Indian National Movement

EARLY UPRISINGS AGAINST THE BRITISH RULE

TRIBAL MOVEMENTS

Chuar (Midnapur, Bengal 1766- 1772 & 1795-1816) Hos (Singhbhum 1820, 1822, & 1832) Kol (Chottanagpur 1831-1832) led by BuddhuBhagat Ahom (Assam 1828-33) led by GomadharKonwar Khasi (Khasi Hills-Assam and Meghalaya 1829-32) led by Triat Singh and Bar Manik. Bhills Khandesh 1817-19, 1825, 1831, 1847) led by Sewaram against the company owing to agrarian hardship Kolis (Sahyadri Hills-Gujarat-Maharashtra 1824, 1829, 1839, 1844- 48) Koyas Rampa Godavari region of Andhra Pradesh (1840, 1845, 1858, 1861-62, 1879, 1880, 1896, 1916, 1922-24). In 1922-24 led by Alluri Sitarmaraju. Santals (Rajmahal Hills-SanthalPargana, Bihar 1855-56) led by Sindhu and Kanhu. Naikda (PanchMahals-Gujarat 1858-59 and 1868) led by Rup Singh and JoriaBhagat Kacha Naga (Cachar-Assam 1882) led by Sambhudam Mundas Chotanagpur 1899-90. Known as ulgulan led by Birsa Munda against the erosion of their Kuntkatti land system, recruitment of forced labour (Beth-Begar) and against the activities of the Christian missionary. They attacked churches and police station Bhils (Banswara, SuthiDungarpur-Rajasthan 1913) led by Govindu Guru

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Kukis (Manipur 1917-19) led by Jadonang Ramoshi In 1822-29, they rose against deposition of Raja Pratap Singh of Satara in 1839 Chanchus (1921-22) in Andhra Pradesh. Pahariyas The British expansion on their territory led to an uprising by the martial pahariyas of the Raj Mahal Hills in 1778 Kharwar The Kharwars of Bihar in the 1870s. Bhuyan and The first uprising of 1867-68 was under the leadership of Rata Juang Nayak Singphos Assam in early 1830 Zeliangsong The Zeliangsong Movement of the Manipur Nagar was launched by the Zemi, Liangmei and Rongmei Naga Under Jodanang (1905-31). The other leader was Gaidinliu who fed the Heraka cult.

5.2 NON-TRIBAL MOVEMENTS

Farazi Led by Haji Shariatullah and his son DaduMian degeneration Movement of Islamic Faridpur, East Bengal society and loss of power to the British. It supported the cause of tenants against the Zamindari system, Mian was finally arrested and confined to Alipore jail. Godkari Assumption of direct administration of Kolhapur by British Rebellion and (Kolhapru 1844-45) resentment of Gadkris against revenue policy. Final suppression of the movement by the British. PagalPanthis Led by Karan Sjaj and his son Tipu. A demi-religious sect. Rose against the oppression of the Zamindars. Sambhalpur Led by Surendra Sai, interference of British in the internal Uprisings affairs of (Orissa 1840-41) Sambalpur, Surendra Sai was finally arrested and imprisoned by the British (1840)

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Sanyasi Led by religious monks and disposed zamindars. Against Revolt restrictions (Bengal 1760-1800) imposed by the English company on visiting holy places and ruin of peasant and Zamindars. The Kuka The Kuka movement started as a religious movement though it Revolt later began to acquire political overtone. The movement began in 1840 by Bhagat Jawaharlal or Sian Saheb in west Punjab. The movement aimed to purge Sikhism by preaching abolition of castes and similar discriminations and discouraging the eating of meat and taking of drugs. Women were encouraged to step out of seclusion. After the British conquered the Punjab, the movement began to focus on achieving Sikh sovereignty. The British followed extremely repressive measures from 1862 to 1872 to suppress the movement.

Important Peasant Movements and Association

Movement Region Leader Objective & Year PagalPanthis Bengal Karam Shah Against hike in rents; the Movement &Tipu Shah movement was violently (1825-1835) suppressed. Moplah Uprisings Malabar Kumahammad Against rise in revenue (1836-1854) eHozi and Ali demand and reduction of Musaliar field size. Indigo Revolt Nadia Degambar and Against terms imposed by (1859-1869) district Bishnu Biswas European indigo planters; Indigo Commission (1860) set up to view the situation. Phadke’sRamosi Ramosi, Vasudev Against the British failure Uprising Maharashtr Balwant to take up anti-famine (1877-1887) a Phadke measures. Patna Agrarian Patna Shah Chandra Against policies of Uprising (1872) District, Roy, Shambhu zamindars to prevent East Bengal Pal, Khoodi occupants from acquiring

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Indian National Movement

Mollah and occupancy rights, Bengal supported by Tenancy Act (1885) was B.C. Chatterjee passed. & R.C. Dutt Poona Sarvajanik Districts of M.G.Ranade To popularise the Sabha (1870) Thana, peasants legal rights. Colaba and Ratnagiri Champaran Champaran Peasants Against the Tinkatia Satyagraha (1917) , Bihar system imposed by the European Indigo planters; the Champaran Agrarian Act abolished the Tinkathia System. Kheda Satyagraha Kheda, Peasants led by Against ignored appeals (1918) Gujarat Gandhiji for remission of land revenue in case of crop failure; the demands were finally fulfilled. U.P.Kisan Sabha United IndraNarainD (1918) Province wivedi& - Madan Mohan Malviya Awadh Peasant Barielly- - Movement (1918) Pratapgarh -

Oudh Kisan Sabha Oudh Nehru & Baba - (1920) Ram Chandra Andhra Ryots Andhra N.G. Ranga Accepted abolition of Association (1928) Zamindari

All India Kisan Apex Swami Protection of peasants Sabha (1936) organisatio Sahajananda from economic n of exploitation peasants Bardoli Surat, Kunbi – Against oppression by Satyagraha (1928) Gujarat Patidar upper caste and hike in peasants and revenue by 22 per cent by untouchables the Bombay Government; supported by the revenue was brought

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Mehta down to 6.03% brothers, Vallabhabhaip atel Eka Movement Hardoi, Members of Against hike in rents. Barabanki Pasi and Ahir and Sitapur Castes Districts Tebhaga Bengal By poor Against Zamindars and Movements (1946) peasants & moneylenders; tenants Bargardari Bill was &Bargardars passed. or share- croppers Telanga Hyderabad VinobaBhave Against practices of Insurrection moneylenders and Movement officials of the Nizam of (1946-1951) Hyderabad. Telangana movement resulted in Bhoodan Movement.

POLYGARS UPRISING  The Polygars of Madurai Country  Palaiyakkara, Poligar, Palegaadu, were instrumental in establishing Polygar, Palegar, or Polegar was administrative reforms by the feudal title for a class of building irrigation projects, forts territorial administrative and and religious institutions. military governors appointed by  Their wars with the British after the Nayaka rulers of South India the demise of Madurai Nayakas is (notably Vijayanagar Empire, often regarded as one the earliest Madurai Nayakas and the Indian Independence struggles. Kakatiyadynastry) during 16th-18th  Many were hanged and some centuries. banished forever to Andaman  The word is an English corruption Islands by the British. of palayiakkarar (Tamil) or  Puli Thevar, Veerapandya Palegaadu (Telugu) or Kattabomman, Dheran Paaleyagaara (Kannada). Chinnamalai, Marudu brothers, Uyyalawada Narasimha Reddy

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Indian National Movement

were some of the most notable the country into 72 palaiyams to Polygars who rose up in revolt 72 chieftains, some of them locals against the British rule in South and the rest Telugu leaders of India. detachments who had  The war against the British forces accompanied ViswanathaNaicker predates the Sepoy Mutiny in from Vijayanagar. Northern India by many decades  Most Palaiyams were dry tracts of but still largely given less land with scanty rainfall found in importance by historians. the western parts of Tamil Nadu.

Beginnings Role of a Poligar  The First Naicker King of Madurai  The Poligar’s role was to ViswanathaNayak (1559-1563); a administrate their Palaiyams shrewd administrator, assisted by (territories) from their fortified his famous Dalavoy (Governor centers. General) cum Pradhani (first  Their chief functions were to citizen) AriyanathaMudaliar are collect taxes, maintain law and credited with establishing “the order, run the local judiciary, and polygar (palaiyakkrar) system” in maintain a battalion of troops for Madurai Kingdom. the king.  The Madurai Kingdoms consisted  They served as regional military of present day Western Tamil and civil administrators. Nadu with Coimbatore, Salem and  In turn they were to retain the Kollidam River forming the revenue collected as tax and northern boundary barring submit the remaining to the king’s Tanjore Kingdom and Western treasury. Ghats forming the western border  The Poligars also at times founded and Kanniyakumari in the South. villages, built dams, constructed  To make the territorial tanks and built temples. administration more efficient,  Also the rulers taxed regions ViswanathaNaicker and according to the cultivable and AriyanathaMudaliar apportioned fertility of the land.

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Indian National Movement

 Often several new rainwater tanks  The Nawabs often expensive tax were erected in the Semi-Arid collection campaigns and lavish tracts of western and south Tamil spending drove him to Nadu. bankruptcy, resorting to huge  Their armed status was also to borrowings from the British. protect the civilians from robbers  In 1752, the old Madurai Kingdom and dacoits who were rampant in was leased to a savage warrior those regions and from invading Mohammed Yusuf Khan, and was armies which often resorted to backed with troops from the pillaging the villages and British and Carnatic Nawab to countryside. bring the Polygars into control.

Rebellions against British  He immediately went around  With the downfall of Madurai pillaging and damaging the Kingdom in 1736 anarchy country-side to subdue the prevailed in those regions. Polygars, until he was killed by his  Starting in the 1690’s the Madurai overlords. Kingdom became a feudatory  But by the end of Yusuf Khan’s life under the Mughals, represented he had bought many polygars by the Nawab of Carnatic (The under control with several of them Nawab of Arcot) and after the killed. 1750’s the region came under the  Later in late 18th century to complete control of the Carnatic compensate loans borrowed from Nawab, who was the new overland British, the Nawab ceded his tax of the Polygars. collection rights to the former,  The Carnatic Nawab’s tax who in turn raised the taxes, collection efforts often ended in irrespective of a regions agrarian small wars with the polygars, who produce, enraging several refused to recognise his authority Polygars. and considered him as a usurper.

The first Indian to receive - Dr. SarvepalliRadhakrishnan Bharat Ratna Award - C. Rajagopalacharai , C.V. Raman

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Indian National Movement

 The Polygars saw the British as an assistance of the British army unwanted intruder, still refusing under Col. Heron undertook an to accept the weak Nawab. expedition to suppress the revolt Puli Thevar in March 1755.  Among the Palayakkarars, there  Puli Thevar and the were two blocs, namely the MaravaPalayakkarars of the Western and the Eastern blocs. Western bloc stood firm against  The Western bloc had Marava the British. Col. Heron decided to deal with the Maravas firmly.  Col. Heron tried to change the mind of Puli Thevar by diplomatic moves and by show of force. But he failed in his attempts. Puli Thevar proceeded to consolidate his position by organising the MaravaPalayakkarars of the West into a strong confederacy.  He also attempted to get the support of Haider Ali of Mysore Palayakkarars and the Eastern and the French, against the bloc had Telugu Palayakkarars. British.  Puli Thevar of Nerkkattumseval  The British approached Ramnad, headed the former and Pudukottai and the Dutch for Kattabomman of Panchalam help. Haider Ali couldn’t help Puli kuruchi led the latter. These two Thevar due to a Mysore-Maratha Palayakarars refused to pay the struggle. kist (tribute) to the Nawab and  Yusuf Khan (Khan Sahib) was rebelled. entrusted by the British with the  Many of the neighbouring duty of tackling Puli Thevar and Palayakkarars put up certain his allies. pretexts and did not pay the tribute. Mahfuz Khan, with the Page 8

Indian National Movement

 Puli Thevar attacked Madurai and  Major Bannerman, armed with captured it from Mahfuz Khan. extensive powers, assumed the Puli Thevar’s military success had command of the expedition. On no parallel. The native ruler the 1st September, 1799 the Major triumphed against the British. served an ultimatum directing  It is a clear demonstration of the Kattabomman to surrender and Marava might and the heroism of attend on him at palayamkottai on the patriots. But Yusuf Khan the 4thKattabomman replied that recaptured Madurai. he would submit on a lucky day.  With the help of the Palayakkarars  Bannerman considered this replay of the Eastern bloc and the king of as evasive and decided on military Travancore, Yusuf Khan had action. On 5th September many victories. After fierce Kattabomman’s fort was attacked. battles, Nerkkattumseval was  On the 16th reinforcements attacked in 1759. reached from Palayamkootai. In a  In 1767, this city was captured by clash at Kolarpatti the Col. Campbell. Puli Thevar Palayakkarar troops suffered escaped and died in exile without heavy casualty and finally fulfilling his purpose of Sivasubramania Pillai was taken checking the growth of the British prisoner. influence.  Kattabomman escaped to  Although his attempt ended in Pudukkottai. The ruler of failure, he leaves a valiant trail of Pudukkottai captured a struggle for independence in the Kattabomman from the jungles of history of South India. Kalapore and handed him over to Expedition to Panchalamkuruchi the British.  In May 1799, Lord Wellesley Veerapandiya issued orders from Madras for the Kattabomman advance of forces from  Veera Pandya Kattabomman Tiruchirappali, Thanjavur and became the Palayakarar of Madurai to Tirunelveli. Panchalamkuruchi at the age of

