SLIPPERY ROCK TOWNSHIP

COMPREHENSIVE PLAN

I by I THE SLIPPICRY ROCK TOWNSHIP SUPERVISORS and I THE SLIPPERY ROCK TOWNSHIP PLANNING COMMISSION I Assisted by I ADAMS, GRAh'EY AND ASSOCIATES I I I I THIS DOCUMENT WAS FINANCED, IN PART, FROM THE SMALL COMMUNITIES PLANNING ASSISTANCE PROGRAM OF THE FEDERAL DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING I AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT UNDER THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY AFFAIRS. I I I I 1 SLIPPERY ROCK TOWNSHIP COMPREHENSIVE PLAN I I The Township of Slippery Rock I TownshiD Board of SuDervisom

I Duane W. Hartzell, Chairman Gary Hogg I James Anderson Barbara J. Kelly, Township Secretary I Townshia Plannine Committee 1 Paul Dickey Richard Manning Robert Dispirit0 Robert McFate Lee Ligo Gary McKnight I Melvin Sankey

I Communitv DeveloDment Consultant

Adams, Graney and Associates I New Wilmington, PA 16142 I I I I I I TABLE OF CONTENTS &gg I Background Report Population ...... 1 Current Population ...... 1 Population Trends ...... 1 Population Characteristics ...... 4 Population Projections ...... 8 Population Forecast ...... 9

Natural Features and Environment ...... 11 Location ...... 11 Climate ...... 11 Physiography and Slope ...... 11 Drainage and Floodplains ...... 12 Soils ...... 12 Prime Farmland ...... 14 Mineral Resources ...... 21 Conclusions ...... 23

Economic Considerations ...... 25 Economic Base ...... 25 Employment Characteristics ...... 27 Manufacturing ...... 30 RetaillService Sectors ...... 31 Income ...... 33 Economic Impact of the University ...... 34 Conclusions ...... 35

Housing ...... 37 Housing Supply ...... 37 Problems with the 1980 Census ...... 38 Type of Housing ...... 38 Housing Tenure ...... 39 Age of Housing ...... 40 Housing Costs and Value ...... 41 Internal Density ...... 43 MobileHomes ...... 43 Housing Conditions ...... 43 Property Maintenance ...... 45 Conclusions ...... 46

Transportation ...... 47 Classification of Roads ...... 47 Traffic Volumes ...... 48 Restrictions to Travel ...... 49 Road Conditions ...... 49 Proposed Improvements ...... 50

Community Facilities and Services ...... 52 Parks and Recreation ...... 52 Historic Cemetery ...... 53 Township Community Center ...... 54 Slippery Rock University ...... 54 Water and Sewer ...... 55 Fire Protection ...... 57 Emergency Medical Services ...... 57 Police Protection ...... 58 Township Government ...... 58 Garbage Collection ...... 58

Schools ...... 59

LandUse ...... 62 Land Use Categories ...... 62 .Residential ...... 63 Commercial ...... 64 Industrial ...... 64 Mining ...... 64 Public LandslParks ...... 64 Institutional ...... 64 TrafficlRoadways ...... 64 Agricultural ...... 64 Wooded ...... 65 Vacant ...... 65 Analysis of Land Use Patterns ...... 65

Historic Sites ...... 67

Fiscal Analysis ...... 69

Comprehensive Plan ...... Follows page 71 Tables

Table 1 .Population Trends .Slippery Rock Area .1940-1986 ...... 2 Table 2 .Corrected Population Estimates .Slippery Rock ...... 3 Table 3 .Population Growth Rates .Slippery Rock Township and Surroundings Areas ...... 4 Table 4 .Age of Population .Slippery Rock Township .1960 to 1980 ...... 5 I Table 5 .Age-Group Composition .Slippery Rock Area ...... 6 I Table 6 .Profile of 1980 Population Characteristics Slippery Rock Township ...... 7 Table 7 .Population Projections .Slippery Rock Township ...... 9 I Table 8 .Prime Farmland Soils .Butler County ...... 15 Table 9 .Building Site Development ...... 16 Table 10 .Sanitary Facilities ...... 19 I Table 11 .Place of Work of Resident Workers Age 16+ .1980 .Slippery Rock Township and Pennsylvania ...... 26 Table 12 .Place of Work for Butler County Residents .1980 ...... 27 I Table 13 .1980 Employment by Industry .Slippery Rock Township, Butler County and Pennsylvania ...... 28 Table 14 .Employment by Occupation .Slippery Rock Township, Butler I County and Pennsylvania ...... 29 Table 15 .Manufacturing Firms in Butler County, Pennsylvania .1982 ...... 30 I Table 16 .Manufacturing Firms in Butler County .1986 ...... 31 Table 17 .Retail/Service Employment and Receipts .Butler County, 1987 ...... 32 Table 18 .Service and Retail Business in Slippery Rock Borough .1987 ...... 33 I Table 19 .Income Characteristics .Slippery Rock Area, Butler County and Pennsylvania ...... 34 Table 20 .Economic Impact of the University .1984-85 School Year . I 3 County Area (Butler, Lawrence and Mercer) ...... 35 Table 21 .Total Housing Units .Slippery Rock Township ...... 38 Table 22 .Types of Housing Units . 1980 (Year-Round Housing Only) . I Slippery Rock Area, Butler County and State ...... 39 Table 23 .Housing Tenure .1980 .Slippery Rock Township ...... 40 Table 24 .Housing by Construction Date .Slippery Rock Township, I Slippery Rock Borough, Butler County and Pennsylvania ...... 41 Table 25 .Median Value of Specified Owner-Occupied Housing .1980 ...... 42 Table 26 .Value of Specified Owner-Occupied Housing .1980 . I Slippery Rock Township ...... 42 Table 27 .Housing Conditions .1960 and 1988 .Slippery Rock Township ...... 45 Table 28 .Area School Age Population Increase ...... 59 I Table 29 .Slippery Rock Area School District ...... 60 Table 30 .Existing Land Use .Slippery Rock Township ...... 63 Table 31 .Sources of Revenue: Slippery Rock Township .1987-1990 ...... 70 I Table 32 .Budgeted Expenditures: Slippery Rock Township .1987-1990 ...... 71 I Map 1 .Location Map ...... Follows page 11 I Map 2 .General Soil Units ...... Follows page 12 Map 3 .Mining Activity ...... Follows page 22 Map 4 .Highway Restriction ...... Follows page 49 I Map 5 .Existing Land Use ...... Follows page 63 Map 6 .Future Land Use Map ...... Comprehensive Plan, Follows page 6 I I I I I I I I 1 1 BACKGROUND REPORT I I I I I I I I I I I I

I POPULATION

I Population estimations and projections provide the base from which effective community planning evolves. Therefore, the first section of this Comprehensive Plan is devoted to a study of the Township’s demography. From this base, planning for community services, housing I needs, and environmental impacts can begin.

Current Population: The population of Slippery Rock Township numbers 4,607 according to I the last count of population taken during the 1980 U.S. Census. Combined with Slippery Rock Borough, the Township is part of a community with a 1980 total population of 7,654. 1 Preliminary figures for 1990 estimate. the Township population at 4,372. It should be noted immediately that the population of both the Township and the Borough are I greatly influenced by the presence of Slippery Rock University. The 1980 Census and past decennial censuses counted college students at the place where they lived while attending school, despite the temporary nature of that residence. The 1980 University enrollment was 4,888. I Most of these can be considered as transient local residents. Obviously, students at Slippery Rock University do have a major impact on local population counts. Since on-campus and off- campus student housing exists in the Township and the Borough, the population of both I municipalities is affected by University students. The Township and Borough population counts are also influenced by employees of the I University. A 1985 study by the University stated that it employed about 690 persons. Many of these individuals and their families live in the immediate area.

I Population Trends: Table 1 shows the population of the Slippery Rock Area for each decennial census since 1940. 1 I 1 1 I I I 1 I I

TABLE 1 I POPULATION TRENDS - SLIPPERY ROCK AREA - 1940-1988 1 Slippery Rock Slippery Rock Slippery Borough Township Total Rock Year no. % Chancre No. % Chancre Number % Chancre

I 1940 1,269 1,138 2,407 1950 2,294 +80.8 1,332 +17.0 3,626 +50.6 1960 2,563 +11.7 1,571 +17.9 4,134 +14.0 I 1970 4,949 +93.1 1,959 +24.7 6,908 +67.1 1980 3,047 -38.4 4,607 +135.2 7,654 +lo. 8 1988 Est. 2,840 -6.8 4,820 +4.7 7,660 -0.1 1 1990* 2,999 4,372 I *Preliminary count only Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, printed reports and I CENDATA, on-line service With the exception of the Borough since 1970, the Area has been growing consistently and I rapidly, more than tripling in population from 1940 to 1980. Slippery Rock Township’s population alone increased by more than four times during the same period, growing from 1,138 I in 1940 to 4,607 in 1980. Much of this population increase can be directly attributed to Slippery Rock University. The increase in full-time enrollment, as reported by the University, is shown as follows: 1940 - 545; I 1950 -820; 1960 - 1,314; 1970 - 4,559; 1980 - 4,888; and 1989 - 7,484. During the period of 1940 to 1980, the full-time enrollment grew by 4,343 persons. In that same time, the combined I Township and Borough population swelled by 5,247 persons. The growth of Slippery Rock Township is difficult to accurately follow because of an error committed during the 1970 Census. As shown in Table 1, the population of the Township I increased just slightly between 1960 and 1970, then skyrocketed from 1970 to 1980. On the other hand, the population of Slippery Rock Borough exploded between 1960 and 1970, then I declined sharply between 1970 and 1980. This strange phenomenon is the result of a 1970 Census counting error which assigned Township I population to the Borough. During the 1960’s, Slippery Rock University constructed new student housing beyond the Borough limits in the Township. When the 1970 Census was I conducted, students in this new housing were mistakenly included in the Borough’s count. I I 2 I I

One means to partially correct this error is to add 1,623 to the 1970 Township count. That I figure is the approximate number of on-campus housing units which lie in the Township. If this is used as a correction figure, the following estimates can be reached.

I TABLE 2 CORRECTED POPULATION ESTIMATES I SLIPPERY ROCK Slippery Rock Slippery Rock Year Borouah Township Total

I 1950 2,294 1,332 3,626 1960 2,563 1,571 4,134 1970 3,326 3,582 6,908 1 1980 3,047 4,607 7,654 1986 Est. 2,840 4,810 7,650 I 1990* 2,999 4,372 7,371 *Preliminary count

I Source: Consultants' computations from U.S. Bureau of the Census I Data Even using this correction approach, the exact undercount for the Township in 1970 remains difficult to precisely determine. It must, therefore, be stated here that the 1970 Census counts I are misleading; and that attempts at demographic analysis, using 1970 Census data, should be performed with extreme care or avoided. Consequently, some analysis contained in the Slippery I Rock Comprehensive Plan will compare 1980 Census data with 1960 Census data. Despite the obvious inconsistency with the Township and Borough population changes caused by the 1970 Census error, the 1960 to 1980 growth rate for Slippery Rock Township is I significantly higher than Slippery Rock Borough, all of the surrounding townships, and all of I Butler County. Table 3 illustrates the 1960 to 1980 growth rates. I I I I I 3 I I

I TABLE 3 POPULATION GROWTH RATES 1 1960 1980 % Chanae Slippery Rock Township 1,571 4,607 +193.3 I Slippery Rock Borough 2,563 3,047 +18.9 Mercer Township 848 1,103 +30.1 Cherry Township 661 770 +17.7 I Brady Township 675 684 +1.3 Worth Township 804 840 +4.5 I Butler County 114,639 147,912 +29.0 I Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census In general, rural and small-town areas have been experiencing growth of people migrating from urban and metropolitan areas in recent decades. Indications are that the Slippery Rock Area has I drawn some interest from the Pittsburgh metro area because of its close proximity of Interstate 79. Outgrowth from Pittsburgh had gradually been moving northward along 1-79, first to the North Hills of Allegheny County, then to Warrendale and recently, Cranberry Township, Butler I County. Both population and commerce have been moving outward from the metro area, I causing a small spin-off effect on the Slippery Rock Area. The 1988 estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau (shown in Table 1) indicate a slowing of the growth rate for Slippery Rock Township and a decline in population for the Borough. In part, I these estimates could be indicative of the economic depression which affected Western Pennsylvania during the early 1980’s. Lack of economic opportunity caused out-migration throughout the western part of the state. The 1990 pre-census housing counts confirm at least I a slowing of growth, if not an outright decline. However, the possibility exists that an overcount was made in 1980. This cannot be resolved until finalized 1990 counts are available. I Population Characteristics: Up to now, this analysis has dealt with the population as a whole in the Township. This section will present a breakdown of the population by its various characteristics and analyze sub-groups within the population. Information presented here will I include age, sex, minority status, marital status, and household characteristics.

Tables 4 and 5 provide an analysis of the age structure of the Township’s population. Age is I possibly the most important factor towards understanding all population characteristics. Each age group has its own particular needs, and these needs change as an individual passes from one age level to another. For example, pre-school populations require day-care facilities, I particularly in an age of two-income families. The numbers of school-age children dictate plans for educational and recreational facilities. Individuals in their twenties and thirties need I employment opportunities and, as they many and have children, housing in a variety of styles I 4 I I

and prices. Senior citizens have special needs for housing, recreation, and medical care in I proportion to their changing physical and financial capabilities.

TABLE 4 I AGE OF POPULATION - SLIPPERY ROCK TOWNSHIP 1960 to 1980 1 Aqe Grow -1960 1980 % Chanae 0-4 184 150 -18.5 5-14 352 369 +4.8 I 15-24 213 2,692 +1,163.9 25-34 198 394 +99.0 35-44 197 286 +45.2 I 45-54 168 256 +52.4 55-64 114 223 +95.6 65+ 145 237 +85 I Total 1,571 4,607 +193.3 I Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census

Table 4 shows trends among the Township’s various age cohorts. As expected, the greatest I increase occurred in the 15-24 age group reflecting the growth of Slippery Rock University into the Township during the decades of the 60’s and 70’s. In addition, all other age groups, except one, increased in population from 1960 to 1980. This substantiates the earlier claim that not all I Township growth was University related.

The only cohort which did not experience growth from 1960 to 1980 was the 0-4 group. This I is reflective of the great decline in the local and, indeed, national birth rate over that period. The year 1960 represented the peak of the post-WWII baby boom, with a statewide fertility rate (number of live births per 1,OOO women of child-bearing age) of 75.8. By 1980, the statewide I fertility rate had dropped to 46.6; and the number of children age 0-4 was smaller despite a I much greater number of women in the child-bearing ages. The decline in birth rates is also evident in the 5-14 age cohort which grew by only 4.8% from I 1960 to 1980, while other individual age groups increased by no less than 45.2% I I I I 5 I I

I TABLE 5 AGE-GROUP COMPOSITION I SLIPPERY ROCK AREA Township Borough Butler Co. Penna . Age % of % of % of %of I GrOUD Number Total Number Total Total Total 0-4 150 3.3 96 3.2 7.1 6.3 5-14 369 8.0 246 8.1 16.0 14.6 I 15-24 2,692 58.4 1,656 54.3 19.1 18.0 25-34 394 8.6 281 9.2 15.9 15.1 35-44 286 6.2 201 6.6 11.3 10.7 I 45-54 256 5.6 201 6.6 10.1 10.9 55-64 223 4.8 158 5.2 9.8 11.3 65+ 237 5.1 208 6.8 10.7 12.9

I Total 4,607 3,047

I Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1980

I Table 5 compares the 1980 age-group composition of the Township with Slippery Rock Borough, Butler County, and the entire Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Immediately of note is the very high percentage of the population which is age 15-24 in both the Township and the Borough. I This is reflective of the student population at Slippery Rock University. Otherwise, the age distribution pattern of the Township generally follows that of the County and State.

I An exception is found in the 65+ age group in the Township. Statewide, the 65+ group is the fourth largest age cohort, comprising 12.9% of the total population. The numbers of senior citizens are commonly known to be growing as medical advances extend people’s average life I expectancies. However, in Slippery Rock Township, the 65+ group is the sixth largest age group, comprising an estimated 9-10% of the non-college student population. It is interesting to note that Butler County as a whole had a smaller 65+ population percentage than did the I state. I I I I I 6 I I

I TABLE 6 PROFILE OF 1980 POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS SLIPPERY ROCK TOWNSHIP ,

I Population - 4,607 Median Age - 20.9 years Number of households - 963 I Number of families - 635 Average household size - 2.89 persons I Households with children: Total - 337 Married couple - 291 Male households, no wife - 12 Female households, no husband - 27 I Non-family household - 7 I Marital status of persons age 15+: Male Female Single 1,465 1,235 Married, except separated 588 582 I Separated 14 11 Widowed 22 90 Divorced 41 40 I Sex of persons: Male - 2,389 Female - 2,218 Minority persons: Total - 194 I Black - 133 American Indian, Eskimo, Aleut - 9 Asian - 2, Pacific Islander - 11 I Other race - 22 Spanish origin (not included in I previous) - 19 I Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census When examining other aspects of local demography, as shown in Table 6, the effect of the University is evident. For example, the Township’s median age (20.9) is more than ten years I lower than the statewide median. Among this younger population, 66% are single, while only about one-fourth of adults statewide are single. Family households make up 74% of statewide I households but only 66% of Slippery Rock Township households. More evidence of the large student population in the Township is in the percentage of minorities. Most rural Western Pennsylvania townships are racially (but not ethnically) homogenous. I Statewide, racial minorities account for about 10% of the population, most concentrated in I urban areas. In Slippery Rock Township, they account for 4.2% of the population. By I I I I

comparison, in Greenfield Township, in rural Erie County, minorities comprise only .6% of the I population. The greater proportion of Slippery Rock’s minorities are enrolled or employed at the University.

I The average household size in Slippery Rock Township was 2.89 persons in 1980. Statewide, it was 2.74 persons. It is important to note that the structure and size of households have been undergoing dramatic changes during the past two decades. The average household size I decreased due to several trends. The local and national birth rate declined, resulting in fewer children per family. Single people waited longer before marrying. Married couples waited longer before having children. Greater income and mobility encouraged vast numbers of young I single people to leave their families and obtain their own housing. Finally, the incidence of I divorce and separation increased. The U.S. Census Bureau estimates that, while these patterns have slowed, average household size will continue to decrease to the year 2000. This is important because it means that the need I for housing and household services is growing at a faster rate than the increase in population. Population Projections: Projections of future population are important in determining future I demand on land, community facilities and services, housing, etc. Population projections are at the base of many planning decisions. However, projections, especially for smaller areas, are difficult to accurately devise. The reason for the difficulty is that a population projection is not I simply a mathematical process of plugging numbers into the proper formula. Future economic, social, and environmental conditions and their impact on the three components of population change -- births, deaths, and migration are difficult to consider. There is uncertainty in I forecasting future economic, social, and environmental conditions; therefore, there may be inaccuracy in projecting population. The most common type of projections, A) take past growth rates and project them, or B) estimate future birthldeath rates. Therefore, economic changes I which control cycles of in or out-migrations, are generally not collated.

Several projections are presented herein and shown in Table 7. Each represents a different I methodology and a different set of assumptions of future conditions.

