DOCSLIB.ORG

First Phase Investigations of Late Aboriginal Settlement Systems in the Eno, Haw, and Dan River Drainages, North Carolina

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
First Phase Investigations of Late Aboriginal Settlement Systems in the Eno, Haw, and Dan River Drainages, North Carolina FIRST PHASE INVESTIGATIONS OF LATE ABORIGINAL SETTLEMENT SYSTEMS IN THE ENO, HAW, AND DAN RIVER DRAINAGES, NORTH CAROLINA Daniel L. Simpkins With a contribution by Gary L. Petherick Research Report No. 3 Research Laboratories of Anthropology The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill October, 1985 FINAL REPORT FIRST PHASE INVESTIGATIONS OF LATE ABORIGINAL SETTLEMENT SYSTEMS IN THE ENO, HAW, AND DAN RIVER DRAINAGES, NORTH CAROLINA by Daniel L. Simpkins with a contribution by Gary L. Petherick Roy S. Dickens, Jr. Principal Investigator Research Laboratories of Anthropology University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill October, 1985 Report prepared under a Survey and Planning Grant from the United States Department of the Interior and administered by the North Carolina Division of Archives and History. ABSTRACT Archaeological survey, analysis of curated collections, collector interviews, and ethnohistoric research in the Eno, Haw, and Dan River valleys of North Carolina have been conducted to provide data on and hypotheses about aboriginal intersite settlement system change under the influence of European intrusion and expansion. Data on settlement patterns for the Late Prehistoric period (1300-1525 A.D.) have been compiled and are compared with settlement patterns for succeeding intervals, extending as late in time as the archaeological and historic records allow. A total of 297 previously recorded and newly discovered sites having possible Late Prehistoric and Contact period aboriginal components is examined in terms of five functional types and six chronological periods. Sherds totaling 5,771 from 110 sites are grouped by surface treatment and are compared with a regional database of 25 assemblages from 17 sites. The ceramic data provide a foundation for establishing a tentative chronology and for discussing possible ethnic affiliations for sites and areas. Places of origin and ethnic affiliation of aboriginal groups known to have been present in the survey area in historic times are discussed in terms of possible interaction networks between groups, movements of groups through time, and the possibility of association between particular archaeological sites and villages named in the ethnohistoric literature. Results of a systematic augering program in the vicinity of 31Or231 (Occaneechi Town) are used to predict feature and burial locations in unexcavated portions of that site and to establish boundaries between 31Or231 and three adjacent sites (31Or11, 31Or233, and 31Or239). Finally, the project findings are used to formulate several testable models about aboriginal settlement system change during the Contact period. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT. ii LIST OF FIGURES . vi LIST OF TABLES. vii INTRODUCTION. 1 Sponsorship and Funding. 1 Personnel. 1 Project Objectives . 2 Curation . 3 Site Numbering System. 4 BACKGROUND. 5 Project Goal . 5 Archaeological Context . 6 Survey Acreage, New Sites, and Revisited Sites . 7 Environment. 9 FIELD METHODS . 11 Survey . 13 Collector Interviews . 15 Primary Documents Research . 18 SUBSURFACE TESTING. 19 Test Block 1 . 19 Test Block 2 (31Or233) . 22 Test Block 3 . 23 Test Block 4 . 24 Test Block 5 . 24 iii Page Testing at 31Or231 . 25 Discussion . 27 PROJECT RESULTS . 29 Introduction . 29 Occaneechi . 31 Eno, Shoccoree, and Adshusheer . 36 Saxapahaw. 39 Saponi and Tutelo. 40 Keyauwee . 45 Sara . 46 Discussion . 48 POSSIBLE LOCATIONS OF ETHNOHISTORICALLY DOCUMENTED VILLAGES WITHIN THE CORE AREA . 49 Lawson's 1701 Achonechy. 49 Lederer's 1670 Akenatzy. 49 Lawson's 1701 Sissipahau . 50 Lawson's 1701 Adshusheer . 51 Eno and Shakor . 54 Lawson's 1701 Keyauwee . 60 Sara . 61 ARCHAEOLOGICAL ANALYSES . 66 Ceramic Analyses . 66 Site Size/Function Classification. 75 Chronological Classification . 79 Discussion of Drainage Characteristics and Settlement Patterns. 84 iv Page TENTATIVE MODELS OF SETTLEMENT SYSTEM CHANGE. 94 Component Clusters With Contact Occupations. 99 Spatial Implosion and Spatial Evaporation. 102 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE WORK . 