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The Siouan Tribes of the East

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The Siouan Tribes of the East BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY: J. W. POWELL, DIRECTOR - i \ i WASHINGTON government printing office 1894 ADVERTISEMENT The work of the Bureau of American Ethnology is conducted under act of Con¬ gress u for continuing ethnologic researches among the American Indians under the direction of the Smithsonian Institution.77 Two series of publications are issued by the Bureau under authority of Congress, viz, annual reports and bulletins. The annual reports are authorized by concurrent resolution from time to time and are published for the use of Congress and the Bureau; the publication of the series of bulletins was authorized by concurrent resolution first in 1886 and more definitely in 1888, and these also are issued for the use of Congress and the Bureau. In addition, the Bureau supervises the publication of a series of quarto volumes bearing the title, “ Contributions to North American Ethnology,77 begun in 1877 by the United States Geographical Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region. These publications are distributed primarily by Congress, and the portions of the editions printed for the Bureau are used for exchange with libraries and scientific and educational institutions and with special investigators in anthropology who send their own publications regularly to the Bureau. The exchange list of the Bureau is large, and the product of the exchange forms a valuable ethnologic library independent of the general library of the Smithsonian Institution. This library is in constant use by the Bureau collaborators, as well as by other anthropologists resident in or visiting Washington. The earlier volumes of the annual reports and the first seven volumes of the uCon- tributions to North American Ethnology77 are out of print. Exchanges and other contributions to the Bureau should be addressed, The Director, Bureau of American Ethnology, , Washington, D. C., U. S, A. v=22 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2018 with funding from Wellcome Library https://archive.org/details/b30477578 SMITHSONIAN INS T 1 T U 1’ ION BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY: J. W. POWELL, DIRECTOR T 1 I E SIOUAN BY JAMES MOONEY WASH LIS G TON govehnient’peinting office 1894 ciV lh&D CONTENTS Page Introduction. 5 The southern Atlantic stocks. 5 Siouan migrations and Iroquois conquests. 9 The Biloxi. 14 The Paskagula, Moctobi, and Chozetta. 17 The Manalioac confederacy. 18 The Monacan confederacy, including the Saponi and Tutelo...... 23 The Monacan proper. 25 Collateral tribes. 35 The Mahoc. 35 The Nuntaneuck or Nuntaly. 36 The Mohetan. 36 The Meipontsky or Meipousky. 37 The Saponi and Tutelo. 37 The Occaneechi..-... 53 The Sara and Iveyauwee.t. 56 The Sara and their allies. 56 The Keyauwee... 61 The Eno, Shoccoree, and Adshusheer.. .. 62 The AVoccon, Sissipahaw, Cape Fear, and Warrennuncock Indians. 64 The Catawba. 67 The Waxhaw and Sugeree. 74 The Pedee, Waccamaw, and Winyaw; the Hooks and Backhooks. 76 The Sewee, Santee, Wateree, and Congaree. 78 Other South Carolina tribes. 81 Cherokee. 83 Shawano. 83 Uchi..... 83 Saluda. 83 Notchee. 83 Etiwaw.:... 85 AYesto an d Stono. 85 Edisto. 85 Coosa. 86 Cusobo . 86 Local names from Siouan tribal names in Virginia and Carolina. 87 Authorities. 89 Index. 93 ILLUSTRATION Map showing the location of the Siouan tribes of AOrginia and the Carolinas.. 5 3 BULLETIN V = 22 PL. 1 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY.' JULIUS BlEN 4, CO. LITH. N.Y. * * * THE SIOUAN TRIBES OF THE EAST By James Mooney “’Tis good to muse on nations passed away.” INTRODUCTION. THE SOUTHERN ATLANTIC STOCKS. When the French and English established their first permanent settlement in America they found the whole country in possession of numerous aboriginal tribes, some large and powerful, others restricted to a single village and its environs. The variety of languages and dialects at first appeared to be well-nigh infinite; but on further acquaintance it was discovered that these were easily reducible to a few primary stocks. Excluding the Eskimo along the northern coast, the first great group comprised the tribes of the Algonquian stock, whose territory on a linguistic map appears like a large triangle, extending on the north from the Atlantic to the Rocky mountains, but gradually narrowing southward until it dwindles to a mere coast strip in Virginia and North Carolina, and finally ends about the mouth of Neuse river. The territory of the next great group, comprising the tribes of the Iroquoian stock, either lay within or bordered on the Algonquian area. Around Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, and stretching to a considerable distance inland on either side, were the Iroquois proper, the Huron or Wyandot, and several other closely connected tribes; on the lower Susquehanna were the Conestoga or Susquehanna and their allies; on Nottoway and Meherrin rivers, in Virginia, were tribes bearing the names of those streams, and on the lower Neuse, in North Carolina, < were the Tuskarora; while on the southwest, in the fastnesses of the southern Alleghanies, were the Cherokee, whose territory extended far into the gulf states. Although the territories held by the several Iroquoian tribes were not all contiguous, the languages, with the excep¬ tion of that of the Cherokee, which presents marked differences, are so closely related as to indicate a comparatively recent separation. The country southwest of* the Savannah was held chiefly by tribes of the Muskhogean stock, occupying the greater portion of Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, with parts of Tennessee and Florida. 