Projection A was prepared by the Southwestern Pennsylvania Regional Planning and I Development Commission, with the assistance of the Butler County Planning Commission. I Projection B was prepared by Adams, Graney and Associates, planning consultants for the Slippery Rock Township Comprehensive Plan. It is a linear projection based on the rate of I population change from the 1980 Census count and the 1986 Census estimate. Projection C was also prepared by Adams, Graney and Associates. It is a cohort survival projection for the combined Slippery Rock Township and Borough area, which then allocates I population to the Township based on its 1980 percentage of the area-wide population. I Projection D is an average of the three previous projections. I 8 I I

TABLE 7 I POPULATION PROJECTIONS -SLIPPERY ROCK TOWNSHIP I % % 1980 1990 Chanae Chanae Projection A 4,607 4,540 -1.5 4,783 +5.4 I Projection B 4,607 4,945 +7.3 5,283 +6.8 Projection C 4,607 5,080 +10.3 5,531 i8.9 Projection D I (AT.) 4,607 4,855 +5.4 5,199 +7.0

Source: Southwest Pennsylvania Regional Planning Commission I Adams, Graney and Associates

I Population Forecast: While projections assume complete objectivity, population forecasts can be anything but objective. In and out-migration are often colored by social values and perception of economic conditions. The following is a list of factors which could affect future I growth. In general, they Seem to forecast moderate, but not rapid, growth to the year 2000. I There is a general local feeling that future growth, due to in-migration, will be substantial. To further investigate this perception, prior reports from the Butler County Planning Commission were consulted. In 1970, as part of a capital facilities planning project, the Commission mapped I features of the County which were considered either an encouragement or an impediment to growth. Growth stimulants included such factors as limited access four-lane highways, public water and sewer, major commercial centers, industrial parks, and areas with particularly I attractive housing deterrents to growth included susceptibility to flooding, hazardous strip mines, high incidences of malfunctioned septic tanks, deteriorated housing, uncontrolled seasonal I housing, junk yards, and overcrowded highways. When Slippery Rock Township is examined against these factors, the sum is a mixed bag of possibilities. Public water and sewer and proximity to 1-79 are both advantageous. To what I extent the presence of many unreclaimed strip mines, and lack of commercialhdustrial centers will trade off these advantages remains in question. If suburban growth follows the gradual linear pattern which it usually does, the area between Evans City, Harmony, and Zelienople will I probably receive much of the near future growth before Slippery Rock Township. Significant growth will probably then occur in southwestern parts of the county which lie to the immediate I north of Cranberry Township. Given the divergence between local and past projections, the staff of the Butler County Planning Commission was consulted. According to their most recent indications, substantial population I increases are not expected for the Slippery Rock Area. Based upon construction activity, the I greatest growth is now taking place in Adams Township, in the southwestern part of the County. I 9 I I Infrastructure in the Evans City and zelienople area also appears adequate to support new I residential developments. A sewage system has also been completed in Prospect Borough, which can be expected to bear some of the brunt of growth along the 1-79 comdor. These trends indicate that while some expansion can be expected locally, the principal impact will be in I southern Butler County over the next five to ten years.

Therefore, the forecast for future growth would indicate low to moderate population expansion I during the next decade. The Slippery Rock Area has some assets: highways, the University, and the attractive surroundings. However, there is still vacant land elsewhere (including Slippery Rock Borough). In addition, enrollment at the University has slackened; and the non- I university economy is not expected to grow much. Regionally, suburban and rural growth may I dwindle, as already chronicled by the preliminary census. In summary, the Township has enjoyed booming growth in the past few decades, especially since 1960. The realistic outlook is one of a continuing trend of gradual population increase over the I next five to ten years. It is likely to be quite modest in scope, unless there are significant changes to the existing spatial development patterns emanating from the Pittsburgh metropolitan I area. I I I I I I I I I I 10 I I

I NATURAL FEATURES AND ENVIRONMENT

I Location: Slippery Rock Township is located in the northwest quadrant of Butler County. The Township completely surrounds Slippery Rock Borough. It is approximately 14 miles northwest of Butler City which is the County’s largest municipality and the County Seat. Conveniently I, situated just 3 miles off of Route 1-79 and 8 miles south of Route 1-80, Slippery Rock Township is easily accessible to the major urban areas in Western Pennsylvania and Eastem Ohio (Pittsburgh - 55 miles, Erie - 67 miles, Youngstown - 28 miles and Cleveland - 95 miles). I . --* Climate: Slippery Rock Township has a humid, continental climate with relatively warm I summers, long cold winters, and abundant precipitation. Variations in monthly temperatures and precipitation are the norm for Slippery Rock Township. Temperatures in the coldest month (January) range from an average daily maximum of 33.5 degrees Fahrenheit to an average daily I minimum of 15.8 degrees Fahrenheit. Temperatures in the warmest month (July) range from an average daily maximum of 81.9 degrees Fahrenheit to an average daily minimum of 57.5 degrees Fahrenheit. The average annual precipitation is 39.72 inches, and the average annual I snowfall is 46.6 inches. Physiography and Slope: The landscape of Slippery Rock Township is gently rolling, with few I areas of steep slope. This gentle landscape resulted from continental glaciers which covered nearly all of the Township during three separate advances from 75,000 to 23,000 years ago. The movement of the glaciers had a powerful effect on existing landforms, eroding the hilltops, I filling the valleys, and leaving behind glacial deposits in the form of kames, kame terraces, eskers, and valley trains.

I Elevations range from a low of 1,100 feet found where Slippery Rock Creek exits the Township in the southwest comer to a high of 1,481 feet on a hilltop in the southeast comer. Even in the I deeper valleys, the relative relief is only 100 to 200 feet. The accompanying map shows the few areas which have excessive slope (greater than 16%)in the Township. These areas are located primarily along the valleys of Wolf Creek and Slippery I Rock Creek.

Slope is a limiting factor which must be carefully considered when planning for new I development. In areas where slope is less than 9%, there are few to no constraints on conventional development. In areas where slope is between 9% and 16%, special design I considerations are needed to control drainage, prevent accelerated soil erosion, and maintain a stable building foundation. Even then, certain uses or structures may not be suitable. In areas where slope exceeds 16%, there is considerable danger for average construction projects. I Development, in general, should be discouraged and only specially designed structures should be considered. I I 11 I SLIPPERY ROCK TOWNSHIP COUNTY LOCATION MAP

BUTLER COUNTY , PENNSYLVANIA D nm~-=~~m-==~=rn=--= GENERAL SOIL MAP UNITS SLIPPERY ROCK TOWNSHIP

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SLIPPERV ROCK TOWNSHIP t BUTLER COUNTY, PA

THIS MAP WAS FINANCED. IN PART, FROM THE SMALL COMMUNITIES PLANNINO ASSISTANCE PROGRAM FUNDED BV THE FEDERAL DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AN0 URBAN DEVELOPMENT UNDER THE AOMINISTRATION OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA. DEPARTMENT OF ADAHS. GRANEY & ASSOCIATES COMMUNlTY AFFAIRS. 1

Drainage and Floodplains: Slippery Rock Township has an irregular, dendritic drainage I pattern which empties into two major streams, Slippery Rock Creek and Wolf Creek. Wolf Creek eventually flows into Slippery Rock Creek in Worth Township to the west.

I The accompanying map shows existing flood hazard areas in the Township. These are areas which would be inundated by a 100 year frequency flood as identified on the Township’s Flood I Hazard Boundary Map published by the Federal Emergency Management Agency. Flood hazard areas exist along three streams. Slippery Rock Creek has a narrow flood hazard area along its entire course through the Township with a broader flood area at Daugherty’s Mills I and at the juncture to its banks. McDonald Run has a broad flood hazard area beginning at the western Township boundary and extending upstream approximately 8,000 lineal feet.

I Development is limited by law in identified flood hazard areas. Slippery Rock Township administers a floodplain management ordinance in accordance with the National Flood Insurance I Program and the Pennsylvania Floodplain Management Act. According to the Township ordinance, residential buildings must be elevated and non-residential buildings must be either I elevated or floodproofed to minimize damage from floodwaters in identified flood hazard areas. Soils: Soils are an important factor in determining the suitability of land for development or other uses. Different soils have different characteristics of stability, drainage, or depth to 1 bedrock which may aid or constrain use of the land. The United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service publishes a Soil Survey I of Butler County which identifies different soils and their characteristics. Information used in this Comprehensive Plan was taken from a newly revised soil survey published in January, 1989.

1 The soil survey categorizes soils into either general soil map units or detailed soil map units. Information is presented herein for both.

I There are six general soil map units in Slippery Rock Township as shown on the accompanying map. Each unit has a distinctive pattern of soils, relief, and drainage. Each is a unique natural landscape. Typically, a unit consists of one or more major soils and some minor soils with 1 common characteristics of land use suitability.

(For comparability and consistency, the numbering system used in this Comprehensive Plan is I the same numbering system used in the Soil Survey of Butler County.) I 1. Gresham-Titusville-Frenchtown - This unit covers a large area of the Township, particularly areas of expanding development adjacent to Slippery Rock Borough. It includes very deep, moderately well-drained to poorly drained soils formed in glacial till. I Most of the soils have a seasonal high water table. This unit has good to fair potential for farmland and good potential for woodland and wildlife habitat. It has fair to poor I 1 12 I I

potential for urban uses. The major limitations of the soils are seasonal wetness, slow I permeability, and usual occurrence on steep slopes.

2. Riverhead-Braceville-Wheeling - This unit covers two small areas in the northern part I of the Township. It includes very deep, well-drained and moderately well-drained soils formed in glacial outwash. This unit has good potential for farmland, woodland, and wildlife habitat. It is a good source of sand and gravel. The major limitations of the 1 soils are slope, available water capacity, seasonal wetness, slow permeability, and rapid permeability in the substratum.

I 3. Atkins-Canadice-Caneadea- This unit covers area primarily in the comdor of Slippery Rock Creek and Wolf Creek. It includes very deep, poorly drained, and somewhat I poorly drained soils formed in alluvium and lacustrine sediments. All soils are poorly drained and have a high water table for long periods during the year. This unit has fair to poor potential for farmland and good or fair potential for woodland and wildlife I habitat. It has poor potential for urban uses. The major limitations of the soils are frequent flooding, wetness, slow permeability, and instability. I 6. Hazelton-Giluin-Wharton - This unit is found in very small portions in the southeastern corner of the Township. It includes moderately deep and deep, well-drained and moderately welldrained soils formed in material weathered dominantly from sandstone I and siltstone. This unit has good potential for farmland, woodland, and wildlife habitat. It has good to poor potential for urban uses. The major limitations are seasonal wetness, 1 slow permeability, depth to bedrock, and usual occurrence on steep slopes. 10. Ydorthents-Wharton-Hazelton - This unit covers a large area in the north central part of the Township and other smaller, scattered areas. It includes very deep and deep, I excessively drained to moderately well-drained soils formed during strip mining and in material weathered from sandstone, siltstone, and shale. This unit has poor potential for farmland and fair to poor potential for woodland and wildlife habitat. It has poor I potential for urban uses. The major limitations of the soils are low available water capacity, many small stones on the surface, and seasonal wetness. t 11. Hazelton-Buchanan-GilDin - This unit covers a very small area in the southeastern corner of the Township. It includes moderately deep to very deep, well-drained and moderately well drained, very stony soils formed in material weathered from sandstone, siltstone, 8 and shale. This unit is generally too steep or too stony for farmland. It has good potential for woodland and wildlife habitat. It has poor potential for urban uses. The I major limitations of the soils are slope, many large stones on the surface, seasonal wetness, and depth to bedrock. I In addition to the six general soil map units, there are fifty or so detailed soil map units in Slippery Rock Township. These units represent individual soils rather than groupings of like I soils and are more useful for determining the suitability and potential of a soil for specific uses. I 13 I 1

The accompanying map, taken from the Soil Survey of Butler County, shows the detailed soil 1 map units in Slippery Rock Township. The accompanying tables, also taken from the Soil Survey, provide a detailed summary of the suitability of the detailed soil map units for various types of land uses and development. The map and tables will aid in fully understanding the I implications of the various soils for future land use planning.

The map and tables presented herein are intended to represent a general picture of soil conditions I and limitations. A true picture of soil conditions at a particular site can only be obtained 1 through on-site testing. The most significant and striking conclusion presented by the map and tables is the limitation to development characteristics of most soils in the Township. Of particular concern is the poor 1 suitability of nearly every detailed soil map unit for on-site sewage disposal systems. This is a critical factor in planning for new development in the Township and how to provide adequate I sewage disposal facilities. Prime Farmland: Loss of important farmlands has been a recent topic of both statewide and national concern. In Pennsylvania, farmland was lost at a rate of 80,000 acres per year during I the period of 1982 to 1987. The state also lost 3,986 entire farms during the same period. Butler County lost 80 farms.

I With farmland being lost through residential development and other uses, concern has been raised for preservation of agricultural lands, particularly prime farmland. The United States Department of Agricultural defines prime farmland as the land that is best suited to producing I food, feed, forage, fiber, and oilseed crops. It has the soil quality, growing season, and moisture supply needed to produce a sustained high yield of crops while using acceptable farming methods. Prime farmland produces the highest yields and requires minimal amounts I of energy and economic resources, and farming it results in the least damage to the environment.

The USDA Soil Conservation Service has identified detailed soil map units that qualify as prime I farmland in Butler County. The Soil Conservation Service has also identified detail soil map units that qualify as additional farmland of statewide importance. A list of soil units included I in each category is shown in Table 8. 8 1 I I 1 14 I I

I TABLE 8 PRIME FARMLAND SOILS - BUTLER COUNTY I Detailed Soil Map Units That Qualify As Additional Detailed Soil Map Units That Farmland of Statewide I Oualifv as Prime Farmland Importance

BeA PO A+ ErC GrC I BeB RdB BeC FeA Hac BuB TaA BuC FeB MOB CmB TeB CeA FrA MoC CoA WaA CeC G1C TaB I COB WaB C 1A GnC TeC G1B WhA C1B GOB VcB HaB WhB c1c GPC vcc I Ph COC GrA Wac ErB GrB 1 Source: Soil Conservation Service, U.S.D.A. I The location of these soil units can be found by refemng to the accompanying map of detailed soil map units taken from the Soil Survey of Butler County. Prime farmland soils are found I throughout Slippery Rock Township with no particular concentration or pattern. The same can be said of additional farmland soils of statewide importance. Together, these soils comprise a 1 considerable land area in the Township. Reference can also be made to the map of general soil map units. Three general soil map units were described as having good potential for farming: 1. Gresham-Titusville-Frenchtown, 2. 1 Riverhead-Braceville-Wheeling,and 6. Hazelton-Gilpin-Wharton. As shown, these general soil map units occur throughout the Township and cover a large land area. 0 I I I I I 15 I I

TABLE 9 I BUILDING SITE DEVELOPMENT Local Soil Name Dwelligs Dwellings Small Rosd Lawns I and Map Shallow Without With Comm. and and Svmbol Excavations Basements Basements LandSCauhg i Al+ Are& I At Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: Atkins Wetness. floodig, flooding. flooding, floodig, wetness, wetness. wetness. wetness. wetness, flooding. 1 frost action. BeA, BeB Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: Braceville wetness, wetness. wetness. wetness. wetness. wetness. I cutbanks cave

BuB Severe: Moderate: Severe: Moderate: Moderate: Moderate: I Buchanan wetness. Wetness. wetness. slope. wetness large frost action. stones.

BxB Severe: Moderate: Severe: Moderate: Moderate: Severe: I Buchanan wetness. wetness. wetness. wetness, wetness, small slope. frost action. stones.

I BxD Severe: Moderate: Severe: Severe: Moderate: Severe: Buchaaan wetness. wetness. Wetness. slope. wetness, small I slope, SlolleS. CeA, CeB Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: Moderate: caneadea wetness. wetness, wetness, wetness, low strength wetness. shrink- Shrink- shrink- frost action, I swell. swell. swell. shrink-swell.

CeC Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: I Caneadea wetness. wetness, wetness, slope, low strength wetness. Shriek- Shrink- wetness, frost action, swell. swell. shrink- shrink-swell. 1 swell. CeD Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: caneadea slope, slope, slope, slope, slope, slope, I wetness. wetness, wetness, wetness, low strength wetness. shrink-swell shrink-swell shrink- frost action. 1 swell. 1 I 16 I I 1 TABLE 9 (Continued) Soil Name Dwellings Dwellings Small Road Lawns and Map Shallow Without With Comm. and and I Svmbol Excavations Basements Basements Landscauing

ClA, CIB Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: I Cavorde wetness. wetness. wetness. slope, frost action wetness. low strength, I wetness. FeA Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: Fredon cuthanks cave, wetness. wetness. wetness. wetness, wetness. I wetness. frost action. FrA. FrB Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: Frenchtown pondmg. pondmg. pondmg. ponding. pondmg, pondmg. fi frost action.

GIB Moderate: Slight. Moderate: Moderate: Moderate: Moderate: I Gilpin depth to rock depth to rock. slope frost action. thin layer. GpC* Moderate: Moderate: Moderate: Severe: Moderate: Moderate: Gilpin slope, slope. slope, slope. slope, slope, I depth to rock depth to rock. thin layer.

GrA, Gr Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: I Gresham wetness. wetness. wetness. wetness. wetness. wetness. frost action, I low strength. HaB Moderate: Moderate: Moderate. Moderate. Moderate: Moderate: Hazelton depth to rock large stones. large stones, slope, frost action, small stones, large stones. depth to rock. large large stones. droughty. I stones.

Hac Moderate: Moderate: Moderate: Severe: Moderate: Moderate: 1 Hazelton depth to rock, slope, slope, slope. slope, slope, slope, large large stones, large. frost action, small stones. stones. depth to rock large stones.

1 RdC Severe: Moderate: Moderate: Severe: Moderate: Moderate: Riverhead cuthanks cave. slope. slope. slope. slope, slope. I frost action. TeB Severe: Moderate: Severe: Moderate: Severe: Moderate: Tihwille wetness. wetness. wetness. wetness, frost action. wetness. 1 slow. I 1 17 i I I TABLE 9 (Continued) Soil Name Dwellings Dwellings Small Road Lawns and Map Shallow Without With Comm. and and I Svmlml Excavations Basements Basements Landscauing

TeC Severe: Moderate: Severe; Severe: Severe: Moderate: I Titusville wetness. wetness, wetness. slope. frost action. wetness, slope. slope. 1 UaB, UaD, UaF, UcD, UcF. Udorthents

1 WaB Severe: Moderate: Severe: Moderate: Severe: Moderate: Wharton wetness. wetness, wetness. slope, frost action, wetness. shrink-swell. wetness, low strength. I shrink- well. I WhB Slight. Slight. Slight. Moderate. Moderate: Slight. wheeling frost action, I low strength. *See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.

I Source: Soil Survey. Butler County. Pennsylvania. C I I u I t I I 18 I I

TABLE 10 I SANITARY FACILITIES Septic Daily I Soil Name Tank Sewage Trench Area Cover and Map Absorption Lagoon Sanitary Sanitary for Svmhol Fields Landfill Landfill Landfill

E AI* Arents I At Atkins Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: Poor: flooding, flooding, flooding, flooding, wetness. wetness, wetness, wetness, wetness, I percs slowly. seepage. seepage. seepage.

BeA. BeB Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: Poor: 1 Braceville percs slowly. seepage, seepage, wetness, seepage, wetness, wetness. wetness, seepage. too sandy, I poor filter. too sandy. small stones. BIC Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: Poor: Brinkerton wetness, slope. wetness. wetness. wetness. I percs slowly. BxB Severe: Severe: Severe: Moderate: Poor: Buchanan wetness, wetness. wetness. wetness. small stones. I percs slowly.

BxD Severe: Severe: Severe: Moderate: Poor: Buchanan wetness, slope. wetness. slope, small stones. I percs slowly. wetness. wetness.

CeA, CeB Severe: Slight Severe: Severe: Poor; I Caneadea wetness, wetness, wetness too clayey, percs slowly. too clayey. hard to pack, I wetness. CeC Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: Poor: Caneadea wetness, slope. wetness, wetness. too clayey percs slowly. too clayey. hard to pack, I wetness.

CeD Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: Poor: I Caneadea slope, slope. slope, slope, slope, wetness, wetness, wetness. too clayey, I; percs slowly. too clayey. hard to pack. I- 1 19 I I I Table 10 (Continued) Septic Daily Soil Name Tank Sewage Trench Area Cover E and Map Absorption Lagoon Sanitaly Sanitary for Symbol Fields Landfill Landfill Landfill

I CIA Severe: Moderate: Severe: Severe: Poor: Cavode percs slowly, depth to wetness, wetness. too clayey, wetness. rock. depth to wetness. I rock, too clayey.