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Indian National Movement

thirty on the death of his father, rashness wrote letters to Jagavira Pandya Kattabomman. Kattabomman in a threatening  The Company’s administrators, language. James London and Colin Jackson  There is a tradition to indicate had considered him as a man that Kattabomman declared: “It without education but of peaceful rains, the land yields, why should we pay tax to the English?”. By 32 May 1789, the total arrears of tribute from Kattabomman amounted to 3310 pagodas.  Though Jackson wanted to send an army against Kattabomman, the Madras Government did not give permission. disposition. Yet, several events  Hence, on 18th August 1789 led to the conflict between Jackson sent an order to Kattabomman and East India Kattabomman to meet him at Company. Ramanathapuram within two  During this period the collection weeks. of tribute served as a cause of  In the meantime, Kattabomman friction. The Nawab of Arcot who went with arrears of tribute to had this right surrendered it to the meet Jackson. Kattabomman was English under the provisions of humiliated twice by Jackson when the Karbatak Treaty of 1792. the former wanted to meet him at  Therefore, the chief of Tirukuttalam and Srivilliputtur. Panchalamkuruchi, Kattabomman  But he was told that he could meet had to pay tribute to the English. the collector only at In September 1798, the tribute Ramanathapuram. Despite this from Kattabomman fell into humiliation, kattabomman arrears. followed Jackson for twenty three  Collector Jackson in his days in a journey of 400 miles characteristic arrogance and

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Indian National Movement

through the latter’s route and Kattabomman to appear before a reached Ramanathapuram on the Committee. 19th September.  Meanwhile, the government  An interview was granted by released Sivasubramania Pillai Jackson and Kattabomman and suspended the Collector, cleared most of the arrears leaving Jackson. In response only 1090 pagodas as balance. Kattabomman decided to submit.  During this interview He appeared before the Kattabomman and his Minister, Committee, with William Brown, Sivasubramania Pillai, had to William Oram and John stand before the arrogant collector Casmayor as members. The for three hours together. Still he Committee found Kattabomman did not permit them to leave the not guilty. place, but directed them to stay  S.R. Laushington was now inside the fort. appointed Collector in the place of  Kattabomman suspected the Jackson, latter was eventually intensions of Jackson. Hence, he dismissed from service. tried to escape with his minister and brother Oomathurai. At the Fall of Kattabomman gate of the fort there followed a  Bannerman brought the prisoners clash, in which some people to an assembly of the including Lieutenant Clarke were palayakkarars and after a mockery killed. Sivasubramania Pillai was of trial sentenced them to death. taken prisoner. But Sivasubramania Pillai was Kattabomman escaped. executed at Nagalapuram on the  After his return to 13th of September. Panchalamkuruchi, Kattabomman  On the 16th October, ViraPandyan appealed to the Madras Council was trailed before an assembly of submitting the facts. The Madras Palayakkarars, summoned at Government directed Kayattar. In an assertive tone and with contempt for death he

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admitted the charges levelled  He was held with high regard by against him. the Gounder community who  There upon, Bennerman continue use him as a symbol of announced death penalty. On the Independence for the community. 17th of October Kattabomman was  He was one of the main leaders in hanged to death at a conspicuous the polygar Wars and commanded spot near the old fort of Kayattar. a vast army, notably during the ViraPandyan faced the last second polygar War that took moments of his life with the pride of a hero. Dheeran Chinamalai  Dheeran Chinnamalai born as Theerthagiri Sarkkarai Mandraadiyaar or Theerthagiri Gounder (on April 17, 1756) was a Kongu chieftain and Palayakkarar place in 1801-1802. from Tamil Nadu who rose up in  A thousand-strong army under revolt against the British East him took French Military training India Company in the Kongu in modern warfare alongside Nadu, Southern India. Tipu’s Mysore forces to fight  Kongunadu comprised the against the British East India modern day districts of Company. Coimbatore, Nilgiri, Tirupur,  They helped Tipu Sultan in his Erode, Salem, Dharmapuri, Karur, war against the British and were Namakkal and parts of Dindigul instrumental in victories at District and Krishnagiri Districgt Chitheswaram, Mazahavalli and of Tamil Nadu state. Sriangapatan.  He was born in Melapalayam,  He was the first south Indian to near Erode in the South Indian oppose the British rule in India.

state of Tamil Nadu.

First Indian Sports person to receive Bharat Ratna- Sachin Tendulkar

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Indian National Movement

 After Tipu’s death, Chinnamalai much broader character than its settled down at Odanilai in Kongu predecessor. Nadu and constructed a fort there  It was directed by a confederacy and defeated the British battles at consisting of Marudu Pandian of Cauvery in 1801, Odailai in 1802 Sivaganga, Gopala Nayak of and Arachalur in 1804. Dindugal, Kerala Verma of  Later, Chinnamalai left his fort to Malabar and KrishnappaNayak avoid cannon attack and engaged and Dhoondaji of Mysore. in guerrilla warfare while he was  The insurrection which broke out stationed at Karumalai in the in Coimbatore in June 1800, soon palani region. spread to Ramanathapuram and  He was captured by the British Madurai. who hanged him at Sankagiri Fort  By May 1801, it had reached the on 31th July 1805 (Aadiperukku Northern provinces, where day). Marudu Pandian and Melappan Marudu Brothers provided the leadership.  Despite the exemplary repression Oomathurai, the brother of of palayakkars in 1799, rebellion Kattabomman emerged as a key broke out again in 1800, this time leader. in a more cohesive and united  In February 1801, Oomathurai manner. and two hundered men by a cleverly move took control of panchalamkuruchi Fort.  The fort now re-occupied and reconstructed by rebel forces, Panchalamkuruchi became the centre of the uprising.  Although the 1800-1801 rebellion  Three thousand armed men of was to be categorized in the Madurai and Ramanathapuram, British records as the Second despatched by Marudu Pandian, Palayakkarar War, it assumed a

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joined up with the  Under the terms of the Karnatak Panchalamkuruchi forces. Treaty (31 July, 1801), the British  However, British forces quickly assumed direct control over Tamil asserted itself. The Palayakkarar Nadu. forces based at  The Palayakkarar system came to PanchalamKuruchi were crushed. a violent end and the Company By the orders of the government, introduced the Zamindari the site of the captured fort was settlement in its place. ploughed up and sowed with castor oil and salt so that it should League of the Palayakkarars never again be inhabited.  Thus, the English removed the  The British forces quickly source of grievance to overpowered the remaining Kattabomman. Yet, the insurgents. The Marudu brothers humiliation suffered by and their sons were put to death. kattabomman affected his self-  Oomathurai and Sevatiah were respect. beheaded at Panchalamkuruchi  During this time, MaruduPandyan on 16th November, 1801. of Sivaganga organized the South  Seventy-three of the principal Indian Confederacy of rebels rebels were sentenced to against the British transportation. So savage and  The Tiruchirappali Proclamation extensive was the death and was made. He sent missions to destruction wrought by the Panchalamkuruchi. Thus a close English that the entire region was association between left in a state of terror. Kattabomman and  The suppression of the MaruduPandyan established. Palayakkarar rebellions of 1799  The events now moved to a crisis. and 1800-1801 resulted in the In August 1798, the son of the liquidation of the influence of the Palayakkarar of Sivagiri and his chieftains. adviser visited Panchalamkuruchi and held consultations.

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 Kattabomman decided to First Polygar War 1799 establish his influence in Sivagiri  The war between the British and with the aid of the son of the KattabommanNayak of Palayakkarar. PanchalankurichiPalayam in the  As the Palayakkarar of Sivagiri then Tirunelveli region is often was a tributary to the Company, classified as the First Polygar war. the Madras Council considered  In 1799, a brief meeting (over this move as a challenge to its own pending taxes) between authority and ordered war against Kattabomman and the British kattabomman. ended in a bloody encounter in Polygar Wars which the British commander of  Polygar war or Palayaikarar war the forces was slain by the former. refers to the wars fought between  A price was put on the Polygars (Palaiyakkarars) of Kattabomman’s head prompting former Madurai Kingdom in many Polygars to an open Tamil Nadu, India and the British rebellion. East India Company forces  After a series of battles in the between March 1799 to May 1802 Panchalankurichi fort with or July 1805. additional reinforcements from  The British finally won after ThiruchirapalliKattabomman was carrying out long and difficult defeated, but he escaped to the protracted juggle campaigns jungles in Pudukottai country. against the Polygar armies and  Here he was captured by finally defeated them. Pudukottai Raja (after an  Many lives were lost on both sides agreement with the British) and and the victory over Polygars after a summary trial made large part of territories of Kattabomman was hanged in Tamil Nadu come under British front of the public in order to control enabling them to get a intimidate them, near Kayatharu strong hold in India. Fort, close to the town of Kovilpatti and in front of fellow

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Polygars too who had been  In the second poligar war that summoned to witness the followed, Oomaithurai allied execution. himself with Maruthu brothers  Subramania Pillai, a close (who ruled Sivagangai) and was associate of KattabommanNayak, part of a grand alliance against the was also publicly hanged and his Company which included head was fixed on a pike at DheeranChinnamalai and Kerala Panchalankurichi for public view. Verma.  Soundra Pandian Nayak, another  The Company forces led by L.t. rebel leader, was brutally done to Colonel Agnew laid siege to the death by having his head smashed Panchalakurichi fort and captured against a village wall. it in May 1801 after a prolonged  Kattabomman’s brother siege and artillery bombardment. Oomaidurai was imprisoned in  Oomaithurai escaped the fall of Palayankottai prison while the fort the fort and joined Marudu was razed to the ground and his brothers at their jungle fort at wealth looted by the troops. KalayarKovil.  Oomaithurar, along with the Second Polygar War 1800-1805 Marudu brothers, was hanged on  Despite the suppression of the 16 November 1801. First polygar War in 1709,  The Palayakarrars were all in rebellion broke out again in 1800. control in their forts, had artillery  The Second war was more stealthy and even had a weapon Pandiyan and covert in nature. The Brothers joined up with the rebellion broke out when a band Panchalankurichi forces. of polygar armies bombed the British barracks in Coimbatore in Defeat 1800.  The British finally won after a  The leaders were more cohesive long expensive campaign that and united with people from took more than a year. Kerala and Mysore taking part.

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 However, the superior British  Seventy-three of the principal military who had recently rebels were sentenced to defeated the powerful Tipu Sultan perpetual banishment. of Mysore quickly asserted itself.  So savage and extensive was the  The British had better artillery death and destruction wrought by compared to the Polygar troops the British that the entire region who had country-made gunfire was left in a state of terror. artillery, barring a few proper ones received from erstwhile Tipu End of the Polygar system Sultan’s army.  After a long and expensive  The war being regional in nature, campaign the British finally the British forces could easily defeated the revolting Polygars, of mobilize additional forces from whom many were beheaded and other regions. hanged while others were  Eventually the Polygar forces deported to the Andaman Islands. based at Panchalankurichi were  Of the Polygars who submitted to crushed and by the orders of the the British some of them were colonial government, the site of granted Zamindari status, which the captured Panchalankurichi has only tax collection rights and Fort was Ploughed up and sowed disarmed them completely. (The with salt and castor oil so that it Zamindari system originated in should never again be inhabited. Bengal, but was adopted by the  The colonial forces quickly British). overpowered the remaining insurgents. The Marudu brothers VELLORE MUTINY and their sons were put to death,  Vellore was the capital of while Oomathurai and Sevathaiah erstwhile North Arcot district in were beheaded at Tamil Nadu. Panchalankurichi on 16  In Vellore the native sepoys rose Novermber 1801. in revolt in 1806.

