3.4 3.9 3.5

Esi!maled Labor FarceC

100% Cahort Factor. 193 612 563 74% Full Emp. Factor 137 41 c 376 1/3 Faci.04 1 OG 367 347 205 Esflmated -lo& 1970C 133 151 90 i\lA I

Estimated Lahr Force"

1775 102 41 1 403 233 I 17G0 1 oi 444. 430 250 1905 - 532 - 1730 1 73 575 502 26G

(Continued)

Page 8-46 I I TABLE 19 (CONTINUED) I PORTERSVI LLE MUDDY CREEK PROSPECT BRADY

I Estimated Jobs 1 980f ------484------438+ 407

I 70 NA

Estimated Labor Surplus I 1970 -80 to 5 21 6 to 467 257 to 473 NA

a 1970 data estimated (See population report, P. 4-24.) I Based on 1960 Census data. Minus 4.1% unemployment (1970). 1/3 of County population in 1960 was labor force. I e 1/3 factor based on ..population proiections.. -4.1% unemployment... Saurce: Southwestern Pennsylvania Regional Planning Commission; does not include agricultural employment. I 9 Does not include agricultural employment. !' Includes Franklin Township. I ' Includes West Liberty Borough. I I I I I I I 1 I Page 8-47 TAME 20

ESTIMATED EMPLOYMENT BY SECTOR AND CATEGORY

MORAINE PLANNING AREA

BUTLER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA, 1570

PORTERSVILLE MUDDY CREEK PROSPK: T BRADY I Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Numbsr Percent NONAGRICULTURAL I Manufacturing Durable Goods I Glass, Stone 8 Cloy Produch ------NA Primory hktuls 8 NAl Fob. Metal Products 46 24.4 - - - - NA NA Non-electricol hchinery - - - - - NA NAI Other NA "I Non-Durable Goods Food Produck NA Chemical Produck NA NA Other NA NA

Non-Manufacturing I Mining NA NA Contract NA COM truc t ion NA Transportation/ Communication - - - - 4 5.0 F !A Public Utilities 1 0.5 15 9.9 5 6.3 NA Wholcsale/RctaiI Trade 22 11.7 30 19.3 22 27.3 NA Finance, Insurance & Real Estate - 1 1.2 NA r:,'

Service 8 Misc. 64 34.0 26 17.2 20 25.0 NA NA

Government Federal 4 2.1 - - 4 5.0 NA NA State/Loco I 22 11.7 - - 15 18.7 NA

(Continued) Page 8-48 I I I I TABLE 20 (CONTINUED) PORTERSVILLE MUDDY CREEK PROSPECT BRADY I Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

OTHER NON- ~ I AGR ICU LTURAL - I AGRICULTURAL 0-25 - 51-75 - 0-75 - 0-25 TOTAL* 11u: 100.0 151 100.0 80 100.0 Incomplete NA I * Excludes agriculture

I Source: Butler County Planning Commission; Loronzi, Odds & Gunnill, Inc. I I I I I I I I 1 I I Pago 0-49 I I

At he planning area level, thc catcgorics in their order of importance appear to bc service , manufacturing, mining, whols.sale/retai I tradc, government, uti hies, I transpartaPion/cornmunication, and insuronce . I Orice again, note that the preceding rankings ore based rhlyupon employment within the planning area, and that many rcsidenh of the planning orea do not work in the area. Consequently, while it is beyond the scope oi this study to determine, I it is conceivable that thc rankings would be altered wcrc they based upon the jobs supporting the entirc resident population of the planninS; arco. I

The following are more detailed cxaminotions OF sclccted sectors of the economy of he Moraine Region. I

AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITY I

Chart A shows he planning area, except Drady Tcwnship, os being port of o large area of sccondory importonce to ogriculturol cmploymcnt in the County. Although I it is not possible to makc a dircct correlation between agricultural omployment and qricdtuml production, it is nonetheless feasible to view the former as an indicator of the latter, and to concludc that agriculture is of some importance to the economy I of he arca. In particular, cornparin0 Chart A with Chart B and Table 20 show that agriculturc could account for upwords OF 25 prceiit OF the total employment in Muddy Creek Township. I

Howover, it should be noted that both Chart A and Chort D predate the developmerit I of Moraine State Park. Thc acquisition of the land for the park prdxbly has acted to reduco the magnitude of agricultural ocitivity in the planning area, and it is prohable that the occompanyirq residential development mntioned previously I will reduce the current level of farming both in Muddy Crccl: Township and in Drady ?ownship. I

Furthermore, it is quite likely that continued strip mining activity in Muddy Creek Township will have a lasting effect in reducing toe levcl of agricultural activity in I that Yownship. The acfive stripping will consume land, ou' course, but the greatcrt loss probably will result from the torn land lcft in the wake of the strippers. I

in short, he outlook is For a dccline in the importance of ogriculture to the economy I of the area. I I'age 8-50 I

INMWRlAL AND URGE-SCALE COMMERCIAL ACTlVlW

Mnterial developcd by thc Butler County Planning Comnirrion tends to support the conclusion that the economic bosc of th< plmnin9 cwo is not congruent with ik pc!itical boundaries. Comparisons of Chart Awih ChdB reveal that while some rcsidLnts of the plannins area are employed tr manufacturing, the jobs which cr$oy them are located largely in Jackson, Butl-r, Sun+:, and Fairview Townships, although some jobs ore located in kruddy Creck Township (mainly in Portersville propor).

Several obstacles to future industrial and heavy comrnercbl devclopment exist within the planning area. As has been demonstratcd, thc economic bass of t!7e planning area is not sufficient to serve as o self-gcnerator of gre-tcr developmnt. The cxisting establishments, categorized in Tables 20 ~d :I, appcar to b:. neither of the type nor of the magnitude requircd to cttroct a(.' titiwml dovelopmcnt. At the same time, development is being attmctzd tc c-pc;; r;I,>np2 ,line from Zelienople through Butler and East Butler to Chicora, thcncs f * ?ctr.~Jio,(see Table 22). Insofar as investmcnt tends to fo!low investmcnt, Icrgo-scald commercial and industrial dcvelopmont probbly will continu2 to skirt thc planning arm Po the south, southeast, and xst.

Rocenf highway construction in the planning area docs offcr some possibility of stimulating industrial cnd commercial dcvclopmcnt . Thc infcrchanges of 1-79/ L.R.10143 and I-79/lJ. S. 42% in Muddy Crccl: Towns!lip full adjacent to some developable land as docs the U . S. 422/Pa. 52G intcrchangc immcdiately north of Prospect Borough. Howcvcr, in cach instance, tlic dcvclopoblc land is not extcnsivc and it is difficult to idcntify cny pcrticulor locctionol advantage any ON of thcsc interchangcs hcs ovcr various other such intcrch-mges closer to Zelienople, Butler, 1-80, etc. Consequently, little large-sc.i 1.- dC?wlopmentis anticipated fa occur of thcse interchangcs within fhe planninc pxiod.

PARK IMPACT

Thc impact which Morainc State Park will have upon thc plannins area is difficult to asscss because the Statc has yct to finolizc eithsr the Part: plans or thc timtuble for its dcvelopmcnt. In fact, thc State ct prcsent hns insurficient funds to continue dcvelopmcnt. Nonethzless, it is li!tcly that tho Pcr!: will employ &ut 100 people directly (40 full-time and 60 part-time) and that ut least the pmmnenP employees will livc largcly in thc planning mea; that it will stimulate vocation and retirement housing construction and trailcr par!; dcvclopmcnt; end that it will cause a con- commitant increase in commerciol scrvicc activity. TABLE 21 a (Dm INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY STATISTICS Q) I % MORAINE PLANNING AREA BUTLER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA 1968-1969

STANDARD NUMBER INDUSTRIAL CODE ESTABLISHMENTS NUMBER EMPLOYEES -Tota I Product ion Other -Ma le Female -Male Femcrle Portenville 371 3 1 44 34 6 4

Muddy Creek 2951 1 5 5 2071 1 22 17 3 2

Net Wage Capital Value Misc . Resale Value Establishments Salary Expenditures Products Receipts -Other , Added Other (P) 13 7,344,000 1,058,000 45,205,000 255,000 21 8,000 20,355,000

Other (MC) 17 4,878,000 989,000 22,831,000 5,000 65,000 13,695,000

Source: Pennsylvania Department of Lammrce, Pennsylvania Industrial Census Series, Butler County, 1968. I I . TABLE 22 I TRENDS IN MANUFACTURING EMPLOYMENT BY MAJOR CATEGORIES I BUTLER COUNTY, 1963 - 1967 I CATEGORY 1963 1 964 1965 1966 1967 Primary Metal Products 4,095 4,435, 4,567 4,678 4,717 Transportation Equipment 1,706 2,295 2,823 3,191 2,640 I Stone Glass &Clay Products 1,244 1,370 1,458 1,409 1,409 Fabricated Metal Products 423 576 61 9 678 596 Machinery - Nan-Electrical 840 1,014 1,315 1,269 1,406 I Machinery - Electrical 325 347 392 367 362 Petroleum and Coa I Products 832 838 87 1 897 835 Chemical and Allied Products 725 598 575 595 553 I Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics 333 41 3 45 1 487 467 Food and Kindred Products 271 293 313 273 273 Instruments and Related Products 25 1 266 290 357 395 I Apparel and Related Products 199 329 342 290 264 Printing and Publishing 179 1 80 181 181 185 I Furniture, Fixtures, Lumber, Wood 172 1 83 159 103 123 TOTAL ALL INDUSTRIES 11,715 13,320 14,488 15,015 14,442

I Growth 1963-1 967 23.2%

No. of Wages and Averaae., Value Added Value of I Year Establishments Sahries

1 963 148 $ 75,280,000 $6,420 $147,853,000 $342,787,000 I 1 964 159 89,859,000 6,730 195,865,000 442,973,000 1965 162 99,046,000 6,840 21 2,594,000 496,908,000 1966 175 111,592,000 7,420 248,560,000 576,879,000 I 1967 172 106,551,000 7,380 224,373,000 525,101,000

I (Continued) I I I I Page 8-53 TABLE 22 (CONTINUED)

Percent Growth 1 Area 1963 1964 1965 1966 196i '63-'67

Butler City 8, Twp., E. Butler, Summit Twp. 7,320 8,695 9,458 9,766 9,131 24.8 1 Zelienople, Harmony, Jackson Twp. 1,235 1,466 1,781 1,811 2,008 62.5 Petroliu, Hams City, Fairview Twp. 941 945 974 956 8764 4.9 Man, Evans City, Forword & Adam Twp. 935 891 834 931 1,034. 10.6 1

10,431 11,997 13,047 13,464 13,045'

Percent of all manufacturing jobs in County 89.0 90.0 90.2 89.5 90.4. 25-0 0

Source: Butler County Industry Report, Department of Internal Affairs, Harrisburg I I

I Page 8-54 I I

With regard to vacation housing and trailer court construction, each of the municipalities I ha advantages and drawbacks. Muddy Creek Township and Portcnville Borough are more convenient to 1-79 and to U. 5. 19 than the others, but Brady Township and Prorpect Borough have more developable land. None of thc municipalities has water I and sewer lincs, so tho Boroughs do not have thot advantage over the Townships. As for retirement housing, Prospect Borough has an cdgc beceusc its circulation pattern and traffic flow characteristics ore prcfcrable to Portersvillc's, because its I commerciol center is mare compact thon Portcrsvillc's, and becausc it has morc and bctter situated devclopable land thon Portcrsvillc. Portersvillc is more convenient to I Pittsburgh, but Prospcct is more convenicnt to Outlcr.

Of course, the currcnt, rclative instability of the economy is have a depressing I effect upon the construction of second home and rctiranent housing. Consequently, it is likely that new mobiic homcs will be more prcvalent initially than new con- I vcntianal cottages.

In any event, any ncw dwelling units stimulatcd by the Perk will bc in addition I to the 328 ncw units (Portcrsvillc -9; Prospcct -126; Brody -45; Muddy Crcek -148) astimated to be ncccssary to house the projcctcd 1933 population of thc plonning I area.

I RETAIL AND SERVICE COMMERCIAL Commcrcial scrvicc dcvclopmcnt probably will tend to develop around thc intcrchangor I bctwcen the major exprcssways ond thc acccss roads to thc Pork. This would include primarily the I-79/t. R.10143, I-79/LI. S. 422, U. S. 422/Pa. 528 intcr- changes and tho Pa. 526/Pa. 8 intersections. Howcvcr, a significont proportion of I this dcvclopmcnt is likcly to support scasonal employment only. Some odditional commercial dcvclopmcnt is also likcly to occur in tlic two Boroughs as a result of the anticipatcd change in resident population in fhc planning orco. Such I additional dcvelopmcnt would support full-time cmploymcnf, but whether through oxpansion of existing commercial estoblishmcnts or through new commcrcial outlcts 1 is difficult to say. I I I Page 8-55 I I I IWOM AND WYBNG BOWER I Sinca avdbble dab indicates hat myof the employed pcrsom latakd In che planning orea are employed slsewhere in the County, it appwn safe to assurn that h~ income levels in the planning area would be similar, at Smst in relation I to mndacturing. It is hhus assumed that the average wage in mtsnufacturing would thus be about $7,4UO. P In torm of other types of employment, available evidence tends to indicate phot income from wages and wlaries is lower tfwn that of the County. ?his, of COU~SQ, I would lower average income, especially hen par?-time or female service workeir are considered. It is estimted hat the average wage in the service and wholesale/ retail tm& categories is approximately $2,500. I

Average income per individual employee in the planning area, based upon ovoilciblo I wage tax informotion, is on the order of $7,000 pcr year. In most cases, this figure can be construed also to be averagc incomo pcr household. I If the 87,W annual family incomo statistic is utilized, effective family buying ~QPfw ~AOplanning area as o whole would be $5,800. This finding anrum II hat the aom incomefiying powcr ratio applies to the planning area as to he County QS o wholo os determined by the staff of Sales Management magazine. I

No further income informtien wos available for the planning arm that could bo considered statistically accurate or significant. I

EMPLOYMENT I

Table 21 indicatos tho number of employed pcnoor in industrial activities in 1968. Information obtained from the officer of wag0 tox collectors for he par 1%9 I differ somewhat from this Table since they include all who were employed and reported a wage in 1969. On phis basis, hc following additional infmmhn relating to labor force charactcrirtica are providcd. I I

Page 8-56 I I I I I

OCCWATlONAk TAXAD!.% I WAG5 TAXABLES REinRTED- REPORTED I Bmdy Tomahip ' 52 10 Fcrfmville Borough 116 178 I Muddy Creek Township 29? I Prc:pct Borovgh 3w 76

I The foregoing would indicatc to some dcgrce the incidenrr of local versus nonlocol emplopnt. in that all those paying a wage tax live in tho idlvidwl community but may not all work there. Those paying the occrJpationol privilege tax work in I the community but may not live there.