CIB Severe: Moderate: Severe: Severe: Poor; I Cavode percs slowly, slope, wetness, wetness. too clayey, wetness. depth to depth to wetness. rock. rock, too t clayey.

CIC Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: Poor: I Cavode percs slowly. slope. wetness, wetness. too clayey, wetness. depth to wetness. rock, too I clayey. FeA, FeB Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: Poor: Fredon wetness, seepage. =page, seepage, =page, I poor mer. wetness. wetness, wetness. too sandy, too sandy. small stones. I FrA Severe: Slight. Severe: Severe: Poor: Frencbtoum pondmg, ponding. ponding. pondmg. percs slowly.

I FIB Severe: Slight. Severe: Severe: Poor: Frencbtoum pondmg, ponding. ponding. pondmg. I percs slowly. GIB Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: Poor: Gilpin depth to depth to depth to depth to area reclaim, I rock. rock. rock. rock. thin layer. GrA, GrB Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: Poor: Gresham wetness, wetness. wetness. wetness. wetness. I percs slowly.

HaB Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: Poor: I Hazelton poor filter. seepage. seepage. seepage. small stones. depth to I rock. I 20 I I I Table 10 (Continued) Septic Daily Soil Name Tsnk Sewage Trench Area Cover and Map Absorption Lagoon Sanitary Sanitary for I Svmbol Fields Landfill Landfill Landfill

1 Hac Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: Poor: Hazleton poor filter. slope, =page, seepage. small stones. seepage. depth to I rock. RdC Severe Severe: Severe: Severe: Poor:

Riverhead poor filter I slope, Seepage. Seepage. ==page, I seepage. too sandy. too sandy.

TeB Severe: Moderate: Severe: Moderate: Fair: I Titusville wetness, slope. wetness. wetness. too clayey, percs slowly. small stones. I TeC Severe: Severe: Severe: Moderate: Fair: Titusville Wetness, slope. . wetness. wetness, too clayey, percs slowly. slope. small stones, I slope. UaB, UaD, UaF UcD, UcF I Udorthents

Wac Severe: Severe: Severe: Moderate: Fair: I Wharton percs slowly, slope. wetness. wetness, slope, wetness. slope. too clayey.

WhA, WhB Severe: Severe: Severe: Slight. Fair: I wheeling poor filter. seepage. seepage. thin layer.

I 'See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. I Source: Soil Survey, Butler County, Pennsylvania. Mineral Resources: The following is a brief description of the existing mineral resources in I the Township. Conservation and utilization of these basic resources are fundamental to the economic growth and development of the Township. The future of the Township will be influenced greatly by the ability to conserve and use these diminishing resources wisely. The I mineral resources of the area include coal, oil, shale and clay, sandstone, sand and gravel, limestone, and iron ore. I I 21 I I

-Coal - Coal has been, and continues to be, an important resource in Slippery Rock Township. I The principal coal beds in the Township are the Clarion, Brookville, and Lower, Middle, and Upper Kittanning. Coal has been found and strip mined in every area of the Township except I for the comdor of Slippery Rock Creek in the southern part of the Township. The accompanying map, prepared by the Butler County Planning Commission, shows past and present strip mining activity in Slippery Rock Township. As shown, strip mining activity has I been widespread. While current regulations of the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources require reclamation of land to its original contour with a vegetative cover after strip mining is completed, prior stripping occurred without the benefit of such regulations. As such, I the Township still has several unreclaimed strip mines.

Reuse of unreclaimed strip mines is limited. Their soils are generally highly acidic, rocky, and I unstable. Vegetation is sparse and limited. Many of the unreclaimed mines are hazardous due to steep slopes which remain from high walls and spoil piles. Unstable spoil piles are a source I of critical erosion and excessive runoff. Unprotected, water-filled pits still exist in some of the old mines.

I In recent years, publicly funded programs have been used to reclaim some of the old, abandoned strip mines. However, many unreclaimed mines continue to dot the landscape of Slippery Rock I Township. Oil and Gas - Shortly after the discovery of oil in the Drake well in the valley of Oil Creek, Venango County in 1859, and the development of the Smith’s Ferry Field in Beaver County in I 1861, a small quantity of oil was found in the Township in shallow wells in the valley of Slippery Rock Creek. None of the wells in the Township have been large producers.

I Shale and Clay - Shale, derived from the compressing of mud or clay, is a weak rock; but when combined with other materials, it becomes a valuable mineral resource. Some shale beds are suited to the manufacturer of brick, while combinations mixed with fire clay produce excellent I building bricks.

Shale and clay occur abundantly in the Township and the surrounding area, but only a few small I shale pits have been opened for making common brick and the clay deposits, although extensively worked for ceramic material in nearby areas, have not yet been exploited I substantially in the Township. The most valuable bed of clay in this general region is the Lower Kittanning. This bed, which I lies between 20 to 50 feet above the Vanport limestone, crops out in the valleys of Slippery Rock Creek and Muddy Creek. I Sand and Gravel - Sand and gravel occur in the glaciated areas of the Township. This area is covered in varying degrees by ground moraine and till composed of silt, sand, gravel and I boulders. Accumulations of sand and gravel are to be found particularly in the end-moraine I 22 I MINING ACTIVITY - SLIPPERY ROCK TOWNSHIP 1989

SLIPPERY ROCK TOWNSHIP t BUTLER COUNTY, PA MAP WAS FINANCED. IN PART. FROM THE COMMUNITIES PLANNING ASSISTANCE .C.LI WS SMAU PROGRAM FUNDED BY THE FEDEW\L DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AN0 URBAN DEVELOPMENT ,111 UNDER THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE COMMONW€ALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, OEPARTMEM OF ,!h COMMUNm AFFAIRS. -I-ADAMU, 611AREY & ARD AUSOCIATEB I

deposits and knob-like mounds left by the glacier. In addition, several eskers are present in the I Township.

The winding ridges are some of the best sources of sand and gravel, and one just north of I Slippery Rock Borough in the Township has been extensively quarried.

Most of the sand and gravel produced in the Township is used in the ready-mix concrete I industry, for road construction and other construction purposes. Cooper Brothers is a producer of sand and gravel products at a quarry west of PA 173, two miles north of Slippery Rock I Borough. Limestone - Limestone is widely distributed in the Township. There are several beds, including I the Ames and Mahoning limestone, members of the Conemaugh formation, the Upper and Lower Freeport and Vanport limestone members of the Allegheny formation, and the Upper and Lower Mercer limestones in the Mercer shale member of the Pottsville formation. All but the I Vanport limestone, however, are thin beds that range from a few inches to a rather rare maximum of five feet and are of little value except for local use. The Vanport on the other hand, is a relatively persistent bed which averages twelve to fifteen feet in thickness and is the I most valuable limestone in Western Pennsylvania. The Vanport limestone crops out in the valleys of Wolf, Muddy, and Slippery Rock Creeks, and 1 records of oil and gas wells show that it is widely distributed throughout a large area. It has been quarried at several locations along its outcrop. It has also been worked on an extensive scale in several places along Slippery Rock Creek between Annandale and Branchton. The I overlying rocks are either shale or glacial sand and gravel which can be readily moved.

The Townships’s limestone is used in the production of Portland and masonry cement, concrete, I roadstone, quicklime, hydrated lime for chemical, industrial and agricultural uses, and for fluxing stone industries.

I Two major limestone mines exist in Slippery Rock Township. The Mercer Lime and Stone works is located in Branchton on SR 4010. The Allegheny Mineral mine is located just south I of Slippery Rock Borough near SR 4008, T-372, and T-385. I CONCLUSIONS: *The landscape in most of Slippery Rock Township is gentle rolling; steep slope areas are few I and present little restriction to development. *Flood hazard areas with legal restrictions on development are located along Slippery Rock I Creek, Wolf Creek, and McDonald Run. *Soils in the Township are generally wet and found significant restrictions to development; soils I are particularly poor regarding their suitability for on-lot sewage disposal systems. I 23 I I

*Soils in the Township are generally good for fanning; prime farmlands and additional I farmlands of statewide importance exist throughout the Township and cover substantial areas.

*Slippery Rock Township is rich in mineral resources, particularly coal, limestone, and sand and I gravel.

*The effects of strip mining activity, both past and present, are present throughout the I Township; present-day strip mines are reclaimed to their original state, but many unreclaimed I and sometimes hazardous strip mines remain from the past. 1 I I I I I 1 I I 1 I 1 1 24 I I ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS

I Many of the economic characteristics of Slippery Rock Township are typical of rural Western Pennsylvania townships. Agricultural employment is declining, mining represents a basic I economic activity, and many residents find employment in nearby urban centers. However, one factor separates the Slippery Rock economy from others in the Region - the presence of Slippery Rock University. The University is a major local employer and a consumer of local goods and services. In one fashion, it is also a producer, exporting graduates.

The purpose of this section is to examine the local economy, both of the University and other sectors. Because economics is a complex and confusing subject, efforts have been made to divide this section by subject matter; then, that material will be used to make conclusions about the general state of the economy.

Economic Base: As highlighted earlier, the Township’s economy, with the exception of the presence of Slippery Rock University, is a very traditional rural economy. The Township supports a mix of a few small manufacturers, forty-five small retail and service businesses, and a moderate amount of farming and mining activity which, while being a traditional part of the I Township’s economic base, has been declining in significance. Only three small industries exist in the Township, those being: Mercer Lime and Stone (limestone mine) - 58 employees; Allegheny Mineral (limestone mine) - 40 employees; and Tech Met Co. (scrap metal) - 18 I employees. Obviously, two of these are connected to mining activities.

Considering the small economic base, it is not surprising that most Township residents have I sought employment outside of the Township. According to Table 11, taken from the 1980 U.S. Census, 89.5% of the Township’s resident workers were employed outside of the Township. Only 3.8% of all resident workers were employed inside the Township. Major employment I opportunities exist in nearby economic centers such as Butler, New Castle, and Grove City. Also, with the nearby presence of 1-79 and 1-80, Township residents have been exposed to job I opportunities in places more distant such as Pittsburgh or Youngstown. I 1

25 I

I TABLE 11 PLACE OF WORK OF RESIDENT WORKERS AGE 16+ - 1980 - SLIPPERY ROCK TOWNSHIP AND PENNSYLVANIA A I Slippery Rock Township Pennsylvania Place of Work No. Workers % of Total % of Total I In Municipality Where Residing 61 3.8 31.5 Outside Municipality I Where Residing 1,446 89.5 61.6 Not Reported 3 6.7 6.9 I Total 1,616 100.0 100.0 I Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census

The Table shows a picture of Slippery Rock Township as a typical "bedroom community." I Since World War II, a more mobile population with greater personal income has been moving from the older urban centers into new, greener, and more spacious environs. These. people have continued to work in the urban centers, however, due to the ease of commuting. The result is I that townships such as Slippery Rock have experienced a growing population while continuing to have only a small base of business and industry.

I The next Table examines this trend from a comparative perspective. The most outstanding feature of this Table is how small the percentage of residents who work in the Township is, 1 especially when compared to more urbanized areas. 1 I I 1 I I I 26 I I

TABLE 12 I PLACE OF WORK FOR BUTLER COUNTY RESIDENTS 1980 I % % Working % Working % Working Within Outside Working Outside Municipality Municipality I Place in Countv Countv of Residence of Residence Slippery Rock Twp. 77.7 20.5 4.0 96.0 I Worth Twp. 65.9 34.1 14.1 85.9 Cranberry Twp. 24.2 74.8 4.0 96.0 Brady Twp. 74.5 25.5 1.7 98.3 I Butler Twp. 90.8 8.7 14.1 85.5 Butler City 92.5 7.5 73.4 26.6 Zelienople 72.2 27.8 56.0 44.0 Saxonburg 80.9 19.1 48.1 51.9 I Evans City 83.3 16.7 41.9 58.1 Mars 59.9 39.5 47.7 52.3 I Valencia 51.4 48.6 13.5 86.5 Note: Percentages will not add due to small numbers of out-of- 1 state and unreported workers. Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 1980, compiled by the Butler County I Planning Commission

In examining this Table, a definite pattern emerges. In general, municipalities near to the I Pittsburgh MSA (Cranberry Township, Mars, and Valencia)'have higher percentages of persons working outside the county of residence. Larger municipal units, such as Butler City, have higher percentages of persons who both live and work within the municipality. In Worth and I Slippery Rock Townships, fairly high percentages of persons work outside the County, but most likely commute to economic centers in Mercer or Lawrence Counties.

I Employment Characteristics: Employment characteristics of Township residents are shown in the next Table. This information, taken from the 1980 U.S. Census, provides a profile of I the types of industries and types of occupations in which Township residents are employed. Although this information is nine years old, it should still be indicative of the current economy. I Few changes have occurred since 1980 which would significantly affect the reliability of the data. Declines in manufacturing jobs in Butler area industries may have had some effect on the data. The loss of Kenametal in Slippery Rock Borough in 1985 should have little effect on the I data as the facility has recently been occupied by a new manufacturing industry, Zedmark Refractories, which employs more people than did Kenametal. I I 27 I 1

TABLE 13 I 1980 EMPLOYMENT BY INDUSTRY SLIPPERY ROCK TOWNSHIP, BUTLER COUNTY AND PENNSYLVANIA Slippery Rock Butler 1 Township County Pennsylvania Industry -u # % I Agric., For. and Fishing 32 2.0 1,596 2.7 80,472 1.6 Mining 28 1.7 720 1.2 55,645 1.1 1 Construction 55 3.4 3,202 5.4 240,162 4.8 Manufacturing 213 13.1 17,988 30.1 1,420,837 28.7 (Nondurable) (18) (3,319) (540,972) (Durable) (195) 14,669) (879,965) I Trans., Comm. and Pub. Util. 85 5.2 4,713 7.9 347,197 6.9 Wholesale and I Retail Trade 235 14.5 12,162 20.4 972,676 19.7 Finance, Ins., and Real Est. 27 1.7 2,298 3.8 256,725 5.2 I Bus. Repair 35 2.2 1,949 3.8 185,589 3.7 Personal Serv. Entertain. 60 3.7 1,668 2.8 161,446 3.3 Prof. and I Rel. Berv. 788 48.5 11#621 19.5 1#011,813 20.4 Public Admin. 66 4.1 1.776 3.0 277,933 4.6

I Total 1,624 100.1 59,693 100.1 4,961,501 100.0

I Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1980

I According to Table 13, the professional and related services industry is by far the largest occupational sector among Township residents. This industry includes Slippery Rock University which, as explained earlier, is the most important factor in the local economy. Nearly half of I the Township’s resident workers were employed in the professional and related services industry compared to 19.5% countywide and 20.4% statewide. Slippery Rock University is the largest I employer of Township residents. In terms of percentages of employment, the Township is also higher than the county and state in the industries of mining and personal services and entertainment. The greater employment I in mining is reflective of the Township’s mineral wealth in coal, limestone, and sand and gravel and its active history in mining as outlined in the Natural Features and Environment section of the comprehensive plan. The greater employment in personal services and entertainment is I reflective of the demand for such services from the University, particularly its students. I I 28 I I

In most of the other industry categories, the percentage of employment for Township residents I is less than the county and state. Of particular note is the manufacturing industry in which the percentage of Township residents employed is less than half the countywide and statewide percentages. This is indicative of the few industrial establishments in the Slippery Rock Area. 1 Mercer Lime and Stone, Allegheny Mineral, and Tech Met in Slippery Rock Township and Zedmark Refractories in Slippery Rock Borough, combined, provide only 181 jobs.

I Wholesale and retail trade is another category in which the Township’s percentage of employment is significantly lower than the county and state. This can be expected because of the very low number of such establishments in the Township, the small size of Slippery Rock I Borough’s retail base, and the dominance of regional retail centers in more distant places such I as Butler or the Pittsburgh North Hills. Table 14 shows the Township’s employment occupation compared to Butler County and Pennsylvania. This Table illustrates a similar scenario as Table 13. The high percentage of I apportioning management and professional occupations shows the direct effect the University brings to the employment market of the Township, and the high percentage of service occupations shows the indirect effect. The lower percentage in precision production, craft and I repair occupations, along with operators, fabricators, and laborers represent the lower numbers of industrial and manufacturing jobs in the Slippery Rock Area. I TABLE 14 EMPLOYMENT BY OCCUPATION SLIPPERY ROCK TOWNSHIP, BUTLER COUNTY AND PENNSYLVANIA I Slippery Rock Butler Township County Pennsylvania I Occupation No. % No. % No. % Manager and Professional 421 25.9 10,772 18.0 1,033,455 20.8 I Technical 391 24.1 15,711 26.3 1,452,133 29.3 Sales & Admin. Service 362 22.3 7,632 12.8 624,299 12.6 Farming, For. 1 & Fishing 37 2.3 1,498 2.5 78, a72 1.6 Precision Pro. 153 9.4 8,898 14.9 659,373 13.3 Craft & Rpr., I Optr. Fab. & Lab 260 16.0 15,182 25.4 1,112,369 27.4 I Total 1,624 100.0 59,693 100.0 4,961,501 100.0 I Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census I I 29 I I

While employment information from the U.S. Census of Population can give some indications I of local economic patterns, more information can be derived from the U.S. Department of Commerce’s economic reports. These include the Census of Retail Trade, Census of Wholesale m,Countv Business Patterns, Census of Manufactures, Census of Service Industries and I annual Y.S. Industrial Ou tlook. Unfortunately, for rural communities like Slippery Rock Township, direct economic data is not available. However, the Butler County data provided here will help place the earlier section on employment into a wider perspective. Material is also I available on Slippery Rock Borough, which is included here because the Borough serves as the Township’s major service and retail center. As no market economy can exist in a vacuum, it is helpful to include this information because of the relationship between the township, borough, I and county economics. Also, those who live in Slippery Rock Township often work and shop I elsewhere in the county, so the following information is especially pertinent. Manufacturing: On the county level, manufacturing and allied industries have long dominated the local economy. Even during the mid-19th Century, small iron-making operations were I common throughout the county. By the 20th Century, large-scale steelmakers and manufacturers, such as the American Rolling Mill Company (ARMCO) and Pullman Standard, were employing thousands. Many farmers were attracted by high-paying jobs in these I industries, and agricultural production and employment declined. By 1982, there were 124 manufacturing firms in the county, with half of these employing more than twenty persons. I Table 15 illustrates manufacturing employment during that year. TABLE 15 I MANUFACTURING FIRMS IN BUTLER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA Those No. .of Employing I Firms +20

Chemical and Allied Products 10 7 I Petroleum and Coal Products 5 3 Stone Clay and Glass Products 23 11 Primary Metal Industries 11 6 Fabricated Metal Products 24 11 I Non-electrical Machinery 44 17 Electric and Electronic Equipment 3 1 Instruments and Related Products -4 -4 I Total 124 60

I Source: U.S. Census of Manufactures, 1982

I The Table illustrates that not only was the county heavily involved in industry, but much activity was in the traditional manufacturing of Western Pennsylvania metal products. Unfortunately, I the 1987 Census of Manufactures is not yet available. Further economic data must be drawn I 30 I I

from the 1986 Countv Business Patterns. The following Table is a breakdown of those. same I industries in 1986.

TABLE 16 I MANUFACTURING FIRMS IN BUTLER COUNTY

I Those No. of -1OYing Firms +2 0

I Chemical and Allied Products 9 4 Petroleum and Coal Products 6 2 Stone, Clay and Glass Products 24 11 I Primary Metal Industries 11 4 Fabricated Metal Products 25 10 Non-Electrical Machinery 48 19 Electric and Electronic Equipment 5 1 I Instruments and Related Products 6 -5 I Total 134 56 Source: Countv Business Patterns, 1986 I Combined, these two Tables illustrate a slight restructuring in the Butler County industry. There were actually more firms in 1986, but fewer with more than twenty employees. During the I early 1980's, larger firms like Pullman Standard closed down operations; but many were eventually replaced by smaller firms. During that time, unemployment skyrocketed, but current I estimates indicate a growth since then to near full employment. Industrial employment as a percentage of total employment has declined statewide. Much of the gap has been filled by new jobs in "service industries," such as information processing, personal I services, and retail sales. Without a doubt, these have become important facets of the Butler economy. The combined service and retail receipts for the county are $992,793,000, with combined employment at 14,262. Those 14,262 workers generate (and spend) an annual payroll I of $148,514,000.