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under the Company since their earlier patrons (the native chieftains) were all disappearing from the scence.  The strict discipline, practice, new weapons, new methods and  This incident differs from other uniforms were all new to the previous rebellions. The earlier sepoys. rebellions were those of the  Anythings new appears to be native rulers. difficult and wrong for a man who  The Vellore Mutiny was is well-settled in the old way of life organized by the sepoys. for a long-time.  The earlier rebellions had only a  Sir John Cradock, the regional interest. Every prince commander-in-chief, with the wanted to safeguard his own approval of Lord-William kingdom at any cost. Bentinck, the Governor of  But Vellore Mutiny was the result Madras, introduced a new from of of spontaneous outflow of the turban, resembling a European feelings of the sepoys who served hat. under the Company.  Wearing ear rings and caste marks  It was a protest by the sepoys were also prohibited. against the Company. This  The sepoys were asked to shave protest showed the future the chin and to trim the possibilities.

moustache. Causes  The sepoys felt that these were  Several causes are attributed to designed to insult them and their the Vellore Mutiny. religious and social traditions.  Indian sepoys had to experience  There was also a popular belief numerous difficulties when they that this was the beginning of a went to serve in the Company’s process by which all of them army. would be converted to  The sepoys were forced to serve

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Christianity. planned for the extermination of  The English treated the Indian the European officers and troops. sepoys as their inferior. There was But this was not taken seriously. the racial prejudice. This was the  On the eve of the Mutiny at psychological base for the sepoy Vellore FettehHyder, the first mutinies in India during the son of Tipu, tried to form an Company’s rule. alliance against the English and  The sepoys once served the local sought the help of the Marathas chieftains (either Hindu or and the French. Muslim). The chieftains were  FettahHyder received secret their own kindmen but now they information through one served under the foreigners. MohommedMalick. Besides,  They can never forget their princes FettahHyder and Moiz- original loyalities. The Vellore ud-Deen in particular were active uprising was preceded by a series in planning the execution of the of protests by the Indian troops. Mutiny.  In May 1806, the 4th Regiment  Thus, there was the desire to rose in revolt against the new revive the old Muslim rule in this turban. The Commander-in-Chief region. The sepoys were aware of took severe action the sepoys who the tragic end of Puli Thevar, were found guilty were punished Khan Sahib, Kattabomman, with 500 to 900 lashes. Marudu Brothers, Tipu Sultan and  Before the mutiny secret others. Hence there were ill- association were formed and feelings about the British in the meetings held in which Tipu’s minds of the sepoys. All these led family took part. to the rebellion.  On June 17th 1806 a sepoy of the Course of the Mutiny 1st Regiment named Mustapha  On July 10th in the early morning Beg, secretly informed his the native sepoys of the 1st and commanding officer, Colonel 23rd Regiments started the revolt. Forbes, that a plot had been Colonel Fancourt, who

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commanded the garrison, was  The commander-in-chief and the their first victim. governor were recalled.  Colonel Me Kerras of the 23rd  Vellore Mutiny failed. There was Regiment was shot down on the no proper leadership. The parade-ground. rebellion was also not well  Major Armstrong was the next organized. officer to be killed during the  But it is the starting point of a new mutiny. About a dozen other era of the resistance of the sepoys officers were also killed. to the British rule. The 18th  Major Cootes who was outside the century was marked by the fort dashed to Ranipet, 14 miles resistance of the local chieftains. away, and informed Colonel  The first six decades of 19th Gillespie at 7 am. Col. Gillespie Century was marked by the reached the Vellore fort at 9 A.M. resistance of sepoys.  Meantime, the rebels proclaimed  K.K. Pillai rejects the thesis that FuttehHyder, Tipu’s first son, as Vellore Mutiny led to the 1857 their new ruler and hoisted tiger- revolt. V.D. Savarkar calls the striped flag of Tipu Sultan. Vellore Mutiny of 1806 as the  But the uprising was swiftly prelude to the first War of Indian crushed by Col. Gillespie. 800 Independence in 1857. Indian soliders were found dead  N.Sanjivi proclaims that the in the fort alone. Six hundred Tamils had taken the real lead in soliders were imprisoned in the Indian freedom struggle. K. Tiruchi and Vellore. Rajayyan argues that this mutiny  Some rebels were hung, some shot was a continuation of the Marudu dead. The uprising was thus Brothers resistance movement brought to a bloody end. Tipu’s against the colonial rule. son was sent to Calcutta.

The first Indian to receive Magsaysay Award- Acharya VinobaBhave

First Indian Cricketer to get Padma Bhushan- C Naidu

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THE GREAT REVOLTOF 1857

The Great Revolution of 1857 The Revolt of 1857 has been hailed  The Revolt of 1857 was a product as the watershed or the great divide in the colonial history of of the character and policies of British India. The Revolt of 1857 British colonial rule. The causes was fundamentally different from of revolt emerged from all aspects earlier rebellions by the soldiers, peasants and tribals of the 19th Socio-cultural, economic and century. The scale and spread of political. Moreover, it was not an the Revolt of 1857 was larger; isolated rebellion rather a chain sepoys at many centres mutinied of rebellions were already taken and this was accompanied by civil disturbances. The extent of the place in different area of their revolt was mostly over North, territory prior to 1857. central and parts of western India. It was the most significant movement of resistance against The Causes of Revolt European colonial rule. Immediate Causes  The issue of greased cartridges and military grievances has been over-emphasised, as the factor for the Revolt of 1857. However, the recent research has proved that the cartridge was neither the only cause nor even the most important. In fact the multiple causes i.e., social, religious, political and economic worked together to produce the rebellion.

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Social and Religious Causes Millitary Grievances  The British had abandoned its  The extension of British policy of non-interference in the dominion in India had adversely socio-religious life of the Indians. affected the service condition of Abolition of Sati (1829), Hindu the sepoys. They were required Widow Remarriage Act (1856) to serve in area away from their were such as direct interference homes without the payment of of colonial power into Hindu extra bhatta. religious beliefs.  An important cause of military  Christian missionaries were discontent was the General allowed to enter India and carry Service Enlistment Act, 1856, on with their mission of which made it compulsory for the proselytising by an act in 1850. sepoys to cross the seas,  The Religious Disabilities Act of whenever required. The Post 1850 modified the traditional Office Act of 1854, withdrew the Hindu law. According to it, the free postage facility for them. change in religion would not Political Causes debar a son from inheriting the  The last major extension of the property of his father.

British Indian territory took Economic Causes place during the time of  British rule led to breakdown of Dalhousie. Dalhousie the village self-sufficiency, announced in 1849, that the commercialisation of agriculture, successor of Bahadur Shah II which burdened the peasantry, would have to leave the Red adoption of free trade Fort. imperialism from 1800, de-  The annexation of Baghat and industrialisation and drain of Udaipur were however, cancelled wealth all of which led to overall and they were restored to their decline of economy. ruling houses.  When Dalhousie wanted to apply the Doctrine of Lapse to Karauli Page 22

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(Rajputana), he was overruled by  Dalhousie abolished the titles of the Court of Directors. the Nawab of Carnatic and the Raja of Travancore and refused Doctrine of Lapse to grant the pension to the  According to the policy of adopted son (Dhondu Pant, Doctrine of Lapse, introduced by better known as Nana Sahib) of Lord Dalhousie, the adopted the last Peshwa, (Baji Rao II) sons of the deceased kings were after the latter’s death in 1851. derecognised as heirs to the  Canning announced in 1856, that throne, which subsequently led the successors of Bahadur Shah

to the annexation of large State Year of number of kingdoms. Annexation  Dalhousie annexed Awadh in Satara 1848 Jaitpur (Uttar 1849 1856, on the ground of misrule. Pradesh) The annexation of Awadh was Sambhalpur 1849 also represented by Bengal (Orissa) Baghat 1850 Army, 3/5 of whom belonged to Udaipur 1852 Awadh. Sir James Outam, who Jhansi 1853 had been the British Resident in Nagpur 1854 Awadh since 1854, was were to be known only as princes appointed as the first Chief and not as kings.

Commissioner in 1856, but he Chronology of Dalhousie’s was replaced by Sir Henry Annexation through Doctrine of Lawrence (He was the Chief Lapse Commissioner when revolt broke Agrarian Causes out).  The Summary Settlement of

1856, which was first introduced First Indian to get the Grammy Award- PanditRavishankar in the North-Western provinces,

The first Indian to get ParamVir was extended to Awadh. Chakra- Major Somnath Sharma

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 It by passed the middle men in cavalry stationed at Meerut the collection of revenues. refused to use the greased  Heavy over-assessment of land cartridge. Eighty-five of them revenue impoverished the were dismissed and sentenced to peasants. 10 years imprisonment on 9th  The introduction of the May. institution of private property  The next day, on 10th May, the rights in land by which land entire Indian garrison revolted. became a commodity, which On 11th May, 1857 a band of could be bought, sold, rented or sepoys from Meerut, who had leased. defied and killed the European The course of Revolt officers the previous day, March, 1857 marched to the Red Fort (Delhi).  The revolt was sparked on 29th  Bahadur Shah II was proclaimed March, 1857. The 19th infantry at the Shahenshah-e-Hindustan. Berhampur (Barrackpore), The sepoy’s then set out to refused to use the newly capture and control the imperial introduced enfield rifle. The city of Delhi. infantry was disbanded. Colonel Areas Affected by the Revolt Mitchell was its commanding  Very soon the rebellion spread officer. throughout Northern and  Mangal Pandey, a sepoy of the Central India at Lucknow, 34th Native Infantry at Allahabad, Kanpur, Bareilly, Barrackpore attacked and fired Banaras, in parts of Bihar, at his British officers. The Jhansi and other places. mutiny was suppressed and the  However, the Southern India leader of the mutiny, Mangal remained quiet. Mutinies took Pandey, was finally tried and place at a few places in Punjab executed. (Naushera and HotiMardan), but April-May, 1857 Sir John Lawrence (Chief  Ninety men of the 3rd Native Commissioner of Punjab) easily

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put them down. commander-in chief informed Reasons for Failure of Revolt about the movement of rebels.  The poor organisation and lack  Lack of unity among Indians, of coordination among the rebels many ruling chiefs and big was perhaps the most important Zamindars actively helped cause of its failure. English had British to suppress the revolt. better resources, modern  The modern educated Indians weapons and materials of war. also did not support the revolt.  Telegraph services kept Opinions about the Nature of the 1857 Revolt Authors Opinion/ Views

Sir John Seeley Wholly unpatriotic and selfish sepoy mutiny with no native leadership and no popular support. LER Ries A war of fanatic religionist against Christians. TR Holmes A Conflict between civilisations and barbarism. Outram and A Hindu- Muslim conspiracy. Taylor VD Savarkar Indian War of Independence. Bipin Chandra The entire movement lacked a unified and forward looking programme to be implemented after the capture of power. SN Sen What began as a fight for religion ended as a War of Independence Benjamin Is it a military mutiny or is it a National revolt? Disraeli Dr RC The so-called First National War of Independence of 1857 is Majumdar neither first, nor national and nor War of Independence. Queen’s Proclamation issued on Consequences of the Revolt 1st November, 1858, declared  The Revolt of 1857, resulted in that those who laid down arms significant changes in by 2nd January, 1859 would be administrative structure, policies pardoned except those directly of the government and the involved in the murder of British British attitudes. Lord Canning subjects. Official services would at a Durbar at Allahabad in the

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be open to all without any possessions and promised to discrimination of race or creed. respect the rights, dignity and  To give expression to this pledge honours of native princes. the India Civil Services Act of  The Government of India Act of 1861 was passed, which provided 1858, was passed in the wake of for an annual competitive the Revolt of 1857. The act also examination to be held in known as the Act of the Good London for recruitment to the Government of India, abolished Covenanted Civil Service. Due the East India Company and regard would be given to ancient transferred the powers of usages and customs of India. government, territories and  The Queen’s Proclamation revenues to the British Crown. declared to stop any further extension of territorial Different leaders Associated with the Revolt of 1857 Place Leaders Barrackpore Mangal Pandey Delhi Bahadur Shah II, Bakht Khan Hakim Ahsanullah (Chief advisor to Bahadur ShahII) Lucknow Begum Hazrat Mahal, BijarisQadir, Ahmadullah (advisor of the ex-Nawab of Awadh) Kanpur Nana Sahib, Rao Sahib (nephew of Nana), Tantia Tope, Azimullah Khan (advisor of Nana Sahib) Jhansi Rani Laxmibai Bihar (Jagdishpur) Kunwar Singh, Amar Singh Allahabad and Banaras MaulviLiyakat Ali Faizabad MaulviAhmadullah (He declared the revolt as Jihad against English) Farrukhabad Tufzal Hasan Khan Bijnaur Mohammed Khan Muradabad Abdul Ali Khan Bareilly Khan Bhadur Khan Mandsor Firoz Shah

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Gwalior/Kanpur Tantia Tope Assam Kandapareshwar Singh, ManiramaDatta Orissa SurendraShahi, UjjwalShahi Kullu Raja Pratapsingh Rajasthan Jaidayalsingh and Hardayal Singh Gorakhpur Gajadhar Singh Mathura Devi singh, Kadam Singh

British Officials Associated with Revolt British Officials Place General John Captured Delhi on 29th September, 1857 (Nicholson died Nicolson soon due to a mortal wound received during the fighting). Major Hudson Killed Bahadur Shah’s sons and grandsons in Delhi. Sri Hugh Wheeler Defence against Nana Sahib’s forces till 26th June, 1857. British forces surrendered on 27th on the promise of safe conduct to Allahabad. General Neil Recaptured Banaras and Allahabad in June, 1857. At Kanpur, he killed Indians as revenge against the killing of English by Nana Sahib’s forces. Died at Lucknow while fighting against the rebels. Sir Colin Campbell Final recovery of Kanpur on 6th December, 1857. Final reoccupation of Lucknow on 21st March, 1858. Recapture of Bareilly on 5th May, 1858. Henry Lawrence Chief commissioner of Awadh, who died during the seizure of British residency by rebels at Lucknow on 2nd July, 1857. Major General Defeated the rebels (Nana Sahib’s force) on 17th July, Havelock 1587. Died at Lucknow in December, 1857. William Taylor and Suppressed the revolt at Arrah in August, 1857. Eye Hugh Rose Suppressed the revolt at Jhansi and recaptured Gwalior on 20th June, 1858. The whole of Central India and Bundelkhand was brought under British control by him. Colonel Oncell Captured Banaras.