I Muddy Creek Township and PortenviIIe Borough rcport that only 71 residents both work and live in the two communities while 107 people work in one of the Rwo communities but do not live in either one. In 1909, however, 515 reoidenb of the I Borough and Township wcre employed at onc or another time.

I Brady Towmhip reported that 152 porsons living in the Township pay a wage tax while only 8 residonh and 2 nonresidents reported workins in the Township ikelf in 1%9. I Prospect Borough tax statistics indicate that about 65 residents work and live in the Boraugh and 11 people work in the BoroewJh but do not reside therein. A Ootd of 386 I pcople were employod and rcparted earnings in 1969.

I In any event, the majority of employed persons residing in the planning mea worked elsewhere in 1969. Further, there is evidence to the effect htalms9 4 of every 5 employed persons in the planning area work elsewhere such as at Arm0 I Steel and Pullmn-Sk;n&rd in Butler City or also in Pittsburgh, Mew Castle, Slippwy Rack Borough, and Shcron. In Brady Township, 9 of every 10 employed pemm I doea not work within the Township itdf.

Obviously, the evidence clzarly states ancc move that economic conditions in the I planning area are subject to external rrithcr tlinn internal forcas. I Pay3 8-57 I I I CONC LUS 10 N I The mort important sectors of the Southwestern Pennsylvania economy are, and OPCI considered likely to remain, coal mining, steel and othor prinmry me~ls,chemicals, glass, electrical machincry, and research and administration. I

At tho County Icvel, the critical present and future sectors of the Butler County 1 economy from on employmcnt pcrspectivo are niunufocturing, services, wholewlo,/ retoil trade, construction, transportotion/communicotion, agriculture, ond mining; from a dollar volume perspective, they arc mnufacturing, wholesole/retail trade, I mining, tmnsportation/communication, scrvices, agriculture, and conshctian. I From an intra-planning arc0 employment pcrspcctivc, thc roctors of the aggregate: Moraine economy in their order of importance ore services, manufacturing, mining, I wholexrle/re~il trodc, government, utilities, tronsportotion/comrunicationt oncf imumnco. As mentioned prcviously, it is difficult to determine o rank for agriculture. I It may be seen, then, that the Moraine arc0 economy is linked to the Rcgional mining industry, which is expected to be o stable if not a growth sector. Further- I m, the economic developmcnt generated by Moraine State Pork obviously will be a function of the Regional economy as opposcd either to tho Moraine or to tho Butler County economy. Theso two conncctions aside, thc ivbraine economy is I isolated from the fluctuations of the Regional economy. I Given tho great numbcr of pcrsons in the wark force of thc planning arco who m~f seek employmcnt outside tho area, it is doubtful hot the Momire economy is a leading factor in the County economy. On he other hond, it is clcar that the I employment situation in the Moraine economy is largely dependent upon thc overall activity of thc Butler County cconomy. I

Tho preceding statcmenh arc oddressod to a composite economy mode up of tho economies of the individual communities. As might bc expected, he individual I economies vary somewhat in thcir conformation to those stokmenk. I I

Page 8-58 I I I I The Portenvilla economy is the most divergent. Mining plays no appreciable part in the economy, hcnce it is not linked to the Rogionol mining industry. On he I other hand, Portersville has its own monufocturing base, frceing it so&t from dependence upon the County economy. In foct, of 011 th.: rornmunith I only Portersville imports lobor.

The economy of Muddy Creek Township oppcars to be the most highly dependent I upon mining of any of the communities in the planning arca. Consequently, it is the mast depondcnt upon the fortunes of the Regional mining sector. Since it has a large labor surplus, the Township econwny is tied mrkedly to tho general County I economy.

I The Prcrpct economy appears to be o service and retail hade economy wih a large lobor surplus, indicating that it is basically quite dependent upon the I werall County economy.

Again, it is not possible to make an accurote cstimation OF the Brady Vowwhip I economy. I In summtion, it appears that external influences, over which the &mine area has little if any control, will continuc to determine the characteristics of the I Mowioim, economy. The future impact of the Regionol economy will be the driving force behind b7th the eventual development of the rMoraine State Park surroundings and the development of the aroo's mineral resources, and employment in he I area will continue to depend a Sreat deui upon the future stote of the Butler County economy. I I I I I I Pow 8-59 I I I I I I 1 I I I

I COMPREHENSIVE DEVELOPMENT PLAN I Introduction I Land Use Plan I Community Facilities Plan I Transportation and I Circulation Plan Urban Renewal Plan I Effectuation of I Planning Proposals I I I I I CHAPTER NINE I I I I INTRODUCTION I I I I I

Over the past several decades, the citizens of the communities now com- I prising the Moraine Area Regional Planning Commission have been aware of the rapid changes occurring throughout the world, nation, state, and county. In many respects, these citizens have shared the benefits of I this progress by acquiring new automobiles, farm machinery, appliances and homes. The communities in which they reside have also moved forward in many respects by virtue of expressed desires on the part of their citizenry to more fully share in such progress. Other facets of com- I munity life, however, have not kept pace with the more progressive elements, and indeed some appear to have taken a step backward. While many people would secretly rather not admit it, or even actively oppose such I an idea, the fact must be faced that a community is no longer a small island isolated from the rest of the world. Outside forces beyond the full control of local citizens are ordaining that a community either I adapt to change or fall by the wayside in a competitive sense. I Page 9-1 I I i 1 In order to equip themselves to take better advantage of such changes bath economically and in terms of community land development, the four ccmmunities of Brady Township, Muddy Creek Township, Portersville Bor- ough, and Prospect Borough decided to "plan." The following pages I represent the end product of that decision, the Comprehensive De- velopment Plan for the Moraine Regional Planning Area. I

This Comprehensive Development Plan is based upon the preceding analysis of existing conditions and projections of anticipated future needs. In I essence it is a long-range, twenty-year guide for the public and private development of land in the four communities and reflects not only sound principles of community development but also local goals and objectives dfrected towards creating a balanced and prosperous environment. The I Comprehensive Development Plan, which is concerned with the entire physical environment of the planning area, consists of the following major elements. I

-- Land Use Plan. A plan showing the amount and location of land proposed for commercial, industrial, residential, P and public purposes. I -- Circulation Plan. A plan for the improvement of traffic circulation within the area related to regional as well as local needs. I

-- Community Facilities Plan. A plan for the improvement and enlargement of community facilities including schools, I parks, playgrounds and public buildings. I -- Urban Renewal Plan. A plan for the systematic elimination or rehabilitation of blighted and otherwise structurally and/or environmentally unsound areas. 1

In addition to the above plan elements, the Comprehensive Plan contains recommendations for effectuation of the proposed plans through capital I improvements programming, zoning, subdivision controls, and urban renewal activities. I

Since there is generally some confusion with regard to the nature of a Comprehensive Plan, three points, which were noted earlier, should be I re-emphasized. I I Page 9-2 I FIRST, IT IS -NOT THE FUNCTION OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN TO PROVIDE DE- TAILED BLUE-PRINTS OR DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS FOR INDIVIDUAL PROJECTS. I SUCH PLANS WOULD IN ALL LIKELIHOOD BE OW-OF-DATE LONG BEFORE STEPS WERE TAKEN TO ACTIVATE SUCH PROJECTS, AND, IN ADDITION, THE DEVELOP- MENT OF DETAILED PROJECT PLANS WOULD TEND TO CONFUSE THE LONG-RANGE I OBJECTIVES OF THE PLAN.

SECONDLY, THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN IS OF ITSELF A RATHER LIMITED INSTRU- I MENT, AND THE DEVELOPMENT AND ULTIMATE ADOPTION OF A COMPREHENSIVE PLAN DOES NOT AUTOMATICALLY BENEFIT NOR GUARANTEE THE SOLVING OF ALL FUTURE PROBLEMS OR EVEN THOSE ANTICIPATED BY THE PLAN. THE EFFECTIVENESS OF I SUCH A COMPREHENSIVE PLAN RESTS RATHER IN THE DEGREE TO WHICH IT IS USED BY LOCAL OFFICIALS AND CITIZENS.

I THIRDLY, A COMPREHENSIVE PLAN CAN NEVER BE CONSIDERED TO BE "COMPLETE"; IT IS NOT A FINAL NOR INFLEXIBLE DOCUMENT. IT REFLECTS CURRENT LOCAL OBJECTIVES IN RELATION TO EXISTING CONDITIONS. THE PLANNING COMMISSION AND LOCAL OFFICIALS MUST BE ALERT TO CHANGING CONDITIONS AND PARTICULAR OPPORTUNITIES TO CARRY OUT THE VARIOUS PLANNING PROPOSALS. IN ADDITION, AS CONDITIONS CHANGE AND FURTHER DEVELOPMENT TAKES PLACE, THESE PLANS MUST BE REVIEWED AND RE-EVALUATED IN RELATION TO NEW CONDITIONS OR NEW COMMUNITYWIDE OBJECTIVES. THIS IS WHAT IS MEANT BY PLANNING BEING A CONTINUOUS PROCESS. THUS, IN A VERY REAL SENSE, THE PLANNING PROGRAM IN THE MORAINE REGIONAL PLANNING AREA WILL NOT END WITH THE ADOPTION OF THE COMPREHENSIVE DEVELOPMEW PLAN, BUT RATHER SHOULD BEGIN AT THAT POINT.

PROCEDURE

In order to arrive at the various conclusions required to develop a Com- prehensive Development Plan for the planning area, the following procedure was undertaken:

1. The various basic inventory studies were presented in individual report form for review by the Planning Com- mission and elected officials at regular intervals. Based upon this review procedure and public meetings, these reports were put into final form refl.ecting local comments and discussions.

Page 9-3 I 1 2. Individual preliminary "sketch" plans were developed based on the findings of the inventory phase of the planning program and previously established local objectives. These "sketch" plans included consider- 4 ations regarding land use, traffic and community facilities development. 1

3. Various alternative proposals and view points were considered. These related primarily to residential 1 densities, commercial and industrial site development, traffic circulation, and the effect of alternate land uses on the local financial structure. 1

4. Upon adequate resolution of these alternatives and final concurrence by the various Planning Commissions, I the preliminary plans were put into final form for presentation and publication. I

SUMMARY OF EXISTING CONDITIONS 1

The following paragraphs are a general summary of some of the more salisnt I findings of the inventory phase of the Planning Program. These studies indicate that the planning area has a number of assets, but, on the other hand, it faces a number of liabilities that have dictated its present state of development. Some of these liabilities can be overcome at a I local level and within a reasonable period of time given proper guidance, coordination, and financial resources. Others, due primarily to their dependence upon conditions not primarily controlled locally, will have 1 to be accepted realistically and adapted to as best as possible. I GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION

The Moraine Regional Planning area is located slightly to the north of I center along the western edge of Butler County. The planning area is geographically somewhat remote from major urban centers in the western half of the State although it is definitely accessible to these areas. I The planning area is also well located in relation to the City of Butler, which is the major urban center in Butler County. I 1 I l?age 9-4 I The planning area has, for the past twenty or so years, retained its relative isolation from the metropolitan areas in this part of the State. The area has thus been fairly self-sufficient and internally oriented I and has not been greatly affected by many of the problems commonly associated with large metropolitan areas. If the four communities are to grow, however, they must seek to strengthen their ties with I such areas, particularly their economic ties. One of the things most necessary for accomplishing this is the need for increased accessibility to and communication with these urban centers. Much work toward this end has already come about with the construction of Interstate Route 79 and Moraine State Park. The point to be made herein is that in today's complex society no community can afford to remain an island unto itself. It goes without saying that such a reversal of orientation will expose the four communities to the various problems and complexities of urban life but the advantages of such a re-orientation should surpass these drawbacks if adequately planned for.

PHYSIOGRAPHY

In general, natural environmental characteristics within the planning area such as soils, drainage, and topography are favorable to urban development. On an average, slightly less than one-fifth of the total available vacant land within the planning area is suitable for development without significant preparatory costs. The primary problems relative to the natural environment appear to be large areas of strong slope and excessive soil moisture due to seasonally high water tables. Further, the topographic configuration of the planning area is one of rapidly alternating ridges and valleys that tend to physically isolate development in any one area from that in other areas, and provides obstacles to the provision of sewer and water utilities and roads.