RetaiVService Sectors: The following Table presents an analysis of retail and service I establishments countywide in 1987. Slippery Rock Township is included in the section entitled I "Balance of County." I I I 31 I 1

I TABLE 17 RETAILISERVICE EMPLOYMENT AND RECEIPTS r BUTLER COUNTY, 1987 - I Retail Service Service Retail Est. Est. EmDlovment EmDlovment

I Butler City 249 293 1,575 2,234 Butler Twp. 183 98 842 3,379 Cranberry Twp. 11 14 111 182 I Slippery Rock 33 18 273 481 zelienople 50 43 268 450 Balance of County -3 12 -274 1.383 3.084 I Total 838 740 4,452 9,810

Source: 1987 Census of Retail Trade and 1987 Census of Service I Industries

I The following Table illustrates similar information for the Borough of Slippery Rock in more detail. This is included because the Borough serves as the primary retail and service center for I citizens of Slippery Rock Township. I I I I I I I I I 32 I I

I TABLE 18 SERVICE AND RETAIL BUSINESS IN I SLIPPERY ROCK BOROUGH Stores Sales

1 Building Materials and Garden Supplies 1 NA General Mercantile 1 NA Food Stores 3 NA I Automotive Dealers 3 NA Gasoline Service Stations 3 3,341,000 Apparel Stores 2 NA Furniture Stores 0 NA I Eating Places 10 4,445,000 Drug and Proprietary 2 NA Miscellaneous Retail 8 3 ,081,000 I Hotels and Lodging 0 NA Personal Services 3 NA Business Services 2 NA I Auto Repair 1 NA Miscellaneous Repair 3 44,000 Amusement Services 1 NA Health Services 5 NA I Legal Services 2 NA Social Services 0 NA I Engineering and Rel. 1 NA Note: Certain economic information was not available if it could 1 be used to disclose data about individual firms. Source: U.S. Census of Retail Trade, 1987; U.S. Census of Service I Industries, 1987

For a borough of its modest size, Slippery Rock has a wide variety of retail stores and services. I In fact, when compared to 455 Pennsylvania municipalities, it rated 309th, far above many larger communities.

I Income: Economics often become important for planning when examining the income characteristics of a community. Often levels of certain essential services are linked to income. I Income levels can also explain other characteristics of a community, such as crime rates and housing conditions. Table 19 compares local, county, and state familylhousehold income levels. I I I 33 I I

TABLE 19 I INCOME CHARACTERISTICS SLIPPERY ROCK AREA. BUTLER COUNTY AND PENNSYLVANIA I Median Median Per % Families Household Family Capita Below Income Income Income Povertv Level I Slippery Rock Township 14,761 20,088 4,381 8.2 Slippery Rock I Borough 17,768 20,240 5,448 2.9 Butler County 18,466 20,923 6,847 5.2 I Pennsylvania 17,573 19,995 7,077 7.7 I Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census The median family income of the Township compares evenly to that of the Borough, county, and state and indicates a stable, healthy economic environment. In terms of percentage of families I below poverty, the Township ranks higher than the state and much higher than the county and the Borough. This indicates that despite the healthy overall economic appearance, there is a I significant lower income population in the Township. The greatest divergence is found in the median household income and per capita income figures I which are much lower for Slippery Rock Township than for the county and state. These figures are low because they take into account college students and their very limited earned incomes. Median household income includes students who live in apartment dwellings (non-dormitory I housing) and are classified by the U.S. Bureau of the Census as households. Per capita income is simply the total income of the Township divided by the total population, including students. I Economic Impact of the University: Besides deflating the household income averages, the presence of Slippery Rock University exerts a considerable economic impact upon the surrounding communities. The following Table condenses an economic study undertaken by I Slippery Rock University to examine that impact. It was determined that almost all measurable economic impact was limited to the tri-county (Butler, Lawrence and Mercer) area. I I I I I 34 I I

TABLE 20 I ECONOMIC IMPACT OF THE UNIVERSITY 1984-85 SCHOOL YEAR 3-COUNTY AREA I IBUTLER. LAWRENCE AND MERCER) Direct Local I Svendinq Waaes university Employees $15,141,827 student Spending I On-Campus spending $ 3,413,249 Off-Campus Spending 4,404,214 Commuter 1,215,302 visiting Parents 583,360 I University Purchasing 949,981 Student Government 268,806 University Food Service 501,722 399,764 I University Vending Machines 12,489 59,229 I Total $11,349,123 $15,600,820 Source: An Economic Imvact Studv of Slivperv Rock Universitv on =Local Communitv. 1984-1985, David Culp, Department of I Economics and Finance, Slippery Rock University.

I As shown, the estimates of economic impact over the threecounty region are great. The University employed 690 people paying wages of over $15 million. Many of those workers reside in Slippery Rock Township. Students spent over $9 million on such items as housing and I utilities, food and beverages, entertainment, and travel, most of which were purchased in the immediate Slippery Rock Area. Other direct spending came from visiting parents, University purchasing, student government, University food service, and vending machines. In addition, I direct spending and local wages resulted in additional economic impact through a multiplier effect. For instance, wages paid to a University employee living in Slippery Rock Township are used to purchase goods and services available in Slippery Rock Township. This generates I employment which spins off to cause more spending. I CONCLUSIONS: * With one exception, Slippery Rock Township has a typical Pennsylvania rural township I economy characterized by traditional roots in agriculture and mining (both now on the decline), a small manufacturing and commercial base, and dependence on nearby urban I centers for most of its employment opportunities. I I 35 I I * That exception is Slippery Rock University, located partly in the Township, which is the I largest employer of Township residents and which, through its staff and students, is a significant consumer of gdsand seMces. I * Excepting the University, Slippery Rock has all the appearance of the rural or suburban "bedroom community."

I * Incomes in the Township are generally comparable to the county and state, although the I Township has a higher percentage of families below the poverty level. I I I I I I I I I I I I I 36 I I

I HOUSING

Housing has recently become a serious concern among many planners and public officials. For I a variety of reasons, the cost of housing has risen for both rental and purchase units. The possibility for home ownership has become less of a reality and more of a dream for many. Some planners have linked the crisis of homelessness to this phenomena. Within a national I context, the following element of the Township plan is particularly relevant and crucial. This section of the comprehensive plan will examine and inventory the housing stock of the Township. Identification of any needs or problems with housing in the Township will also be I noted. I The findings of this section will serve as a basis for the planning and programming of public and private action to ensure that adequate, safe and affordable housing is available to all residents. The analysis will also be essential in determining development policies in special areas of the I Township, while also assuring the continued maintenance of desirable residential neighborhoods and improving areas affected by structural deterioration and adverse environmental conditions. I Statistical information on housing was taken from the 1980 U.S. Census and the 1990 pre-census count. In addition, numeric and text information was collected and tabulated by two windshield housing surveys. The surveys comprehensively examined every household unit for occupation I and condition.

It is important to note here that 1980 Census data comes from two sources. One source of data I is Summary Tape File #1 (STF-1) which is obtained from a 100%count of all households. The second source is Summary Tape File #3 (STF-3) which is obtained from a sample count of all households. This is important to note because STF-1 and STF-3 each offer different data items. I Also, because STF-1 is obtained from a 100%count and STF-3 is obtained from a sample count, data values may be different.

I Housing Supply: The count of housing supply considers all types of housing which provided people with permanent shelter. The 1980 total housing supply as identified by the census count that year was 1,305 housing units. This represents an increase of 84% over the 1960 Census I count of 711 housing units. (1970 census data is not presented because of an error in counting between the Township and Slippery Rock Borough as explained in the population section.)

I The total housing supply increased by 84% over a period when the total population increased by 193%. This occurred because the bulk of the population increase was an increase in the I number of students at Slippery Rock University, students who live mostly in dormitory housing not counted in the supply of housing units. Rather, dormitory housing is referred to as "group quarters" by the U.S. Bureau of the Census. Students in group quarters housing increased from I 0 in 1960 to 1,801 in 1980. I I 37 I I

Table 21 shows the total housing supply in Slippery Rock Township for 1980 and 1988. Data I for 1980 is taken from the 1980 U.S. Census. The 1988 data is taken from the windshield housing survey conducted in August, 1988. It was verified by a second field count in winter, I 1989. TABLE 21 TOTAL HOUSING UNITS I SLIPPERY ROCK TOWNSHIP Single Multi- Mobile I Family Family Home Total 1980 985 192 128 1,305 I 1989 845 188 158 1,191

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census STF-3 I August, 1988 Windshield Housing Survey

I Problems with the 1980 Census: While it would appear that there is a discrepancy between the 1980 Census and the 1989 field work, there seems to be an explanation. Following an initial field survey in 1988, 1,055 units from 1980 were noted. It was assumed that the 1988 survey I made an error, so a second team was sent afield. However, the second survey’s count was very close to that taken initially. A solution to this riddle was finally found through the 1990 Census housing count conducted by the Bureau of the Census. The pre-census count found 1,182 total I housing units in the Township. The preliminary census was corrected to 1,163 units. The only logical conclusion seems to be that the Census of 1980 overestimated the number of houses. The 1990 pre-census field work seems to have corrected this and verifies Adams, Graney and I Associates’ field work.

The errors in 1980 can be explained by a variety of factors. 1980 did not include a field count. I Some residents, especially students, do not know the municipality they reside in. The higher AGA count may be explained by the enumeration of long-abandoned dwellings. In spite of its inherent problems, the 1980 Census remains the only source of data about certain facts of I housing. Therefore, it will be referred to throughout the remainder of this section.

Type of Housing: By far, the predominant housing type in the Commonwealth and Nation is I the single-family detached home. This preference is also the case in Slippery Rock Township where 84% of all housing units are single-family homes. (This includes single-family detached I homes, single-family attached homes, and mobile homes.) The following Table compares housing by type in 1980. Again, while the inaccuracy of the I 1980 estimate is questionable, it is frankly the only resource available for comparison. I I 38 I I

TABLE 22 I TYPES OF HOUSING UNITS - 1980 (YEAR-ROUND HOUSING ONLY) SLIPPERY ROCK AREA, BUTLER COUNTY AND STATE a I Slippery Slippery Rock Rock Butler Units in Township Borough County State I Structure % of Total % of Total % of Total % of Total

1 73.9 67.7 75.0 71.4 I 2 -4 3.6 9.7 8.1 12.7 5+ 12.4 22.6 6.4 12.2 Mobile Homes, I Trailers 10.1 0.0 10.5 3.6 I Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census STF-3

Two comments about the Township’s housing types are warranted. First, although the Township I has a high percentage of multi-family housing in structures of five or more units, nearly all of this is represented by one apartment complex providing primarily college student housing (College Garden Apartments). In reality, non-student housing in the Township is almost I exclusively single family. Second, the Township has a high percentage of mobile homes. Mobile homes grew from 10% of the housing stock in 1980 to 13% in 1989. While they have not reached the proportional importance in Slippery Rock that they have in other communities, I they remain a popular housing alternative.

Housing Tenure: Table 23 shows information on housing tenure which describes who occupies I housing. Out of 1,305 total housing units in Slippery Rock Township, 1,141 are year-round housing units according to STF-1. (1,203 housing units are year round according to STF-3.) I The balance of 164 housing units are seasonal or migratory units. Slippery Rock Township has a large number of summer cabins and vacation or second homes, particularly along Slippery Rock Creek and Wolf Creek. In fact, 12.6% of all housing units are seasonallmigratory I compared to only 1.9% statewide. I I I I I 39 I I

TABLE 23 I HOUSING TENURE - 1980 SLIPPERY ROCK TOWNSHIP NO. % of I Units Total

Total Housing Units 1,305 100.0 I Year-Round 1,141 87.4 Seasonal/Migratory 164 12.6 I Total Year-Round Units 1,141 100.0 owner-Occupied 647 56.7 Renter-Occupied 316 27.7 I Vacant 178 15.6 I source: U.S. Bureau of the Census STF-1 Of all year-round housing in the Township, according to the 1980 Census, 56.7% was owner- I occupied, 27.7% was renter-occupied, and 15.6% was vacant. This compares with statewide housing tenure as follows: 65.5% owner-occupied, 28.1% renter-occupied, and 6.4% vacant. Slippery Rock Township appears to have an unusually high vacancy rate. It seems likely that I the Census of 1980 mistook seasonal houses for year-round units. Seasonal units are normally not tabulated. Dependent on the time of year, many student-occupied rental units would also I be vacant. Age of Housing: Examination of the age of housing in Slippery Rock Township is important relative to housing structure conditions and neighborhood environments. Although age itself is I not necessarily linked to structural conditions, it does reflect the ability and economic I practicability of adding to the useful life of the dwelling structure. I I I I I I 40 I I

TABLE 24 I HOUSING BY CONSTRUCTION DATE SLIPPERY ROCK TOWNSHIP, SLIPPERY ROCK BOROUGH, BUTLER COUNTY - - AND PENNSYLVANIA - I Slippery Slippery Rock Butler Rock Township Borough County State I No.of Units % $2 L 1979-March, 1980 23 1.9 .o 3.7 1.9 I 1975-1978 119 9.9 2.7 10.0 6.0 1970-1974 184 15.3 12.9 13.3 8.5 1960-1969 385 32.0 26.7 15.6 13.5 1940-1959 234 19.5 18.8 23.8 25.5 I 1939 or Earlier 258 21.4 38.8 33.6 44.8 I Total 1,203 100.0 I Source: 1980 U.S. Bureau of the Census STF-3 Table 24 clearly shows that housing in Slippery Rock Township is, for the most part, relatively I new. In 1980, as reported by the U.S. Census, only 21.4% of Slippery Rock Township’s housing was built prior to 1940, well below the percentage of pre-1940 housing in the Borough, countywide, or statewide. The greatest home building period was the 1960’s when 32% of the I Township’s 1980 housing supply was built. Building activity continued into the 1970’s when 27.1% of the Township’s housing supply was built.

1 Housing Costs and Value: The median value for general owner-occupied housing units in Slippery Rock Township was below the median housing value for all of Butler County but slightly above the median value for Pennsylvania according to the 1980 Census. The median I value of owner-occupied housing in Slippery Rock Township was $40,500, compared to $48,300 for Butler County and $39,100 for of Pennsylvania. I all I I I I I 41 I I TABLE 25 MEDIAN VALUE OF SPECIFIED I OWNER-OCCUPIED HOUSING* Slippery Rock Butler I TownshiD County State I $40,500 $48,300 $39,100 *Excludes multi-family units, units on 10+ acres, units with a 1 commercial establishment, and mobile homes. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census STF-3

TABLE 26 I VALUE OF SPECIFIED OWNER-OCCUPIED HOUSING* 1980 I SLIPPERY ROCK TOWNSHIP Value Ranae No. of Units % of Total I Less than $10,000 17 4.1 $10,000-$19,999 4i 9.7 $20,000-$29,999 76 18.0 $30,000-$49,999 161 38.2 I $50,000-$99,999 119 28.2 $100,000-$149,999 6 1.4 $150,000-$199,999 1 0.2 I $200,000 and more 3 0.2 Total 422 100.0

1 *Excludes multi-family units, units on 10+ acres, units with a commercial establishment, and mobile homes. I Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census

I Table 26 shows the distribution of housing values of specified owner-occupied housing units. Although the majority of the units (84.4%) fall between the values $20,000 to $79,899, the values can be divided in categories which consist of approximate trends - $0-$29,999 make up I 31.7%,$30,000-$49,999 make up 38.2% and $50,000 plus, making up the final 30.0%.

Compared to income labels, the median rent paid for renter-occupied housing units for Slippery I Rock Township in 1980 was $263. This was considerably greater than the median rent paid for rental units in Butler County ($165) and the State ($174). Part of this can be reflected in the I presence of University students. 42 I

Internal Density: Internal density relates to the density of habitation within the residential I structure. Two measures of internal density will be examined here: (1) household size, that is, persons per occupied housing units and (2) overcrowdedness, which is defined as a unit which I exceeds the measure of 1.01 persons per room. In 1980, the size of the average Slippery Rock Township household was 2.89. The average household size in Slippery Rock Township is larger than the average Butler County household I size of 2.56 persons per unit.

Overcrowdedness in Slippery Rock Township poses no serious problem, with only 25 (2.6%) I housing units having 1.01 or more persons per room. However, there are some unofficial indications that a fair number of student housing units are overcrowded. Because they are I transient student populations, this trend is difficult to quantify. Mobile Homes: There is a significant number of mobile homes in Slippery Rock Township; I and if trends continue with regards to the popularity of mobile homes, their numbers will continue to increase. Currently, there are 127 mobile homes distributed randomly throughout the Township (this number was taken from the 1989 windshield survey of the Township). This I means that 13% of all housing units in the Township are mobile homes. Because of the significance of the mobile home as a desirable housing unit in Slippery Rock Township, it was I decided to provide further study and analysis into the situation. The mobile home has created a new option in housing. Higher costs in construction, labor, and materials have forced low and moderate income families to seek either older housing units or 1 mobile homes. The mobile home has become attractive to young families as well as senior citizens because of the low cost.

I Many communities have attempted to restrict the placement of mobile homes within their bounds. These regulations vary in their intention and degree of enforcement. While there are problems with this form of housing, it often remains the only form of home ownership available 1 to some. Considering the low population density of rural areas, the problems associated with mobile homes are of less magnitude than in suburban or urban areas.

I Mobile home units throughout the Township appear to have maintained an adequate structural condition and degree of attractiveness according to the 1989 windshield survey of the Township’s I housing conditions. The Township currently has a subdivision and land development ordinance which includes I mobile home park regulations. These regulations cover lot layout and size, street system, water and sewer facilities, and other health and safety factors in mobile home parks. This ordinance I is meant to ensure proper planning in instances where mobile homes would be densely located. Housing Conditions: Throughout most of the Township, housing conditions are generally good. I While occasionally deteriorated or poorly maintained properties are found throughout the 1 43 1 I

Township, severe concentrations are only found in a few areas. However, those concentrations I of substandard housing do represent serious concerns regarding the health, safety and general welfare of the Township.

I Substandard units are generally older homes andlor seasonal homes which have not been given the attention and maintenance that most of Slippery Rock Township’s homes have received. A disproportionately high number of student-occupied housing was also found to be substandard. I Investments in home improvements would be needed to ensure further deterioration does not continue.

I Data presented on housing conditions was based on a field survey. Housing structures were rated into three categories of structural condition - sound, deteriorating, and dilapidated, based I upon the following criteria: Sound housing is defined as that which has no defects or only slight defects which are normally I corrected during the course of regular maintenance, Le., lack of paint, slight damage to porches or steps, small cracks in walls, foundations or chimneys, and broken gutters or drainspouts. I Deteriorating housing needs more repair than would be provided in the course of regular maintenance. It has one or more defects of an intermediate nature that must be corrected if the dwelling unit is to continue to provide safe and adequate shelter, Le., shaky or unsafe I foundations, porches or steps; holes, open cracks or missing materials on floors, walls or roofs; rotted windowsills or frames; deep wear on stairs, floors or doorsills; and broken or loose stair treads or missing balusters. Such defects are signs of neglect which lead to serious structural 1 damage if not corrected.