108 REFERENCES CITED. 111 APPENDICES. 119 A. SITE NUMBER SYNONOMY . 120 B. ALL ABORIGINAL CERAMIC SITES: EVALUATION. 122 C. SITES LISTED AS WOODLAND IN STATE FILES WHICH ARE NOT LISTED BY SURVEY. 136 D. ALL AREAS FIELD CHECKED WITH SITES . 142 E. ALL AREAS FIELD CHECKED WITHOUT SITES. 145 F. ALL NEW AND REVISITED SITES: SURVEY FACTORS . 146 G. ALL AREAS NOT FIELD CHECKED. 150 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Archaeological Reconnaissance Area of the Eno and Haw Valleys. 8 2. Cultural and Physical Geography. 12 3. Hillsborough Archaeological District . 20 4. Results of 1984 Soil Auger Testing at the Fredricks Site . 21 5. Subsurface Feature Density within Auger Testing Area at the Fredricks Site . 26 6. Location of Historic Indian Trails within the Study Area . 64 7. Late Aboriginal Sites of the Upper Dan River Drainage. 89 8. Late Aboriginal Sites of the Eno and Haw Drainages . 91 vi LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Sites by Drainage . 68 2. Frequency of Ceramic Surface Treatments by Drainage . 68 3. Percentages of Identifiable Ceramic Surface Treatments by Drainage. 68 4. Radiocarbon Dates of Ceramic Series . 80 vii INTRODUCTION Sponsorship and Funding The work summarized in this report was partly sponsored by a survey and planning grant from the National Park Service, Department of the Interior, through the North Carolina Division of Archives and History. The National Park Service grant matched funds applied to the project by the Research Laboratories of Anthropology (RLA) of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The survey project has been integrated, wherever possible, with the Siouan Project being conducted by the RLA. Personnel Roy S. Dickens, Jr. acted as Principal Investigator for the survey project. R. P. Stephen Davis, Jr. designed the artifact coding formats and ran the computer analyses of aboriginal ceramics. A strategy by which the survey work could be integrated into the larger Siouan Project and by which problems set by terrain and limited visibility could be dealt were also developed by Davis. H. Trawick Ward provided important information on past survey work in the study area as well as information necessary to retrieve data from RLA files and collections. Joffre L. Coe provided valuable personal recollections derived through his long experience in the survey area and with the underlying problems that the present survey attempts to address. Daniel L. Simpkins acted as field supervisor and principal writer of this report. Gary L. Petherick was field assistant for the project and wrote the sections of the report on systematic auger testing in the Hillsborough Archaeological District. Petherick also undertook much of the ceramic analysis, compilation of site forms, map work, and many other tasks necessary to the completion of this report. Bryan P. Sorohan was responsible for much of the artifact processing, site form preparation, and polar planimetry. Esther White also completed several site forms for the project. Project Objectives This report attempts to fulfill two separate, but related, objectives. The first is to provide a cultural resource management tool. Specifically, the report presents a compilation, synthesis, and upgrading of site-specific and regional data for Late Prehistoric and Contact period sites in the Eno, Haw, and Dan River basins exclusive of major reservoir areas. As a compilation of data, the report should be useful in site specific evaluations as well as in general predictive modeling of site locations. The archaeological survey is also part of a larger research effort, the Siouan Project, which is currently being conducted by the RLA under the direction of Roy S. Dickens, Jr. The central focus of the Siouan Project is the study of diversity and change among the Indian groups of the northern part of the North Carolina Piedmont during the Late Prehistoric and Contact periods. The format of the Siouan Project is conjunctive, in that analyses of all data categories are focused upon central problems, i.e., data from each category supplements and elucidates all others. For example, research has recently been completed on lithics (Tippitt 1985), ceramics (Davis 1985), faunal remains (Holm 1985a and b), plant remains (Gremillion 1984, 1985), European trade and trade goods (Carnes 1985; France 1985), human skeletal remains (Sorohan 1985; Wilson 