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Nature of the Revolt historians, R.C. Majumdar and  Character of the Revolt of 1857, S.N. Sen, have analysed the Revolt Sir John Lawrence was of the of 1857 in depth. The two scholars opinion that the Revolt was purely differ in their opinion. a military outbreak, and not a  S.N. Sen believes that the 1857 conspiracy to overthrow British Revolt was part of the struggle for rule. Indian independence.  On the other hand the Revolt of  R.C. Majumdar maintains that the 1857 is hailed by the Indian outbreaks before 1857, whether scholars, especially by civil or military, were “a series of VirSavarkar as the First War of isolated incidents” ultimately Indian Independence. culminated in the Great Revolt of  Two distinguished Indian 1857. Books and Authors 1857 Revolt Authors Books Dr .SN Sen Eighteen Fifty-Seven John Kaye History of the Sepoy War in India (latter completed by Colonel GB Malleson) SB Chaudhary Civil Rebellion in the Indian Mutiny 1857-59 BC Majumdar The Sepoy Mutiny and the Revolt of 1857 AT Embree 1857 in India Etic Strokes The Peasant and the Raj HP Chattopadhyay The Sepoy Mutiny 1857 PC Joshi Rebellion 1857 MaulanaAbulKalam Eighteen Fifty-Seven Azad VD Savarkar The Indian War of Independence 1857 Ashok Mehta 1857 a Great Revolt

First Indian to swim across the English Channel - Mihir Sen

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INDIAN NATIONALMOMENT & THE INDIANNATIONALCONGRESS

Factors for the Rise of The rise and growth of Nationalism Indian nationalism has been  Unification of administration, traditionally explained in terms of Indian response to Modern Education System, Revolt the stimulus generated by of 1857 and other factor grew the Britishers through creation nationalism in Indian people. of new institutions, Following were the main causes of opportunities, resources etc. Infact Indian nationalism national consciousness. grew partly as a result of

Administrative Unification of colonial policies and partlyas reaction to it. India middle classes, workers,  Modernisation was essential industrialists etc. The huge for the colonial scheme of administration and this economic drain on India‟s resources, commercialisation of modernisation in one sense gave agriculture, the policy of land birth to Indian nationalism. settlements accompanied with  Common subjection, common periodic famines was disastrous. institutions and common laws  Discriminatory British economic began to shape India in a and fiscal policies gave rise to common mould. economic nationalism in India.  The establishment of political People came to realise that unity fostered the spirit of one colonial rule was the real cause mindedness. of I Economic Causes ndia‟s economic backwardness.  The economic policies of the  Thus, the spirit of nationalism British adversely affected the received a powerful stimulus in interests of almost all sections of the process. Indian society viz the peasants,

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Modern Postal System and REASONS FOR THE GROWTH the introduction of electric OF INDIAN NATIONAL telegraph during the reign of MOVEMENTS: Dalhousie unified the country Spread of Western Education and facilitated the growth of and Thought nationalism.  English Language It was made  Railways led to increase in the medium of instruction in passenger traffic which in turn schools and colleges in 1835 and increased interaction between it became the language of the the people and maintained a educated people of India. regular contact between them.  The introduction of modern Emergence of Modern Press system of education afforded  The rapid growth of press helped opportunities for assimilation of the nationalist Indians in modern western ideas and made spreading the message of the Indians realise the evil effects patriotism and modern liberal of foreign rule, which in turn ideas and to create a strong gave a new direction to Indian public opinion against the political thinking. excesses and inequities of the  The liberal and radical thought, colonial administration.

of European writers like Milton, Bentham, Rosseau and Voltaire Rediscovery of India’s Past etc.  Historical researches by  Inspired the Indians in general European scholars, such as Max and intelligentsia in particular Muller, Monier Willliams, with the ideals of liberty, Sassoon and Roth and by nationality and self-government. Indian scholars such as RG Bhandarkar, RL Mitra and Development of the means of Swami Vivekanada opened new communication vistas of India‟s rich socio-  Development of railways, political, economic and cultural

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heritage. This gave new sense of Swaraj. Many Arya Samaji‟swere self respect and confidence in the forefront of the national among the nationalists. movement and were primarily  Bankim Chandra wrote Anand responsible for the rise of Math to expose the true extremism in the INC.

character of British Rule. Rise of Urban Middle Class  Dina BandhuMitra wrote Neel Intelligentsia Darpanto expose the  The Western education and exploitation by indigo planters British administrative and and Bharatendu Harishchandra economic innovations gave rise put forward the idea for the use to a new urban middle class in of swadeshi things. towns. This class had close ties

Socio-Religious Movement with the ruling class and were  Various socio-religious reform aware of the imperialistic movements like BrahmoSamaj, policies of the British, came to Arya-Samaj, the Ramakrishna the forefront.

Mission were launched to reform Impact of Contemporary Global the society. Movements  In the religious sphere, the  Some contemporary national reform movements criticised movements in the European religious superstition, idolatry, nations like German Unification, polytheism and hereditary Italian Unification, nationalist priesthood. These movements movements against the Turkish criticised the caste system, empire, Liberation Movement of untouchability and other social Greece and Italy in general and and legal inequalities. of Ireland in particular helped Indian nationalism.  They played a vital role in Lord Lytton’s Reactionary arousing nationalist feeling, like Policies Swami Dayananad for instance,  The highly expensive Second was the first to use the word Afghan War, which was financed

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out of Indian revenues, the Vernacular Press, Amrita Bazaar abolition of import duties on Patrika was immediately British textile and the Arms Act converted to an English Paper. of 1878, which was an attempt to The founding of the newspaper disarm the Indian people, Hindu in Madras was also in created widespread discontent reaction to Lytton‟s Press Act. against the British empire. The Ilbert Bill Controversy (1883)  Another anti Indian move of Officially called the Criminal Lytton‟s regime was the lowering Procedure Amendment Code Bill was introduced by Sir Courtenay Ilbert the age limit (from 21 to 19) for (law member in the Governor- appearing in the Indian Civil General Executive Council) in the Governor Generals Legislative Service Examination that was Council in February, 1883. Its aim held only in London. Against was to give Indian district magistrates and sessions judges the this Indian Association started a right to try European and British massive agitation under the offenders, in criminal Cases. The bill gave birth to strong protest leadership of SN Bannerjee and movement by the members of the Lal Mohan Ghose. The Grand European community and they stood united against the Bill. They sought Durbar organised by Lord of protect their rights and privileges Lytton in 1877 at Delhi to by forming a European and Anglo- Indian Defe proclaim the assumption of nce Association. Ripon had to modify imperial title by Queen Victoria the bill which now provided the European British subjects, accused of when the country was in the criminal offences, the right to claim severe grip of famine. trail by jury, to which no less than half the member had to be Vernacular Press Act Europeans or Americans. The Ilbert  The Vernacular Press Act, (1878) Bill Controversy proved an eye- opener to the Indians and intensified that curbed the liberty of the the growing feeling of unity and Indian Press (later the Act was nationalism among Indians. repealed by Lord Ripon), was Pre-Congress Political popularly known as Gagging Act. Associations To bypass the  During the course of 19 th century restrictions imposed by various organisations started emerging at regional level to Page 4

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represent interests of various foundation for the emergence of sections of Indian Society. These a Pan-Indian Nationalist organisations prepared the Organisation. PRE-CONGRESS ORGANISATIONS/EARLY POLITICAL MOVEMENTS Organisation Founder Place Year Landholder‟s Society/ Dwarakanath Tagore Calcutta 1837 Zamindari Association /1838 Indian National Union AO Hume Calcutta 1883 Bengal British India Society George Thompson Calcutta 1843 British Indian Association DevendraNath Tagore Calcutta 1851 Madras Native Association Lakshmi NarasuChetty, PS Madras 1852 Chettiar Bombay Association JaganathShankersheth Bombay 1852 East India Association Dada Bhai Naoroji London 1866 Poona Sarvajanik Sabha MG Rande, GV Joshi Puna 1870 Indian Association SN Banerjee, Anand Calcutta 1876 Mohan Bose Madras Mahajan Sabha First Leader P. Rangaiya Madras 1884 Naidu, M. Viraraghavachari, G. SubramanyaAiyer, Ananda Charlu Bombay Presidency Pherozshan Mehta, Bombay 1885 K.T.Telang, Badruddin Tyabji Indian Society Anand Mohan Bose London 1872 British Indian Society Willian Adam Calcutta 1839 London Indian Society Badruddin Tyabji, WC London 1865 Banerjee, Pherozshah Mehta National Indian Association Mary Carpenter London 1867 Deccan Association Gopal Hari Deshmukh Pune 1852 National Respresentative London 1883 committee

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INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT  Members of the committee (1885-1905) included AO Hume, SN Birth of Indian National Congress Bannerjee, Narendra Nath Sen,  Congress Subramanya Aiyar, P Ananda was the natural Charlu, SardarDayal Singh, and inevitable LalaSriram, KT Telang and VN product of various Mandalik. forces of the 19th  Before the formation of Indian century. National Congress, two sessions  The credit for the birth of the of the Indian National congress is often given to AO Hume, Conference had been held in who with the blessings of the 1883 and 1885 under the Viceroy Lord Dufferin successfully guidance of SN Bannerjee and organised the prominent political Anand Mohan Bose. leaders and founded Indian  AO Hume was a retired British National Congress. member of Indian Civil Service.

Background of INC He played an important role in  Indian Association decided to the foundation of the Indian hold its first Indian Conference National Congress in 1885. in Calcutta at the same time, so  Earlier, he founded the Indian that it can reach to the masses, National Union in 1884, which is but the plan failed. considered to be the fore runner  In 1884, at the annual of the Indian National Congress. convention of the  He served as the General Theosophical Society at Secretary of INC from 1885 to Adyar in Madras, AO Hume 1906. proposed formation of a  AO Hume published a pamphlet, committee, so as to make an old man’s hope in the necessary preparations for a Madras Session in 1887. session at Pune to be held in

1885. The first Indian pilot- JRD Tata (1929)

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Formation of INC Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya,  Indian National Congress was Badruddin Tyabji, finally formed on 28th December, G.SubramanyaAiyar, AO Hume, 1885. MG Ranade, C ShankaranNaiyar,  The first session of the Indian VS Shrinivas Shastri, Tej Bahadur National Congress was held on Sapru, Anand Mohan Bose, Ras 28th December, 1885 at Bihari Ghosh, Mohanlal Ghosh, P. Tejpal Sanskrit Pathshala, Anand Charlu, CY Bombay under the president Chintamani, RC Dutt, KT Tailang, ship of WC Bannerjee. Madhusudan Das, Rahimtulla M  In 1886, the delegates to Sayani. Congress became 436. Moderate  Surendranath Banerjee was called leaders dominated the Congress the Indian Burke. He firmly in its early phase. The moderate opposed the Partition of Bengal. belief in the essential sense of He founded the Indian justice and goodness of the Association (1876) to agitate for British nation was strong. political reforms. He had  In 1889, a British Committee convened the Indian National of Indian National Congress Conference (1883) which was founded under the merged with the Indian National Chairmanship of W Wedderburn Congress in l886. (biographer of AO Hume) in G.Subramanya Aiyar preached London and a journal India was nationalism through the Madras also started. Mahajana Sabha. He also founded The Hindu and Swadesamitran. MODERATE NATIONALISM Dadabhai Naoroji was known as  The leading figures during the the Grand Old Man of India. first phase were W.C. Banerjee, He is regarded as India‟s Surendra Nath Banerjee, unofficial Ambassador in Dadabhai Naoroji, Pheroze Shah England. He was the first Indian Mehta, Gopalakrishna Gokhale, to become a Member of the British

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House of Commons. Gopal British. They looked to England Krishna Gokhale was regarded as for inspiration and guidance. the political guru of Gandhi. In  The Moderates used petitions, 1905, he founded the Servants resolutions, meetings, leaflets and of India Society to train Indians pamphlets, memorandum and to dedicate their lives to the cause delegations to present their of the country. demands.