LAND USE

Portersville Borough

The total land area encompassed by the Borough is approximately 458 acres or about 0.7 square miles. Of this area, about 28 percent consists of the various residential, commercial, industrial and public and semipublic uses that are classified as urban in nature. Most land uses in the Borough have developed in a logical and harmonious pattern. Several adverse or otherwise less than desirable land use characteristics have evolved, however. These include mixed land uses that have detrimental effects upon each other, lots of inadequate size for the types of uses upon them, and some conversions of older structures into mixed uses without adequate area or functional characteristics for those uses.

Page 9-5 I I -Prospect Borough Prospect Borough contains a total of 2,538 acres (4.0 square miles), of I which approximately 15 percent is developed in urban types of use. As is the case in Portersville Borough, most land uses have developed in a logical and harmonious manner but some developmcnt characteristics are not in compliance with contemporary standards. The most significant I of these nonconforming characteristics pertain to structural obsolescence and overcrowding as a result of small structures on small lots, with inadequate setbacks and open yard areas. I

-Brady TownshiE I Slightly over 11,392 acres (17.8 square miles) are contained within the boundaries of Brady Township. In obvious contrast to the more densely developed Boroughs, only 8 percent of Township lands are in urban types: I of use while almost 92 percent of such lands arc in agriculture or similar uses. Where they exist, urban nodes wjthin the Township are geographic:ally widely dispersed and appear to have little relationship to each other. The 'I largest concentration of urban types of uses are found along or immediately adjacent to Pa. Route 8 as it passes through the Township. The primary ].and use problems confronting the Township are a result of the dispersed nature of settlement. Among the factors so related are difficulties in I the provision of adequate levels of municipal services such as sewer and water systems, uncoordinated and haphazard land use development, and the reluctance of inhabitants to view land use development on an areawide I and long-range basis.

Muddy Creek Township I

Of the total land area of 13,531 acres (21.1 square miles) lying within Muddy Creek Township, 8 percent is devoted to urban types of land use. I This indicated that Muddy Creek Township has developed to an almost equal degree with Brady Township and is quite similar to Brady Township :in terms of the spatial distribution and overall density per acre of its I population. As is the case in Brady Township, most land use deficiencies in Muddy Creek Township are associated with the dispersed nature of settlement and include the difficulty of providing coordinated municipal services, uncoordinated development, and highly localized and introspected I development outlooks. I POPULATION I The population structure of each of the communities comprising the Moraine planning area has undergone an increase since the 1930's in spite of the demise of the coal industry as a major economic activfty. Population losses, however, continue to occur in the younger age groups that provide I I Page 9-6 I the backbone for future growth. In recent years, this trend has been slightly reversed but it will be a number of years before any significant I trend emerges. The 1950 population of the region as a whole was 2,712 while the 1960 population was 3,208, for a percentage change of +18.3 percent over the ten-year period. The constituent communities of the I regional planning area underwent population percentage changes for the I950 to 1960 decade as follows: Portersville Borough, +17.0 percent; Prospect Borough, +24.4 percent; Brady Township, f11.6 percent; and I Muddy Creek Township, +18.3 percent.

In general, the populations of each community are becoming slightly older I in both a relative and absolute sense primarily as a result of the out- migration of the under-35-year age sectors. An exceptional departure from this trend occurs in Muddy Creek Township which, in both 1940 and I 1960, contained a greater proportion of its population in the under-35- year age sectors than did any of the three other communities and the County, State and Nation as well. The bulk of this particular “bulge” is accounted for by the under-14-year-of-age subsectors, however, and is primarily indicative of larger than normal families in the Township. As the population wave engendered by the post-World War I1 “Baby Boom” continues to proceed through the population structure of bhe planning area, an increased aging trend will be in evidence, especially if “new blood” is not added to the population by means of either reduced out- migration or increased in-migration. None of the communities are, however, in danger of not being able to undergo population growth solely on a natural increase basis as of yet.

In terms of future population growth, all four communities are expected to exhibit population increases by the year 1990 that would have exceeded their populations in 1960. Portersville Borough is expected to reverse a recent population decline and begin to undergo population increases from about the year 1980 onward. By the year 1990, the populations of the various communities comprising the planning area should be as follows: Portersville Borough, 370; Prospect Borough, 1,526; Brady Township, 804; and Muddy Creek Township, 1,727. The population of the planning area as a whole should thus be 4,427 or an increase of 38 percent over that of 1960.

ECONOMY

The internal economic vitality of the planning area and its constituent communities is difficult to determine since almost no statistical information of a historical nature is available from which comparisons can be drawn. Four important indicators of economic development can be dis- cerned, however. The first is that the Moraine planning area does not now nor has it contained since at least 1940 an industria.;.or commercial base capable of supporting the majority of its employed labor force.

Page 9-7 I

Existing evidence indicates that almost four of every five employed persons I! in the planning area work elsewhere. This means that economic vitality :in tht? planning area is dictated almost entirely by external forces and externally located sources of employment. I

The second is that the primary types of occupations in the planning area I as a whole appear to be of the skilled and semiskilled nonprofessional category. This includes craftsmen, foremen, operatives, and kindred workers. Professional and technical employment are, however, a substantial portion of the total employed labor force. The foregoing in- I dicates that the planning area labor force does have a high level of technical competency and constitutes a potential reservoir of skilled personnel with practical experience. Unfortunately, most of these people I are employed outside of the planning area and merely reside in one of th.e four communities. As is to be expected, the Boroughs contain the highest numbers of nonfarm employees, particularly those of a clerical, manager I or proprietor nature.

The third is that the economic development of the planning area as a whole I wi.11 most likely continue to be dominated by external forees and employment sources, even though local employment in the wholesale and retail trade and personal services is expected to significantly increase as a I result of Moraine State Park development. The economic development gem- erated by the park site will, however, also be almost entirely dependent upon external sources of support. I

The fourth and last is that agriculatural activities will continue to decline, thus placing continued and almost total emphasis upon nonagri- I cultural employment as a source of support for the planning area. I --HOUSING The Moraine planning area as a whole has not outwardly experienced a I great change in terms of housing development over the past decade. The situation in relation to individual communities has, however, been changing. Prospect Borough has witnessed an increase of about 69 dwelling units while I Portersville Borough has lost approximately 14 units. Brady Township and Muddy Creek Township have both lost a total of 123 dwelling units, the former decreasing by 64 and the latter by 59. Most if not all of the I dwelling unit losses in the Townships have been a result of condemnations due to the construction of Interstate Route 79 and Moraine State Park. I I

Page 9-8 I I I I In terms of housing types, the planning area consists predominantly of single-family detached housing structures with a minute scattering of two-or-more-family units occurring in highly dispersed locations, pri- I marily in the two Boroughs.

I Seven of ten dwelling units within the planning area are owner-occupied, a higher percentage of owner occupancy than is exhibited within Butler County and the State of Pennsylvania. On the obher hand, however, the I vacancy rate in the planning area is also higher than County or State levels.

I Structurally, the condition of housing supply of the four communities comprising the Moraine planning area in 1960 was on the whole generally worse than those of Butler County and the State. Housing structural I conditions have improved greatly since that time, however, and should continue to do so if code enforcement activities are undertaken. The primary factors leading to housing blight in the planning area appear I to be related to structural obsolescence of frame structures compounded by negligent maintenance attitudes created by low incomes and physical I impairments associated with aged owner occupants. I COM"ITY FACILITIES There are a number of services that any community provides or contains that are designed to meet the health, safety, cultural and social needs I of that community. These include various public buildings, schools, and recreational sites. Obviously, in predominantly rural communities such needs are satisfied in a slightly different manner than in more urban areas. The need for such facilities still exists, however, and it is I one of the functions of the comprehensive planning program to provide for these needs. I Public Buildings

None of the €our communities have Municipal Buildings that can be con- I sidered as completely adequate for the actual or intended functions. In fact, neither Prospect nor Portersville Borough have municipally-owned office space. Additionally, the municipal structures in both Brady and I Muddy Creek are not particularly well located or designed for use as public meeting places or governmental offices. I I I Page 9-9 I I

--Schools I LL1 schools serving the planning area are deemed adequate in terms of contemporary design standards. I

-Recreation I Portersville and Prospect Boroughs are presently the only two municipalities in the planning area that actively provide and maintain recreational facilities for their residents. While the facilities so provided are quite ade- 1 quate and, indeed, are of exceptional overall quality, there is a need for additional recreational facilities geographically distributed so as to better serve the various neighborhoods in the two communities. In re- I htion to the planning area as a whole, very little of the total local recreational land need is presently being met with the Townships highly deficient in their responsibilities toward that end at the present time. I

The 15,000-acre Moraine Park facility, currently under development, will most certainly accommodate some of the recreational needs of planning I area residents; although it will not take the place of municipally-owned facilities designed solely for the use of local residents. I -Water and Sewer Utilities

There are no sewer and water systems in the planning area outside of those I 1.ocated within and designed to solely serve the Moraine State Park facility. Health hazards are created by individual on-lot septic and water systems, especially within the two Boroughs. I

-Police and Fire Protection I None of the cornunities in the planning area maintain organized police services, but all but Brady Township provide fire services on a volunteer basis. Existing fire-fighting facilities are excellent and capable of I easily handling all but major disaster situations. The current low level of criminal activities does not call for a full-time local police staff, although such may become necessary as development in and around Moraine I State Park increases. I TRANSPORTATION AND CIRCULATION

The facilities for circulation in the planning area are more or less typical I for a rural area. Roads serving the four municipalities are generally well maintained and provide adequate access to all portions of the planning area. Portions of the road systems in the two Townships suffer from structural Lnadequacies such as narrow roadway widths and undesirable alignment char- I acteristics so that vehicular operation is not as efficient nor as safe as it could be. I Page 9-10 I I I I Similar situations exist on the street systems of the two Boroughs, particularly since vehicular densities and volumes are much greater in these more urban areas. Vehicular circulation difficulties in the Boroughs are I further compounded by injection of pedestrian traffic and business district parking. The foregoing situation is much more evident in Prospect than in Portersville; however, it is not critical in either Borough. In 1 general, the major street systems of the two Boroughs are inadequate in width to handle traffic demands placed upon them under existing conditions of traffic flow, vehicular storage capacity and structural characteristics I of the street system.

In general, all four communities have adequate intrastate and interstate 1 highway connections. Portersville and Muddy Creek have especially good accessibility via Interstate Route 79 and U. S. Routes 422 and 119 which I pass through Muddy Creek Township. I I I I I I I I I I I Page 9-11 I I I I CHAPTER TEN I I I

I LAND USE PLAN I I I 1

The Land Use Plan represents the basic design framework for future land I development to the year 1988 in each of the communities comprising the Moraine regional planning area. In this sense it is a preliminary "blueprint" that shows how the individual community could most ideally and realistically develop in relation to the use of its land resources. In I order to derive such a "blueprint," some ideas as to what the individual cornunities desired to become were promulgated. These ideas became the I broad objectives of the Land Use Plan and are as follows:

-- To preserve, stabilize and improve existing residential I areas by regulating land development patterns with the intent of discouraging urban sprawl, incompatible and/ or unrelated land use groupings, and the excessive and unrealistic extensions or alterations of public utilities I and facilities created thereby. I

I Page 10-1 I I I -- To encourage the development of a balanced and diversified housing supply sufficient to meet the needs and desires of the citizens of the planning area by providing for the most advanced mechanisms or methods for the acceptable I development of regional land resources and by promoting the use of various codes and ordinances directed towards the continued maintenance of sound housing conditions. I

__ Promotion of the use of land in harmony with its inherent natural characteristics to avoid adverse effects upon I both the man-made and natural environment resulting from disregard of those characteristics. I

-- To maintain and/or create where necessary a social and physical environment capable of satisfying the I social needs .of the popul.atjon while. attempting to impose the least possible burden upon public and private resources. I

-- To provide reasonable and realistic amounts of land area for each and every land use deemed necessary to I the well-being of the planning area as well as provision of such land areas in adequate locations to insure their efficient, convenient and safe utilization. I

__ To accomplish all of the foregoing while still providing for the maximum feasible freedom of choice and I flexibility to those individuals or groups attempting to develop the land resources of the planning area as a whole and the constituent communities individually. I

Each major category of land use anticipated to occur in each community, I such as residential, commercial, industrial and public and semipublic uses, has been allocated a location within that community. The locations so noted have been determined by analyzing various physical and non- I physical characteristics of the land and relating those factors to the requirements and needs of a specific land use category. Some of these factors so analyzed are soils and their ability to accommodate I structures and activities, slope of land and its relationships to structural and nonstructural activities; location of land in relation to highway access and existing or proposed land uses; and ownership and jnterest in land in relation to the existing or proposed plans of indivi- I duals, where such are known. The end result of this process is that ].and uses have been fitted to land characteristics in the most compatible manner possible so that conflicts between these two entitj.es are reduced I to a minimum while the advantageous aspects of the land are maximized. I ]'age 10-2 I I

I The only major uncertainty inherent in this process is the desires and plans of the individual property owner or developer. Obviously, an individual may believe that his property wuuld be more "useable" to I him in some use other than that proposcd in die Land Use Plan or he may alter the characteristics of his land so that it in actuality becomes better suited to another use. A use may also occur that was not origin- I ally znticipated and for which additional analysis and re-evaluation of proposed land use patterns may be required.