Dilauidated housing does not provide safe or adequate shelter. It has one or more critical 1 defects; or has a combination of intermediate defects in sufficient number to require extensive repair or rebuilding; or is of inadequate original construction. Critical defects are those which indicate continued neglect and serious damage to the structure, including conditions such as I holes, open cracks or missing material over large areas of floors, walls or roofs; and structural sag in the floors, walls or roofs. Inadequate original construction includes structures built off makeshift materials and inadequately converted cellars, sheds or garages not originally intended I for living quarters. I The following Table examines housing conditions based on these criteria in 1960 and 1989. Both of these were based on field surveys. The first is based on information gathered for the 1960 decennial census of population and housing. This was the last Census actually taken by I field enumerators. The 1988 information was tabulated from a field survey made by the consultant for the preparation of this Plan. I All housing structures categorized as deteriorating and dilapidated are deemed substandard units by this study. I 1 44 1 1

TABLE 27 I HOUSING CONDITIONS - 1960 AND 1988 - -SLIPPERY ROCK TOWNSHIP I 1960 1988 NO. of % of No. % of Units Total Units Total I Sound 480 67.5 785 93.0 Deteriorating 159 22.4 45 5.0 I Dilapidated -72 10.1 -15 2.0 Total 711 100.0 845 100.0

I Source: 1988 Field Survey and U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1960

I Statistical information presented in Table 27 shows that the housing condition of Slippery Rock Township is generally good. The 1988 survey of housing identified 93% of all housing in sound condition, while 5% in deteriorating condition and only 2% in dilapidated condition. The lower I percents identified in 1980 indicate different standards on the part of enumerators.

Property Maintenance: Slippery Rock Township does not have an overwhelming problem with 1 property maintenance. A few properties contain substantial amounts of junk and debris. In some cases, particularly where housing is concentrated, this poses a threat to the health and I safety of residents, but its effects are somewhat mitigated by the rural nature of the Township. While some communities have enacted property maintenance codes, in rural areas they are perceived as an unnecessary intrusion of government upon individual liberty. This should not 1 prevent dealing with severe health and safety issues however. Much of the problem in terms of both property maintenance and housing conditions is linked to 1 two factors: the high incidence of seasonal housing and student-occupied housing. Much of the housing which was constructed for seasonal occupancy has evolved over the years into student and low-income permanent housing. Often, because these structures were built for only part- I time use, they are poorly designed and constructed. Many seasonal homes have also been allowed to deteriorate because their owners no longer use them. This increases the blighted I appearance of these areas. In their windshield survey of housing conditions, the consultant noted that almost all problem areas were seasonal housing developments near Slippery Rock Creek. Perhaps the worst area I found was the Rock Falls Park subdivision located near Daugherty’s Mills. A staggering 87% of housing there was either deteriorated or dilapidated. An estimated 20% of houses were I vacant. Some are obvious hazards to public safety, and almost certainly beyond rehabilitation. I I 45 I I

Many communities have successfully rehabilitated substandard housing through the initiation of I housing rehabilitation programs which are heavily supported by the Pennsylvania Department of Community Affairs. Unfortunately, that may not work as well in Slippery Rock Township due to the nature of the tenants. Many tenants in these areas are transient university students. I The prevailing notion of landlords is "why fix up what they'll only destroy again?". Frankly, some evidence seems to support this belief.

I Conclusions: The Census of 1980 made an error in the housing count of Slippery Rock Township. Thus, it is difficult, if not impossible, to determine housing trends through the I 1980's. Many of the seasonal housing areas along Slippery Rock Creek form concentrated areas of blighted housing. Many of these substandard dwellings are permanently occupied, which was I not their original intention. This fact, combined with their general condition, makes this a I serious problem. Mobile homes are becoming an ever increasing part of the local housing stock. This is mainly 1 due to their affordability. 1 I I I I I I 1 I I 46 t I

I TRANSPORTATION

Whether seaport, river port, or roadside, transportation is linked to urban development. Slippery I Rock Borough was once known as Centerville, due to its central location on a major stagecoach road. Roads remain crucial in Slippery Rock’s economy.

I This section of the comprehensive plan will examine the Township’s road and highway system. Data will be presented on several characteristics including functional classification, priority I networks, traffic volumes, restrictions to travel, road conditions, and proposed improvements. Classification of Roads: Highways throughout Pennsylvania are identified by functional I classification. The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation classifies highways according to their level of seMce or the function which they perform. The purpose of such classification I is to concentrate federal funding investments on the most important highway facilities. Roads and highways on the state-owned system in Slippery Rock Township are classified as one I of the following: Arterials (both Princiual and Minor) serve statewide or interstate travel, link cities and boroughs, serve moderate-length to long-distance trips, and carry large volumes of through and local 1 traffic.

Collectors serve intraaunty travel, intersect local streets, collect and wry local traffic and 1 small volumes of through traffic to arterials or other local traffic generators.

Local Roads mainly provide vehicular access to abutting lots and carry low volumes of traffic, I connecting eventually with collectors or arterials.

The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation also identifies priority network highways I throughout the Commonwealth. The purpose of such designation is to assign greater priority for funding investment to highways which are critical to the economy. Highways on three I different priority networks are found in Slippery Rock Township: Prioritv commercial Network includes intercity and interstate highways which are the state’s main arteries of commerce, serves as the economic backbone of the Commonwealth, and carries I heavy volumes of trucks. I Industrial-Commercial Access Network serves as a subnetwork or feeder system to the Priority Commercial Network and includes other state and local roadways which are vital to the I movement of raw materials and finished products. Agri-Access Network provides the key links between the farming communities or agri-business I establishments and the Priority Commercial Network. I 41 I I

The accompanying State Highway System Characteristics map shows the functional classification I and priority network status for all state-owned roads in the Township. The information is provided for the state system only because Townshipowned roads serve primarily a local-service 1 function and generally carry much lower volumes of traffic. The two primary highways in Slippery Rock Township are PA Route 8 and PA Route 108. Both are classified as principal arterials and are included on the state Priority Commercial Network. I Pennsylvania Route 8 is a through route which runs from Pittsburgh to Erie. Although 1-79 now serves nearly all tdfic over that distance, PA 8 is still an important route between Butler, 1-80 at Barkeyville, and the Franklin-Oil City area. PA 108 runs between PA 8 at Adams Comers I in the Township and New Castle with an important interchange with 1-79 in between.

Pennsylvania Route 173 is classified as a minor arterial. It runs from PA 8 just south of the I Township through Slippery Rock and northward to several small towns including Grove City, Sandy Lake, and Meadville via U.S. Route 322. South of Slippery Rock Borough it is included I on the Industrial-Commercial Access Network. North of the Borough it is included on the Industrial-Commercial Access Network and the Agri-Access Network. I Three state roads are classified as collectors including PA Route 258, SR (State Route) 4008 and SR 4010. SR 4010 east of PA 8 is included on the Industrial-Commercial Access Network due I to heavy use of this portion of road by the Mercer Lime and Stone Company in Branchton. One state road, SR 4006, is classified as a local road. Ironically, it is also included on the I Industrial-Commercial Access Network. As stated earlier, the remaining Townshipowned roads provide primarily a local-service I function, serving local residents and farmers who live along those roads. Traffic Volumes: Traffic volumes are measured in terms of average daily traffic, or average numbers of vehicles per day including automobiles, trucks, buses, and others. The traffic t volumes are based on periodic machine traffic counts taken by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation.

I The highest traffic volumes in the Township occur on PA 173 in the vicinity of Slippery Rock Borough where traffic reaches a high of 6,701 vehicles per day. Within the Borough, traffic volumes on PA 173 reach over 9,OOO vehicles per day. PA 8 and PA 108 are other routes with 1 traffic volumes greater than 2,000 vehicles per day. I Traffic has been increasing with the growth of the Slippery Rock Area. Much of the Area’s growth has been increased student enrollment at Slippery Rock University, and most of these students do not have an automobile. Consequently, the traffic growth has been slight to 1 moderate and no serious problems are evident. I I 48 I I

Three state roads carry significant numbers of trucks. SR 4010 east of PA 8 has the greatest 1 percentage of trucks, carrying 18% trucks out of its total volume of 1,011 vehicles per day. As stated earlier, this section of road serves the Mercer Lime and Stone mine which transports much of its products by truck. PA 108 west of Slippery Rock Borough (15%)and PA 8 (13%- 1 14%) carry the next greatest truck percentages. These roads were expected to carry large truck volumes because they function as arterial, Priority Commercial Network highways.

I The large percentage of trucks on Township roads has caused some safety concerns for the Township. Large trucks carrying products from local mines and quarries often pass through the more densely developed residential areas of the Township. The weight, speed and maneuvering 1 ability of these trucks should be considered and compared to the condition and design of Township to minimize any safety hazards. /

I It should be noted that traffic volumes for several of the road sections were based on machine traffic counts last taken in 1973 and now 16 years old. Efforts should be made to encourage the I Pennsylvania Department of Transportation to update counts. Restrictions to Travel: The accompanying Roadway Restrictions map identifies conditions I which limit travel on the roads of Slippery Rock Township. In general, the restrictions are very few and pose no serious problems. Major routes have no restrictions. 1 One other state bridge and four county-owned bridges are currently posted for less-than-legal weight limits. The most serious of these is the Wadsworth Bridge on Ralston Road (T-424), which is the primary access route from PA 8 for a seasonal home development called Slippery 1 Rock Park, on Slippery Rock Creek.

All Township roads and three state roads have posted weight limits. Township roads are 1 generally posted at 15 tons; but Crestview Road (T-372), Harmony Road (T-376), and Kiester Road (T-841) are posted at 10 tons. The three posted state roads are SR 4006, SR 4008, and SR 4010, from PA 108 to PA 8, all posted at 10 tons. The most surprising of these is SR 4006 I which is posted at 10 tons despite being included on the Industrial-Commercial Access Network.

Several Township roads have unpaved or partially paved surfaces which restrict travel. These I roads, however, are primarily local service roads with little need for high speed or heavy weight traffic. The exception to this is Stoughton Road (T-383) which connects PA 108 and PA 173 1 and could serve as a southern bypass around Slippery Rock Borough. Road Conditions: During the field survey for housing conditions and land use which was I performed as part of this Comprehensive Plan, the condition of the Township’s roads was also surveyed. In general, both the state and Township roads are well maintained and in good condition. There are a few exceptions, and these are noted below in order of descending I importance: I I 49 1 ~ -IIm---=m---m=- SLIPPERY ROCK TOWNSHIP HIGHWAY RESTRICTION

LEGEND

RESTRICTED BRIDGES:

0 COUNTY-OWNED BRIDGE

0 STATE-OWNED BRIDGE

e#* REPRESENTS TONS

RESTRICTED ROADS:

ROAD WITH POSTED WEIGHT LIMIT

ROAD WITH UNPAVED OR PARTIALLY PAVED SURFACE

SLIPPERY ROCK TOWNSHIP BUTLER COUNTY, PA

THIS MAP WAS FINANCED. IN PART. FROM THE SMALL COMMUNITIES PlANNING ASSISTANCE PAOGRAM FUNDED BY IHE FEDERAL DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT UNDEA TllE ADMINISTlUlION OF THE COMMONWE4LTH OF PENNSYLVANIA. OEPAATMENT OF ADAMS, CRANEY & ASSOCIATES COMMUNITY ATFAIAS. I

SR 4006 between PA 8 and Kiester Road Extension (T-455) is in poor condition. It has a low- I type bituminous pavement with excessive patches and potholes. It is also narrow and has three sharp 90 degree turns about 112 miles from PA 8. Sr 4006 is included on the IndustriaVCommercial Access Network, but its condition, pavement type, and design are I currently substandard for industrial-commercial traffic. I Forrester Road TT -38n between Fergus Road (T-398) and the eastern rim of the Wolf Creek valley is in poor condition. To begin with, this section of road is unpaved and narrow. Also, due to heavy late-spring and early-summer rains in 1989, the road has washout ditches at the eastern approach to the Curry Bridge. This situation will probably be remedied during the I replacement of the Curry Bridge to occur during the summer-fall of 1989. II Kiester Road Extension fT-455) and Stamm Road (T-424) are both currently in marginal condition with heaving pavements and some patches and potholes. Their condition may worsen, and they should be monitored for deterioration because they are being used in the summer of 1 1989 as a detour around the Camp Bucoco Bridge on PA 8 which is closed for reconstruction. Several other paved roads have deteriorated surfaces. Pink Road TT-465) has a rough surface 1 with patches and potholes. Cemetery Road (T has a badly heaved surface. McCandles Road TT -459) has a surface that is narrow and deteriorating in the center and edges. These I roads, however, are local service roads (two are dead-ends) with very low traffic volumes. Several Townshipowned roads are very narrow and have questionable ability to safely wry two-way traffic. These include Saniga Road (T-535) , Forrester Road (T-3871, and Wick RoA 1 TT-461) east of Smith Road (T-463). Again, these roads are low-volume, local service roads whose narrowness is more of an occasional inconvenience and less of a safety hazard.

I In addition, the unpaved bem of several roads near the Borough Ad University are too narrow. This was especially noted on parts of Kiester and Harmony Roads. Because these roads are frequented by both bicyclists and pedestrians, some thought of widening the unpaved portion I may be needed for safety considerations.

Proposed Improvements: A variety of highway network improvements are proposed for Butler I County. Between 1988 and 1992, seven such improvements are scheduled for Slippery Rock I Township. These projects are proposed under the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation’s 12-Year Highway Program. The 12-Year Program is a system by which potential highway improvement I projects are proposed and given a priority ranking according to importance and need. The program is updated every two years and involves participation by municipal governments, county I governments, and the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. In order to be eligible for State and Federal funding, a project must become a candidate by I inclusion in the 12-Year Program. Priorities are established by four-year periods. Projects I 50 I -I

ranked in the fust four years of the program are given the highest priority and considered I eligible for funding. The amount of available funds dictates the number and scope of projects which may be included in the first four years. Projects ranked in the second four years have relatively high priority but are not yet placed in the realm of imminent funding eligibility. 1 Projects ranked in the third four years have the lowest priority and are given only a long-range consideration for funding.

I The proposed improvements to Slippery Rock Township’s transportation system during the time period between 1988-1992 are described below:

1 The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation has identified five proposed improvements in Slippery Rock Township on the current 12-Year Highway Program (1988-1992). It is important I to note that each of these improvements is listed in the fust four years of the program which means that they are given the highest priority and funding is imminent. The projects are: I 1. Camp Bucoco Bridge Replacement - located over Slippery Rock Creek on PA Route 8 - owned by state - currently in deteriorated condition due to heavy loads and high traffic 1 volumes - estimated construction cost $600,000 - recently completed. 2. Curry Bridge Replacement - located over Wolf Creek on Forrester Road (T-387) - owned by Butler County - currently old and in deteriorated condition with a 3 ton weight limit - I estimated construction cost $557,000 - scheduled for construction in summer/falll989 - recently completed.

I 3. Wadsworth Bridge Replacement - located over Slippery Rock Creek on Ralston Road (T- 424) - owned by Butler County - currently old and in deteriorated condition with a 3 ton 1 weight limit - estimated construction cost $610,000 - scheduled for construction in 1990. 4. Slippery Rock Curve Roadway Improvement - located on PA Route 173 at Daugherty’s Mills - includes superelevation and signing for a hazardous curve approaching the I Slippery Rock Creek Bridge - estimated construction cost $325,000 - recently completed.

In addition to the projects listed on the 12-Year Highway Program, other improvements are I proposed for highways in Slippery Rock Township by the Southwest Pennsylvania Regional Planning Commission (SPRPC). SPRPC’s Regional Transportation Plan, adopted in 1984, I recommends the following improvements: 1. Safety improvements to PA Route 8 intersections with PA Route 108 and SR 4010 - to 1 correct sight distance deficiencies - estimated cost $200,000. 2. Implementation of land use controls in the PA Route 8 arterial comdor - to control new I development and changes to existing development which will positively affect the volume and flow of traffic - zoning regulations are recommended for Slippery Rock Township I to promote a residentiallcommercial cluster land use pattern in the comdor. I 51 I I

I; COMMUNITY FACILITIES AND SERVICES

I There are numerous community facilities and services which are provided to the public to meet their daily health, safety, convenience, recreational, and cultural needs. The need for these facilities and services depends on the size. of the community, the density of development, and I the composition of the population, although some facilities and services are basic to all communities. The degree to which facilities and seMces are provided depends primarily on the financial capabilities of the community which, in turn, depends on the financial capabilities of I the community’s residents and their willingness to support such facilities and services. I The degree to which community facilities and services are provided is often a measure of the quality of living conditions in the community. A minimum level of facilities and services is necessary in any community. However, the community that is able to provide both adequate I public safety services and additional cultural and recreational facilities not only enriches the quality of life of its residents, but will become attractive to new residents. I This section of the Comprehensive Plan will examine the following community facilities and services: water and sanitary sewer facilities, township buildings, township governmental structure, fire and police protection, emergency medical services, garbage collection, parks and I recreation, and local schools, including Slippery Rock University. Parks and Recreation: A wonderful example of what Slippery Rock Township and its I community has to offer is Slippery Rock Community Park. Whiie it lies in the Borough, it serves Slippery Rock Township as well. This 23.5 acre facility, which was formed in 1967 and expanded in 1969, is comprised of an old unreclaimed strip mine, the community’s first public I cemetery and an old bakery. Maybe this collection of eclectic past uses offer some insight to its beautiful and diverse recreational uses today, but most of the credit must be given to the persistent determination of the Park’s directors. The facility offers a vast array of leisure and I active recreational facilities for all seasons of the year. In the Park, many diverse areas and activities exist. The ballfields, which are located in the northern section of the Park, are located mostly in open green space which contrasts nicely with the southern portion of the Park which I contains pavilions, playgrounds and shaded groves. The Park could easily handle both the Borough and Township population’s recreational needs. This complete list of the Park’s I facilities includes what exists currently and also projects in the near future. I I I I 52 I I I SLIPPERY ROCK COMMUNITY PARK Existinp Inventory

I Historic Cemetery 3 Little League Fields 1 Pony League Field 1 Basketball Court 2 Picnic Pavilions Restrooms I Outdoor Amphitheater 3 Playgrounds FootbaWSoccer Field I 2 Concession Stands Sand Volleyball Court I Ice Skating Pond Senior Citizen Area Paperback Library I Recreation Center 2 Storage Buildings Park Administration Office I 113 Parking Spaces I Prowsed Facilities Restrooms - Southern End of Park 2 Picnic Pavilions, 1 enclosed I 60 Additional Parking Spaces New Seating for Amphitheater I Replace Fencing at Old Ballfield Historic Cemetery: A unique feature of Slippery Rock Park is the cemetery. The Centerville Cemetery’s earliest surviving headstone date’s from 1835. Along with the old gmve markers, I the cemetery’s old funeral procession trail still exists and is now used as a scenic nature trail. Starting at the Senior Center, the trail is often the starting point for historical tours of the I cemetery. The three little league fields and the one pony league field have all just been fenced in with six I foot low-maintenance fencing. The very well maintained fields host three different leagues each season which contain some eighteen to twenty different teams. One of the Park’s concession stands is located in among the three little league fields. The fencing along one side of the fields I is removable, allowing two fields to be used as one large soccer field. I I 53 I I

The football field, which is located next to the pony league baseball field and the basketball I court, both just had retaining fences placed around them. The football field is the home of the midget football league, also the other concession stand is located near the football field.

I The outdoor amphitheater is yet another unique feature of Slippery Rock Community Park. The theater, which currently seats seventy-five persons, will soon have new seating. The Park organizes a weekly performance which is held in the amphitheater for a six-week period during I the summer.

Both of the Park’s picnic pavilions are located in shaded groves in the middle of the Park. I Ideally located between both pavilions is a playground and also a restroom.

Two of the Park’s playgrounds have brand new equipment. One playground is designed for I preschool use, while the other is more closely oriented for older children. The third playground, which is strategically located along the little league baseball fields, is designed to keep children I occupied if they are with their families at a game. Two activities that the Park offers during the winter months are ice skating on their newly I excavated skating pond and cross-country ski rentals. The Park’s indoor facilities include a recreation center and a paperback library. The center is I used as a meeting place by a number of community groups, churches, recreational programs, preschool and youth classes, teen dances and as a dance studio. The center is available to non- profit groups at no charge. The paperback library is located adjacent to the recreation center. I The books and labor for the library are all donated by volunteers. The library is conveniently open five days per week.