Main Demands of Moderates  They confined their political . Expansion and reform of activities to the educated classes legislative councils. only. Their aim was to attain . Greater opportunities for political rights and self- Indians in higher posts by government stage by stage.

holding the ICS examination Achievements of Moderates simultaneously in England and 1. The Moderates were able to create in India. a wide national awakening among . Separation of the judiciary from the people. the executive. 2. They popularized the ideas of . More powers for the local bodies. democracy, civil liberties and . Reduction of land revenue and representative institutions. protection of peasants from 3. They explained how the British unjust landlords. were exploiting Indians. . Abolition of salt tax and sugar Particularly, Dadabhai Naoroji in duty. his famous book Poverty and Un . Reduction of spending on army. British Rule in India wrote his . Freedom of speech and Drain Theory. He showed how expression and freedom to form India‟s wealth was going away to associations England in the form of: (a) Methods of Moderates salaries, (b)savings, (c) pensions,  The Moderates had total faith in (d) payments to British troops in the British sense of justice and fair India and (e) profits of the British play. They were loyal to the companies. In fact, the British

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Government was forced to appoint the Boer wars (1899-1902) the Welby Commission, with demolished the myth of Dadabhai as the first Indian as its Whiteman supremacy. member, to enquire into the 4. The famine and plague of 1896- matter. 97 which affected the whole 4. Some Moderates like Ranade and country and the suffering of the Gokhale favoured social reforms. masses. They protested against child 5. The economic conditions of the marriage and widowhood. people became worse. 5. The Moderates had succeeded in 6. The ill-treatment of Indians in getting the expansion of the South Africa on the basis of legislative councils by the Indian colour of skin. Councils Act of 1892, which 7. The Russo-Japanese war of 1904- allowed some members to be 5 in which Japan defeated the indirectly elected by Indians, but European power Russia. This keeping the official majority encouraged Indians to fight intact. against the European nation, Britain. INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT 8. The immediate cause for the rise (1905-1917) of extremism was the reactionary Causes for the Rise of Extremism rule of Lord Curzon: 1. Dissatisfaction with the methods . He passed the Calcutta and achievements of moderates Corporation Act, (1899) 2. The failure of the Moderates to reducing the Indian control of win any notable success other this local body. than the expansion of the . The Universities Act (1904) legislative councils by the Indian reduced the elected members Councils Act (1892). in the University bodies. It 3. Growing consciousness about the also reduced the autonomy of exploitative character of the the universities and made British rule. Loss of Britain in them government

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departments. Ghosh, Chakravarti Bose, . The Sedition Act and the T.Prakasham and Chidambaram Official Secrets Act (1904) Pillai reduced the freedoms of all  Bipan Chandra Pal began his people. career as a moderate and turned . His worst measure was the an extremist. He played an Partition of Bengal (1905). important role in the Swadeshi Main Objective of Extremists Movement. He preached  Their main objective was to attain nationalism through the nook and Swaraj or complete independence corner of Indian by his powerful and not just self-government. speeches and writings. The methods used by the  Aurobinda Ghosh was another extremists were: extremist leader and he actively 1. Not cooperating with the British participated in the Swadeshi Government by boycotting Movement. He was also government courts, schools and imprisoned. After his release he colleges. settled in the French territory of 2. Promotion of Swadeshi and Pondicherry and concentrated on boycott of foreign goods. spiritual activities. 3. Introduction and promotion of Bal Gangadhar Tilak is regarded as national education. the real founder of the popular anti- British movement in India. He was Leaders of the Extremists known as „Lokamanya‟. He attacked the British through his weeklies, The

Mahratta and the Kesari. He was jailed twice by the British for his nationalist activities and in 1908 deported to Mandalay for six years. He set up the Home Rule League in

1916 at Poona and declared “Swaraj is

 LalaLajpat Rai, my birth-right and I will have it.”

BalGangadharTilak, Bipin

Chandra Pal, Sir Aurobindo

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of population-Zamindars, LalaLajpat Rai is popularly merchants, law years, students known as the ‘Lion of Punjab’. He played an important role in and even women rose up in the Swadeshi Movement. He spontaneous opposition to the founded the Indian Home Rule partition of their province. League in the US in 1916. He was deported to Mandalay on the  Divide and Rule The ground of sedition. He received nationalists could see that it was fatal injuries while leading a a deliberate attempt to divide the procession against the Simon Commission and died on Bengal‟s territory on religious November 17, 1928. grounds as far Eastern part Muslims will be in majority and Partition of Bengal for the Western part, the Hindus.  Through a royal proclamation,  Rabindranath Tagore Lord Curzon ordered Partition composed the National Song of Bengal creating East Bengal Amar Sonar Bangla for the and Assam out of rest of Bengal occasion. This song was adopted on 16th October, 1905. as National Anthem by  The objective was to set up a Bangladesh in 1971, after its communal gulf between the liberation from Pakistan. Hindus and Muslims. The Anti-Partition Movement  The Indian National Movement  The entered its second phase after Anti- the Partition of Bengal. Partition  The British said that the existing province of Bengal was too big to be efficiently administered by a single Provincial Government. movement was initiated on 7th  The Indian National Congress August, 1905. On that day, a and the nationalists of Bengal massive demonstration against firmly opposed the Partition. the partition, was organized in Within Bengal, different sections the Town Hall in Calcutta.

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 The partition took effect on 16th Bengal Technical Institute, October, 1905. Bengal National College. The Swadeshi and Boycott  BC Pal and Chidambram Pillai  It had its origin in the Anti- Vandemataram Movement Patition movement of Bengal. Madras. Mass meetings were held all over  LalaLajpat Rai and Ajit Singh led Bengal, where Swadeshi or the the movement in Punjab. use of Indian goods and the Failure of Swadeshi Movement boycott of British goods were  Severe government repression. proclaimed and pledged. Public  Split in nationalists at Surat burning of foreign cloth were (Moderates and Extremists). organized and shops selling  Lack of effective organization. foreign cloths were picketed.  The movement was rendered  An important aspect of the leaderless. Swadeshi Movement was the Formation of Muslim League emphasis placed on self reliance (1906) or Atmashakti.  Set-up in 1906, under the  Acharya PC Roy organized his leadership of Aga Khan, Nawab famous Bengal Chemical Salimullah of Dhaka and Nawab Swadeshi stores. Mohsin-ul-Mulk.  The Swadeshi Movement had  It supported partition of Bengal, several consequences like opposed the Swadeshi flowering of nationalist poetry, Movement, demanded special prose, journalism, self-reliant safe gurards for its community and constructive activity, and separate electorate for coupled with opening up of Muslims. many national educational  Calcutta Session of INC institutions. (1906) Dadabhai Naoroji, the  Nationalist Educational President of the session, Institutions were founded e.g., declared that Self Government of Swaraj, like that of United

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Kingdom was the goal of Indian group (represented by BC Pal people. and Aurobindo) and the

 Banaras Session of INC, Punjab group (led by 1905-Presided by GK Gokhale- LalaLajpat Rai). first call for Swadeshi.  Aurobindo published New  Meeting of INC at Calcutta 7th August, 1905-Resolution to lamps for old in the Indu boycott British goods was Prakash in 1954-94. It was the adopted. first systematic critique of the moderates. SURAT SPLIT (1907)  The INC splited into two groups Indian Councils Act of 1909 or during the session at Surat in the-Morley Minto Reforms 1907. Extremists were led by  Number of elected members in Lal, Bal, Pal, While Moderates the imperial and provincial by led by GK Gokhale. legislative councils increased. Moderates Separate electorates introduced  They demanded mild for Muslims. constitutional reforms, economic  Non-official member to be relief, administrative elected indirectly. Thus, election reorganization and protection of introduced for the first time. civil rights.  Legislatures could pass Extremists resolutions, ask questions and  They were dissatisfied with the supplementaries and vote for achievement of the moderates. separate items on the budget. They realized that the true  One Indian to be in Viceroy‟s nature of British was executive council. Satyendra exploitative. Sinha was first appointed.  There were 3 groups of  Annulment of Partition in extremists The Maharashtrian 1911, the government announced group (headed by Bal annulment of the Partition of GangadharTilak), the Bengal

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Bengal. Western and Eastern  They began to return India in Bengal were to be reunited. thousands for a co-oridinated Ghadar party (1913) revolt, but unfortunately the  Formed by LalaHardayal, authorities came to know about Taraknath Das and Sohan Singh their plans and took immediate Bakhna. action. The rebellions regiments  The war period witnessed the were disbanded and their leader growth of revolutionary were either imprisoned or movement not only in India, but hanged. outside India as well, by the  Some of the prominent Ghadar Indians. leaders were-Baba Gurumukh  Indian revolutionary in the Singh, Kartar Singh Saraba, United States of America and Sohan Singh, Bakhna, Rahmat Canada had established the Ali Shah, Bhai Paramanand and Ghadar (Rebellion) party in Mohammad Barkatullah. 1913. Most of the members of  To carry out other revolutionary the party were Punjabi Sikh activities, “Swadesh Sevak peasants and ex-soldiers, who Home” at Vancouver and united migrated. India house at Settle was set-up.  The party was built around the weekly paper „The Ghadar‟, KomagataMaru Incident (1914) which carried the caption  Komagata Maru was a Angrezi raj ka Dushman. Japanese steam ship that carried  Headquarters were at San Sikh and Muslim immigrants Francisco. from Punjab to Vancouver,  The outbreak of the First World Canada. But the Ship was forced War provided the Ghadarites to return back to India by the with an opportunity to free India Canadian authorities. The ship from a government, which was docked at Budge in Calcutta. indifferent to their cause. The Britishers considered the passengers as dangerous

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political agitators and tried to province and Berar excluding arrest Baba Gurdit singh from Bombay. Tilak linked up the among them. Police opened fire question of Swaraj with the demand on them and 19 passengers died for the formation of linguistic states in the incident. and education in Vernacular language. Home Rule Movement (1916)  He gave the slogan “Swaraj is my  After Tilak’s return having birth right and I shall have it”. served sentence of six years in Tilak‟s newspapers Maratha and Mandlay, he tried securing the Kesari were organs for Home Rule. readmission of himself and other extremists into the Indian Annie Besant’s Home Rule National congress. With the need Movement being felt for popular pressure to  Started with Subramaniyam Iyer at attain concessions, Adyar in September, 1916. Annie disillusionment with Morley- Besant‟s league Minto reforms and wartime worked in rest of miseries. Tilak and Annie India. Besant readied to assume  Annie leadership. Besant‟s  The Home Rule League was newspapers New pioneered on lines of a similar India Commonwealth and movement in Ireland. Muslim Young India became important League supported the for this movement. She coined the movement. Its objective was to term Commonwealth. work for social and political  George Arundale was the organizing reforms. secretary of the movement. Tilak’s Home Rule Movement  Many moderate nationalists, who  It started in April, 1916 at Poona. were dissatisfied with the Congress Tilak‟s league was to work in inactivity, joined home rule Maharashtra, Karnataka, Central agitation. In June 1917, Annie

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Besant was arrested, popular Montague Declaration (1917) pressure forced the government to  A British policy was announced release her in September, 1917. after the Lucknow pact, which came to be known as the August Lucknow Session of the Congress Declaration. It aimed at (1916) “increasing association of  Presided by a moderate Ambika Indians in every branch of Charan Majumdar. The administration for progressive growing nationalist feeling in the realisation of responsible country produced two historic government in India. The developments at the Lucknow declaration formed the basis of Session of the Indian National Montague-Chelmsford Congress in 1916. Firstly-the two Reforms, of 1919. wings of the Congress were reunited. The Lucknow Rowlatt Act (1919) Congress was 1st united  In 1919, a Sedition Congress. i.e., brought about an Committee headed by Justice union of moderates and Rowlatt led to the Rowlatt extremists. Act. This act authorised the  Secondly at Lucknow, the government to imprison any Congress and the All India person without trial and Muslim League sank their old conviction by the Court of Law difference and put up a common for 2 years. The law also enabled political demand for the government to suspend the representative government and right of Habeas Corpus, which dominion status, before the had been the foundation of Civil government. Congress accepted Liberties in Britain. It led to a the separate electorates. This led countrywide agitation and to separate electorates. This led marked the foundation of Non- to Congress-League pact. Cooperation Movement.