I The land use planning process, cognizant of the fact that such changes are inevitable, is therefore not intended to be a rigid, unchangeable document and should be altered to reflect changing conditions. On I the other hand, however, very careful consideration should be given to any changes to the Land Use Plan to insure that such revisions do not become, by virtue of an oversight or other act of omission, a detriment to the community as a whole as well as to individual property owners I who have relied upon previous land use patterns as a basis for their I investments. Two final comments relative to the Land Use Plan should be made at this point. First, it can be noted, upon reviewing the Land Use Plan Map, I that no attempt is made to concisely pinpoint the location of future residential land development. Instead, large areas are designated for various residential densitities. This has been done for one major reason which is that large expanses of undeveloped land are available in the I planning area as a whole and it is therefore relatively impossible and somewhat unrealistic to attempt to second guess the specific location I of such development.

To the greatest extent possible, tho Land 1Jse Plans and proposed range I of uses for each community in the planning area have been integrated to provide for minimal conflict and maximal ease of coordination and administration of land use and other controls. It is both recommended and hoped that the communities comprising the Moraine area will at some I future date combine certain governmental functions to provide for the joint administration and provision of certain services such as land use I and building codes and overall governmental operation.

IN ORDER TO INSURE THAT THIS FRAMEWORK IS UTILIZED, IT IS RECOMMENDED I THAT THE INDIVIDUAL CONSTITUENT COMMUNITIES OF THE MORAINE REGIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION ADOPT THE REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN AS AN OFFICIAL POLICY GUIDE FOR THE FUTURE PUBLIC OR PRIVATE DEVELOPMENT OF LAND. THE PLAN SHOULD ALSO BE IMPLEMENTED BY THE ADOPTION AND ENFORCEMENT OF VARIOUS I REGULATORY CONTROLS SUCH AS SUBDIVISION REGULATIONS, A ZONING ORDINANCE, AND BUILDING AND HOUSING AND OTHER CODES. I I I Page 10-3 I I Sinc:e it was an expressed desire of each municipality within the planning region to have its own individual plan report, the original. format of the regional comprehensive plan was altered accordingly. The Land Use Plan 1 that: follows relates solely to the Township of Muddy Creek,, hut regional considerations have been included immediately following the Township's plan description. It is of utmost importance that each community, although working primarily on its own land use plan, he fully cognizant I of the land use considerations and interrelationships included in the land use plan for its neighboring community in order to maintain the regional outlook upon which this plan and all other plans have been I formulated. I I I I I I I I I I I I I Page 10-4 I

LAND USE PLAN

RESIDENTIAL LAND USE PLAN

At the present time, slightly over 60 percent of all land in Muddy Creek Township, excluding those lands lying within Moraine State Park, is in either a vacant state or is agriculturally used. An additional 31.6 percent of all Township land lies within the park site, which is essentially wooded in character except for Lake Arthur.

Historically, the type of residential development that has occurred within Muddy Creek Township has been the traditional single-family detached structure. This structural type presently occupies 87 percent of the land area devoted to residential use in the Township. Residential uses, in turn, occupy slightly less than 6 percent of all land within the Township boundaries.

The structural dominance of the traditional single-family detached dwelling is expected to continue although the mobile home is expected to make significant inroads into the housing inventory as both a permanent and seasonal dwelling unit. Limited evidence of two or more family housing units could also be anticipated although such structural types would most likely be relatively insignificant in terms of a proportion of the total housing supply.

In terms of lot sizes, the most likely types of residential development expected to occur within the Township are the isolated detached single- family farm or nonfarm structure on a lot over 3 acres in size; the detached single-family nonfarm structure on a subdivision lot ranging in size from three-quarters of an acre to 3 acres and including individual mobile homes; the mobile home court with parcels or lots under 7,500 square feet in size; and various seasonal dwellings or camping facilities on lots or parcels of variable size. The majority of the latter facilities will most probably occur in very close proximity to the Moraine Park site.

The Residential Land Use Plan for Muddy Creek is designed to provide for the foregoing land uses, as well as other contingencies that may occur, within three residential districts. These are further explained in the succeeding paragraphs and are illustrated on the Muddy Creek Township Land Use Plan Map. I I I Page 10-5 I I -RESTDENTIAL-AGRICULTURAL DISTRICT (LOW DENSITY)

This district has been defined to permit the preservation and continuation of two traditional land uses that have created the existing rural and I sceiic atmosphere of the Township -- that of the single-family detached houae and the farm. The minimum lot size permitted in this district is approximately three-quarters of an acre (30,000 square feet) although I a developer could reduce mhimum lot sizes to 10,500 square feet by providing either water and sewer systems or a sewer system only. Since the latter case is not anticipated to any significant degree in this district, the prevalent minimum lot size will most likely remain at I the 30,000 square foot minimum. This would provide a housing structural density of one structure per net residential acre and a population density ranging from 4 to 8 persons per net residential acre. I

Approximately 5,179.6 acres of the total of 8,852.6 acres designated far I exclusive residential use in Muddy Creek Township are contained within the district. I RESIDENTIAL DISTRICT (LOW TO MEDIUM DENSITY) I The purpose of this district is to provide for higher residential densities than are permitted in the residential-agricultural district. Conceivably, if sewer services were provided, it would be possible to attain residential I densities of 20 dwelling units, almost 80 percent at existing household sizes, per net residential acre for a planned unit residential development. Higher densities than that could be attained on any specific portion of such a development, however, so long as the total project net density I falls within that limitation. The key to achieving such densities is the provision of a sewerage system and the cost thereof may act as a brake upon extensive development of this nature in this district. Without such I a system, permitted densities would be the same as that in the preceding district, i.e., 4 to 8 persons or one residential structure per net residential acre. I

Of the total of 8,852.6 acres of residential land designated in the Land Use Plan for Muddy Creek Township, 2,996.0 acres are proposed to occur I within this district. I I I I Page 10-6 I RESIDENTIAI. DISTRICT (MEDIUMDENSITY) II This district is proposed to accommodate the highest overall population and structural densities of all residential districts in the Township and is so located as to receive the greatest initial and total impact from private development associated with Moraine State Park. Mobile home I parks are permitted in this dktrict in addition to multiple dwellings and planned unit residential developments so that again the overall structural density could reach a maximum of 20 dwelling units per acre, I a design standard beyond which the disadvantageous characteristics of higher density living start to overcome its advantages. Again, however, the major obstacle to achieving such densities, outside of market I factors, is the lack of a sewerage systemfs).

About 677.3 acres of those reserved for residential use are contained I within this district. I NEW CbNSTRUCTION

The population projections presented in the Population Analysis indicated a potential for 148 new dwelling units for Muddv Creek Townshiu by 1990. This was presented as a conservative estimate based upon historic trends modified by anticipated future potentials, most of which were related to projected employment at Moraine State Park. These projections did not take into account housing units constructed for nonresident populations that may reside within the Township on a temporary or seasonal basis.

Page 10-7 I 1 -CO.WRCIAL LAND USE PLAN In most well developed urban economies, commercial activity provides a primary contribution to the overall community economic base. Such I activities provide employment, goods and services necessary to daily living, and financial returns in the form of wages, salaries, taxes, and entrepreneurship. The commercial base of Muddy Creek Township I has not been well developed in the past in terms of trade and services, but with the advent of Moraine State Park this specific sector of the local economy should undergo a sizeable increase. Unregulated growth I of any type of land use has generally been proven to be undesirable, but unrestricted commercial growth, with its more diverse needs, and effects, has proven especially undesirable. The primary orientation of the Comercial Land Use Plan and the proposed zoning ordinance I developed in conjunction with that plan is to provide guidelines for the development of new commercial areas. I

-GENERAL COMMERCIAL DISTRICTS I Commercial land uses anticipated to occur within the Township can be classified as being primarily of a limited wholesale-retail trade and service nature related predominantly to such activities as general I merchandising, eating and drinking places, personal services, and the servicing of automobiles, marine craft, etc. Further, much of this activity will be subject to peak periods most generally associated with I the period from late spring to early fall. I For this reason, only one commercial classification has been developed for the Township although three distinct and separate commercial areas have been provided. Only one of these areas previously contained some commercial activities. In some instances, individual commercial activities I now in existence have not been recognized where their use and location is considered to be either inharmonious with the general character of an area or not especially desirable in terms of anticipated future travel I patterns of those they designed to serve. Such uses can continue to exist but their expansion at their present location is generally dis- couraged. I I I I I rage 10-8 I I I Each new commercial area has been placed in order to take maximum advantage of existing and future conditions such as traffic flows, accessibility, I and topography and soil conditions. These areas are, in terms of major design and market criteria, the most practical and opportunistic locations I available within the Township. Commercial activities occurring within the boundaries of Moraine State Park have been considered in arriving at a determination of Township I commercial needs only to the extent that some additional commercial areas originally proposed to be located within the Township were removed from consideration. The actual extent or type of general commercial activities to be provided within the park site are not yet known but will obviously be dependent upon the amount, location and services as I well as the accessibility of those activities to their clientele. As proposed, approximately 163.C acres are designated for commercial use in Muddy Creek Township. This represents a 70-acre increase over the I total of 93 acres now in existence. I INDUSTRIAL LAND USE PLAN

Historically, Muddy Creek Township has not contained a diverse industrial I base, relying almost entirely upon resource production and extraction industries such as coal mining, limestone quarrying and agriculture. This situation is not expected to improve significantly over the next I five or ten years although a considerable case could be made for the relative merits of the Township as an industrial site.

I The Industrial Land Use Plan proposes that a minimum of two industrial sites be reserved to assure the best possible selection of sites for I any future industrial development.

The largest site lies near the intersections of U. S. Route 19, 422, I and Interstate Route 79. The second is located at the southwest corner of the Interstate 79 interchange with Pa. Route 488 and extends into Portersville Borough.

Such forethought should insure that each individual industrial site will not be subject to conditions that would hinder development of the I site and also should give notice to adjacent properties that an industrial use may be located in their vicinity. The proposed zoning ordinance for the Township specifies design criteria directed towards ensuring that I any industrial use will be compatible with adjacent uses. I Page 10-9 1 I 1 It appears most likely that light manufacturing industries will ultimately be the type of industrial activity locating within the Township. This woiild include low bulk-high value products such as instrumentation, machinery, tool and die making, etc. Care should be taken to try to 1 losate these potential industries in industrial parks where they may be able to share raw materials or services and where a park-like setting can be provided that would be a credit to the community image. It may be I advisable to either locally form or otherwise seek the services of an industrial attraction agency in order to promote industria1,development within the Township. At this point in the development of Muddy Creek Township, nothing can be lost from such efforts and there is the I possibility of significant gain, particularly since the proximity of Moraine State Park and Slippery Rock State College can be offered as locational fringe benefits. 1

These two sites contain approximately 222 acres. I

PUBLIC AND SEMIPUBLIC LAND USE PLAN I

Uses of this type can be referred to as "dependent" uses in that they generally are tax-exempt and thus do not directly contribute to the I taxable base of any community. In most cases, however, such uses proc vide services whose dollar value to the community many times cannot be estimated but without which a serious gap in the physical and/or emotional I development of a community and its citizens could occur. A specific case in point is the Moraine State Park site which has removed from utilization a significant portion of the taxable base of the Township. The Township is just beginning to recoup these losses and the additional income derived I of nearly 30,000 visitors expected daily on an average weekend should surpass such losses in a fairly short time. I At the present time, public and semipublic land uses in the Township occupy a little over 13 acres, exclusive of the approximately 4,272 acres contained within Moraine State Park. The Land Use Plan for the I Township proposes that this acreage be reduced by 7 acres to approximately 6 acres. This is a result of transposing two abandoned one-room school house sites and the existing Township maintenance garage into other I land use categories. I The Community Facilities Plan for Muddy Creek Township recommends that: 12 acres of public recreation land be ultimately acquired by the Township. This land would be publicly dedicated by means of provisions in the Township subdivision regulations rather than through direct acquisition I and, of course, its location could not therefore be specifically determined and indeed need not be due to the vast amounts of developable land currently in existence. I I Page 10-10 'I I I REGIONAL CONSIDERATIONS

I Obviously the foregoing Land Use Plan is oriented entirely to the Township of Muddy Creek and is in one sense solely a result of specific analysis of the land use capabilities and characteristics of the Township. Many I community plans are literally forced to stop at this point since it is a political fact that a Pennsylvania municipality cannot, for all intents I and purposes, regulate lands not within its legally defined boundaries. This is not entirely the case in the Moraine Regional planning area. The four communities constituting the planning area have, by virtue of joining I together, permitted each community to exercise a form of extra-territorial regulatory power. This has occurred as a result of relating land use pro- I posals for each community to those of adjoining communities.

The aforementioned relationships apply in both a geographic and a quanti- I tative sense. Commercial and industrial acreages are thus apportioned in relation to projected municipal population I.evels as modified by other factors such as contemporary design standards and the anticipated impact of Moraine State Park visitation levels. The location of these sites are further related to the transportation system, expected centers of population, and paths most likely to be traveled by those populations for satisfaction I of their commodity and employment needs. Residential areas have similarly been allotted and located with further consideration to complement and adjoin each other and avoid intrusions I of incompatible land uses.