I Along with these facilities, the Park offers a broad and diverse selection of recreational programs. A total of sixteen leisure education and eight active programs are scheduled for adults, with seven leisure and eleven active you& programs. These programs offer a wide array I of activities for all age groups throughout the year.

Township Community Center: The completion of Phase I of the Slippery Rock Township I Community Center, in September of 1988, marked the first step in the Township’s citizens coming together to create a place where community-wide activities could be held. The new I facility already has many potential uses. In fact, it has already hosted a variety of activities. The building also houses the Township’s Secretary’s Office and the Township’s chambers. The main area of the Community Center contains restrooms, kitchen facilities, and an all-purpose I area measuring 48’ x 48’. Slippery Rock University: In 1889, the Borough of Slippery Rock founded a Normal School I and gave it the Town’s unique name. In 1983, the School became Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania, one of fourteen state institutions of higher education in Pennsylvania. I I 54 I I

Now located in both the Borough and the Township, the 611 acre campus provides a unique I setting for its 6,800 students to pursue their academic goals. Along with its academic goals, the University also fulfills a large portion of the Area’s economic, social, cultural, and recreational I needs. Slippery Rock Township residents are fortunate in that certain recreation facilities at the University are open to area residents. These include Ekdy Library, which has library cards I available for a nominal fee, access to sporting events at the stadium and field house, sk trails, an exercise trail, plays, concerts, and other periodic events.

I In general, the combination of the Community Center, Community Park and University provide ample leisure opportunities for Township residents. In fact, Slippery Rock Township rates far above many neighboring municipalities in both the quantity and quality of its recreational I facilities. This is probably one of the more decisive factors which is causing the area’s growth. I In addition to a number of playing fields and several fitness centers, there is a fitness trail, cross-country ski trail, practice ski slope, seventeen tennis courts (six of which are lighted), and two swimming pools on the Slippery Rock University Campus. The practice pool in the East I Gym has been made available to the Park and Recreation Program for swimming instruction and recreational swimming. Both the swimming pool and the University tennis courts are used to supplement recreational facilities available at the Slippery Rock Park and at the School District I sites. Many cultural and social events are also held by the University. An ongoing program of I scheduling performers, musicians, entertainers, artists, and other exhibitions is held during the academic year, not only for the students, but for Area residents as well.

I Water and Sewer: The Slippery Rock Municipal Authority provides both water and sewer service to the residents of the entire Borough and some of the Township. The Water Department and the Sewer Department are housed in the Public Works Garage on the site of the I Sewage Treatment Plant located just outside the Borough in the Township. Each Department has a crew of three men with equipment available including: four-wheel drive pickup with a I plow, 1 ton dump truck, 314 ton utility bed pickup, backhoe, air compressor, and jack hammer. I I I I I 55 I I I Water is drawn from a wellfield containing three wells: Daily Use Safe I Well DeDth Diameter IGPD) Yield GPD #1 236' 8 101,212 500,000 #2 225' 8 86,607 500,000 I #3 300' 10" 187,770 500,000

Source: Slippery Rock Authority Annual Water Supply Report, DER I records, New Castle

I According to 1988 estimates, there were 859 users in Slippery Rock Borough, University, and Township. Daily use for these users was as follows: I TvPe Number -GPD Domestic 739 135,136 Comerc ia 1 94 22,410 I Industrial 3 29,989 Institutional 23 154,350 Unaccounted -0 33.704 I Total 859 375,589 Treated water is stored in two standpipes, with capacities of 1,039,000 and 192,000 gallons. I Local water use varies greatly, with highs of 825,000 GPD and lows of 375,000 GPD. This disparity is due to varying water use by the University.

I In an effort to improve water quality and meet future capacity needs, the Authority has constructed a new water treatment plant which is due to begin operations in May, 1990. This new facility will employ a lime-based softening system and a series of travelling bridge filtration I units which agitate a sand bed to filter water. The new plant is rated at 1.2 MGD, but might be able to realistically treat as much as 1.7 MGD. In addition, the plant is designed to be readily expandable, and could double capacity with a minimum of new construction. I Consideration is now being made to drill a fourth well to assure future raw water supply. I Water has been extended to Slippery Rock Township, most recently to a unit of Allegheny Valley School and to the Apple Wood residential development. From a physical capability I orientation, capacity for future extensions is readily available. The water distribution system and the sewage collection system were both constructed in 1923. Over the past ten years, the sewer system experienced problems with infiltration of storm water t because of the poor condition of lines. Most of the lines are 8 inch pipes, and lining those pipes to reduce infiltration would decrease capacity flow of the pipes. The system utilizes five lift I stations. Only one of those stations is inadequate. In 198311984, in response to an order from I 56 I I

the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources, the capacity of the Borough sewage I treatment plant was upgraded and improved as part of a $1.5 million bond issue. The infiltration is no longer a serious problem to the system, and there is now an excess capacity in the sewage treatment plant to accommodate future development in the Borough and Township. The only I operating problem with the current system is handling the change in flows caused by the varying use by Slippery Rock University. The effluent from the plant is discharged into an unnamed I tributary of Slippery Rock Creek. Slippery Rock University has its own water system which consists of two wells located in the Borough, but recently it has been purchasing water from the Slippery Rock Water Authority to I supplement its supply. Because of the age of the municipal water system, leaks are the principal problem. The Municipal Authority’s engineer has prepared plans to construct a new water treatment plant adjacent to the existing plant so that the old plant could be used as a backup, if I needed. The purpose of constructing the new plant would be to increase both the capacity and I treatment level of the facility. Historically, the Slippery Rock Municipal Authority did not fully operate its facilities. Recently, I they decided to own and operate both sewer and water facilities. Fire Protection: Fire protection in the Township is provided by the Slippery Rock Volunteer Fire Department. The service arci for the Slippery Rock Volunteer Fire Department includes: I Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock Borough, Slippery Rock Township, part of Cherry Township, West Liberty Borough and Worth Township in Butler County; Plain Grove Township in Lawrence County; and Liberty Township in Mercer County. The Department has sixty-two I active members, all of whom have pagers or monitors. At any time during the day, at least twenty members can respond. The Department maintains the following equipment: 1976 Pumper, 1980 Pumper/Tanker, 1980 Mini-Pumper, a sixty-five foot 1967 Aerial Truck, and I 1985 Squad Truck.

The National Fire Underwriters have established maximum service distances for residential, I commercial, and industrial uses. The maximum recommended distance from a fire station for residential uses is four miles. The maximum recommended distance from a fire station for high- value commercial uses is one mile. For all other commercial and industrial uses, the maximum I recommended distance from a fire station is three miles. All of the property in the Township is within a four-mile radius of the Fire Station.

I Emergency Medical Services: Emergency Medical Services in the Township are provided by the Slippery Rock Rescue Team which is housed in the Fire Hall. The Team has thirty-five I volunteer emergency medical technicians (EMTs) of which two are registered nurses and thirty have completed training. A 1980 Ambulance and 1982 Ambulance are housed in the Fire Hall. Additional rescue equipment is also housed there, as well as communications equipment for both I emergency services. I I 57 I I

Police Protection: Slippery Rock Township does not have a police force of its own. Police I protection for Township residents and businesses is provided by the Pennsylvania State Police.

Township Government: Slippery Rock Township is governed by a Board of Supervisors I consisting of three persons elected at large for a six-year tern. The Board of Supervisors is the legislative law and policy-making body for the Township. It is also the executive body 1 responsible for administration and enforcement of Township laws. There are several other elected offices in the Township, including three auditors elected to six- year terns each and a tax collector elected to a four-year term and responsible for collecting the I Township’s real estate taxes.

The Board of Supervisors appoints several officials to conduct the regular affairs of the 1 Township. A secretary-treasurer is appointed to handle many of the administrative and financial responsibilities. Currently, the secretary-treasurer is only a part-time position. A second tax I collector is appointed to collect “Act 511” taxes, most notable of which is the income tax. A permit officer is appointed to issue permits for new building and development in the Township. A sewage enforcement officer is appointed to issue pehts for individual sewerage systems 1 serving new homes and development. The Township employs a road crew of two full-time and two part-time workers. The crew’s I responsibility includes maintenance of all roads owned by the Township and maintenance of the Township building and other rounds owned by the Township.

I Slippery Rock Township’s governmental structure is quite modest given the size of the Township. In fact, Township government is too small to adequately handle all regular Township business. For example, the Township must contract with the Slippery Rock Park and Recreation I Commission to provide administrative services for its annual Community Development Block Grant Program. Many townships of the size of Slippery Rock Township have a full-time secretary-treasurer and some even have a Township manager. Given that the Township is I projected to continue its growth into the future, the Township should consider providing additional administrative capacity.

I Garbage Collection: Garbage collection in Slippery Rock Township is not mandatory for all Township residents, nor is it a program provided by and through the Township. Rather, residents and businesses may contract individually with private haulers to pick up and remove I solid waste. I I I I 58 1 I

1 SCHOOLS

I The Slippery Rock Area School District is comprised of the Boroughs of Harrisville, Portersville, Prospect, Slippery Rock and West Liberty, and the Townships of Brady, Franklin, 1 Mercer, Muddy Creek, Slippy Rock, and Worth. The combined 1980 population of the eleven municipahties in the Slippery Rock Area School District is 17,037 persons. The percentage of population under age eighteen in each of the I communities varies from a low of 14%-15% in Slippery Rock Borough and Slippery Rock Township to a high of 32%-33% in Franklin and Muddy Creek Townships and West Liberty Borough. As discussed before, the percentage for Slippery Rock is uncharacteristically low I because of the number of college age persons in both the Township and Borough. Projections for population, along with percentages of population, can give an inside look at future growth I rates of school age children. TABLE 28 I AREA SCHOOL AGE POPULATION INCREASE 8 Under 1980 # Under 2000 # Under I 18 POW. 18 POD. * 18 Slippery Rock Township 15.8 4,607 728 4,783 756 I Slippery Rock Borough 14.5 3,047 442 3,427 497

1 *Population compiled by the Butler County Planning Commission

Source: 1980 U.S. Census of Population, Butler County Planning I Commission

I County Planning’s forecasts for the year ZOO0 are shown in Table 28 above. Assuming no significant changes in the percentages of population in the various age categories within each municipality, an estimate of the number of school-age children (under eighteen years of age) for I the year 2000 in the School District can be calculated. The total population growth in the School District by the year 2000 is projected to be 1,265 persons. The &mated growth in the number of children under 18 in the District by the year 2000 is an additional 316 persons. The I greatest growth is projected to be in Slippery Rock Borough and Slippery Rock Township.

Forecasts by the District itself conflict with the above projection. District officials are currently I expecting the greatest growth in school-age population to be in the southern part of the District, especially the municipalities of Portersville, Prospect, and Muddy Creek Township. This is I anticipated as a spillover from Cranberry Township. I 59 I I 1 Table 29 following, shows enrollments and capacities of the existing schools. The 1980 percentage of eighteen year olds and younger is applied to the year 2000’s projected 1 figures to get the number of children. TABLE 29 1 SLIPPERY ROCK AREA SCHOOLDISTRICT P Yrs. Until 1985 1988 % Capacity is I Enrollment Chanse CaDacitr Reached Elementary 388 388 -0- 540 42 Middle 551 587 6.5 790 56

1 High School 764 775 1.4 1,210 ~ 12 1 I Total 1,703 1,750 2.76* 2,540 Avg. -73 *Average I Source: Slippery Rock Area School District, Consulting 1 Tabulations Table 29 shows the percentage of change the different schools in the Slippery Rock Area have experienced during the last three years. The average of these percentages (2.76%) was used, I along with each school’s enrollment capacity to determine how many more years each school could experience its present growth rate until it reached its enrollment capacity. Each school has a significant number of years until some other arrangements need to be made. The years I to capacity estimate does not take into account the full range of outside factors which could affect such long-term growth.

I School Facilities:

Elementary - Library I - Gymnasium (Multi-purpose room) I - Playground MiddldHigh School - 2 Libraries I - 2 Gymnasiums - Football field with track - Baseball field I - Basketball court - Soccer field I - 4 Practice fields 1 60 1 I

Also, two nature trails are located at the schools. One is located at the Elementary and the other I at the MiddldHigh School facility. These trails are used for outdoor classroom purposes to further the children’s knowledge of environmental education.

1 No major capital facilities improvements are planned by the District with the exception of an 1 expansion of the High School library room. I 1 I I I I I I 1 I I 1 I I 61 I I

I LAND USE

1 The land use section of the Comprehensive Plan is one of the most essential elements. It provides a graphic description of existing patterns of development in the Township. It will help to identify: 1) areas where efficient and logical development has occurred; 2) areas where 1 undesirable and/or conflicting, incompatible land uses have developed; and 3) areas which may be available and suitable for future development. It will also identify unique historic sites which may be worthy of preservation. This information will provide the basis for developing a future I land use plan and assessing the need for land use regulations. 1 To identify the existing land use, a field survey was performed over the entire Township. The information obtained by the survey is shown on the accompanying existing land use map. I Land Use Categories: The land use survey and the accompanying land use map classified land uses according to the following categories: I Residential includes all types of structures which provide living quarters and includes both full- time and seasonal dwellings. This category is divided into three subcategories representing three important types of residences: single-familv residential, mobile homes, and multi-family I residential. Commercial includes for-profit establishments providing goods or services directly to the I consumer.

Industrial includes establishments engaged in manufacturing, processing, wholesaling, industrial I services, or other production or distribution activities.

Minine includes mineral and raw material extraction activities and includes active mines, I abandoned and unreclaimed mines, and properties not yet mined but owned by mining companies.

I Public Land/ Parks includes non-institutional lands under public or semi-public ownership and includes municipal buildings, public utilities, churches, and public recreation facilities.

I Institutional includes public and semi-public educational facilities and other miscellaneous I institutions. TlXlsDortatl‘on/Roadwavs includes land occupied by highways, roads, railroads, etc. I Aericultural includes all land that is currently being used for some type of agriculture and land that has been recently left to fallow. I I 62 1 1 Vacant and/or Wooded includes land that is not presently developed or occupied by one of the 1 prior uses including wooded lands.

Table 30 shows each of the land use categories, the number of total acres in the Township I occupied by each land use, and the percentage of total Township land area occupied by each land use.

I TABLE 30 EXISTING LAND USE I SLIPPERY ROCK TOWNSHIP - - Acres % of Total

Residential 3,419 20.3 1 Commercia 1 69.1 0.4 Industrial 7.9 .05 Mining 1,247 7.4 I Public/Parks 1,259 7.5 Institutional 578 3.4 TrafficjRoadways 520 3.1 1 Agricultural 3,341 19.9 Total Developed Land 10,441 62.1

I Wooded 1,768 10.5 Vacant 4,605 27.4

1 Total Undeveloped Land 6,373 37.9 I Total Township Area 16,814 100.0 I Source: Land Use Field Survey If agriculture and public park uses are shifted to the column, including wooded and vacant land, a rough determination of the amount of open space in the Township can be made. This totals I 10,973 acres, or 65% of the Township’s area. I Residential: In Slippery Rock Township, residential use is the largest category of developed land uses. Only vacant land is a larger land use category. Residential land use occupies 3,419 I total acres or one-fourth of all land. Residential development can be found along nearly all roads radiating out of Slippery Rock Borough. A small concentration of residential development is found at the Viage of Branchton. I Concentrations of seasonal home development are found at Slippery Rock Park near PA Route 8 and Ralston Road and at Daugherty’s Mills near PA Route 173 south of Slippery Rock I Borough. 1 63 I

I

Residential development occurs primarily along the older, existing roads. Newer development I of interior lands off these roads is limited. Newer residential subdivisions of interior lands are found only at Bradman Estates off Kiester Road (T-148) east of the Borough, Lakewood Acres off Harmony Road (T-376) north of the Borough, Applewd Meadows off PA Route 173 south 1 of the Borough, and an unnamed development off Kiester Road (T-148) east of Harmony Road.

Mobile homes make up a substantial portion of residential development (see Housing section) I and are distributed throughout the Township with no clear concentrations. Multi-family residences are very few in number with the exception of one large development, College Garden Apartments, with 172 apartment units occupying 23 acres on Kiester Road just east of the 1 Borough. I Commercial: Commercial land uses are few in number in Slippery Rock Township. They occur in no significant concentrations, except that they exist in slightly greater numbers closer to Slippery Rock Borough. A small concentration is found on Rt. 173 near the Borough limits. I Commercial land area totals only 69 acres, or .4% of the total land area. Industrial: The field survey revealed that there are few industrial land uses in the Township. I Several of the mining operations could be classified as industrial and were identified as manufacturing establishments in the Economic Considerations section of the plan. However, mining operations were given their own category in the land use survey. There are several I smaller operations, but they appear sporadically through the Township; the largest being the Branchton Lime plant.

I Mining: Mining land uses occupy a large area of Township land - 1,247 acres. This acreage includes active mines, abandoned and unreclaimed mines, and mining-related facilities. The Natural Features and Environment section of the plan discusses the extent of mining activities t in more detail and provides a map of active, reclaimed, and unreclaimed mines.

Public LandslParks: Public land, which makes up a substantial amount of acreage in the I Township (1,259 acres), is made up largely of golf courses, churches, private recreation parks and public recreational areas.

I Institutional: The 578 acres of institutional land include primarily Slippery Rock University I (508 acres) and Slippery Rock Middle and High School (70 acres). TraffidRoadways: The 520 acres of roadways are primarily composed of Township roads (23.75 miles), State roads (22.25 miles), and the Bessemer & Lake Erie Railroad, which runs I north-south along the eastern section of the Township. Agricultural: Agriculture is the third largest land use behind vacant land and residential land. 1 Agricultural development occupies 3,341 acres, or 19.9% of all land in the Township, and exists throughout the Township. Historically, agriculture was the major land use, but encroachment I I 64 1 I

of urban development and the increasingly difficult financial conditions facing farmers have I caused the number and acreage of fmsto decrease.

Wooded This sporadic use of land in the Township is not very well defined in any one area. 1 A large area of land is wooded in the northwest section of the Township around Wolf Creek which is owned by the Western Pennsylvania Conservancy. Some wooded tracts are also owned by Slippery Rock University. Other major wooded areas are largely owned by private citizens I including mining operations. These privately-owned lots are the producers for occasional lumbering operations located in the Township.

1 Vacant: Vacant land makes up the largest percentage of land in the Township, including 4,605 acres or 27.4% of the total area. This is land that is not currently developed or put to any use. I Vacant land can be found throughout the Township and is not restricted to remote corners. In fact, several large vacant tracts under single ownership are found in close proximity to Slippery 1 Rock Borough and present opportunities for new development. Analysis of Land Use Patterns: Slippery Rock Township appears to have developed in a typical fashion for a rural Pennsylvania township. Farms once dominated the landscape, then, I over time, new non-farm residential development occurred along the existing, older roadways. Some small commercial establishments became intermixed with the roadfront residential I development. Roadway corridors are not densely developed, but are developed over most of their lengths. Roads radiating out of Slippery Rock Borough have received the most development attention. I This conforms to the pattern of "roadway civilition" which has become common in many rural areas. To minimize development costs, each lot in a subdivision is given frontage along a main road. The result is a mixed blessing. From the roadway, land appears fully developed, and I little open space is visible. However, the roadside development can effectively serve as a buffer between the road in front and open space behind it. However, it also increases traffic problems, as fairly high density residential areas are sometimes on busy thoroughfares. Some townships I have sought to limit roadside development, while others have allowed it to proceed unencumbered.

1 As mentioned earlier, there are several large tracts of vacant land under single ownership adjacent to Slippery Rock Borough. These tracts present prime opportunities for future development. The Township is projected to grow in population in the coming decade, therefore, I demand for development of these tracts is expected and should be carefully planned for ahead I of time. Three factors should be considered regarding future development plans for vacant tracts:

N 1. The soils in Slippery Rock Township are generally poor for development, particularly for on-lot sewage disposal systems. Attempts to develop on such soils could result in I negative environmental impacts such as groundwater degradation from malfunctioning 1 65 I I

sewerage systems. Alternate on-lot systems have been designed for poor-soil situations, I but they are very expensive and have been known to not always function adequately.