1985), mortuary practices (Ward 1985; Wilson 1984), and intrasite settlement patterns (Petherick 1985). These studies have been based largely on work at the Wall (31Or11), Fredricks (31Or231), and Mitchum sites (31Ch452). This report presents an initial statement on intersite settlement patterns of late prehistoric and historic aboriginal groups of the 2 northern North Carolina Piedmont. The study necessarily draws heavily upon analyses of various artifacts and intrasite data as reported in the works cited above. Conversely, the results of the present study should provide insights into European trade and intrasite settlement patterns that will be useful to researchers of the other data sets. The Siouan Project is in the third year of a proposed five-year plan. The present Siouan Project is heir to previous research oriented toward similar questions. Such research has been conducted intermittently by the RLA over a span of more than forty years, during which time much data on intersite settlement patterning has been gathered. This data has awaited compilation and synthesis. Also, there has been a need to reduce logistical problems of analysis and synthesis. To meet
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Trading Path and North Carolina
    Journal of Backcountry Studies The Trading Path and North Carolina BY REBECCA TAFT FECHER Frontier is a subjective term, and one that has shifted and evolved over the years. North Carolina‟s piedmont and mountains originally were „frontier‟. The ever shifting frontier of North Carolina was explored cautiously, and with the help of the natives. In their explorations, and settlement of North Carolina, old native “trading paths” were utilized. Although some has been written about roads and paths into this area, most of the focus has been on the “Great Wagon Road”. A more fascinating look into the settlement of North Carolina‟s frontier is “the braided network of paths” and roads that make up what are referred to as the Great Trading Path.1 The label, in reality, referred to any number of different paths/roads within the state. This network allowed for the settlement of far flung areas in North Carolina, laying the ground work for where towns were formed, and providing a starting point for later roads throughout the state. Trade path routes were originally buffalo paths that then became Indian trails which were taken over by European explorers and settlers. Remnants of these old roads and trails have largely been forgotten as cars speed by, but can still be seen along many roads in this state. In many places, current roads overlay the centuries old paths. “The slender paths of aboriginal intercourse have been broadened and interwoven into the complex mazes of modern commercial lines”.2 Not only do these old roads represent our colonial beginnings, but they are a tangible part of our history that had a direct impact on where and how North Carolina was settled.
    [Show full text]
  • Tuscarora Trails: Indian Migrations, War, and Constructions of Colonial Frontiers
    W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 2007 Tuscarora trails: Indian migrations, war, and constructions of colonial frontiers Stephen D. Feeley College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Indigenous Studies Commons, Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Feeley, Stephen D., "Tuscarora trails: Indian migrations, war, and constructions of colonial frontiers" (2007). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539623324. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-4nn0-c987 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Tuscarora Trails: Indian Migrations, War, and Constructions of Colonial Frontiers Volume I Stephen Delbert Feeley Norcross, Georgia B.A., Davidson College, 1996 M.A., The College of William and Mary, 2000 A Dissertation presented to the Graduate Faculty of the College of William and Mary in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Lyon Gardiner Tyler Department of History The College of William and Mary May, 2007 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. APPROVAL SHEET This dissertation is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Stephen Delbert F eele^ -^ Approved by the Committee, January 2007 MIL James Axtell, Chair Daniel K. Richter McNeil Center for Early American Studies 11 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner.