Indian‟s first man in space- Rakesh Sharma

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 During March and April 1919, remission based on revenue the country witnessed a code. remarkable political awakening in India. There were hartals, JallianwalaBagh Massacre (13th strikes, processions and April, 1919) demonstrations.  The dissatisfaction against Rowlatt Act led to mass GANDHI’S RETURN TO INDIA agitations. The government was  Gandhi returned to India in 9th determined to suppress the mass January, 1915. He did not join agitation. A large but unarmed any political organization that crowd had gathered on 13th did not accept the creed of non- April, 1919 at Amritsar violent Satyagraha. (Punjab) in the Jallianwala During 1917 and 1918, he was Bagh, to protest against the involved in three struggles. arrest of their popular leaders Dr Champaran Satyagraha (1917) Saif-ud-din Kitchlew and Dr  1st Civil disobedience Movement. Satyapal. General Dyer, the  To look into the problems of Military Commander of indigo planters (tinkathia Amritsar, decided to terrorise system) the people of Amritsar into Ahmedabad Mill Strike (1918) complete submission.  First hunger strike Jallianwala Bagh was a large  To settle disputes between the open space, which was enclosed mill owners of Ahmedabad and on three sides and had only one the workers. exit. He surrounded the Bagh, Kheda Satyagraha (1918) closed the exit with his troops  First Non-Cooperation and then ordered his men to Movement. Due to failure of shoot into the crowd. Thousands crops, the farmers, with Gandhi, were killed and wounded. withheld the revenue to get  On 13th March, 1940, Sardar Udhamsingh Killed O‟ Dyer,

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when the latter was addressing a  The Central Khilafat Committee meeting in Coxton Hall, London. met at Allahabad. The meeting  Rabindranath Tagore was attended by number of returned his knighthood in Congress and Khilafat leaders. protest. In this meeting, a programme of  Hunter Commission was non-cooperation towards the appointed to inquire into it. government was declared. This The Khilafat Movement included boycott of titles  During the first World War, conferred by the government, Turkey allied with Germany boycott of civil services, army and Austria against British. The and police, i.e., of all Indian Muslim regarded the government jobs. Sultan of Turkey as their spiritual leader, Khalifa. Non-Cooperation Movement  After the war, the British (1920) removed the Khalifa from his  It was the first mass based power and fragmented Turkey. political movement under Hence, the Muslim started the Gandhi. Khilafat Movement in India,  Non-cooperation through the for the restoration of Khalifa‟s most peaceful manner with the position. government and its laws, was  The leaders were Ali brothers endorsed at the annual session of (Shukat Ali and Mohammed the Congress held at Nagpur, in Ali), Maulana Azad, Hakim 1920. The Nagpur Session also Ajmal Khan and HasratMohani. made changes in the Gandhi saw this as an Constitution of the Congress. opportunity to bring about  Anti-Rowlatt agitation, Hindu-Muslim unity against the JallianwalaBagh tragedy, British, although CR Das Khilafat Movement, general opposed it initially. economic distress during and

The first Indian to reach Mount Everest without oxygen- Sherpa

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after the war were the reasons attacked on a police station at for Non-Cooperation Movement. ChauriChaurain Gorakhpur  The TilakSwarajya Fund district of Uttar Pradesh on 5th started financing the Non- February, 1922. This changed Cooperation Movement. The the whole situation and Gandhiji movement envisaged boycott of was compelled to withdraw the school, colleges, law courts, Non-Cooperation Movement. foreign clothes and advocated the use of Charkha. Spread of Non-Cooperation  Boycott of the forthcoming visit Movement of Prince of Wales in  United Province became a November, 1921. strong base for the Non-  Popularisation of Charkha and Cooperation Movement. Khadi and Jail Bharoby  Agrarian-riots under the Congress volunteers. leadership of Baba  The movements demanded- Ramchandra, Eka - Swaraj or self-rule. Movement under - Redressal of the Punjab MadariPasi. wrongs and Khilafat issue.  In Punjab-Akali Movement  LalaLajpat Rai organized for reforms and control of educational Boycott in Punjab. Gurudwaras.  CR Das, C Rajagopalachari, Saif-  In Andra Pradesh, the Non- ud-din Kitchlew, VB Patel, Cooperation Movement was a ArunaAsaf Ali and Motilal Nehru great success. Alluri Sitaram gave up their legal practice. Raju organized the tribals in  The Congress Session at Andra and combined their Allahabad in December, 1921 demands with those of the Non- decided to launch a Civil Cooperation Movemnts. Disobedience Movement. The Swarajists But before it could be launched,  Major developments in Indian the angry peasants (mob) politics occurred during 1922-

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28. Differences arose among Central Legislative Assembly. leaders after the withdrawal of With the cooperation of other the Non-Cooperation Indian group, they repeatedly Movement. One school of out-voted the government in the thought headed by CR Das and Central Assembly and in several Motilal Nehru advocated that of the provincial councils. nationalists should end the  Swarajists were split by boycott of legislative council, Communalism. The enter them, obstruct their responsivists offered working according to official cooperation to the government plans, expose their weaknesses, to safeguard the Hindu transform them into arenas of interests. Madan Mohan political struggle and thus use Malaviyaand LalaLajpat Rai them to arouse public founded the Independent enthusiasm. They were „pro- Congress Party, later in 1933. changers‟. It was recognized as Congress  SardarVallabhbhai Patel, Dr Nationalist Party. Ansari BabuRajendra Prasad and others opposed council Simon Commission (1927) entry. They were known as „no  In 1927, the British Government changers’. appointed the Indian  In December, 1922, CR Das and Statutory Commission, Motilal Nehru formed known popularly by its chairman congress- Simon to go into the question of KhilafatSwarajyaparty, with further Constitutional Reform. CR Das as President and Motilal  The committee had to review the Nehru as Secretary. It worked working of the diarchy system, within the Congress. introduced by Montague  In the 1923 elections, the Chelmsford Reform of 1919 and Swarajists won 42 seats out of to report to what extent a the 101 elected seats in the

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representative government can and he succumbed to his injuries be introduced in India. on 17th November, 1928.  All the members of the commission were white. Nehru Report (1928)  The Indians, protested, against the Simon Commission, because of the exclusion of Indians from the Commission and in the fear that the foreigners would discuss and decide upon India‟s fitness, for self government.  All important Indian leaders and  The National Congress decided parties tried to meet the to boycott the commission in its challenge of the Simon Madras Session in 1927, Commission by getting together presided over by Dr Ansari. and trying to evolve an  The Muslim League and Hindu alternative scheme of Mahasabhadecided to support Constitutional Reforms. Nehru the Congress. report was tabled in 1928 by  The Commission‟s arrival in Motilal Nehru. India led to a powerful protest.  It remains memorable as the On 3rd February, 1928, the first major Indian effort to draft Commission was greeted with a constitutional framework for Hartals and balck flag Indian complete with lists of demonstrations, under the central and provincial subjects slogan Simon Go Back. and Fundamental Rights.  The government used brutal  However, the recommendations suppression and police attacks to evoked a debate concerning the break the popular opposition. goal of India-Dominion status  At Lahore, LalaLajpat Rai was or Complete Independence. severely beaten in a Lathi charge

The first Indian woman Olympic Medal Winner- KarnamMalleswari

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 Other members of committee-  The report recommended equal Tej Bahadur Sapru, Ali Imam, rights for women, freedom to MS Aney, Mangal Singh, Sohaib form unions and disassociation Qureshi, GR Pradhan and SC of the state from religion in any Bose. form. Members of the Nehru  It demanded for reorganization subcommittee which of the North-West provinces on produced the famous Nehru linguistic basis. Report Jinnah’s 14 points (9th March, 1929) Pt.Moti Lal Nehru President  Jinnah, the leader of Muslim Sardar Manal singh Member League did not accept the Nehru Sir Sapru Member Report and drew up a list of Sir M.S. Aney Member fourteen demands, which Sir Ali Iman Member became famous as 14 points of Mr. ShoaibQurehi Member Jinnah. Sir Subash Bose Member Lahore Session (1929) G.K.Pradhan Member  This session was presided by

Jawaharlal Nehru. Gandhi came Outcome of the Nehru Report back to active politics by that  It demanded responsible time. government both at the center  Draw in talks broke down on the and in the provinces. But, it issue of dominion status, which advocated dominion status, not the British were reluctant to give. complete independence.  This session passed a resolution  It demanded Universal Suffrage. of Poorna Swaraj (Complete It rejected separate communal independence) as its ultimate electorate. It proposed Muslim goal. reservation in the center and  On 31st December, 1929 the provinces, where they were in newly adopted tricolor, was minority. hoisted and 26th January, 1930

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was fixed as the First morning (6th April) Gandhi and Independence Day. his volunteers picked up salt  The Congress Session also lying on the coast, symbolically announced a Civil breaking the Salt Laws. Disobedience Movement  Salt production had geographical under the leadership of limitations. So, in other parts of Mahatma Gandhi. the country, the movement  Congress decided to boycott the included-picketing of liquor first Round Table Conference. shops and auctions, no revenue campaign in Bardoli, defiance of Civil Disobedience Movement forest laws in Maharashtra, (1930) Karnataka and the central  Before starting the Civil provinces, refusal of chaukidari Disobedience Movement, tax in Eastern India, Gandhiji placed an eleven prabhatpheris-singing of point ultimatum before Irwin National songs. for administrative reforms and  The notable feature of the stated that if Lord Irwin movement was a wide accepted them, them there will participation of women. be no agitation.  The Civil Disobedience Spread of Civil Disobedience Movement was started by Movement Gandhi on 12th March, 1930  Peshawar under the leadership with his famous Dandi March. of Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan Together with 78 chosen popularly known as The followers, Gandhi walked Frontier Gandhi, the Pathans nearly 375 km from Sabarmati organized the society of Khudai Ashram to Dandi, a village on Khidmatgars (servants of God) the Gujarat sea-coast. known popularly as Red Shirts. On April 5, Gandhi and his They were pledged to non- party reached Dandi. Next violence and freedom struggle.

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Two platoons of Garhwali declared illegal. Meanwhile, soliders refused to open fire non- the British Government violent mass demonstrations. summoned the First Round  North-East India Manipur Table Conference in London, took a brave part in it and in 1930, to discuss the Simon Nagaland produced a brave Commission report. But, the heroin, Rani Gaidilieu, who at National Congress boycotted the the age of 13 responded to the conference and its proceedings call of Gandhi. The young Rani proved abortive. was captured in 1932 and  Dandi March was led by Gandhi sentenced to life imprisonment. from Sabarmati Ashram. She was released only after the First Round Table Conference independence of India. (12th November 1930 – 19th Chittagong Armoury raided by January 1931) Surya Sen in 1930.  Congress boycotted the  DarshanaIt was led by Sarojini conference Naidu, Imam Saheb and  Muslim League was represented Maniklal Gandhi. by Mohammad Ali, Agha Khan,  In Madras, Rajagopalachari FazlulHaq, MA Jinnah and led a march from Trichirapalli Hindu Mahasabha by Mooje and toVedaranyam along the Jayakar. Coromandal coast. In Kerala,  Tej Bahadur Sapru, Chintamani K Kelappanmarched from and Srinivas Shastri (Liberals) Calicut to Payannur. appeared.  The government adopted  Princes of Hyderabad, Mysore ruthless repression, lathi charges attended it. No result came out and firing on unarmed crowd of of the conference. men and women. Over 9000  The government now made Satyagrahis including Gandhiji attempt to negotiate an and other Congress leaders were agreement with the Congress, so imprisioned. Congress was

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that it could attend the Round  Six days before this session, Table Conference. Bhagat Singh, Sukhdav, Rajguru  Moderate stateman Jaikar, were executed. (23rd March 1931) Sapru and Srinivas Shastri initiated efforts to break the ice Secound Round Table Conference between Gandhiji and the (7th September – December 1931) government. The negotiation  Gandhiji went to England in between Irwin and Gandhi in 5th September, 1931, to attend the March, 1931 came to be known Second Round Table Conference. Gandhi-Irwin pact or known But the British Government Delhi Pact. refused to concede the basic Gandhi-Irwin Pact nationalist demand for freedom  Under this pact, the government on the basis of the immediate agreed to release all those grant of dominion status with political prisoners, who had complete control over defence, remained non-violent.  The Right to make salt for external affairs and finance. consumption was agreed to  The Congress officially  The Congress was to suspend suspended the movement in Civil Disobedience Movement and take part in Second Round 1933 and withdrew it in 1934. Table Conference. Gandhiji resigned from active politics. Karachi Session (1931) Poona Pact (Communal Award)  It endorsed the Gandhi-Irwin  On August 16, 1932, British Pact. This Session is also Prime Minister Ramsay memorable for its resolution on McDonald announced the Fundamental Right and National proposal on minority Economic Programme, with the representation, known as the efforts of Jawaharlal Nehru and Communal Award. Subhash Chandra Bose.

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VijayaLaxmiPandit The first woman chief justice of High Court-Leela Seth

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 Under this the depressed classes depressed classes in civil (Muslims, Sikhs, Indian services. Christians, Anglo Indians,  Gandhiji coined the word Women and Backward Classes) Harijan for depressed classes were to be considered as a and their upliftment became his minority, would be entitled to prime concern. All India Anti the right of separate electorate. Untouchability League was Gandhi reacted strongly to the started in September, 1932. On proposal. He considered the 8th May, 1933 Gandhiji decided depressed class as the integral to begin a 21 day fast for self part of Hindu society. purification for the Harijan  He thought that there was no cause. need to protect the depressed  He started the Individual Civil classes through representation, Disobedience on 1st August, rather the need was to eradicate 1933. untouchability.  Gandhi restored to fast unto Impacts of Civil Disobedience death in Yervada Jail against this Movement separate electorate for depressed  The Congress swept polls in class, which Ambedkar was most provinces in 1937. The left insisting on. This resulted into parties emerged as an alternative the Poona-pact between in politics. Gandhi and Ambedkar on  Some Congress activists formed 25th September, 1932. Socialist group.  148 seats were to be allotted to  Nehru and Subhash Chandra the depressed classes in the Bose emerged as leaders. provincial legislature as against 71 provided by the Communal Third Round Table Conference Award. The pact also called for (17th November – 24th December adequate representation of 1932)  Held in London in 1932.