I The location and type of land uses proposed for the Moraine region are shown on the Regional Land Use Plan. The quantity of land allocated to I each land use category for each constituent community is shown in Table 1 I I I I I Page 10-11 TABLE 1 71 m01 m PROPOSED LAND USES, 1988 c. 0 I BOROUGH OF PORTERSVILLE AND PROSPECT; TOWNSHIPS OF BRADY AND MUDDY CREEK; AND MORAINE REGION c N

LAND USE CATEGORY PORTERSVILLE PROSPECT BRADY * MUDDY CREEK* MORAINE REGION Acres Acres Acres Acres -Acres Percent Residential (Low-Medium 64.2 352.8 911.4 2,996.0 4,324.4 15.5 Density) Residential Medium Density 40.3 619.3 1,663.2 677.3 3,000.1 10.7 Residential/Agricultural 246.7 1,368.4 4,944.3 5,179.6 11,739.0 42.1 (Low Density) Commercial 13.0 1.9 137.7 163.0 315.6 1.1 Industry 22.7 44.1 480.0 222.0 768.8 2.8 Public and Semipublic Buildings 59.2 315.5 374.7 1.4 and Sites Public Buildings 48.1 11.9 60.0 0.2 Education 5.5 5.5 ** Recreation 3.7 3.7 ** Streets and Roadways 22.8 92.3 115.1 0.4 Moraine State Park - 2,939.9 4,271.5 7,211.4 25.8 TOTAL 457.8 2,538 .O 11,392.0 13,530.5 27,918.3 100.0

*Roads not listed separately **Figures do not equal 0.1 percent

Source: Lorenzi, Dodds 6 Gunnill, Inc., 1970.

I I

I CHAPTER ELEVEN I I I I I COMMLRjITY FACILITIES PLAN I I I I As previously described in the Community Facilities Analysis, a community facility provides a service or function generally dealing with the health, safety, and cultural needs of a community's inhabitants. Schools, parks, I playgrounds, and police and fire services are examples of such services.

I The Community Facilities Analysis contained in Chapter Five identified inadequacies relative to such services in 1969. The Community Facilities Plan that follows will contain recommendations to correct those inadequacies I both for the present and to the year 1990.

Since for the most part public funds will be expended for the provision I of these facilities, at least three major factors should be considered before undertaking individual projects. These are as follows: I I

Page 11-1 I

1. What are both the potential and actual needs and de- I mands for the facility and how do these characteristics compare to those of other facilities. I 2. How should the facility be designed and placed to obtain maximum benefit and use at a minimum cost. I 3. Who should be responsible for paying for the faci.li.ty and is the responsibility delegated as equitably as possible in terms of ability to pay and also in terms of benefits received. I

The following are the goals of the Moraine Regional Community Facilities Plan. I

Promotion of public and private efforts to improve the number and levels of service of facilities and utilities I now serving or deemed necessary to adequately serve the individual communities comprising the Moraine region. I Coordination of facility and utility needs in the region in such a manner as to fulfill these needs in the most functionally efficient and financially advantageous I way possible with due consideration given to imposing the lowest feasible social costs. I Location of community facilities and utilities of both a public and private nature to most effectively stimulate and/or complement future and existing development. I

Institution of land use concepts designed to foster desirable population and structural densities in order to I avoid misutilization of such utilities and facilities. I Staging of utility and facility needs in response to anticipated demand biit avoiding unnecessary or undue advance acquisition or reservation of lands or buildings that would seriously restrict their existing useability to present I owners or occupants. I The following specifically describes needed improvements on an individual project basis for the Township of Muddy Creek. While this represents the plan for an individual municipality, the projects contained therein have I been formulated on the basis of a regional approach and cannot be considered solely as an isolated project desired only for the Township. Regional considerations immediately follow the plan sections. I

Page 11-2 COMMUNITY FACILITIES PLAN

GENERAL GOVERNMENT FACILITIES

MUNICIPAL SERVICES BUILDING

The Community Facilities Inventory Study indicated that the existing Muddy Creek Township community building and maintenance garage is and should I continue to be adequate to the needs of the Township over at least the short-range (5 to 10 years) future. I In the interests of more efficient and effective governmental administration, however, it is recommended in the Community Facilities Plan for Muddy Creek Township that this building be abandoned and a joint municipal I services building be created for both Portersville Borough and Muddy Creek Township. The 7-acre tract should be retained by the Township as the core for an industrial park proposed to be created in the imediate I area.

I The creation of a centralized governmental facility as is proposed offers a number of advantages to both communities in relation to the provision of more efficient and therefore less costly municipal services. I I The primary advantages to be claimed is that centralization of facilities avoids unnecessary duplication of efforts in relation to overall governmental administration; citizen accessibility; maintenance; engineering; materials, purchase, storage and acquisition; and equipment utilization.

I Three locations have been designated as acceptable as the sites for this joint facility. One site lies entirely within Portersville Borough and the remaining two lie partially in the Borough and Township. These I sites have been chosen on the basis of the location in relation to the most densely populated areas now in existence or anticipated to exist, their accessibility via major thoroughfares, cost-benefit ratios in I terms of monies to be expended to provide a suitable site, and their service relationships to other municipal services and utilities in terms of increasing or otherwise expediting the provision of such services. I The specific locations chosen were as follows: I I 'I Page 11-3 I I -- The existing Portersville-Muddy Creek fire company structure. I -- An abandoned commercial structure lying between U. S. Route 19 and L.R. 10048 (Old Route 488) along the northern boundary of Portersville I Borough. I -- Adjacent to the western right-of-way of Inter- state Route 79 at its interchange with Fa. Route 488. I

Each of these sites has excellent access via major roads and each would have been in close proximity to major existing and proposed concentrations I of population. The latter two sites would have be acquired from private interests and would conflict somewhat with proposals that these si.tes be developed in commercial and industrial use respectively. I

On the basis of the foregoing and other considerations to be described, it is recommended that the joint municipal services facility be located I upon the site of the Portersville-Muddy Creek fire station. The ground floor of this structure would be adaptable to office use with minimal. alteration and an addition could be constructed to the rear of the I structure if required. Although limited on-site parking is now available, additional area to the rear and/or one side of the site may be needed to provide additional parking area and space for equipment and I material storage. The site is highly accessible and it appears that financial arrangements on a rental basis could be established to the benefit of all concerned. The presence of someone on the site at all or nearly all times would be of benefit to the handling of fire calls, I especially if that person could drive a fire vehicle. A municipal manager could fulfill the role of permanent personnel as will be discussed elsewhere in this Community Facilities Plan. The current vehicle I storage area has been used for community functions so that only minimal alterations to existing use patterns in this area would be necessary. I

OTHER RELATED BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES I

-POLICE SERVICES I As discussed in the Portersville Borough Community Facilities Plan, it does not appear economically feasible nor necessary for the Township I I Page 11-4 I I I to attempt to provide its own police force or involve itself in the creation of a regional law enforcement agency for at least the next I five years.

It is therefore recommended that Muddy Creek Township continue to I utilize only existing law enforcement agencies such as the county sheriff's office and the State police in addition to the local con- I stable.

The development of seasonal housing and other related facilities I adjacent to Moraine State Park should, on the basis of experience elsewhere, lead to increases in criminal activity such as vandalism and burglary and it may be to the Township's advantage to add additional constables in order to provide more securitv to these develop- I ments. Obviously, it would be to the landowner's benefit to hire private security agents, also,rather than place the burden for security upon I the Township; but this is rarely undertaken.

It may thus be advisable for the Township to consider the ultimate I creation of a regional law enforcement agency or agencies during the next few years. Conceivably, this goal could be attained in stages with Muddy Creek Township and Portersville Borough; Prospect Borough and Franklin Township and adjacent areas may create similar I common service organization. These individual. multi-jurisdictional law enforcement agencies could then further combine to provide a single I multi-jurisdictional law enforcement agency at a later date.

I FIRE FIGHTING SERVICES The Portersville-Muddy Creek Volunteer Fire Company provides excellent protective services to Muddy Creek Township at the present time and I I should, with on-going updating of its equipment and manpower inventories, continue to offer such high levels of service.

Two of the five pieces of apparatus now operated by this organization are over 20 years old and two others are approaching that age. These former two vehicles, while in excellent condition and functionally I adequate, should be phased out of operation and replaced by new equipment within the next 10 years. The existing hose inventory of the fire company should be augmented so that each truck contains a minimum of I 1,000 feet of 2-1f2 inch and/or 1-112 inch hose. I I I Page 11-5 I I Although the volunteer firemen and the citizens and governing bodies of boch Portersville and Muddy Creek Township have accomplished much i.n terms of financial support to the fire company over the years, additiona:L I financial assistance will be necessary in order to acquire new pieces of equipment and apparatus. The improvement of fire service:; can only act to their benefit in terms of increased safety from loss of life and I property as well as reduced insurance rates. I -WAPER AND SEWER UTILITIES At the present time, there are no municipally or privately owned water I or sewer utilities located within Muddy Creek Township except those operated within Moraine State Park and designed to serve park facilities only . I

While the provision of such services is not a fool-proof guarantee that developers will begin to create subdivisions, the availability of such I utilities does play a great role in determining which lands will be among the first to be developed. Aside from purely materialistic considerations, a significant public health and safety advantage accrues. I to the provision of both water and sewer facilities,but more so to the latter than the former. I In view of the limited capability of lands within the Township to accept and dispose of sewage effluent and in view also of the need to avoid the polluting of individual water supplies and Lake Arthur, it is I recommended that Muddy Creek Township take all necessary steps to promulgate the installation of adequate sewage disposal practices in both existing and future subdivisions and developments. Initial efforts; I to this end are already included in proposed subdivision regulations and zoning, mobile home, and planned unit development ordinances being considered for adoption by the Township %pervisors and Planning Commis.,’-ion. I

Obviously, the presently highly dispersed nature of development in the Township poses strong restraints to the development of any unified I sewerage or water systems. That portion of the Township adjacent to Portersville Borough on the north and east does contain more dense population concentrations, however. It is recommended that the Township and Portersville Borough jointly undertake a sewer feasibility study I in those areas and also the areas extending north along U. S. Route 19 and L.R. 10048 (Old Route 488) as the latter area exhibits a high pcitential for development. I I I Page 11-6 I I I Further, the Moraine regional planning area should undertake the creation of a joint municipal authority whose purpose would be to financially I manage future sewer and/or water utilities. There are a number of financial advantages to the regional approach to the provision of such utilities primary among them being that such agencies receive funding priority as well as bonus grants of financial aid. The inauguration I of a joint municipal authority will be further discussed in a succeeding I section of the Community Facilities Plan. One last advantage relative to the provision of-a sewer system(s) is that the need for a municipal water system is diminished. This means I that on-lot water supply systems can continue to be utilized in maximum safety from pollution. Thus, although a water system is somewhat less expensive to construct, the long-range benefits derived from the availability of a sewerage system may prove to be in actuality more economical I to both the individual and the environment. I SOLID REFUSE DISPOSAL I Both Portersville Borough and Muddy Creek Township are currently served by a private refuse contractor. This service appears to be adequate except that an open body truck is now being utilized. The transmission of combustible or compactible refuse by open trucks is not desirable and I covered compactor type vehicles appear to be the most sanitary and efficient means of transporting such refuse.

It would appear necessary, in view of the increased use of nonreturnable containers and anticipated population growth in the Township, that expansion of the present disposal services will be necessary to ensure that I all households make provision for the pick-up of refuse as opposed to dumping it on vacant lots or burying it in yards. The most practical and efficient means whereby this can he done is for the municipality I to contract with one disposal firm and declare by ordinance that he will be solely responsible for the collection of all refuse in the municipality. In this way, varied and sundry independent scavengers or "cut-rate" I situations can be avoided, all of which lead to the end result of unsanitary conditions and contractors unable to maintain or expand I their operations to provide adequate service at a reasonable profit. Muddy Creek Township should continue to utilize one contractor for refuse collectien and should further seek to provide a detailed contract for I such services that would define responsibility, provide a base for evaluation of the service, and insure the contractor of a return for I his investments. I I Page 11-7 I I As a final comment, it does not appear, on the basis of soil information and pollutive potentials in relation to Moraine State Park and Lake Arthur, that the Township should permit sanitary landfill operations within its boundaries unless concrete measures are provided to eliminate I poll.ution potentials. I ~ RECIEATION FACILITIES I Muddy Creek Township does not presently operate any public recreation facilities. This situation has primarily been a result of the dispersed settlement pattern and the availability of recreational activities on individual lots and the large vacant areas of the Township. I

In view of the fact that Moraine State Park provides excellent and well- I rounded recreational services not normally found in other communities and also in view of the fact that expected resident population growth will not result in a land scarcity by the year 1990, it is herein I recommended that the Township not acquire a recommended 12 acres of public recreational lands for at least the next five years. Instead, the Township should utilize the provisions of its subdivision and planned unit development regulations that require the subdivider to provide adequate I open and/or recreational space in his development for use by the occupants thereof. I The areas so dedicated should provide the Township with sufficient neighborhood oriented facilities to satisfy all recreational needs at that level. As population growth occurs, specific of the parcels so dedicated could I be converted to comunitywide recreational facilities. At least one such facility should occur in the northern portion of the Township above Portersville Borough and a second should be located in a central I location in the area to the east of Portersville. I Since an indoor recreational facility is only available at Prospect Borough, both Muddy Creek Township and Portersville Borough should. endeavor to utilize the indoor auditorium - basketball court at the Portersville- Muddy Creek Elementary School on a year-round basis. A staff suitable I to conduct supervised playground programs could be retained for such purposes. A feasible approach in this respect is to utilize existing physical education faculty or-seek Slippery Rock State College assistance I at; part of a field or laboratory course requirements. I I I P.sge 11-8 Ii I I The Portersville-Muddy Creek Elementary School also contains library facilities that should be made available on a year-round basis. This I facility should be supplemented by the facilities o€ the Butler County traveling library to assure a well-rounded supply of juvenile and I adult reading materials. I TnEPHONE, ELECTRIC AND GAS UTILITIES The services now provided by these private utilities are adequate and there appears to be no major constraints to expanding local service I levels as required to meet additional consumer demands. The extension of natural gas lines are subject to the greatest restraints due to their undergound nature and subsequent higher installation costs. Extensions of such services involves detailed considerations significantly affected I by natural conditions on a highly localized basis. I I I I I I I I I I I Page 11-9 I I

PUBLIC SCHOOL PLAN I

Preczding studies have indicated that the economic base of the Moraine I region is not highly developed nor diversified as yet. One of the direct impacts of this situation is that there is a limited demand for a highly skilled labor force with the result that such people are leaving the area for employment elsewhere. Those that remain may therefore not be so cog- I nizant of the need for providing an educatjonal system that in essense provides an incentive for children to emigrate. The fact remains, however, that these children must be adequately prepared to compete in an I environment that is essentially contrary to that which now exists not only in the communities comprising the Moraine region and the Slippery Rock Area School District but also throughout most of the entire County. I

Obviously, the Public School Plan that follows cannot deal effectively with the total instructional situation in area schools since the quality I and quantity of educational efforts received by school child&en depends to a great degree upon the caliber of individual instructors and poiicy set by the officials of a school district, among other things. Further, I a school district is an autonomous body that is, capable of a significant amount of independence in its operations and is not under the direct control of the elective and appointed officials who implement the plans I proposed herein.