2. Because of the poor soil suitability for on-lot sewerage, future development plans should I address availability of public sewerage facilities. Availability of pubic sewer and water should be a key factor in determining which areas should be developed and how densely 1 they should be developed. 3. Prime agricultural lands should be considered in planning for new development. Farms should not be overrun in an indiscriminate fashion, but should be treated as a viable land I use and contributor to the Township economy. I Slippery Rock Township currently enforces minimal land use regulations. The regulations include a subdivision and land development ordinance, a building permit ordinance, and a floodplain management ordinance. The Township does not administer a zoning ordinance which I would control development of all types of land uses including where they may locate and standards for how they may be developed. 1 I I I E 1 I I I I I 66 I I I HISTORIC SITES

As part of the analysis of existing land use, the comprehensive plan will present information on 0 historic sites in Slippery Rock Township. Historic sites are addressed here because of their unique value as links to the past, serving as both monuments and educators of local history and heritage. They have great value as such and should be considered for preservation in any future I land use plan developed by the Township.

Historic sites can be found in Slippery Rock Township which reflect every phase of its I development over time. Prehistoric Indian sites lie scattered throughout the Area, most of them I near the banks of Wolf or Slippery Rock Creeks. The most significant of these sites is the one located on Wolf Creek near west of the Borough. Local tradition maintains that this was the site of Christian Friedrich Post’s historic council with I the Delaware Indians. The Daughters of the American Revolution have marked the site as such. Unfortunately, archaeology has failed to conclusively reveal occupancy during the period in question, though prehistoric Indians definitely occupied the site. Whether this was the actual I site is probably impossible to ascertain, but irregardless, it is fitting the event be commemorated somewhere. Fortunately, the site is on public land, owned by Slippery Rock University, so I destruction of the site is unlikely. A second link between Slippery Rock waters and history is in the crossing of Slippery Rock Creek by George Washington in 1753. This occurred either near the area known as Kiester’s 1 or upstream from Rock Falls Park. Washington’s crossing was part of a route utiliby both Indians and early visitors to the region known as the Venango Trail. Marking a part of this ancient pathway may be a future consideration for the Township. However, any physical marker I would be symbolic, given the debatable nature of the location.

Two homes of some historic importance also lie in Slippery Rock Township. One is Jesse I Kiester’s Tavern, a small frame home near the confluence of Kiester Road and Route 8. During the 19th Century, this tavern served as a major social and economic center in the Township. The second home is a brick one located across the stream from Rock Falls Park on 258. While I not documented, tradition states this was the ironmaster’s residence which was a part of the Etna furnace complex. Iron furnaces like the one at these were an important part of the early history I of iron and steelmaking in western Pennsylvania. If research could more conclusively determine the original ownership of the home, its preservation might be warranted by its part in industrial I history. An early part of Slippery Rock Area’s mining history is represented by the Village of Redmond. While no structures survived from Redmond, it was once a colorful and thriving coal town. I Following the removal of most of the coal, the houses were dismantled and relocated in other places, among which were the Buhl #2 (Brent) and #5 mines which still exist in Mercer and I Lawrence Counties. I 67 I I

As Redmond only exists as a place name, several formerly significant agricultural areas only I remain as names on the land. These were several grist and saw mills which once played a major role in local agriculture. To provide power for the milling process, most were located along the banks of streams. The history of Croll, Daugherty’s, and Christley’s Mills have been well I documented locally; but unfortunately, little of their physical records survive. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 68 I I

I FISCAL ANALYSIS

I Obviously, no planning program or capital facilities plan can be devised without an accounting of a municipality’s fiscal situation. The following section consists of an analysis of Slippery Rock Township’s fiscal accounts for the past four years. It was originally intended to examine I records for the past five years, but full 1986 documentation was not readily available.

The fiscal analysis was made via the use of budget document summaries. These outline the I Township’s income, subsidies, and debits. By examining several of these for successive years, I some idea of local financial ability and stability can be determined. One outstanding feature of Slippery Rock Township’s fiscal management is that they are carrying no great debt structure. In fact, the municipality’s fiscal stability would be envied by many I larger governments. Tables 31 and 32 illustrate various sources of income and expenditures for Slippery Rock I Township. As noted, there are budgetary surpluses for all four years. Wage taxes (1% of income) provide the largest single, locally generated, source of revenue.

I Between 1987 and 1990, the combined revenues from wage taxes and real estate taxes rose more than 25%. Between 1988 and 1989 alone, combined revenue increase was $25,000. Other I forms of locally generated revenue have remained fairly constant. The Township also receives state funds in nearly twice the amount as generated locally. For 1990, total state funds amounted to $228,121. Over 80% of this state money comes from Liquid I Fuel taxes, and is used for maintenance. Over the four years, Liquid Fuel funds have risen a I modest 10%. I I I I I I 69 I I

I TABLE 31 SOURCES OF REVENUE: SLIPPERY ROCK TOWNSHIP 1987-1990 I 1987 1988 1989 1990

Real Estate $ 39,000 $ 39,000 $ 50,000 *\ I $130,000 Wage Tax 62,000 62,000 75,000 *I Fines/Permits 7,400 14,000 12,000 12,500 I uti 1itv 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 Interest NA NA 3.000 2 1500 Subtotal $110,400 $117,000 $142,000 $147,000

I State Turnback 11,500 11,100 11,100 11,100 State Liquid Fuel 60.000 61,357 63,345 66,021 I Interest 4.000 4,000 Subtotal $ 71,500 $ 72,957 $ 78,445 $ 81,121 I Total $181,900 $189,457 $220,445 $228,121

I Source: Township Budget Summaries

One other source of income merits mention, the annual Community Development Block Grant I Entitlement monies. These funds are available to municipalities with an excess of 4,000 persons if 51% or more of those persons meet federal lowlmoderate income guidelines. This grant averages about $80,000 annually for the Township. However, funds must be committed on an I annual basis, preventing a stockpiling of money. They must also be used to benefit either the entire population or low-moderate income persons. In the past, these funds have been expended I for the construction of the Community Center, improvements to the Community Park, and to purchase equipment for the Slippery Rock Volunteer Fire Department and Rescue Team. I I I I I I 70 I I

I TABLE 32 BUDGETED EXPENDITURES: SLIPPERY ROCK TOWNSHIP I 1987-1990

Payroll $ 55,500 $ 44,000 63,700 $ 58,300 I Benefits 10,500 9,300 15,000 16,000 Utilities 1,500 2,000 10,000 8,000 Insurance 11,700 15,300 15,000 12,000 I Maintenance Supplies & Equip. 4,700 8,200 6,200 7,700 Office Supplies 1,800 2,200 1,900 1,750 Professional I Services 8,700 8,000 10,500 10,000 Community Donations 15.950 15,000 - 12,700 11,200 I Total $110,350 $104,000 $135,000 $124,950

I Source: Township Budget Summaries

I Payroll is the single largest expense from locally generated funds, and includes both maintenance workers’ regular salaries and annual stipends for the Township secretaries and supervisors. Oddly, payroll costs have shown a substantial fluctuation. Most other costs have exhibited only I an inflationary rise, with the exception of utility costs. The rise in utility costs can be attributed to the opening of the Township Community Center. I When locally generated revenues are compared to local expenditures, a budget surplus is shown for all years. If the 1990 budget is adhered to, the surplus would amount to $22,050. This leaves the Township with a certain amount of financial leeway in wrying out any planning I program.

The Township also makes annual donations to community organizations amounting to between I $lO,OOO to $15,000. In the event of an emergency, or an extremely important project, these donations could be foregone for a single year. However, the impact on the agency should be assessed prior to this. The organization should also be given as much forewarning as possible, I giving them the opportunity to prepare for the budgetary shortfall.

In conclusion, Slippery Rock Township has a budgetary situation which would be viewed with I sheer envy by many larger governments. The Township Supervisors have proved themselves I to be exemplary financial stewards. I I 71 1 I I I I I I I I COMPREHENSIVE PLAN I I 1 I I I I I I I I I

I SLIPPERY ROCK TOWNSHIP 1 FUTURE DEVELOPMENT PLAN Preamble: The Township of Slippery Rock recognizes that growth is necessary and beneficial to a community to ensure a viable economy for future generations. Therefore, the local I government has resolved to pursue a policy which actively welcomes those developments which would bring growth to the Township. However, it also recognizes the distinctive quality of life which makes its rural environment attractive to current residents; and will, likewise, pursue a I policy to protect and preserve that quality. I Finally, the Plan recognizes the heritage of individual liberty which is an integral part of our nation’s representative government. It will thus pursue a policy of respecting the inherent rights I of its citizens and property owners. I GOALS: To encourage future development, whether residential, commercial, industrial, or recreational.

I To ensure a minimum of conflict between the traditional land uses in the Township and any possible future land uses.

I To encourage and foster activities which would diversify the economy.

To work with neighboring local governments in an effort to find regional solutions to regional I problems. I To promote orderly and cost-effective extensions of public water and sewer facilities. OBJECTIVES

1 That the types of development which provide new employment opportunities be encouraged to locate in Slippery Rock Township.

I That new land uses be monitored to determine their impact on surrounding, previous land uses. I That the rights of property owners in the use and disposition of their real property be protected to the maximum extent possible. I That relations between Slippery Rock Township and neighboring municipalities be formed around shared experiences and need for a regional view of our common future. I , I I I I

That Slippery Rock Township be able to offer its citizens not only residency but an economy I with a variety of employment opportunities.

1 IMPLEMENTATION ACTIVITIES

Consider the adoption of a land use ordinance to minimize the detrimental effects of I conflicting uses and to promote orderly growth. Any such ordinance should be prepared with a significant amount of citizen input and approval. It should also be cognizant of I desires expressed in the citizen survey. Begin meetings between the Slippery Rock Township Board of Supervisors and the I Slippery Rock Borough Council. These meetings should first concentrate on common areas of concern such as the University students and shared police services. I The Township should contact the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources to promote the possibility of an informational meeting for landowners wishing to I participate in strip mine reclamation programs. Similarly, the Township should contact representatives of the Penn State Cooperative Extension Service in the effort to conduct an informational meeting on various I agricultural protection programs, including the Agricultural Security Zone.

Consider the adoption of a basic housing standards code to eliminate the problems of I overcrowded and substandard housing within the Township. Public opinion should be solicited to determine the need and extent of any such code.

1 Examine the feasibility of a local industrial park. Such an investigation would entail identifying a suitable location for such a site (including utility connections, highway access, suitable topography, and related infrastructure). This study should include the I possibility of a public/private partnership, along with the potential state or federal funding assistance.

I In addition to actively working to establish a home for industry in Slippery Rock Township, consideration should be given for a regional effort to market the area for new I commercial and industrial businesses. It is through a strategic policy entailing all of these goals, objectives, and recommendations that I the Township intends to implement its planning program. I I I 2 I I

I LAND USE PLAN

I The Future Land Use Plan is the crux of any Comprehensive Plan. Properly constructed, a Land Use Plan can serve as a template for future development in a manner which will benefit the community today and tomorrow. It is also important to minimize conflict between different I land uses, prevent overcrowding, deter the overwhelming of land resources, avoid the destruction of fragile environments, and provide a rational built environment. With these I concepts in mind, the following criteria are recommended. Many parts of the Township remain largely rural, with agricultural, low-density residential, or I open space uses. Furthermore, due to costs, topography, and similar considerations, it is unlikely that these truly rural areas will ever have the infrastructure needed for intense development. It is, therefore, concluded that intense development, which would be out of I character with the present land use, should be discouraged from these rural places. To implement elements of the Land Use Plan, it is recommended that the Township Government pursue the option of adopting land use controls. Given the past history of land use regulations I in Slippery Rock Township, a complete public examination of this recommendation is in order. However, the citizen survey completed in 1989 did show significant support for such a policy.

I In general, it is recommended that land use controls be employed to limit the density of development in more rural areas of the Township. Beyond limited density, rural areas can support a wide variety of land uses. Thus, it could be expected that rural zones would be less I restrictive in terms of permitted uses.

The Borough of Slippery Rock serves as the urban service and retail center for the Township. 1 Therefore, future high-density developments of all types within the Township should expand outward from this hub and lie close to it.

I The major transportation thoroughfares within the Township (Routes 258, 173, and 108) serve as natural corridors of development. It is, therefore, recommended that future intense developments lie adjacent to these comdors. These facilities also radiate out from the Borough. 1 At the same time, strip development should be avoided. I Because development will ideally be denser on the outskirts of the Borough and along major transportation comdors, it is anticipated that such zones would be more complex in nature. Although these districts should allow more intense residential, commercial, and industrial I growth, they also need to be sensitive to existing development. This objective can only be met through rather detailed controls. Conversely, it is also necessary that any land use regulations be flexible enough to permit reasonable development in these areas. Performance standards I could be combined with standard zoning controls in order to achieve such a balance between flexibility and control. I I 3 I I

If land use controls are adopted, good administration will be a must! Unprofessional .. I administration offers many hazards. Experience in similar rural areas shows two disturbing trends. In some cases, administration is so weak as to be nearly non-existent. Obviously, no ordinance can accomplish its goal in that environment. Conversely, an over-zealous I administrator can create ill will and stifle development. Even-handed professional administration is critical. An option to share such services with other nearby communities I should be explored. In a related issue, it is recommended that the Township adopt a formal procedure for reviewing I subdivisions for compliance with its existing subdivisionhobile home park ordinance. This review process should include the Planning Commission and a professional engineer or public I land surveyor retained specifically for that purpose. Industrial Land Uses: In the past, rail access was the key to industrial site selection. In many northeastern cities, the heavy industries all followed rail corridors. This type of location is also I in evidence by the Village of Branchton and its lime processing plant. Such preferences are not the case today, and it is rare for businesses to choose a location primarily for rail access. Interstate, limited access highways have taken the place of rail lines. The favored location of I industrial land uses today is in industrial park subdivisions near Interstate interchanges. While the Township has no such interchange, access to two exits of 1-79 is relatively convenient.

I A second key to industrial site location is suitable infrastructure. Generally, any industry which employs large numbers of people needs water for processing, process discharge, as well as I meeting its domestic needs. Given this criteria, the logical place for new industries would be on the corridors of Route 108 west or Route 258 west, near the Borough. This would assure convenient connection to public I utilities and direct access to interchanges of 1-79. A secondary location might be the Township’s portion of Route 8, which is reasonably close to 1-80, However, utility service to this area is not presently feasible. Consequently, it is recommended that industries be encouraged to locate I along the first two corridors.

One other industrial land use merits mention - coal surface mines and other extractive activities. 1 The temporality of mining is recognized, along with its contribution to the local economy. Therefore, it is recommended that no excessive local land use controls be used to unreasonably I limit the temporary extraction of minerals. Often, such uses can be accommodated in rural areas with reasonable safeguards. Should such enterprises become a threat to the safety of the I community, appropriate action can be taken on an individual basis using existing state laws. Proper and environmentally sound reclamation of all surface mines, active or inactive, is also I strongly encouraged. Commercial Land Uses: The planning background report noted that there are no great I concentrations of commercial land uses in the Township. Commercial enterprises either occur I 4 I I

randomly and sporadically (though usually on major roads) or along the small commercial strip I development on Route 173 north.

The sporadic Occurrence of commercial uses throughout the Township has a potential for future I conflict with other uses, particularly in high-density residential areas.

Economically, commercial establishments tend to thrive when located close to one another. I Similar to industrial land use, they (commercial land use) tend to locate along busy transportation corridors. Here the reason is exposure to customers, along with transportation convenience. In addition, most modem commercial enterprises require community sewer and I water facilities. Thus, it is recommended that future commercial development be encouraged on Route 173, north of the Borough. This would be both a natural extension of a current use I and would expedite extension of needed infrastructure. The downtown central business district of Slippery Rock Borough remains a strong retail and I service center for the Township. No activities which would undermine that center are recommended.

I Residential Land Uses: Residential land use has grown in the Township over the past several decades. Most of this growth has been in the traditional single-family, detached housing unit. However, some have also been increases in multi-family units and planned mobile home I developments. In general, residential developments are the most sensitive to conflict with other land uses. There is even the potential for conflict between different types of residential uses. I In making its recommendations, the Plan attempts to be fully cognizant of this sensitivity. As a general rule, it is recommended that residential density be restricted to one unit per acre. This is due to the lack of infrastructure, along with the limited ability of the land to successfully I deal with on-lot sewage. In areas where federally identified prime farmlands are present, this could be decreased to one unit per every forty acres, in the interest of farmland preservation.

I Due to the general environmental sensitivity of soils in the Township, intense, multi-family developments should be discouraged in rural areas where utility extension is unlikely. For corridors where more intense development is to be permitted, the following standards are I offered. Where sewerage is immediately available, densities as high as four single-family units per acre should be allowed. This could be increased to eight units per acre for multi-family I developments. Unfortunately, density standards cannot anticipate the extension of sewerage. Therefore, even in areas where development might otherwise be encouraged, densities must be limited to levels no higher than permitted with on-lot sewage disposal systems. This practice I would hopefully make eventual utility extension more economical. Other forms of development (commercial, institutional, industrial) should be either physically I segregated from residential areas or of such a form and function as to not detrimentally impact them. I I 5 I I

Publichstitutional Land Uses: Institutional land can mean a variety of uses. Some require I relatively little land and do not conflict with neighboring uses. Others take vast amounts of space and seriously impact their neighbors. Within the Township, there are a number of these uses which can be projected. These include schools, churches, historic places, governmental I facilities, and recreational land.

Generally, existing smaller institutional uses present little, if any, conflict. The potential conflict I of churches or schools can easily be handled via land use controls. However, the land use and plans relative to Slippery Rock University are quite another matter.

I One recent issue which the Planning Commission has been concerned with is the rapid purchase of land by the Commonwealth for the future development of the University. This concern is I born from the loss of both tax base and the hindrance of future taxable private-sector developments through the expansion of a publicly funded institution. A TownshiplBorough Task Force should meet with the University to learn of information on future development and I acquisition plans. Local elected officials should demand a formal role to future development plans to minimize adverse results to their area. I Agricultural Land Uses: Farming once predominated in Slippery Rock Township. Today however, such uses become less feasible as land becomes more valuable for other developments and agricultural operations conflict with new land uses. It is, therefore, recommended that lands I devoted to agriculture, open space, and low-density residential be protected from intrusion by other uses.

I There are presently three means to do this. One is large lot zoning, which is legally difficult to justify without the presence of prime farmlands. Another is Pennsylvania’s Right-to-Farm Law that protects agriculture activity from nuisance suits. But, this Act is being challenged in I the courts. In addition, it is administered solely at the state level, so local protection is not always convenient. The remaining option is the establishment of Agricultural Security Areas. The Areas are permitted under Act 43 of 1981. This law sets forth the guidelines to create areas I and sets forth their benefits and limitations. To fully understand the potential benefits, and limitations, of this option, former owners must be fully informed. It is, therefore, recommended that the Township sponsor an informational meeting relative to Agricultural Security Zones so I its merits can be determined. I I I I 0 6 I I

I HOUSING PLAN

It is the general goal of the Housing Plan to preserve, maintain, and, in some cases, upgrade the I Township’s housing stock. A second objective of the Township is to prevent overcrowding, blight, and to ensure sound housing. Finally, Slippery Rock Township intends to allow a variety I of housing types for its residents. To achieve these aims, further study must be made to examine if the adoption of some type of I housing standards code is warranted. This would ensure that all housing, particularly rental structures, are not overcrowded, substandard, or a general threat to the health and safety of the I community. Based upon the further availability of Community Development Block Grants to the Township, serious consideration must be given to the establishment of a housing rehabilitation program. I As part of the background report, all housing within Slippery Rock Township was evaluated. From that effort, certain priorities for rehabilitation can be established. First consideration should be given the Rock Falls/Daugherty’s Mills area due to the seriously deteriorating I condition of many homes in that settlement. There are two means to implement a housing rehabilitation program. The first is to establish I a direct grant program. This is especially effective if the residents of applicable structures are also the owners. However, if the owner is an absentee landlord, an outright rehabilitation grant is not as workable. In fact, a worst case scenario might be landlords rehabilitating housing with I public grants, then raising the rent, causing eviction of low-moderate income residents who were to benefit by the upgrading.