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 The Congress did not participate. Second World War  The British government, on the  Lord Linlithgow declared India basis of the discussion at the to be at war without the prior three sessions, drafted its assent of the Central proposals for the reform of the Legislature. The Congress Indian constitution, which were Ministry resigned in the wake of embodied in the White Paper the war. published in March 1933.  Congress agreed to support  The discussion led to Britain only in return of Government of India Act, independence being granted. 1935. The viceroy could promise this only after the war. In October- Government of India Act, 1935 November 1939, the Congress  The discussions of the Third Ministries resigned in protest. Round Table Conference and The Muslim League observed Simon Commission report this as the Deliverance Day eventually led to the passing of (22nd December, 1939). The the Government of India Act Satyagraha was kept limited so of 1935. The act provided for as not to embarrass Britain‟s war the establishment of an All effort by a mass upheaval in India Federation and a new India. system of government for the  The viceroy refused to accept Provinces on the basis of preconditions set by the provincial autonomy. Congress. (Constituent  The Congress rejected the 1935 Assembly for establishment of Act and demanded the Responsible Government at the convening of a constitutional Center). But, the British assembly elected on the basis of Government desperately wanted adult franchise to frame a the active cooperation of Indians Constitution for independent in the war effort. To secure this India. cooperation, it sent to India in

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March, 1942, a mission headed India. Gandhi decided to start by a Cabinet Minister Sir the Individual Satyagraha. Stafford Cripps and before that  Vinoba Bhave was the first to the August Offer. offer individual Satyagraha, by 15th May, 1941 and more than August Offer (1940) 250000 Satyagrahis had been The Viceroy Linlithgow put forward jailed. proposal that included-  Delhi Chalo Movement began.  Dominion status in the unspecified future. Cripps Mission, 1942  A post war body to enact Sir Stafford Cripps declared that the Constitution. aim of British Policy in India was “the  Expansion of Governor- earliest possible realization of self- General‟s council with government in India”. The British representation of the minorities. Government‟s refusal of accepting  Establishment of a War Advisory immediately the Congress demand was Council the cause of failure of the mission.  Congress rejected this offer as there was no suggestion for a Constitutional Proposal of the National government Muslim Cabinet Mission League accepted it. a) Dominion status to be granted after the war. Individual Satyagraha b) Constitution making body to be  Congress elected from provincial rejected the August assemblies and nominated by offer because the rulers in case of princely Congress was states. convinced that the c) Individual princes could sign a British would not separate agreement with the modify their policy the British British. would not modify their policy in

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d) British would however, control violent mass struggle under the defence for war period. Gandhi’s leadership. The British Government undertook to  It is also called Vardha accept and implement the Constitution proposal and leaderless revolt. in two conditions.  Any province(s) unwilling to  Gandhi told the British to quit accept the Constitution could and leave India in God‟s hand. form a separate union with His message was Do or Die. separate Constitution.  Repressive policy of the  The new Constitution making government and indiscriminate body and the British government arrest of the leaders provoked would negotiate a treaty to sort people to violence. out matters arising out of  Nehru was lodged in Almora transfer of power to Indian Jail, Maulana Azad in Bankura hands. and Gandhi was kept in Agha  Gandhi termed this proposal as Khan’s palace, Poona. In a post dated cheque in many areas, government lost crashing bank. control and the people  Though, Cripps proposal failed established Swaraj. Parallel but it provided legitimacy to the governments were established. demand for Pakistan by  In Satara, Pratisarkar was set up accommodating it in the under Nana Patil and in Baliya provision for provincial under ChittuPande. Others were autonomy. in Talcher and Bihar. In Bengal, Tamluk Jatiya Sarkar Quit India Movement, 1942 functioned in Midnapore.  The All India Congress  Underground revolutionary Committee met at Bombay on activity also started by 8th August, 1942. It passed the Jaiprakash Narayan and famous Quit India resolution Ramanandan Mishra escaped and proposed to start off a non- from Hazaribah Jail and

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organized an underground  Chaudhary Rehmat Ali coined movement. the term „Pakistan‟ (later  In Bombay, the socialist leaders Pakistan). continued their underground  The fear of Muslims to be activities under leaders like subjugated by Hindus in free Aruna Asaf Ali. Congress radio India was realized by Jinnah was established with Usha and he demanded for the Metha as its announcer and creation of Pakistan. Rammanohar Lohia in Bihar.  Pakistan Resolution Muslim  School and college students and League first passed the proposal women actively participated, of seperate Pakistan in its workers went on strikes. There Lahore Session in 1940 (called were no communal clashes Jinnah‟s Two-Nation theory). It during the movement. was drafted by Sikandar  The merchant community and Hayat Khan, moved by capitalist did not participate. FazlulHaq and seconded by Muslim League kept aloof and Khaliquzzaman. It rejected the the Hindu Mahasabha federal scheme envisaged in the condemned the movement. Government of India Act, 1935. Communist party did not In December 1943, the Karachi support the movement. Session of the Muslim League Rajagopalachari also did not adopted the slogan-„Divide and participate. Quit‟.

Demand for Pakistan Gandhiji’s fast  In 1930, Md Iqbal for the first (10 th February-7th March, 1943) time suggested that the Frontier Gandhiji undertook a 21 day Province, Sind, Baluchistan and fast for condemning the violence of the people during Kashmir be made the Muslim the Quit India Movement. state within the federation.

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Rajagopalachari Formula (1944) Indian members.  Also The viceroy and known as Rajaji commander in formula (1944). chief would be Rajagopalachari the only non- proposed that a Indian members commission of the council. could be appointed for  It would work under the existing demarcating district in the North- Constitution. But the door was West and East, where Muslims open for discussion of new were in absolute majority. Constitution. Plebiscite would be held on the  Hindus and Muslims would have basis of adult suffrage, that would equal representation. Jinnah ultimately decide the issue of demanded the Muslim League to separation from Hindustan. have absolute choice in choosing  If majority decides in favour of the Muslim members, so he forming a separate sovereign rejected the plan. state then such could be accepted.  Jinnah objected this as he wanted The Cabinet Mission Congress to accept two-nation  The Attlee Government theory and wanted only Muslims announced in February 1946, the of the North-West and East to decision to send a high powered vote in the plebiscite. mission of three British Cabinet  Desai-Liaqat pact reached no members (Patrick Lawrence, settlement between the league secretary of state for India, and Congress. Stafford Cripps, President of the Board of Trade and AV Shimla Conference or Wavell Alexander, first Lord of Plan (1945) Admiralty) to India to find out  Proposed by Lord Wavell. ways and means for a negotiated  Suggested to set up a new executive council with only

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and peaceful transfer of power  On 29th July, 1946, Jinnah India. withdrew his earlier acceptance  The British bid for a united and to the plan and fixed 16th August, friendly India and they rejected 1946 as Direct Action Day. the demand for a full-fledged Calcutta, Noakhali and Pakistan. Garmukteshwar were the storm  The Congress demanded that centres. Jinnah celebrated power should be transferred to Pakistan Day on 27th March, one center and the minorities 1947. demands be worked out in a framework ranging from Interim Government (1946) autonomy to Muslim-majority  Interim Government headed by province to self determination or Jawaharlal Nehru was sworn recession. on in 2nd September, 1946.  The plan failed on the issue of  Muslim League refused to join the nature of grouping. initially. Wavell persuaded the  Congress wanted the grouping to league to join in October, 1946. be optional till the formation of  The Constituent Assembly Constituent Assembly, but begins its session in 9th Jinnah was in the favour of December, 1946 and Dr compulsory grouping. Rajendra Prasad was elected its President, but, the league did not Jinnah’s Direct Action Resolution attend.  He was alarmed by the election  Liaqat Ali Khan of Muslim results of the Constituent League was made the Finance Assembly (Congress won 209 of Minister. the total 273 seats) and was afraid of being totally eclipsed in the Constituent Assembly.

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Interim Government

Members Port folios held Jawaharlal Nehru External Affairs and common wealth relations Sardarvallabhai Patel Home, information and broad casting Dr.Rajendra Prasad Food and agriculture Jagjivan Ram Labour SardarBaldev Singh Defence C.H.Bhabha Works, Mines & power Liaquat Ali Khan Finance AbdeaRabNishtar Posts & Air C.Rajagopalachari Education and Arts Chundrigar Commerce Ghaznafar Ali Khan Health JoginderNath Mandal Law Attlee’s Statement  Partition of the country was (20th February, 1947) implicit in the provision that if  A deadline of 30th June, 1949 the Constituent Assembly was was fixed for transfer of power, not fully representative, than even if the Indian politicians had power would be transferred to not agreed by that time on the more than one Central Constitution. Governments.  British power and obligations vis-a-vis the princely states Mountbatten Plan would lapse with transfer of (3rd June, 1947) power but these would not be  As Viceroy, Mountbatten proved given to any successor more decisive and quick in government. taking decisions than his  Mountbatten was to replace predecessors. Wavell as the Viceroy.  His task was to explore the option of unity of division till

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October, 1947 and then advise  Mountbatten‟s formula was to the British government on the divide India, but retain form of transfer of power.  3rd June Plan, in case of partition, two dominions and two Constituent Assemblies would be created. The plan declared that power would be handed over by 15th August, 1947. maximum unity.  The plan was put in effect  Punjab and Bengal Assemblies without the slightest delay. would meet in two groups,  The Legislative Assemblies of Hindus and Muslims to vote for Punjab and Bengal decided in partition. favour of partition of these two

provinces. Thus, East Bengal Indian Independence Act, 1947 and West Punjab joined  On 18th July, 1947, British Pakistan. West Bengal and East Parliament ratified the Punjab remained with India. Mountbatten Plan as the Referendum in Sylhet resulted Independence of India Act, in the incorporation of that 1947. district in East Bengal.  The act provided for the creation  The referendum in NWFP of two independent dominions decided in favour of Pakistan. of India and Pakistan. Each  Princely states were given the dominion was to have a option to join either of the two Governor-General to be dominions for remain responsible for effective independent. operation of the act.  Boundary Commission was to be  Sovereignity of British power set up if partition was effected. was to be abolished.

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Integration of States  Integration of Portuguese  Vallabhai Patel, played the most Colonies Dadra and Nagar Haveli important role in the integration of (1954); Goa and Daman and Diu states. Except Kashmir, (1961). Hyderabad and Junagarh, all states signed an instrument of accession with Indian Government. On October 1947, the Pakistani troops invaded Kashmir and in the crisis, the Maharaja of Kashmir acceded to the Indian Union.  Through a referendum in the state of Junagarh in February 1948, Junagarh was merged in the Indian Union. The Nawab left for Pakistan.  Due to the pressure of internal anarchy and military action in the state, the Nizam of Hyderabad was forced to join the Indian Union.  Integration of French Colonies Pondicherry, Chandrangar, Mahe, Karaikal and Yaman were integrated (by the end of 1954).

The first Indian woman to receive Jnanpith Award- Ashapoorna Devi (Bengali Writer)

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IMPORTANT NATIONALLEADERS

ANNIE BEASANT (1847 – 1933) ACHARYA NARENDRA DEV  She founded (1889 – 1956) the  He was a scholar, socialist, Theosophical Society in India and started the Home Rule League.  She established Central Hindu School and College at Banaras (later BHU). nationalist and a lawyer by  She was elected the President of profession. He gave up his the Calcutta Session of INC, 1917. practice and joined Non-  She did not attend the 1920 Cooperation Movement. Session at Nagpur due to growing  He became the President of difference with Gandhiji as she Patna‟s Socialist Conference in felt that government of India Act, 1934 and a member of UP 1919 were as means to free India. Legislation Assembly in 1937.  She edited famous Newspapers –  He was appointed as the Principal New India and Commonwealth. of Kashi Vidyapeeth in 1925 and  She prepared – The Lotus song, a also became the Vice – Chancellor translation of Gita into English. of Lucknow and Banaras Universities. He founded the socialist Party in 1948.

The first woman to receive Nobel Prize- Mother Teresa

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school at Poona. He was the ARUNA ASAF ALI (1909 – 1996) editior of Maharatha in English  Nicknamed as ArunaGanguly, she and Kesari in Marathi. married to Asaf Ali, India‟s first  He joined INC in 1891 and moved Ambassador of the USA. an Arms Act Resolution.  She was imprisoned during the  He celebrated the Ganapati pooja Civil Disobedience Movement and the Shivaji festival. (1930, 1932) and for participating  He collaborated with Agarkar and in Individual Satyagraha (1940). set up institutions to give cheap  In 1942, she hoisted the Indian education to people. National Congress tricolor Flag at  He was constituted the tries Lal, Mumbai‟s Gowalia Tank Grounds. Bal, Pal an extremist group.  She was elected as first Mayor of  He founded the Home Rule Delhi, 1958. She was awarded the League in 1916 and helped in International Lenin Prize in 1964. ushering the Lucknow Pact and  Newspapers (alongwithEdanta the Reforms Act at the Amristar Narayana and AV Baliga) – Link Congress in 1919. and Patrol  He demanded swaraj and gave the slogan “Swaraj is my birth right BAL GANGADHAR TILAK (1857 – and I shall have it”. 1920)  VoleintineShirol described him as  He was the Father of Indian unrest. awarded  He wrote the books,The Artic with the Home of Vedas and Gita title Rahasya. Lokmanya. BHAGAT SINGH (1907 – 1931)  He  He was a member of Hindustan established Socialist Republican Army. new English  He started the „Militant Naujawan Bharat Sabha‟ in Punjab.