    [Show full text]
  • POP RPT Cover
    Sandhills’ Families: Early Reminiscences of the Fort Bragg Area Cumberland, Harnett, Hoke, Moore, Richmond, and Scotland Counties, North Carolina by Lorraine V. Aragon February, 2000 Cultural Resources Program Environmental and Natural Resources Division Public Works Business Center Fort Bragg, North Carolina Cover painting by Martin Pate, Newnan, Georgia. XVIII Airborne Corps and Fort Bragg, North Carolina Dedication and Acknowledgments This research project is dedicated to the kind Sandhills people who gave their time and cooperation to facilitate its accomplishment. It also is dedicated to their kin and ancestors: to all the remarkable individuals who ever lived or worked on the vast, beautiful, and difficult lands purchased by the United States Army to become Fort Bragg. The implementation of this oral history project would have never occurred without the support of Dr. Lucy A. Whalley of the U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratories, and Wayne C.J. Boyko, Beverly A. Boyko, and William H. Kern of the Fort Bragg Cultural Resources Program. Excellent project assistance was provided by Beverly A. Boyko, W. Stacy Culpepper, and William H. Kern at Fort Bragg, and by Mark Cooke, Larry Clifton Skinner, and Elizabeth Eguez Grant at East Carolina University. I am further grateful to Charles L. Heath, Joseph M. Herbert, and Jeffrey D. Irwin of the Fort Bragg Cultural Resources Program for their input on logistical and historical data. Lorraine V. Aragon, Ph.D. East Carolina University i Abstract This project contributes to historical documentation of Fort Bragg lands through archival research and oral history interviews with descendants of early settlers of the area prior to its purchase by the United States Government.
    [Show full text]
  • Where Have All the Indians Gone? Native American Eastern Seaboard Dispersal, Genealogy and DNA in Relation to Sir Walter Raleigh’S Lost Colony of Roanoke
    Where Have All the Indians Gone? Native American Eastern Seaboard Dispersal, Genealogy and DNA in Relation to Sir Walter Raleigh’s Lost Colony of Roanoke. Roberta Estes Copyright 2009, all rights reserved, submitted for publication [email protected] or [email protected] Abstract Within genealogy circles, family stories of Native American1 heritage exist in many families whose American ancestry is rooted in Colonial America and traverses Appalachia. The task of finding these ancestors either genealogically or using genetic genealogy is challenging. With the advent of DNA testing, surname and other special interest projects2, tools now exist to facilitate grouping participants in a way that allows one to view populations in historical fashions. This paper references and uses data from several of these public projects, but particularly the Melungeon, Lumbee, Waccamaw, North Carolina Roots and Lost Colony projects3. The Lumbee have long claimed descent from the Lost Colony via their oral history4. The Lumbee DNA Project shows significantly less Native American ancestry than would be expected with 96% European or African Y chromosomal DNA. The Melungeons, long held to be mixed European, African and Native show only one ancestral family with Native DNA5. Clearly more testing would be advantageous in all of these projects. This phenomenon is not limited to these groups, and has been reported by other researchers such as Bolnick (et al, 2006) where she reports finding in 16 Native American populations with northeast or southeast roots that 47% of the families who believe themselves to be full blooded or no less than 75% Native with no paternal European admixture find themselves carrying European or African y-line DNA.
    [Show full text]
  • THE MOUTH of the HAW the NEWSLETTER of the HAW RIVER TRAIL PARTNERSHIP Fall 2015
    THE MOUTH OF THE HAW THE NEWSLETTER OF THE HAW RIVER TRAIL PARTNERSHIP Fall 2015 What is the NEW PROPERTY ACQUISITIONS TO EXPAND LAND TRAIL Haw River wenty-seven new property acquisitions have been added to the land trail route in Southern Trail T Alamance County, between Great Alamance Creek south of Swepsonville River Park and Cane Partnership? Creek on the Alamance-Orange County line. This stretch of river is over ten miles long and gaining land here requires the cooperation of several landowners. We have acquired The Haw River critical pieces to continue the Haw Trail Partnership River Trail (HRT) south from was formed with Swepsonville River Park and to create the goal of helping nearly four miles of contiguous HRT the public enjoy in the heart of Saxapahaw. The and conserve the existing Saxapahaw section will natural resources extend two miles downriver and one of the Haw River mile upriver, following the Church corridor. Road bridge and connecting to trails on Saxapahaw Island. Funding for the The Partnership is project came from a multi-year grant the result of a from the North Carolina Parks and signed Recreation Trust Fund. Memorandum of Understanding between ten SAXAPAHAW ISLAND governmental Haw River Trail – Saxapahaw Mill Race agencies agreeing PARK to work together for the e are pleased to announce preliminary plans for development of W Saxapahaw Island Park, a nature-based park that trails along the combines elements of community and family; art and river and culture; and play and learning with recreation. The park will conservation of feature hiking trails, gathering spaces, waterfront access, the river and lands and a nature play and learning area.