I Thus, two recommendations are made. Owner-occupied housing should receive a higher priority in rehabilitation programs. Renter-occupied might be better administered through a 50/50 matching grant in which the owner pays one-half of the costs. In either case, provisions should I be made to prevent immediate resale of property or a drastic increase in rent. It is possible that the demand for the grant program could exceed available funds. In that event, some type of I low-interest loan system may prove more effective over the long term. While the Rock Falls/Daugherty’s Mills area has several houses in need of rehabilitation, it is I obvious that many are beyond practical repair. They are blighting influences in the true classical sense - literally discouraging nearby properties from upgrading. Such structures also represent a serious threat to the health and safety of the community. Buildings that are badly dilapidated I and vacant can harbor various types of vermin and may present a dangerous attraction to small children. It is with this in mind that the Plan strongly recommends the Township invoke its I community police powers to initiate a demolition program. It may be difficult to utilize Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) funds for I demolition, but not impossible. Federal laws and regulations do demand careful justification to I 7 I I

raze residential structures. Though the CDBG program would be the preferred funding source, I if not feasible, demolition might still be considered using general funds. If the cooperation of property owners can be obtained, it should be. Many of the owners are absentee and may not even be aware of the building’s condition. Given the situation, they might cooperate by granting I permission to demolish dilapidated structures. If an uncooperative property owner was found however, and the building was deteriorated to the point of danger, the Township should not I hesitate to use its police powers to condemn it. Other housing issues must also be addressed. Growth in the University’s enrollment will expand the need for low-cost, multi-family housing. All too often however, multi-family housing in the I Slippery Rock Area has meant inadequate conversion of single-family dwellings to satisfy the student housing market. This is particularly a problem in the Township where on-site sewage disposal systems intended for single-family use now serve many times that number. Thus, one I of the recommendations of this Plan is that conversion of single-family dwellings to multi-tenant be strongly discouraged in such instances where they would pose a danger to public health and I water quality. To prevent an erosion of quality in rental housing, it is recommended that the Township institute I a rental unit licensing program. Such a program should include minimal standards insuring these units are sound and sanitary. This technique has been used with moderate success in other I communities. Such a measure could be’adopted by ordinance. In general, the Township should continually monitor the condition of its local housing stock, housing needs of residents, and help ensure that sound housing is available for all of its citizens. I Over a five- to ten-year period, the pockets of existing blight could be gradually removed. New controls would then assure a more stable, sound housing stock in the future. I I I I I I I I 8 I I

I TRANSPORTATION PLAN

I Because the Township’s future is linked to its highway access, the following section will relate transportation needs to the overall goals of the Plan.

I The type of development which will be an asset to the Township will only occur if the local road system is maintained, and in some cases, upgraded.

I Perhaps the most crucial highway linkage for the Township is Route 108, west of the Borough. This road represents the Township’s link to the Interstate system via 1-79. While this is a state I road, and not under Township control, it is recommended that the Township Government carefully monitor its condition and assume a position of advocacy for the continued maintenance and future improvements to the road. Given the key role Route 108 (from Slippery Rock I Borough to 1-79) plays in local transportation and its current condition, a major upgrade is in order. A complete rebuilding program would have to be formally placed on the Commonwealth’s “12-Year’’ Highway program. A project for the Slippery Rock Area could I take four to ten years to realize using that approach. Conversely, a more modest rehabilitation rebuilding effort, through maintenance programming (the 3R Program), might be realized in half I the time and is a preferred option. One transportation problem relates to traffic circulation. There have been some problems with traffic circulation within the Borough. This is particularly pronounced at the juncture of Main I and New Castle Streets (Routes 108 and 173/258). While initially this may be perceived as a problem confined to the Borough, it is in reality a community-wide problem. Thus, it is recommended that representatives of both the Township and the Borough meet to find solutions I to alleviate this circulation problem. The answer may lie in a new by-pass or in re-routing scheme via existing roads. However, the solution must be found regionally.

I Another area which merits examination is the matter of highway safety. Several intersections were identified by Township residents as problem areas. It is recommended that the following I projects be considered: Harmony/Branchton Road Intersection - This intersection has one, two-way stop sign I which is often missed by drivers. One solution would be to install a four-way stop sign series to minimize the potential for traffic accidents. I Another particular problem area is the Rock FalMDaugherty’s Mills area. The Housing Plan recommends a rehabilitation there. However, the road is in as poor condition as some of the housing. It is, therefore, recommended that Township officials take I whatever action is necessary to acquire this private road (either through cooperative agreement or condemnation). Following acquisition, the annual Community I Development Block Grant entitlement monies should be utilized for a road reconstruction I 9 I I

program. Even if CDBG funds were not available, the abominable condition of this road ' I merits some local government action. With outside funding, the road could be regraded and hard surfaced. If this approach is not practical, even a regrading and addition of 1 gravel would be helpful. Several township and state road berm areas are non-existent or dilapidated. This is a concern for auto traffic on Route 108 West; but it is also dangerous to pedestrians, joggers, and I bicyclists on Harmony and Kiester Roads.

Regarding the latter, there are two options. One is to ban non-motorized traffic, by ordinance, I from the concerned roads. The legality of this would need to be investigated by the solicitor. This is common practice on four-lane divided highways in the interest of public safety, but 1 apparently has never been attempted on a two-lane road in Pennsylvania. A second option is the construction of a bicycle path in the vicinity. This should be partially underwritten by the I University. In the case of Route 108, the 3R Program could provide adequate berms. In summary, the Plan recommends a series of actions on the local and state level to significantly I upgrade the road system. I I 1 1 I I 1 I I I 10 I 1

I COMMUNITY UTILITIES AND FACILITIES

I The planning background report recognized that in many respects, Slippery Rock Township enjoys a variety of community facilities uncommon for a municipality of its size. In particular, I social, academic, and recreational opportunities abound. Some facets of public facilities in the Township are not as well served however. Public water and sewer facilities are a major concern. If any intense development is to be expected in the 1 future, such extensions are a necessity. The problem lies in the expense of such projects. 1 Because of these cost considerations, some system of prioritization is necessary. It is recommended that utility service extensions receive attention based on land use type by the I following priorities: Industrial Commercial 1 Residential Institutional

I Industrial development projects merit priority attention for several reasons. First, they offer permanent jobs, diversifying the economy, and creating spin-off commercial and industrial development. Second, they often carry a proportionally high percentage of the tax base, 1 relieving the residential property tax burden. Finally, such projects are much more likely to receive state and federal funding assistance in the form of grants or low-interest loans.

I Commercial developments also create jobs and diversify the'tax base. However, job creation is seldom of the same caliber of industrial facilities. These projects are also more difficult to 1 aid through outside public funding. Residential development improves the tax base; but permanent, direct, job creation is virtually I nil. New residential developments are also nearly impossible to assist through outside programs. Further institutional growth would probably not benefit the Township. As has been the experience in the past, the tax base is often undermined by such projects. Institutional I developments should only be supported in instances where the applicable public agency is willing I to financially support all associated costs. Obviously, this priority system must be discounted if an environmental problem arises. Often, DER, when apprised of such problems, mandates a solution. These orders are aimed at the I municipality and require that actions be taken immediately to resolve the identified problem. Generally, sanctions or penalties for noncompliance accompany such orders and create an I immediate priority that would over-ride any other consideration. I 11 I ,J

In general, the Slippery Rock Authority's water supply treatment plant is well prepared to serve I future development. No improvements should be needed for a number of years. Conversely, the sewerage system may have some technical shortfalls, and the Township Government should stand ready to assist the Authority in any needed improvements to its physical plant. The local I Government's experience could especially assist the Authority in grantsmanship efforts. I Specific infrastructure extensions should be seriously considered in the following areas: 1. Route 108, west of Slippery Rock Borough 2. Kiester Road, east of Slippery Rock University I 3. Route 173, south of Slippery Rock Borough

Sanitary sewer service is the primary need. Water service can be deferred until a "market" I demand is assured. Certainly, future developments along these corridors, and the nature of such 1 developments, should become the deciding factor in those extensions. Most other local community facilities are in excellent general condition, but merit some comment in this Plan. These facilities are the Slippery Rock Township Community Center and I the Slippery Rock Community Park. The Township Community Center has met the needs of local citizens for a facility which is truly I their own (not the Borough's or the University's). With the proposed addition of extra parking space in 1990, all physical improvements to the Center will be complete. What remains is the need to maintain this building. Perhaps the best means to ensure adequate maintenance is 1 through a set maintenance contract for the interior, while Township crews can see to the exterior. The cost of the interior maintenance contractor could be offset through a sliding scale use fee. Such a fee should be related to the size of the group using the Center and its status I (non-profit vs. private parties). While interior maintenance has not been much of a problem in the past, as use of the Center grows, it will become one. The suggested maintenance program I should be considered a necessity if the investment in the Center is to be protected. The second major facility which the Township shares is the management of the Slippery Rock Community Park. Many recent improvements to this facility have been realized through the use I of Community Development Block Grant funds. It is recommended that the Township Government continue to devote a portion of its future entitlements towards this facility as it is I able. One major proposed improvement to the Park merits special attention, the matter of a I community swimming pool. The community survey indicated extremely strong public support for a public pool. Presently, there is a competitive CDBG application to fund construction of a pool pending in Harrisburg. However, the disposition of the application is not likely to be I favorable, as it is competing against water, sewer, and housing projects from other communities. It is recommended that the Township Government meet with representatives of the Borough and I I 12 I the Parks and Recreation Commission to determine a suitable strategy to fund a swimming pool. 1 In fact, a special committee for that purpose might be warranted.

Consideration should be given for the addition of a public park in the Rock Falls vicinity. Land I acquisition here would allow public access to the Slippery Rock Creek and serve to preserve scenic open space. The site might have potential as a Fish Commission Area.

I Prior to taking any action for acquisition or development the Township should develop a schematic plan for development and use of this site. Furthermore, in its long-range consideration the crest of insurance and maintenance must be calculated when undertaking a I project of this type. Of course, the previous recommendation relative to housing and road I improvement will strongly influence the desirability of a park in this location. Community services are generally adequate in the Township. Service by the Slippery Rock Volunteer Fire Department is excellent, and the only recommendation is for the Township to I continue its financial support for that organization. For most of the Township, services funded by the Pennsylvania State Police also appear I adequate. However, there are some troubled "hot spots" near the Borough. Therefore, the following police protection plan is recommended. Township officials should meet with the Borough Council to determine the feasibility of a shared services agreement. Because most I Township residents do not feel the need for regular local patrols, the agreement could emphasize the need to patrol only certain areas, while remaining on call for the balance of the Township. If this appears infeasible, one other option remains. That is to solicit the state police to initiate I special attention to problem areas. However, this option would not provide the high level of police presence which a local agreement would. I I 1 I I I I I 13 I 1

I CAPITAL FACILITIES AND FISCAL PLANNING

I Timing, along with financing, is essential to any planning project. The best means to develop a timing system for activities is to examine the project's urgency and its financial feasibility. Urgency is determined by the following criteria, developed from the Small Town Planning I Handbook (Chicago: Planners' Press, 1988).

1. Essential Projects - Projects which will protect the health and safety of the community, I or assure compliance with state and federal regulations. I 2. Desirable Projects - Are defined as not urgent, but important to the local economy or quality of life. I 3. Acceptable Projects - Are projects which would improve the community, but have no urgency.

I 4. Deferrable Projects - Are those which can be placed low on the list, for examination at a later date.

I Based upon a combination of fiscal analysis and the preceding criteria, the following section will attempt to prioritize implementation activities. In addition, this section analyzes projects which, I while not traditional capital improvements, will require financial outlay. Activities which local governments undertake cost money. Like a buyer purchasing a home, many of the projects outlined here may be beyond the immediate cash resources of the I Township. Thus, some type of financing is often warranted.. This report in no way encourages the runaway debt that has bankrupted many cities. However;like a homeowner, the Township may have to consider a modest long-term debt with a responsible payback schedule. Preliminary I costs are included here for planning purposes. It should be noted these are formal engineering estimates for these projects.

I Year One (1991) 1 While not a capital improvement consideration, some resources should be devoted to land use controls. If done properly, this could do much to protect health and safety in the community. If a zoning ordinance is pursued, ordinance preparation costs of roughly $6,000-$8,000 should I be anticipated. Once developed, a fee schedule for zoning should be largely self-financing. Improved subdivision administration is also suggested. This should require no "up-front" costs 1 and; once again, the administrative funding could be obtained from fees. The major capital improvement slated for Year One should be a township garage. It is I recommended that general funds be used to buy back one acre of land near the Community Park I 14 I 1

from the CDBG Program to site this facility. As 1990 funds were earmarked for garage I construction, 1991 funds could cover the real estate purchase.

Community Development Block Grant funds have been preliminarily budgeted in 1991 for road I reconstruction in the Rock Falls/ Daugherty's Mills area. For a rural road with a 22-foot cartway and light traffic, cost of $33.00 per lineal foot can be expected. Therefore, road reconstruction costs should run (year) between $43,560 and $87,120. This may necessitate a 1 two-stage project.

There are also several housing units in the same area which are vacant and pose a distinct threat I to the health and safety of neighboring residents. It is estimated that demolition costs could run up to $3,000 per unit. However, many structures are small, with little in the way of I foundations; bids could be expected in the $2,000 range. The primary funding option should be the CDBG program. However, as previously noted, law and regulation may restrict their 1 use. Consequently, general funds of the Township may be needed. Year Two (1992)

I Once the most severely deteriorated properties have been demolished and road reconstruction underway, housing rehabilitation can be initiated for Rock Falls/Daugherty's Mills. For owner- occupied units, a ceiling of $7,500 per unit is recommended. However, upon recommendation I of "rehab" personnel and approval of the Board of Supervisors, it should be allowable to raise this ceiling another $1,500. If $30,000 were reserved for this activity, four units annually could be rehabilitated. Most housing rehabilitation programs only attempt 3-5 units per year, so the I Township program would be in line with standard practice. Rehabilitation could be continued based on future availability of CDBG funds.

I It is also advised that by Year Two negotiations be initiated for shared services of a Borough police patrolman (if that option is deemed necessary). Starting salaries for police officers average $17,000-$19,000per year. So a reasonable budget for shared services might be $35,000 1 per year (1.5 man-hour costs, plus equipment). These would need to be budgeted from general revenue funds.

I The swimming pool project, which enjoys wide popular support, will require some initial physical planning. It is recommended that the Township and Borough each contribute $1,000 I towards a preliminary engineering/architectural feasibility study.

I Year Three (1993)

1 This year, it is recommended that the Township join with the Borough and the Parks and Recreation Commission for final consideration of the public swimming pool issue. Cost 1 estimates will be available from the Year Two feasibility study. No doubt they will be at least I 15 I I

$250,000. Though this cost may appear high, if the community is prepared to act in a united I front, it may well be accomplished. If Township CDBG entitlements continue at roughly $80,00Oper annum, and costs of $44,000 are deducted ($14,000 for program administration and $30,000 for continued housing rehabilitation), the balance is $36,000. If the standard annual I community donations (from the general fund) of $10,000 are added, funds of $46,000 can be easily reached. Ideally, this could be matched by the Borough for a total of $92,000-$100,000. I The balance can be obtained via one of the following scenarios: The first, and preferred option, would be the use of state grant funds. With most programs, a joint application between two or more municipalities receives preference. Thus, it is I recommended that Slippery Rock Township and Slippery Rock Borough jointly submit and bear grant application costs. There are three possible funding sources: the Community Development I Block Grant competitive program, the Recreation Improvements and Rehabilitation Act funds, or Housing and Community Development monies. However, it must be again emphasized that I joint cooperation is essential. If grant applications are unsuccessful, other funding means should be pursued. One is to create a Recreation Authority. The Authority could examine a bond issue. However, given the cost I of bond issuance, legal fees, and the like, a bank loan may be more economical. A fairly modest increase in taxes could amortize the debt. If $150,000 is the initial loan amount and the Township is responsible for 50% of this debt, repayment might be best spread over twenty I years. With repayment structured over this time, and an interest rate of roughly 9%, annual payments would be approximately $8,000 per year, or about $2.00 per capita, per annum. Additionally, about $30,000 will be needed each year for pool staff, maintenance, and liability I insurance. I Year Four (1994) The swimming pool project will likely be a multi-year one; and if so, should be the top priority for Year Four. However, pending a successful resolution of this issue, water and sewer I extensions might be considered. This Plan assumes that any infrastructure project which was required to serve any job creating development or meet DER compliance would have been met on an as-needed basis. Extensions which are not met on crisis criteria could be of one or two I means. I 1. Serve existing developments which need water and sewer services. I 2. Extend utilities to a potential economic development site. In the Slippery Rock Area, water supply is generally not a problem; sewage disposal is. Thus, all infrastructure extensions will probably be in the area of sewerage. Sewer extension costs 1 average $40-$100 per lineal foot, dependent on topography and environmental conditions. Normally, 6"-8" lines are the rule; and costs rise if bedrock is struck during installation or 1 I 16 I I

pump stations are needed. General cost estimates to the following locations might run as I follows:

Route 108 West, from Fowler development to Dickey Road $200,000 I Kiester Road East, from Harmony Road to Kieman Drive $600,000 Route 173 South, from Applewood to T383 $429,000

I There are numerous outside funding sources for infrastructure extension projects. As a rule, these should be the primary funding source. Extensions should not cost the community. If a I bond issue, user fee, and outside funding cannot cover costs, the project may not be feasible. I Year Five (1995) Activities for this Year should only be considered pending successful resolutions of other projects. If the swimming pool, housing rehabilitation program, road reconstruction, and other I improvements have been closed out, acquisition and creation of a parklaccess area at Rock Falls could be considered. Like the swimming pool, $2,000 should be initially set aside for a feasibility study and appraisals. As the access area is not a critical project, it has been given I the lowest priority of all the activities considered by this Plan. However, in the long term, this might be a desirable project indeed.

I The following chart illustrates capital facilities expenditures for the next five years in tabular form. I I I I 0 I I I I 17 I TABLE A CAPITAL FACILITIES EXPENDITURES SLIPPERY ROCK TOWNSHIP 1991-1995

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 Total

Services $ 7,000 $36,000 $ 35,000 $ 35,000 $ 37,000 $ 150,000 Rehabilitation -0- 30,000 30,000 -0- -0- 60,000 Recreation -0- -0- 125,000 -0- -0- 125,000 Utilities -0- -0- -0- 600,300 600,300 1,200,600 Roads and Bridges 65,340 -0- -0- -0- -0- 65,340

Total $72,340 $66,000 $190,000 $635,300 $637,300 $1,600,940

TABLE B CAPITAL FUNDING SOURCE 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 Total

General Fund $ 7,000 $35,000 $ 45,000 $ 35,000 $ 37,000 $ 159,000 CDBG Entitlement 65,340 31,000 36,000 20,300 20,300 172,940 Outside Aid -0- -0- -0- 300,000 300,000 600,000 Bond Issue/Loan -0- -0- 109,000 280,000 280,000 669,000

Total $72,340 $66,000 $190,000 $635,300 $637,300 $1,600,940

It should be noted that pre-engineering investigations will probably alter these costs.

18 I

I As the Table notes, if all projects in this Plan were carried out by 1995, the costs would reach over $1.5 million. As stated at the beginning of this section, costs developed in this report are based upon unit costs and are not from an architectural or engineering study. Consequently, I though useful for preliminary planning purposes, more formal studies are needed for formal budgeting. This Plan is also heavily dependent on future revenue and the absence of engineering 1 capital needs which cannot be predicted. I I I I 1 I I 1 I I I 1 I I 19 I