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Pociechina Podstawa.Indd is book is a result of the joint work of Polish and Russian scientists. Publication of the study will allow for intensi cation of research into the history, culture, language, traditions, philosophical and dogmatic Orthodoxy and Christianity, the exchange of scienti c information in the international eld and international research teams involved in exploring these issues. e results also will serve to the further de- velopment of interdisciplinary special research methodologies in the eld of culture and religion. Studies on the culture of Masurian Old Believers help to deepen and broaden the knowledge of the history and traditions of the region of former East Prussia, and to preserve its cultural heritage for future generations of Poles and Europeans. ISBN 978–83–61605–02–7 MENAIA: AN EXAMPLE OF HYMNOGRAPHYC LITERATURE AND A TOOL TO SHAPE THE ORTHODOX WORLDVIEW Publikacje Centrum Badań Europy Wschodniej Uniwersytetu Warmińsko-Mazurskiego w Olsztynie MENAIA: AN EXAMPLE OF HYMNOGRAPHYC LITERATURE AND A TOOL TO SHAPE THE ORTHODOX WORLDVIEW edited by Helena Pociechina & Alexander Kravetsky Olsztyn 2013 Recenzenci: Michaił Kotin (Uniwersytet Zielonogórski) Alla Kozhinova (Białoruski Uniwersytet Państwowy w Mińsku) ISBN 978–83–61605–02–7 © Copyright by Helena Pociechina, Alexander Kravetsky Tłumaczenie: Daniel Dynin Skład, łamanie, projekt i opracowanie graficzne okładki: Łukasz Fafiński Wydawca: Centrum Badań Europy Wschodniej Uniwersytetu Warmińsko-Mazurskiego w Olsztynie 10–725 Olsztyn, ul. K. Obitza 1 Dystrybucja: Centrum Badań Europy Wschodniej Instytut Słowiańszczyzny Wschodniej ul. K. Obitza 1, 10–725 Olsztyn tel. +48 89 524 63 47 Internet: http://uwm.edu.pl/cbew e-mail: [email protected] Druk i oprawa: Zakład Poligraficzny Uniwersytetu Warmińsko-Mazurskiego w Olsztynie 10–724 Olsztyn, ul. Jana Heweliusza 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS From the Editors .................................................................................................. 9 MENAIA SERVICES DURING THE EARLY MODERN AND MODERN PERIODS: HISTORY, POETICS AND SEMANTICS Development of the Modern Service Menaia from the 18th to the early 21st Centuries ................................................................................................... 15 1. Indroduction: Menaia Texts up to the Mid-18th and First Half of the 19th Centuries .................................................................................................. 15 2. The Cyril and Methodius Festizvities and the Introduction of New Services into the Menaia ................................................................................. 17 3. ”Legalization” of the Popular Veneration of Saints ..................................... 21 4. ”Non-Menaia” Circulation of Menaia Services ........................................... 23 5. Supplementary Menaion ................................................................................ 23 6. Programme for Incorporating New Services into Liturgical Books ......... 24 7. Liturgical Samizdat during the Soviet Period .............................................. 27 Revival of Church Publishing ............................................................................ 31 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 31 2. First Menaia Text Published by the Moscow Patriarchate ......................... 31 3. First Post-Revolutionary Edition of the Service Menaia ............................ 33 4. Post-Soviet Menaia Editions ......................................................................... 40 5. Attempts to Write a History of Russian Liturgical Hymnography ........... 41 Language and Poetics of New Services ............................................................. 45 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 45 2. Hymnographic Depiction of Biographical Facts ........................................ 45 3. Toponyms in Liturgical Texts ........................................................................ 46 4. Anthroponyms in Liturgical Texts ............................................................... 48 5. Hagiography and Hymnography ................................................................... 50 6. Names of New Realities .................................................................................. 52 6.1. Hymnographic Names for Historical Events ................................... 52 6 6.2. How Hymnographers Call the Age of Persecution of the Church 55 6.3. Description of the Causes and Spiritual Meaning of Persecutions 56 6.4. Services to New Martyrs about the Situation of Christians in the Age of Persecution ............................................................................. 57 6.5. Depredation of Churches in the Description of Hymnographers 59 6.6. Denotation of Religious Persecutors ................................................ 60 6.7. How the New Services Speak about the Feats of New Martyrs ..... 62 7. Denotation of Saints ........................................................................................ 64 8. Traditional Poetic Elements ........................................................................... 67 8.1. With Whom Are the Newly Glorified Saints Compared? .............. 67 8.2. Citations from the Holy Scripture and Other Sources ................... 72 8.3. Figures of Speech Connected with General Christian Symbols .... 76 9. General Services to 20th-Century Saints and the Mentality of Contem- porary Russian Orthodox Christianity ......................................................... 78 10. Russia and Rus in Modern Hymnography ................................................. 80 11. Development or Corruption of Language? Conclusions ......................... 89 OLD BELIEVERS IN MASURIA: LITURGICAL BOOKS AND WORDVIEW Old Belivers In Masuria ...................................................................................... 95 1. History of Research ......................................................................................... 95 2. Migration of Old Believers to Masuria ......................................................... 96 3. History of the Wojnowo Monastery ............................................................. 100 3.1. The beginnings ..................................................................................... 100 3.2. Paul of Prussia (1818–1895) ............................................................... 101 3.3. Wojnowo Monastery after the Departure of Paul of Prussia ......... 103 3.4. Activities of Yelena Dikopolskaya (1863–1943) .............................. 103 4. Monastery Book Collection ........................................................................... 107 Theotokia In Pre-Nikonian Menaia And Old Beliver Publications: Prob- lems Of Determining The Protograph .......................................................... 109 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 109 2. Research Goals and Targets. Research Material ................................. 110 3. Composition of Texts ...................................................................................... 113 4. Comparative Analysis of the Linguistic Characteristics of Texts .............. 114 4.1. Graphics and Orthography (General Remarks) .............................. 114 4.1.1. Differences in Spelling Stemming from Historical Trends 115 7 4.1.2. Homonyms миръ1 and миръ2 ............................................... 116 4.2. Inflection ............................................................................................... 117 4.2.1. Inflection of nouns .................................................................. 117 4.2.2. Inflection of Adjectives ........................................................... 119 4.2.3. Pronoun Forms ........................................................................ 119 4.2.4. Verb Forms ............................................................................... 121 4.3. Morphological Variants ...................................................................... 121 4.3.1. Morphology of Nouns ............................................................. 121 4.3.2. Morphology of Adjectives ...................................................... 122 4.3.3. Morphology of Verbs and Participles ................................... 123 4.4. Synonymity of Syntactic Constructions ........................................... 123 4.4.1. Syntax of Collocations ..................................................................... 123 4.4.2. Predicative Units in a Complex Sentence ............................. 124 4.5. Differences in the Lexical Content of Texts ..................................... 125 4.6. Omissions and Insertions ................................................................... 127 5. Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 128 Depiction of Saints in Menaia Texts ................................................................. 131 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 131 2. History of Research ......................................................................................... 132 3. Service to the Holy Maccabees ...................................................................... 135 4. Service to Holy Protomartyr
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