The primary purpose of the Public School Plan is therefore to provide I information and recommendations as to the size of future enrollments, the number of classrooms and suitable location of school facilities required to serve those enrollments. I I REGIONAL CONSIDERATIONS

On a regional basis, the two elementary schools now located within the Moraine planning area, the Muddy Creek-Portersville and Prospect Schools, I are adequately located to serve existing and anticipated distributions of population in the Portersville Borough, Muddy Creek Township and Prospect Borough area. Since the next nearest elementary school to tht: north of I these communities is in Slippery Rock Borough, a sizeable area in GIorth and Brady Townships is left in a somewhat remote position from an elementary school. The isolation of these areas from the southern portion of the school district is further augmented by the barrier effects of I Moraine State Park, particularly as relates to highway access. I The populations of these two Townships and West Liberty Borough as well are individually among the lowest in total numbers of all municipalities wirhin the Slippery Rock Area School District, however. Although no I I' Pa::e 11-10 I I school enrollment statistics are available for Worth Township, this Tom- ship should have similar enrollments to that of nrady Totmship siiice the two are almost equal in population. The number of students living in I Brady Township is known and it is assumed that Worth Township would contain a total of approximately 200 kindergarten to sixth grade students, on the average, over the next ten years. This number would, at an average I classroom size of 30 students, require seven classrooms at a minimum.

There are two basic alternatives for accommodating these students. The I first is to construct a new building in the Brady-Worth Township area. The second is to enlarge an existing school structure located elsewhere in the district. On the basis of anticipated growth areas in the school I district as a whole and considering the relationship of school sites to population centers in terms of minimizing the busing of students, it appears that the latter alternative may be the most practical in both I an economic and social sense. Brady Township students could be transported southward to an expanded existing elementary school structure located in Prospect Borough which is well located in relation to Brady and Franklin Townships via both existing and proposed highways. The I Prospect School would 3e reoriented to coiitain a kindergarten to sixth grade structure. The Franklin Township Elementary School would be re- I tained and restructured to a kindergarten-third grade system.

Additionally, a new Eliddle School (grades 6 to 8) would also be constructed on the Prospect Borough site, with additional land acquisition as necessary. I The Middle School structure would serve Brady, Franklin and Muddy Creek Townships and Portersville, Prospect and West Liberty Boroughs. The ad- II vantages to be gained from such a reorientation should include the following: I -- Minimal disruption to existing bus routings and schedules I -- Reduction of bus mileage and travel times -- Retention of social ties in an essentially cohesive I and related geographical and planning area

-- Location along major regional access routes in a 1 central location in relation to areas now cont:aining and anticipated to contain the most dense distributions of population of all the areas surrounding I Moraine State Park

Students from Worth Township would be transported to schools in Slippery 1 Rock Borough. I Page 11-11 I I

Student enrollments anticipated under this arrangement cannot be ade- I quately determined since individual student projections were not available for West Liberty Borough and Franklin Township, which are not in the Moraine regional planning program. Enrollments from the four com- I munities comprising the regional planning area have been estimated and are presented on a K-5, 6-8 grade structure as pjould' be in evidence as a. result of this recommendation. I

TABLE 2 I PROJECTED SCHOOL ENROLLMENTS

TOWNSHIPS OF BRADY AND MUDDY CREEK AND I BOROUGHS OF PORTERSVILLE AND PROSPECT I -YEAR GRADES K-5 GRADES 6-8 -TOTAL I 1971 379 24 6 625 1972 370 228 598 1973 359 224 583 1974 350 213 563 I 1975 349 210 559 1976 34 6 204 550 1977 353 192 , 545 I 1978 353 189 542 1979 360 184 544 1980 358 191 549 I 1981 371 196 567 1982 365 205 570 1983 388 206 594 I 1984 391 209 ' 600 1985 409 203 612 1986 413 207 620 1987 420 211 631 I 1988 422 221 643 1989 425 220 645 1990 433 218 651 I Source: Lorenzi, Dodds & Gunnill, Inc., 1970. I

On the basis of the foregoing, the proposed Middle School would require at least nine classrooms, based upon an average classroom occupancy of thirty I pupils and excluding Franklin Township enrollments which are expected to require three additional classrooms. I I ?age 11-12 11 I I

The Muddy Creek-Portersville Elementary School, as noted in the Community I Facilities Inventory study, serves both Muddy Creek Township and Porters- ville Borough. The structure was originally erected in 1927 and has been enlarged and modified in 1936, 1952 and 1967. The building is in good I condition and should be totally useful for the next ten to fifteen years, at which time the oldest portions of the facility will be far in excess of a normal life expectancy of forty years. It appears then that parts of I the structure should most likely be replaced in the mid-1980's as additional renovations may not be economically practical at that time.

I A number of minor improvements will be required in the interim in order to maintain and/or increase the usefulness of this facility. Chief among these are the addition of increased window area in the basement class- I rooms fronting on Pa. Route 488 and the addition of more chalkboards in existing older rooms. As previously mentjoned, such minor improvements should be all that is required to allot! full use of the entire I facility until about 1985.

In order to fully determine future classroom needs, enrollment projections I for Muddy Creek Township have been developed and are contained in Table 3. These projections are based upon birth rates and historical trends and proportions since complete student age information taken during a recent I school census was not available. A K-5, 6-8, grade system is utilized for the projections in order to exhibit the Township's share of students anticipated to be utilizing this school facility and the middle school site proposed to be located in Prospect Borough as part of the Regional Public I Schcol Plan.

I Table 3 illustrates a declining student population until about 1979 at which time a steady increase in school age populations is expected. These trends are somewhat in opposition to total population growth in I the Township which is anticipated to increase continually over the entire period from 1970 to 1990. The explanation for this phenomenon is that total births in the Township are considerably down from preceding I years. I I. I I Page 11-13 I I

TABLE 3 I PROJECTED SCHOOL ENROLLMENTS I MUDDY CREEK TOWNSHIP . I TOTAL TOTAL YEAR GRADES K-5 GRADES 6-8 TOWNSHIP JOINT* -- -- I_ (K-8) (K-8) I 1971 185 104 289 339 1972 178 98 276 320 1973 169 104 273 312 I 1974 161 101 262 297 1975 151 103 254 288 1976 143 106 249 263 1 1977 146 95 241 275 1978 144 86 230 265 1979 148 75 223 258 1980 148 79 227 262 I 1981 159 81 240 277 1982 151 89 240 278 I 983 169 91 260 299 I 1984 167 94 261 301 1985 178 89 267 308 1986 178 90 268 310 I 1987 178 94 272 314 1988 182 96 278 320 1989 185 95 280 321 1990 193 89 283 325 I *Includes Portersville Borough I :Source: Lorenzi, Dodds b Gunnill, Inc., 1970. I It must be noted herewith that the statistics presented represent total student population in the listed grades and exclude any indication of the number of students expected to attend the private Portersville Christian I Day School. In the past this number has been equivalent to at least one student per each grade from kindergarten to grade 12. Obviously, this amounts to an insignificant impact upon total Township school enrollments I and is not considered further herein. I I I Page 11-14 I I It can be seen from Table 3 that the total joint school enrollment exceeds the previously mentioned building capacity of 300 students. This capacity I statistic was derived from a calculation that excluded the three abandoned classrooms which have now been reopened and can contain 60 pupils, thus giving a new capacity of 360. The revised capacity is adequate for all I future enrollment needs.

In summary, School Plan recommendations relative to the Muddy Creek- I Portersville Elementary School are as follows:

I -- Retention of the existing Muddy Creek-Portersville School at its present site for the entire planning I period (1970-1990). __ Continued minor modification of the structure as necessary to improve classroom efficiency until I approximately 1985 at which time the oldest portions of the structure should be replaced by more modern I facilities. It is further recommended that recreational, library, and other after- school services be expanded to permit greater utilization of school I facilities by adult and juvenile residents of the Township. I I I I I I, I I Page 11-15 I I'

REGIONAL CONSIDERATIONS I

The Moraine Regional Planning Commission was originally established to I facilitate and coordinate inter-municipal development around Moraine State Park. Experience in many areas indicates that the regional approach is a very valid means of accomplishing the foregoing in that local plans I can be tied together to avoid duplication of efforts and the subsequent wac.te of increasingly scarce municipal, county, state, and federal tax monies. I

The most significant problems confronting regional organizations is the resolution of conflicting interest of local governmental units and the I promulgation of a viewpoint that does not cease at Borough or Township lines. 1 Obviously, the primary orientation of the Moraine Regional Comprehensive Development Plan has been towards attempting to balance local and regional interests in order to arrive at an arrangement of land uses, community I utilities and facilities, and transportation systems that provides adequate. services not only to the individual municipality but also to the other three communities comprising the planning area. I

The most important underlying theme explicitly or implicitly stated in I this process has been the concept of inter-governmental cooperation in the provision of services deemed necessary for a "good life" for the existing and future citizens of the area. I

It is believed necessary at this point to propose areas of inter-governmental cooperation that should serve to enable low cost and efficient governmental I administration to become a reality in the planning area. Some of these are merely a reiteration of previously mentioned joint undertakings while others have not explicitly been described. i

The following, therefore, are proposed as practical areas of inter- governmental cooperation that should be pursued in the Moraine Regional I Planning Area. It is not inconceivable that adjacent municipalities, such as Franklin Township in particular, could also become party to these proposals. I I 1 1 Page 11-16 I I AREAS OF INTER-GOVERNWENTAL COOPERATION I PROPOSED -- A single areawide municipal administrator for all four communities and including Franklin Township. I The functions of this individual would be hired by the elected officials to assist in the administration of governmental affairs, particularly in terms of financial management, in order to pro- I vide the best-possible services at the least possible cost. He would also supervise the administration of various regulatory controls such as the I Comprehensive Development Plan, zoning ordinances, subdivision regulations, building and housing codes, I mobile home ordinances, and others. -- An areawide code and ordinance enforcement office whose purposes would be to provide building and I housing code enforcement; technical and field assistance in administering subdivision regulations and planned unit residential development ordinances, I zoning ordinances, and other like regulatory controls.

I -- Areawide municipal authority for the provision of water and/or sewer facilities shared by all four communities and including Franklin Township. The primary purpose I of this authority would be to finance, manage, and coordinate sewer and water system construction projects. I -- Joint public works contracting and centralized pur- chasing processes administered by the elected officials with the assistance of the regional I administrator. Refuse disposal, public works projects and the disposition of equipment and bulk pur- chasing of materials would be some of the responsi- D bilities undertaken in this function. Again, all four communities comprising the Moraine region as well as Franklin and Worth Townships could participate in this I activity.

-- An areawide law enforcement agency to provide locally I controlled police functions throughout the planning area and also in adjacent Townships as desirable and feasible. Obviously, this would require the I provision of suitable holding cell facilities and I I Page 11-17 I a police station somewhere in the region. It is not possible at this time to determine a specific location for such a facility. I

--Continuation of the existing regional planning commission with Franklin Township becoming an addition thereto in I order to facilitate furure coordinated planning activities.

--Joint municipal services facility shared by Muddy Creek Township and Portersville Borough. I Obviously, all of these joint activities will present problems in administration and cannot be created overnight. The point to be stressed herein is that the ultimate goal of these proposals is not to eliminate local self-determination I but rather to enable local governmental units to cope with increased demands f0.K services without taxing their citizens to an unbearable point. In this respect these proposa.ls are oriented entirely toward obtaining expert I technical assistance on a permanent basis from people who live in the area and understand its circumstances and can put them into proper perspective in view of available financial resources. I

The following map illustrates the location and type of community facilities proposed for the Moraine planning area to the year 1990. I I I I I I I I

Page 11-18 I

I I I I I I

I TMNSPORTATION AND CIRCULATION PLhV I I I

I Two primary questions to be resolved in the planning of street and highway systems are the determination of their ability to accommodate vehicles and the degree to which they satisfy the trip origin and destination I desires of the traveling public. In other words, does the street or highmy take the motorist where he wants to go and is the tri.p completed as effectively and efficiently as j.s possible, given certain restraints I and conditions?