    [Show full text]
  • Glencoe & Sellers Falls Sections Saxapahaw Swepsonville River
    Shallow Ford Natural Area Glencoe & Sellers Falls Sections Swepsonville River Park Indian Valley Haw River Trail Swepsonville River Park: 2472 Boywood Road, Swepsonville Golf Course Great Bend Park Indian Valley to 2.3 mi k Glencoe Paddle Access Total Acres: 30 Cree Great Bend Park um at Glencoe Glencoe Paddle Access to 1.7 mi k Pl Glencoe Stoney Creek Marina Operated By: Town of Swepsonville e e !i !F !_ Historic District Highland Trail .8 mi r Ë (336)578-5644, http://www.swepsonvilletownof.net C Stoney Creek Island Trail .5 mi n i Marina Camping s Legend a Opened in 2006, this 30 acre park was one of the first on the Haw Haw River Paddle Access B Greenwood Drive Glencoe Î River Trail. Protecting over a mile of riverfront, the park also Shallow Ford 3.3 mi. Paddle Access Carolina Mill Road !i!F!¡!_ conserves one of the most historically important river crossings Loop Trail in Alamance County. The park offers nearly two miles of walking Indian Valley Stoney Creek Basin Creek . mi. Upper Access trails, fishing and camping. Camping is offered on a first-come, Paddle Access Marina Swepsonville-Saxapahaw Road Trail 2472 Boywood Rd. first-served basis. There are two entrances to the park. The !i !F!¡ !_ !i !F Swepsonville NC 21359 upper entrance allows access to the take-out for paddlers Highway 62 Hidden Hill 2.2 mi. coming downstream from Haw River and Graham. The lower entrance provides a put-in for paddlers heading downstream Trail B o yw to Saxapahaw or paddling up Great Alamance Creek.
    [Show full text]
  • Haw River Assembly #9: Haw River North Carolina Summary
    Photo: Haw River Assembly #9: Haw River North Carolina Summary Threat: Polluted runoff The Haw River is an important At Risk: Clean water and public health resource for more than a million people providing drinking water and The River recreation in central North Carolina. Unfortunately, rollbacks of rules The Haw River flows 110 miles from its headwaters in the designed to address water pollution north-central Piedmont region of North Carolina to the Cape threaten the health of local residents Fear River just below Jordan Lake Reservoir. The river and its watershed provide drinking water to nearly one million people and fish and wildlife. The North living in and around the cities of Greensboro, Burlington, Carolina legislature must act to clean Chapel Hill, Cary, and Durham. This 1700 square mile up this important river in order to watershed is home to a variety of fish and wildlife, including protect the water supply and a key blue heron, bald eagle, beaver, deer, otter, largemouth and recreational resource for major cities smallmouth bass, bowfin, crappie, carp, and bluegill. The Haw in North Carolina. also contains important habitat for the endangered Cape Fear shiner and an assortment of rare freshwater mussel species. Local residents appreciate the Haw for its outdoor recreational opportunities, including hiking, paddling, swimming, fishing, picnicking, as well as the solitude and quiet the river offers. The Haw River is the most popular whitewater paddling river in the North Carolina Piedmont Region, and Jordan Lake (a 14,000 acre reservoir) provides recreation for about 1 million visitors a year for boating, swimming, camping, and fishing.