5 rBUREAU OF 6 SIOUAN TRIBES OF THE EAST. LETHNOLOGY West of all these tribes was the territory of the great Siouan or Dakotan stock, extending in a general way from the Mississippi to the Rocky mountains and from the Saskatchewan to the Arkansas. With the tribes farther westward and southward the present paper is not concerned. Most of these tribes had fixed locations in permanent villages, sur¬ rounded by extensive cornfields. They were primarily agriculturists or fishermen, to whom hunting was hardly more than a pastime, and who followed the chase as a serious business only in the interval be¬ tween the gathering of one crop and the planting of the next. The Siouan tribes, on the contrary, although generally cultivating the ground to a limited extent, were essentially a race of hunters, follow¬ ing the game—especially the buffalo—from one district to another, here today and away tomorrow. Their introduction to the horse on the prairies of the west probably served only to give wider opportunity for the indulgence of an inborn roving disposition. Nomads have short histories, and as they seldom stopped long enough in one place to become identified with it, little importance was attached to their wan¬ derings and as little was recorded concerning them. The position of the Algonquian and Iroquoian tribes, as the native proprietors of an immense territory claimed by two great rival Euro¬ pean nations, rendered their friendship a matter of prime concern throughout the colonial period5 and each party put forth strenuous efforts to secure their alliance against the other. As a principal means to this end, numerous missionaries were sent among them, especially by the French, to learn their languages, become familiar with their habits of living and modes of thought, and afterward to write down the facts thus gathered. There were besides among the early settlers of New England and the northern states generally a number of men of lit¬ erary bent who made the Indians a subject of study, and the result is a vast body of literature on the northern tribes, covering almost every important detail of their language, habits, and history. In the south the case was otherwise. The tribes between the mountains and the sea were of but small importance politically,* no sustained mission work was ever attempted among them, and there were but few literary men to take an interest in them. War, pestilence, whisky and systematic slave hunts had nearly exterminated the aboriginal occupants of the Carolinas before anybody had thought them of sufficient importance to ask who they were, how they lived, or what were their beliefs and opinions. The region concerning which least has been known ethnologically is that extending from the Potomac to the Savannah and from the moun¬ tains to the sea, comprising most of Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Of some of the tribes formerly within this area the lin¬ guistic connection has long been settled; of some others it is a matter of recent discovery ; of others again it is still a matter of doubt; while SIOUAN 1 MOONEYj * ALGONQUIAN AND IROQUOIAN STOCKS. 7 some must forever remain unclassified, for the tribes have perished from the earth without lea ving a word of their languages behind. The Indians occupying the coast of Virginia, and extending as far inland as the geologic structure line marked by the falls of the princi¬ pal streams, formed the Powhatan confederacy, belonging to the Algon- quian stock. Adjoining them on the south were another Algonquian people, known to Raleigh’s colonists of 1585 as the Weapemeoc, and at a later date as Yeopim (Weapeme-oc), Perquiman, Pasquotank, and Poteskeet, occupying that portion of North Carolina north of Albemarle sound and extending as far westward as Edenton; between Albemarle sound and Pamlico river and on the outlying islands were the Secotan of Raleigh’s time, known afterward as Mattamuskeet, Macli- apunga and Hatteras Indians; while the Pamlico country, between Pam¬ lico and the estuary of Neuse river, was held by the Pamlico or Pamti- cough, together with the Bear River Indians, the Pomouik or Pama- waioc of Raleigh’s colonists; all these people being Algonquian. The tribes here classed as Algonquian are known to have been such from the vocabularies and isolated words of their languages given by Smith, Stracliey, Lawson, and others, and from the numerous local names which they have left behind in the territory they once occupied.
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