An adequate and workable traffic circulation system is one that provides I for swift, convenient, and safe movements of all types of vehicles. Obviously, certain types of vehicles such as large trucks or buses place greater demands upon a circulation system than would passenger vehicles which have greater mobility and adaptability. In addition, in order to I qualify as a true "system," the circulation network must also provide I for pedestrian movements in areas where such movements are of significance. I I I Page 12-1 I I Planning such a circulation system to meet these demands ,and needs is a difficult and complex undertaking, even under the best of circumstances, due to numerous and varied factors. Among these factors are the origin and destination desires of motorists, traffic volumes, the 'type of trip I undertaken, topography and soils, access to existing roadways, existing land uses, and system costs and benefits. I

Since traffic congestion and hazardous street and highway conditions are generally detrimental to the health and economic well-being of any com- I munity, realistic and decisive measures are needed at all levels o€ government in order to both cope with existing transportation requirements and to prepare for future needs. I

Several conditions were noted during the course of completing the various inventory studies of the Comprehensive Planning Program, especially the I Transportation and Circulation Analysis, that could be called characterlstic of the circulation system in the Moraine Region. Some were of an advantageous nature and others could only be referred to as less than desiratde I in nature. Briefly the most salient of these are as follows:

Natural features tend to place strong limitations I upon street or highway design. The basically un- dulating topography in the townships,,along with soil and drainage problems, creates disproportion- I ate construction and maintenance costs in relation to user volumes. I Partially as a result of the foregoing but also reflecting both the relatively low highway improvement priorities accorded rural areas by nonlocal I highway agencies and the limited fiscal resources of local government, most of the existing streets and highways in the planning area are too narrow I for their functions in terms of both pavement and right-of-way widths. I The existing traffic circulation system in the region as a whole provides convenient access to those outside destinations most desired by local I residents. Access between and within the individual communities is somewhat less convenient but nonetheless still adequate in terms of connecting a trip I origin with its desired destination. I I Page 12-2 I 1 I - - While some conflicts between through and local traffic still occur, especially in relation to that traffic generated on weekends by Moraine I State Park, most through traffic has been separated from local traffic. This is an "ideal" situation in terms of overall circulation system I design and such a condition should be maintained as much as possible. I -- The lack for all intents and purposes of an existing public mass transportation service, and the limited potential for future creation of such I a service will place continuing and increased emphasis upon the automobile as the primary I mobility facility for local citizens.

-- The ultimate completion of Moraine State Park and I McConnell's Mills State Park to accommodate full design capability will place a severe strain on local roads in the vicinity of the parks, especially where internal park access to facilities might not I be provided or where private development related to I the parks is created. -- Pedestrian traffic is not a major design factor in any of the four communities at the present nor is I it anticipated to be such in the future.

Based on the foregoing, a number of street and highway improvements will I be required to provide an efficient traffic circulation system. These improvements will include the construction of new roads and the reconstruction of existing roads. A street and highway improvement plan and I adequate criteria for the design of roadways is basic to the successful implementation of the Transportation and Circulation Plan.

I The Transportation and Circulation Plan that follows has been designed to I achieve the following: -- Separation of traffic to the greatest possible extent based on trip destination and purpose, I time - distance considerations and highway functional capabilities. I I I Page 12-3 I I -- Elimination or alleviation of points of traffic congestion or hazards. I - - Increased accessibility for those living in the planning area and for those wishing to reach the I planning area.

-- Development of a cohesive, integrated and logical I street and highway system to avoid unnecessary construction or reconstruction of streets that would result in untoward public expenditures for such I construction and maintenance as well as to avoid undesirable land subdivision practices. I -- Integration of existing and proposed local street and highway improvements with proposed regional improvements. I

The classification of each street and highway is based upon its current I and anticipated function as described in Chapter TWO of the Comprehensive Development Plan for the Moraine Area. For greater comprehension and clarity, the classification system utilized will be summarized in the following paragraphs. I

Essentially, each existing street or highway was categorized into one I of the four following functional classes: expressways, major arterial routes, collector routes, and local routes. Collector r.outes were sub- sequently further sub-categorized as either primary or secondary col1ect:ors I as deemed necessary to most adequately define their function. General recommended design standards relating to pavement and rights-of-way widths were noted for each classification as presented in Table 4. I

The Transportation and Circulation Plan that follows either retains or revises the classification of streets and highways that were determined I in the Transportation and Circulation Analysis study, based. upon the an ticipated future function of each route. A summary of the route classification system standards and criteria is contained in the following I paragraphs. I I

Page 12-4 I I I

I TABLE 4 RECOPIMENDED MINIMUM STREET WIDTHS

I BY TYPE OF STREET*

I STREET CLASSIFICATION MINIMUM WIDTHS IN FEET DESIGN Right-of-way Pavement

I Local 50 32 TWO 9-foot traffic lanes TWO 7-foot parking- service lanes**

I Primary and Secondary 80 40 TWO 12-foot traffic lanes Collectors Two 8-foot parking-ser- I vice lanes** Major Arterials and 220 74 Four 12-foot traffic lanes Expmssways Two 8-foot parking- service lanes** I One 10-foot median strip

Interstate Expressway 220 88 Four 12-foot traffic lanes I Two 10-foot parking- service lanes I One 20-foot median strip * Standards are for two-directional traffic flow. ** Perking Lanes should be 10 feet where feasible. I - I Source: Pennsylvania Department of Highways Design Criteria. I I I I I I Page 12-5 I I I With the exception of Expressways, which are almost universally designed as limtted or controlled access higlcrays to carry heavy volumes of through traffic, the remaining three categories, while they perform different functions, have similar characteristics. Chief among these I are that they usually htersect at grade with each other to frequent intervals and usually perform a land access function for abutting properties. I

Expressways, An Expressway is devoted entirely to the I fXpedftiOiJs movement of large volumes of through traffic between regional areas, and performs 1.it.t.le or no land service functj.on. It is characterized hy some degree of access control in the form of access-Eree rights- I of-way, except at interchanges, medien strips and grade separations. I

--Major Arterial Routes. A Major Arterial. Is designed to provide for the principel movements of traffic within and I through an erea not served by Expressways. They interconnect the principal. traffic generators T3itbi.n an urban mea as well as the important rural routes. Plnjor Arterials mainly serve to move traffjc, but the!; vnrmnl1.y al.so per- I form a secondary land service func'iion in the form of free access to abutting property, curb parking and on-street loading. Since land access, parking 2nd loading are I subordinate to' the primary function of EIajor Arterids, they may be restricted or prohibited altogetlier to improve traffic carrying capacity and traffic safety. I

Collector Routes. The Collector Route provides for traffic movement between Major Arterials, local routes and rural I roads. Collector Routes can be further classified as Primary Collectors and Secondary Collectors. I A Primary Collector performs very much like a Major Arterial, in that it is part of a radial system. Traffic volumes on this system, however, are generally less, the length of the I trip shorter and the traffic more local in nature. Land access is, or should be, a secondary function, and the design and operation of this type of street or road should emphasize I traffic circulation. Land access and on-street parking and loading are subordinate to the primary function and may be restricted to improve traffic carrying capacity and traffic I safety. The Primary Collector system also serves as both I I I'age 12-6 I I I a connecting and bypass system in that it links Major Arterials to each other in a concentric circle pattern I in the former case and may serve to circulate traffic around rather than through an urban core area in the I latter case. The Secondary Collector serves internal traffic movement in an urban area. Traffic volumes are variable and may I often be high, such as in a high density residential, business or industrial area. They do not handle long through- trips and are not, of necessity, continuous for any great I length. The Secondary Collector is intended to supply abutting property with the same degree of land service as a Local Route, while at the same time serving local I traffic movement.

Local Routes. The principal function of a Local Route I is to provide access, both vehicular and pedestrian, to properties abutting the right-of-way. Although Local Routes make up a large percentage of the total street and I road mileage, they carry only a small proportion of total vehicle miles of travel. Moving traffic is a secondary function; therefore, traffic volumes should be light so as not to impair the land access function. Through traffic I buses and heavy trucks should be excluded, except where the I street or road serves a commercial or industrial district. The succeeding paragraphs contain recommendations relative to the creation I of a Transportation and Circulation Plan for the Township of Muddy Creek. I I I I I I I Page 12-7 I I TRANSPORTATION AND CIRCULATION PLAN I Thz following paragraphs contain the future classification of roads in Muddy Creek Township. It will be noted that the proposed classifications differ slightly from those defined previously in the Traffic and Circu- I lation Analysis contained in Chapter Two of the Moraine Regional Compre- hensive Development Plan report. I

Expressways

At the present time, Muddy Creek Township is served directly I by two interchanges of Interstate Route 79. There is, in addition, one limited access road section now in the Township (U. S. Route 422) and a second limited access roadway is now I in design stages -- the Moraine Park access road. It is proposed that the remainder of U. s. Route 422 lying within the Township be reconstructed as a limited access expressway. I These projects will be further described in a succeeding section of this report. I Maior Arterial Routes

U. S. Route 19 I

Collector Routes I Pa. Route 488 T-342 L.R. 10048 T-346 L.R. 10041 I

Balance of Road Network I Remainder of the roads in the Township system. I PROPOSED ROAD IMPROVEMENTS I

: The following paragraphs describe road improvements believed necessary to provide the Township with a functionally efficient future road system. The proposed improvements are also illustrated upon the Major Thoroughfares Plan I Map. I I Page 12-8 I NEW CONSTRUCTION

As mentioned previously, U. S. Route 422 has in part already been reconstructed and relocated as a four-lane limited access road. The relocation was brought about the construction of Lake Arthur in Moraine State Park which flooded the previous alignment of U. S. Route 422. The relocated section of this route presently extends from a point near Prospect Borough to its interchange with Interstate Route 79. It is herein recommended that the remainder of this roadway lying within Muddy Creek Township be similarly reconstructed. Further reconstruction westward to New Castle should also be undertaken in order to provide safe and expedient access between Moraine State Park and the New Castle area as well as in order to increase the overall accessihility of the Moraine planning area to significant local market arws to the west.

The Moraine Park access road, extending east and north from the Porters- ville interchange of Interstate Route 79, has al.ready undergone a corridor public hearing and the final alignment pub1.i~hearing is to be scheduled in the autumn of 1970 with construction to commence within the 1971-72 fiscal year. This limited access roadway is primarily designed to provide rapid ingress to and egress from the major day use area of Moraine State Park as shown upon the Major Thoroughfares Plan Map.

This access road will utilize the existing interchange ramps at its intersection point, as presently proposed. Since it is anticipated that congestion and potential safety hazards will accrue to this arrangement as the volume of park traffic increases, it is hereby recommended that the existing interchange be altered to a full interchange within the short-range future.

The foregoing discussion does not include a description of new road construction within Moraine State Park, although such roads represent a considerable public expenditure. The primary reason for this exclusion is that major revisions to the original park master plan have not been finalized. These roads will be discussed further in a succeeding section of the Traffic and Circulation Plan.

RECONSTRUCTION AND AZTERATIONS

The roads contained in this subsection should be improved to better accommodate existing and future traffic volumes. The improvement of these roads could be undertaken in a number of ways dependent upon the extent to which various normal functions of traffic direction flow and I on-street parking are imposed.

Page 12-9 I I The following listing gives examples of recommended widths deemed necessary under different conditions of traffic flow and on-street parking. These recommended standards could be applied on an interim I basis as part of a staged road improvement program. Ultimately, however, all roads should be brought to the standards specified previously in this Transportation and Circul.ation Plan. No roads having only one lane available for movement should be permitted within the Township. I

-TRA'FFIC FLOW ON-STREET PARKING RECOMMENDED PAVING WIDTH I One-way One Side 20 Feet I One-way Both Sides 26 Feet Two-way None* 24 Feet I Two-way One Side<< 34 Feet

Two-way Both Sides 40 - 44 Feet I

*Excludes emergency service lanes in rural locations. I

The following roads should be reconstructed to the minimum standards listed above, at the very least. Those roads described are viewed as having the I highest priorities for improvement. I -- U. S. Route 19, while currently containing 24 feet of paved traffic lanes, does not provide adequate improved berm width for emergency use. It is therefore recommended that two 10-foot improved berms be provided along the I entire length of this roadway. I As part of the widening of both this roadway and U. S. Route 422, a new interchange between these two roads should be constructed. This would eliminate hazardous I cross traffic movements occurring at the existing grade separation. I I I I Page 12-10 I I I -- Pa. Route 488 presently contains only two 9-foot traffic lanes. This is an entirely inadequate situation I in and of i.tself, without further consideration of the remaining inadequacies associated with this roadway such as steep grades, sharp curves, and inadequately I sized and surfaced berms.

The construction of the Moraine access road will close I a section of Route 488 from through traffic use as both through and park traffic would be utilizing the access road at that point. The remainder of this roadway I lying within the Township should he improved to contain two 12-foot lanes and two 10-foot improved berms. Such I improvement should eliminate most curvature and alignment The most hazardous intersection on this road, that lying at the intersection of L.R. 10050 and T-342 will be I eliminated by the construction of the Moraine Park access road. The second hazardous intersection on Route 488, that of its intersection with L.R. 10041 I to the west of Prospect Borough, should effectively be eliminated by the recommended road widening. I -- L.R. 10041, as previously mentioned, contains a hazardous intersection with Pa. Route 488. Improvement recommendations for this intersection were made in the previous paragraph I and need not be reiterated at this point. This route is also subject to other deficiencies, primary among which is a paving width of only 18 feet. Other deficiencies I include narrow berm width and poor berm surface, utility pole encroachment upon the roadway width, steep grades, I and sharp curvature. This road should be reconstructed to contain two 12-foot traffic lanes and two 10-foot improved berms. The I road widening should eliminate most deficiencies and alleviate those of a more formidable nature such as 1 grade conditions. -- L.R. 10048, presently 14 feet in width over most of its length except for the recently reconstructed I portion intersection with U. S. Route 422, should be I' I I Page 12-11 I I widened to contain two 12-foot paved traffic lanes and two 10-foot improved berms. The potential for land development along this route is among I the highest in the Township due to its close proximity and easy accessibility to a proposed major use area of the park. I

Widening of this roadway should eliminate or alleviate most of the deficiencies in grade, alignment, and 1 berm conditions currently associated with this roadway. I They will not resolve, however, problems related to two major intersections along this road. The intersection of L.R. 10048 and U. S. Route 1.9 should be redesigned to a more perpendicular configurati.on to I permit less hazardous negotiation of the intersection by vehicles wishing to turn north and south onto or east off of U. S. Route 19 southbound. The current inter- I section is adequate for traffic, exiting from U. s. 19 northbound. I The intersection of Pa. Route 488 with U. S. Route 422 consists of a single ramp permitting only eastbound one-way flow onto U. S. Route 422. A ramp permitting I westbound access onto Route 422 is required. I -- Township Road 342 although not originally designated a part of the major thoroughfares system of the Township has considerable potential for inclusion in the future major thoroughfares system. This road serves a size- I able potentially developable area lying directly south of Moraine State Park and would therefore likely be the main access route for this area. This road should I therefore be upgraded to recommended standards as required by future development. I I I I I Page 12-12 I I I -ADDITIONAL. TRANSPORTATION AND CIRCULATION_-__- CONSIDERATIONS I Other aspects of transportation and circulation within Muddy Creek T0r.m- ship are contained in the following paragraphs. I First of all, it is not anticipated that traffic signals would be necessary on any Township roads in the future. Suitable intersection design and 1 stop signs should be adequate to manage anticipated traffic volumes.