    [Show full text]
  • Cape Fear River Basin Action Plan for Migratory Fish
    Cape Fear River Basin Action Plan for Migratory Fish e Fe ap ar C R p i i v e h r s developed by P r a r t n e The Cape Fear River Partnership The Cape Fear River Partnership was formed in 2011 with a vision of a healthy Cape Fear River for fish and people. The partnership's mission is to restore and demonstrate the value of robust, productive, and self-sustaining stocks of migratory fish in the Cape Fear River. Building on the momentum of the newly constructed fish passage at Lock & Dam #1, this partnership of key federal, state, local, academic, and other organizations in the region is working together on this multi-year action plan. Using a broad range of tools and capabilities, we seek to provide long-term, habitat-based solutions for the most pressing challenges for migratory fish. The partnership strives to measure achievement of our mission our success with the following targets: increased fish populations (as measured by catch-per-unit efforts, improved age structure, and other techniques), increased recreational fishing success for shad, striped bass, and river herring (as measured by creel surveys), and a re-opened striped bass and river herring harvest in the Cape Fear River. The following organizations are members of the Cape Fear River Partnership: American Rivers (AR) Atlantic Coastal Fish Habitat Partnership (ACFHP) Cape Fear Arch Conservation Collaboration (Arch) Cape Fear Public Utility Authority (CFPUA) Cape Fear River Assembly Cape Fear River Watch (CFRW) City of Wilmington Dial Cordy and Associates Inc. (DC&A) Eagles
    [Show full text]
  • Fish Consumption Patterns and Mercury Advisory Knowledge Among Fishers in the Haw River Basin
    ORIGINAL ARTICLE Fish Consumption Patterns and Mercury Advisory Knowledge Among Fishers in the Haw River Basin Jill E. Johnston, Kate Hoffman, Steve Wing, Amy Lowman background Fish consumption has numerous health benefits, with fish providing a source of protein as well as omega-3 fatty acids. How- ever, some fish also contain contaminants that can impair human health. In North Carolina, the Department of Health and Human Services has issued fish consumption advisories due to methylmercury contamination in fish. Little is known about local fishers’ consumption -pat terns and advisory adherence in North Carolina. methods We surveyed a consecutive sample of 50 fishers (74.6% positive response rate) who reported eating fish caught from the Haw River Basin or Jordan Lake. They provided information on demographic characteristics, species caught, and the frequency of local fish con- sumption. Additionally, fishers provided information on their knowledge of fish consumption advisories and the impact of those advisories on their fishing and fish consumption patterns. results The majority of participants were male (n = 44) and reported living in central North Carolina. Catfish, crappie, sunfish, and large- mouth bass were consumed more frequently than other species of fish. Of the fishers surveyed, 8 reported eating more than 1 fish meal high in mercury per week, which exceeds the North Carolina advisory recommendation. Most participants (n = 32) had no knowledge of local fish advisories, and only 4 fishers reported that advisories impacted their fishing practices. limitations We sampled 50 fishers at 11 locations. There is no enumeration of the dynamic population of fishers and no way to assess the representativeness of this sample.