Secondly, curb parking problems are not expected to be in evidence I within Muddy Creek Township as adequate provi.sjons for off-street parking are provided in the proposed subdivision regulations and zoning I ordinances. No one-way streets are proposed as part of the Transportation and Circu- lation Plan for Muddy Creek Township. Any request to provide such streets I should be given very close scrutiny and shou1.d generally not be accepted for public dedication unless they c0ntai.n adequate area for two traffic I lanes. It does not appear that a sufficient market for any type of internal mass transit facility exists within Muddy Creek Township. Existing I mass transit facilities could be expanded to provide adequate service to future residents. The private automobile should thus continue to be I the most dominant mode of internal and external trip-making in the future.

The dispersed settlement pattern in the Township would generally not I require extensive use of pedestrian walkways. The Township subdivision regulations adequately provide for sidewalks in subdivisions a.s desired I and required. I I I I I I Page 12-13 MORAINE STATE PARK ROAD CIRCULATION SYSTEM

A3 previously mentioned, internal park roads and external access solely or predominantly for park visitors have not completely been described in relation to the major thoroughfares systems of Brady and Muddy Creek Townships. This has been done for two primary reasons. The first is I that most such roads have not been finalized as relates to location, function, and connections with external roads and the second is that the Townships are not responsible for their maintenance although they I obviously will be affected by them. 1 As currently proposed, a new interchange will be constructed in Worth Township on Interstate 79. This interchange will be so designed as to expedite traffic movements to park facilities on the northern side of Lake Arthur. Local traffic in this area is negligible in terms of I traffic volumes so that the interchange will accommodate a local service function in only a cursury fashion. A limited access connecting road from the interchange into the park site will also be designed to limit I access to through traffic.

It is presently also proposed that a separate access road be constructed I westward from Route 8 into the primitive camping area. Portions of this road will be located in both Brady and Clay Townships. Most of this roadway will lie within the park itself but a significant section wi1.l I be located upon land now in private ownership in the event that the proposed connecting road in Worth Township should become congested, an informal perimeter bypass system is contemplated for the north side I of the lake. This system will utilize existing Township and State routes to reach either Route 8 or Interstate 79. No definite alignment for this "safety value" system has been proposed as of the present time, however. I

Internal park roads leading from or connecting to the foregoing roads I are not, as previously stated, in final design stages so that no further comments can be made relative thereto. I Single sizeable numbers of vehicles will be utilizing the various facilities at the park site, it is imperative that local officials keep in contact with the Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters, either directly I or trough the County Planning Director, to insure that all aspects of roadway proposals related to the park site will be adequately resolved prior to the start of construction. It is only through this means that: I

Page 12-14 I I

I, surprise" situations previously unanticipated can be minimized and I the essentially rural character so desired by park designers and local citizens can be adequately maintained without stifling new development I or losing control over rapidly changing conditions.

I REGIONAL CONSIDERATIONS

I Obviously, as mentioned in the introduction of this plan element, the end goal of comprehensive transportation planning is to develop a 1 thoroughfares system and not just 2 listing of major roads. The Major Thoroughfares Plan for the Moraine pl-anning area, as shown on the following plan map, provides for such a comprehensive regiona.1 system. I As can be seen, the three major intra-regional. roadways are Interstate Route 79, U. S. Route 19 and U. S. Route 422. These three road~eys constitute the main points of access to and from the region from other I primary urban centers in the State and eastern seaboard. Pa. Rciites 8, 173 and 528 provide feeder service to those major roads as we1.J as I additional intra-regional access. Other roadways such as Pa. Route 488, the Moraine access road and other lesser roadways fulfill the remainder of the major thoroughfares system I by providing for final collection and distribution of vehicular traffic to the minor road system serving individual properties and sites. I The road system so delineated is designed to adequately serve existing and proposed land use areas and community utilities and facilities as well as linking more firmly together the four constituent communities I of the Moraine region. I I I I I I Page 12-15 r- I I

I CHAPTER THIRTEEN I I I

I URBAN RENEWAL PLAN I I I I Urban renewal offers one of the soundest and most effective ways to eliminate adverse structural and environmental influences in a community. Renewal action is sound because it represents a total community commit- I ment to eliminate existing sources of blight and deterioration as well as to prevent its re-occurrence. It is effective because it consists of a comprehensive and detailed plan of action rather than a piecemeal I or haphazard approach.

I In short, urban renewal is one of the most important tools available for achieving many of the long-range objectives of any comprehensive devel- I opment plan. Before any urban renewal activities are undertaken, however, several key I questions must be resolved. These are as follows: I I Page 13-1 I I' I _-A determination must be made of the degree of acceptance by local residents of the urban renewal concept. Public meetings should be held at which time the details and I commitments involved with implementing an urban renewal project would be carefully and thoroughly explained. Other alternatives for dealing with blight should also be discussed if such are available. I.

-- If urban renewal is found to be acceptable, a deter- I mination must then be made of the extent of renewal activities to be undertaken as well as their cost and timing. I

_- Serious consideration must be given to the capability of the local structural inventory to accommodate:, either I permanently or temporarily, those families or businesses displaced from urban renewal areas. Unless adequate numbers of decent, safe, and sanitary dwelling units I and structures exist, no renewal project can be instituted. I A complete listing of urban renewal and other programs for community improvement is contained at the end of the Housing Analysis Report, Chapter Seven of the Comprehensive Planning Program for the Moraine Regional I Planning Area. I I I I I I I I Page 13-2 I I' 'I I URBAN RENEWAL PLAN I

The undertaking of a formal urban redevelopment or rehabilitation project I is not recommended for Muddy Creek Township. This recommendation has been reached as a result of analysis of a number of factors necessary to the completion of such a project. In brief, these factors are described as I follows :

-- Although over sixteen percent of the structural inven- I tory of the Township is in substandard condition, these structures are dispersed rather widely over 21 square I miles.

-- In view of the large area of undeveloped land within I the Township, market demand for land within such a project area, even if such could he assembled, I would be minimal. -- The Township could not finance a local share of such a project in view of other needed projects that would I have a much higher priority.

I It is recommended, therefore, that the Township join with the other three communities in the Moraine Regional planning area to form a joint Code En- forcement Program. Additional adjacent communities could also be included in this program to further reduce individual costs. The participating com- I munities would adopt and enforce the various building, housing, plumbing, electrical, and fire-prevention codes required as part of a Workable Pro- I gram for Community Improvement. This appears to be the most realistic and practical means whereby substandard I structures can be corrected and/or eliminated from the structural inventory of the Township. Additionally, such code enforcement activities will insure that both existing and new structures will remain in sound condition and that future incidences of substandard conditions will not again approach I existing levels. I I' I I Page 13-3 I I I CHAPTER FOURTEEN I

EFFECTUATION OF THE PLANNING PROPOSALS

Although the initial plans have been prepared for the future development of the Moraine Area planning region, much remains to be done. The plans that have been prepared to date represent the first phase of the area's planning program. These plans must now be implemented. Also, the De- velopment Plan must be continually reviewed, re-evaluated and revised to reflect changing conditions as the planning area experiences new development.

In order to maintain this continuing planning program and the updating of plans, procedures will have to be developed for recording and mapping all future building and land use activities and changes. It will also be necessary to continually update the published statistics which provided the basis for the current plans, as well as periodically re-evaluate local development objectives.

In addition to the continuation of planning activities, the machinery should be put into motion for the implementation of the various plans. Five principal means are available for the effectuation of the Develop- ment Plan: zoning, subdivision regulations, capital improvements

Page 14-1 I programming, urban renewal, and other technical codes. Plan effectuation will be accomplished primarily through action at the local level. To be successful, all of the effectuation measures should be employed to pro- I mte sound, orderly development.

-Zi3NING REGULATIONS I

Until the advent of zoning, there was little that a municipality could do to control the quantity and relationship of land uses in the best in- tsrest of the entire community. In many Instances, due to the absence OE such control, haphazard and inharmonious land development occurs which tends to disrupt a coordinated land use pattern, generally speeds struc- tvral deterioration, adversely affects property values and tends to stimulate neighborhood blight.

Zoning, however, provides a basic tool for guiding land development and is a recognized extension of the municipality's power to protect the pchlic health, safety and welfare. The zoning ordinance and map, based on local objectives developed within the framework vf thc municipality's comprehensive development plan, are essentially short-range land use plans which permit the gradual transition from existing to proposed development. Zoning generally permits the continuation of existing uses while encouraging changes to new planned uses. Its regulations apply to the use of land and such conditions as building height, land coverage, lot sizes, population density, setbacks and yard areas, and off-street parking and loading.

A proposed Zoning Ordinance and Map based on the Development plan for the Township of Muddy Creek have been prepared ana submitted for local review and adoption.

-SUBDIVISION REGULATIONS

Land subdivision regulations establish the procedures which a subdivider mst follow in the laying-out of a subdivision and set forth design and improvement standards for blocks, lots and streets. Essentially, the regulations assure that when tracts of land are parceled for immediate or future development, all interests are properly protected and the subdivision becomes a permanent asset to the community. For example, the regulations require that new or proposed streets tie in with the existing street system; that block and lot design be related to the terrain and topographic conditions; that proper consideration be given to community facilities development and compliance with the Comprehens:Lve Development Plan.

Page 14-2 I I Proposed Subdivision Regulations were prepared and submitted to Muddy Creek for local review 2nd is currently behg reviewed hy the Planning I Conission and elected officials. I -. -. CPSITAL IMFROVEMENTS PROGRAM

Various public improvement needs have been identified in the Development I Plan. While most of these projects reflect improvements that directly relate to the four communities, their ultimate development and/or construction will be strictly a Township function. The Capital Improvfnents I Prcgraii attempts to establish a long-range schedule of expenditures within the community's financial capacity for the accomplishment of these im.provements. In addition, it presents a short-range, six-year capital budget. Basically, the program is a technical device which collects I all necessary and desirable improvements, assigns costs to these improvements as well as a priority, and the? determhes how these improvements can be scheduled over a specified time period without creating undue I finaxial hardship.

I A Proposed Capital Improvements Program is a part of the Comprehensive Plaming Program for the Township of Muddy Creek. I -.UERRAN -- RENEWAL I Urban renewal, as previously mentioned, is another effective means of implementing the Development Plan. The various Renewal Acts provide financial assistance to communities for the prevention and removal of blight and I blighting influences. The purpose of these Acts are to improve living standards in a community by providing a means for the elimination of blighted areas and by making cleared land available for its highest and I most appropriate re-use.

The Acts also provide assistance in the financing of housing rehabiliation I and for housing of persons displaced as a result of governmental action. In addition to this housing aid, assistance can be received from the Public Housing Administration for the financing of housing for low-income I families as well as for elderly persons.

I I

Page 14-3 I I I I ::he Acts specifically provide that before a community can become eligible for assistance, it must demonstrate that it is making a concerted effort 1:o solve its local problems through a sound planning program and the I active implementation of a Development Plan and Program for Community :improvement. While neither Portersville nor any of the other communit:ies comprising the Moraine Regional Planning Commission are applying for .certification of a Workable Program, the completion of the Comprehensive I Development Plan is one of the major achievements that would hasten approval of such a program if and when application was made. I

OTHER CODES AND ORDINANCES I Building and Housing Codes are valuable local tools which can be applied to maintain the value and usefulness of structures. The Building Code sets minimum standards covering the essentials of new construction. This I code is generally supplemented by electrical, plumbing, and health provisions. The Housing Code supports sound standards of existing dwellings, and, as such, is designed to check the spread of substandard conditions I and to improve the quality and livability of housing in a community. I None of the various codes have yet been adopted by any community within the region. It is recommended that activities directed towards reviewing and ultimately adopting such codes be initiated. I

CITIZEN PARTICIPATION I

3ery resident of the Moraine Region should take an active part in shaping and contributing to the planning area's future. Communitywide partici- I pation on the part of individuals and representative citizens organizations will provide the understanding and support necessary to accomplish local goals and objectives. Community growth, or more specifically proper community growth, is something that cannot be given to a community as a I gift but is rather created by the community itself. As such, all interests and opinions in the community must be expressed and integrated into any growth recommendations so that the final community patterns that evolve I will indeed be truly representative and thereby satisfying to all concerned. I I I

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