    [Show full text]
  • Burlington, Graham and Haw River, NC City
    — ALAMANCE LAUNDRY Gleaners and Dyers Telephone 560 I The First National Bank | I of Burlington, North Carolina i C Your money is safe when deposited with us—4% interest on savings 5 $ and time deposits TUs JH 5 Capital $ 60,000.00 % > Resources 1,300,000.00 5 i Officers i 5 W. W. liASLEY, President J. M. BEOWNING, Vico-Prest. ? J A. L. DAVIS, Cashier B. W. MALONE, Asst. Cashier J ^ I SERVICE % Dunng the 15 3rears of our life we have tried to emphasize f this one word in all its meaning- .? EVIDENCE llttAfI % We have grown from Capital of $15,060.00 in 1906, to over < ^'^«" 5 J $200,000. This i ^ ®^^ every line we can give you the best of service. t ftll— g Insurance, Loans, Real Estate § i ^ ALARfANCE INSURANCE & REAL i ESTATE COMPANY i < BurUngton, N. C. W. E. SHARP, Mgr. -J >. i Capital. ,.....,. ,....$300,000.00 i* J < Surplus and Profits 30,000.00 < This \ AlamanceBank&TrustCo. \ (The Bank with the Chimes) jj ^ i Oldest, Largest and Strongest in the County > ? % COLE'S DAIRY LUNCH ROOM Cleanliness and Prompt Service Our Motto — ; ,S' DIRECTORY rmm«t:«mt:mmmjm«mt««:::mm«« ._.—,+ ^Pickett, Fust Viee-Pres. ^os.; Wv^W. Brown, Sec. j ?as. ; W. R. Froshwatcr, ,l)('|)ai'tuuMit Library OF THE University of NortK Carolina Tiiis book was presented by Co»T^rr>eyoiauL oervice^ Co \2X-0.U Trust Co. j uenirai Loan i i Capital and Surplus $350,000.00 Burlington, N. C. Telephone 122 j { | We Pay 6 Per cent Interest, Semi-Annually j j DIRKCTOKS M.
    [Show full text]
  • Roberta Estes
    Roberta Estes ect shows significantly less Native American ancestry than would be expected with 96% European or African Within genealogy circles, family stories of Native Y chromosomal DNA. The Melungeons, long held to be American1 heritage exist in many families whose Ameri- mixed European, African and Native show only one can ancestry is rooted in Colonial America and traverses ancestral family with Native DNA.4 Clearly more test- Appalachia. The task of finding these ancestors either ing would be advantageous in all of these projects. genealogically or using genetic genealogy is challenging. This phenomenon is not limited to these groups, and has With the advent of DNA testing, surname and other been reported by other researchers. For example, special interest projects, tools now exist to facilitate the Bolnick (2006) reports finding in 16 Native American tracing of patrilineal and matrilineal lines in present-day populations with northeast or southeast roots that 47% people, back to their origins in either Native Americans, of the families who believe themselves to be full-blooded Europeans, or Africans. This paper references and uses or no less than 75% Native with no paternal European data from several of these public projects, but particular- admixture, find themselves carrying European or ly the Melungeon, Lumbee, Waccamaw, North Carolina African Y chromosomes. Malhi et al. (2008) reported Roots and Lost Colony projects.2 that in 26 Native American populations, non-Native American Y chromosomes occurred at a frequency as The Lumbee have long claimed descent from the Lost high as 88% in the Canadian northeast, southwest of Colony via their oral history.3 The Lumbee DNA Proj- Hudson Bay.
    [Show full text]
  • Perfluorinated Compounds in the Cape Fear Drainage Basin in North
    Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41, 5271-5276 a great variety of products (4). While most residents tested Perfluorinated Compounds in the in the industrialized countries have detectable levels of many Cape Fear Drainage Basin in North PFCs in their blood (5), the routes of exposure and the associated risks are largely unknown. Carolina A series of studies in Japan has suggested a relationship between PFOS and PFOA levels in water supplies and in the blood of residents living in some of the most heavily SHOJI NAKAYAMA, MARK J. STRYNAR, industrialized areas of that country (6, 7). Likewise, in the LAURENCE HELFANT, PETER EGEGHY, United States, PFOA in human blood was found to be XIBIAO YE, AND ANDREW B. LINDSTROM* correlated to the consumption of contaminated well water and homegrown fruits and vegetables in one particularly National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental contaminated area (8). Other studies have documented that Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, the PFCs are ubiquitous in aquatic food webs and that they North Carolina 27711 tend to be concentrated in the fish that may be eaten by humans (9, 10). Although mounting evidence indicates the importance Concern over perfluorinated organic compounds (PFCs), of aquatic systems in the global transport of many of the e.g., perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic PFCs (11, 12), there are still few data that have been published describing PFC distributions in the aqueous environment. acid (PFOA), is due to a number of recent studies which In the small number of studies which have been published, show that the PFCs are persistent, bioaccumulative, and many aspects of the collection and analysis procedures are toxic in animals.
    [Show full text]