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 He killed British official Saunders Swaraj (English weekly in in 1928 and was involved in London); Hindu Review (English Lahore Conspiracy and bombed monthly); Independent (daily); the Central Legislative Assembly. Democrate (weekly).  He was executed on March 23, 1931. CHAKRAVARTHI RAJAGOPALACHARI (1879 – BANKIM CHANDRA 1972) CHATTOPADHYAY (1833 – 1894)  He was a  He was politician and great scholar lawyer from best known for Tamil Nadu. the composition  He gave of the hymn up his practice BandeMataram. during NCM.  His first novel was Durgesnandini,  He held the post of the General – published in 1864 and he started Secretaryof the INC in 1921 – the journal Bangadarsan. 1922 and was a member of Congress working committee from BIPIN CHANDRA PAL (1858 – 1922 to 1925. 1932)  He hoisted the CDM in Tamil  He was awarded with the title Nadu and was arrested for leading Mightiest Prophet of Nationalism a Salt March from Thiruchirapalli by Aurobindo Ghosh. to Vedaranniyam on the Tanjore  He supported Age of consent Bill coast. 1891, Swadeshi movement and  He was elected as the Chief fought for the cause of the Assam Minister of Madras in 1937 tea-gardeners. Elections.  He started Newspapers –  He resigned from INC in 1942 for Paridaashak (weekly); Public not accepting the Cripp‟s Opinion and Tribune (editor); Proposal.

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 He prepared the CR Formula for  He highlighted the draining of congress – League Co–operation. wealth from India by the British  He served as the Governor of and its effect in his book Poverty Bengal (August-November 1947) and un-British Rule in India and was the first and last Indian (1901). Governor-General of India (1948 DR. BHIMARAO AMBEDKAR – 50). (1891 – 1956)  He became the Minister of Home Affairs in the country‟s first Cabinet.  He founded the Swatantra Party in 1959.  His rational ideas are reflected in  Dr.Ambedkar was the great leader the collection SatyamevaJayate. of the depressed class and an  He was awarded the Bharat eminent jurist. Ratna in 1954.  He set up a network college in the

name of People Education Society. DADABHAI NAOROJI (1825 –  He founded the Depressed Class 1917) Institute (1924) and  He was the first SamajSamataSangh (1927). Indian to  He participated in all the three demand Swaraj Round Table Conferences and in the Calcutta signed the Poona Pact with Session of INC, Gandhiji in 1932. 1906.  He was in the Governor General‟s  He was also known as the Indian Executive Council from 1942 to Gladstone, Grand Old Man of 1946 and organized the Indian India. Labour Party and Scheduled Caste  He was first Indian to be selected Federation. to the House of Commons on Liberal Party ticket.

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 He became the Chairman of the  He became the first President of Drafting Committee of Indian the Indian Republic. He was Constitution. honoured with Bharat Ratnain  As the first Law Minister of the 1962. Independent India, he introduced  He edited the newspaper – Desh the Hindu Code Bill. (Hindi weekly).  He started The Republican Party in 1956. GOPALA KRISHNA GOKHALE  Towards the end of his life, he (1886 – 1915) embraced Buddhism.  Gandhiji regarded him as his political guru. DR RAJENDRA PRASAD (1884 –  He was the president of the 1963) Banaras Session of INC, 1905.  He participated in Swadeshi Supported the Swadeshi Movement (established Bihari Movement.  He was the founder of the Servants of Indian Society in 1905, to train people who would work as national missionaries.

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU (1889 Students Conference), Champaran – 1964) Satyagraha, NCM, CDM and Quit  He became the General Secretary India Movement. of INC in  He founded the National College 1928 and at Patna. it  He was elected as the minister president incharge of Food and Agriculture in 1929. in the Interim Government  The (1946).  He was the President of the Constituent Assembly.

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Independence resolution was KHAN ABDUL GHAFFAR KHAN passed under his President ship at (1890 – 1998) the Lahore Session.  He was a great freedom fighter  He was the first Prime Minister of and known as the – Frontier Republic India (from 1947 to Gandhi, Badshah Khan or Sarhadi 1964) also known as Architect of Gandhi, Fakhar-e-Afghan. Modern India.  He founded an organization of  He authored the Doctrine of non violent revolutionaries known Panchseel and believed in the as Red Shirts or policy of non-alignment. KhudaiKhidmatgars.  Books – The Discovery of India,  He participated in NCM, CDM Glimpses of World History, A and Quit India. Bunch of Old Letters, The Unity of  He was the editor of the India, Independence and After, newspaper – Pakhtoon (In India and the World, etc., Pushto), later published as Das  His autobiography was entitled as Roza. Auto-biography.  He was honoured with Bharat Ratna in 1987. KHUDIRAM BOSE (1889 – 1908)  A revolutionary from Midnapore, LALA HARDAYAL (1884 – 1939) he participated in the Swadeshi  A revolutionary from Delhi, he Movement and later joined the took up the cause of India‟s Revolutionary Party of Bengal. freedom to foreign land in order  He was arrested for organising a to win international support for bomb attack on the carriage of the freedom movement. Kingsford, the Session Judge at  He was the first President of the Musaffarpur (Bihar) and was Ghadar Party founded in San sentenced to death. Franchisco in 1913.  He founded the Indian Independence Committee in Germany and an Oriental Bureau

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to translate the writings in local  He was injured during a language. demonstration against Simon  Books – Wealth of Nations and commission in 1928. Hints for Self Culture.  He was the editor of the Bandematram, The Punjab and LALA LAJPAT RAI (1865 – 1928) The People.  He was a courageous man so he was called The Lion of Punjab MAHATMA GANDHI (Sher-a-Punjab).  Gandhi came to India in 1915. He  He inspired by Mahatma Hans already had Raj. Satyagrahas in South Africa. In 1907, Satyagraha against compulsory reiteration and passes for Indian. In 1910, Satyagrah against immigration  Being an Arya Samajist, he helped restrictions, derecognition of Non- in establishment of the DAV Christian Indian marriages. College at Lahore.  He followed the Doctrine of  He withdraws his name from the Ahimsa. presidency list of the INC at Surat

session. Facts about Gandhi  He was the President of the  Name: Mohan Das Karam Chand special session of the Congress at Gandhi. Calcutta, 1920. Titles  He opposed the withdrawal of . Mahatma (by Rabindranath NCM in 1922. Tagore, 1917).  He founded Swaraj Party with . Malang Baba/Nanga Fackir (by Motilal Nehru and CR Das. Kabailas of North-West Frontier, 1930).

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. Faqir (by Winston Churchill,  The Champaran Satyagraha in 1931) 1917, against the Tin-Kathia . Half Naked Saint (by Franq System led by Mahatma Gandhi Mores, 1931). was his first success in India. . Rashtrapita (by Subhash  The Ahmedabad Satyagraha Chandra Bose, 1944) where there was dispute between the mill owner and workers over  Birth 2nd October, 1869 at the “plague bonus” was also a Porbandar in Gujarat. success. Gandhi then advised the  Mother – Putali Bai. worker to go on strike and he  Father – Karam Chand undertook hunger strike after Gandhi which the mill owners were  Political Guru – Gopal pressureised to accept the tribunal Krishna Gokhale award of 35 per cent increase in  Private SecretaryMahadev wages. Desai.  Kheda Satyagraha the peasants of  Influenced by John Ruskin Kheda district were in extreme (Unto the last); Le Tolstoy; distress due to the failure of crops Thoreau; Emerson; the Bible; and the government ignored their the Gita. appeals for the remission of land  As an Editior revenue. Gandhiji advised them to . Indian Opinion (1903 – 15) in withhold the revenue and fight to English, Gujarati, Hindi and death. Tamil.

. Harijan (1919 – 31) in English, MAULANA ABUL KALAM AZAD Gujarati and Hindi. (1890 – 1958) . Young India (1933 – 42) in  He presided INC during Swadeshi English and Gujarati. Movement.  Literary works  He was the President of Khilafat . Hind Swaraj (1909) Committee. . My Experiments with Truth (Auto Biography, 1927)

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 He presided over the Congress  She founded the Free India special Session at Delhi in 1923, to Society and the BandeMataram. become the youngest President. Also the longest serving President MADAN MOHAN MALAVIYA of INC. (1861 – 1946)  He headed the Nakiat-ul-Ulema  A moderate (1924), Nationalist Muslim leader and a conference, Shimla conference lawyer by (1945) and negotiated with profession,he Cabinet Mission, 1946. served the  He was elected as the member of provincial and constituent Assembly in 1946 and central legislature for many terms. became Minister of Education and  Through his efforts memorial was Arts in the Interim government. built at the JallianwalaBagh site.  He was first Education Minister of  He founded the nationalist Party Independent India, also given the in 1926. He was appointed as the portfolios of natural resources and Vice-Chancellor of Banaras Hindu scientific reaserch. University.  He contributed in the foundation  He served as the editor of of UGC, AUCTE and IIT Hindustan, Abyudaya and the Kharagpur. Indian Union.  He authored the book – India  BharathRatna, 2015.

Wins Freedom. MOHAMMAD ALI JINNAH (1876 – 1948) MADAM BHIKAJI CAMA (1861 –  He was inspired by the 1936) ideas of Gopal Krishna  She was a freedom fighter from Gokhale. Mumbai  In 1906, he signed a  She participated in the Socialist memorandum against separate Congress in 1907. electorates for Muslims.

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 Joined the All-India Muslim  His first poem was published in League in 1913 and played a major the „Amrit Bazar Patrika‟ and then role in signing of Lucknow Pact. he wrote „Banaphul‟ (story) and  In 1917, joined the Home Rule „BhanusinherPadavali‟ (series of Movement of Annie Besant. lyrics).  His differences with Congress  He founded Shantiniketan near began after the entry of Gandhiji Bolpore on December 22, 1901. in Congress. He opposed the NCM  He wrote Gitanjali, which fetched of Gandhiji. him the Nobel Prize in 1913.  In 1929, he proposed his Fourteen  He innaugratedRakshaBandhan Point Demands. festival to oppose the Partition of  Lahore Session of Muslim League Bengal (1905). (1940) passed the Pakistan  He founded the VishvaBharati Resolution demanding for University. separate state for Muslims.  In 1915, British Crown granted Jinnah stuck to League‟s demand him a knighthood which he in all the negotiations with Britain renounced after the and finally Pakistan was formed. JallianwalaBagh Massacre.  He became the first Governor-  His compositions were choosen as General of Pakistan. National anthem by two nations. i. India – Jana Gana Mana RABINDRANATH TAGORE (1861 ii. Bangladesh – Amar shonar – 1941) Bangla  He was a poet, phiolosopher, SUBHASH CHANDRA BOSE educationist, (1897 – 1945) internationalist  He passed the and a patriot. Indian Civil  He has his elder Services brother, Satyendranath Tagore, Examination in the first Indian to become an ICS. 1920 in England

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but left it on Gandhi‟s call of  She was married to NCM. Dr.Govindarajulu Naidu in 1893.  He founded the independence for  Under the India League with Jawaharlal guidance of Nehru. Gopal Krishna  He elected as the President of INC Gokhale, she at its Haripura Session (1938) and became the first Tripuri Session (1939) but woman to participate in the resigned from Tripuri due to India‟s struggle for independence. differences with Gandhiji.  She participated in the Dandi  He founded the Forward Block March with Gandhiji and presided (1939) and Kisan Sabha. over the Kanpur Session of  He escaped to Berlin in 1941 and congress in 1925. met Hitler. He took the charge of  She was the first woman to Indian Army (Azad Hind Fauz) in become the Governor of Uttar 1943 in Singapore and set up Pradesh, State. Indian Provisional Government  Her famous poetries include – there. The Golden Threshold (1905), The  He addressed Mahatma Gandhi as Feather of the Dawn, The Bird of the Father of the nation. Time (1912) and The Broken Wing  He supposedly died in a plane (1917). crash in 1945.  He gave the famous slogans – VALLABHAI PATEL (1875– 1950) Delhi Chalo and Jai Hind.  A freedom fighter and social  The India Struggle was his reformer from autobiography. Gujarat, he is SAROJINI NAIDU (1879 – 1949) popularly known  Popularly known as the as Sardar Patel Nightingale of India, she was a and honoured nationalist and poetess from Uttar with the title of Pradesh. The Iron Man of India.

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 His father, Jhaverbhai Patel, is supposed to have fought in the army of Rani of Jhansi in the Revolt of 1857.  He started the Kheda or Karia Satygraha in 1918 and fought for the rights of the peasants in Bardoli Satygraha. Here, he was honoured with the title Sardar.  He was the first national leader to be arrested during the Civil Disobedience Movement.  He participated in Gandhi‟s Individual Satyagraha and Quit India Movement.  Impost independence period, he was appointed as the first Deputy Prime Minister of India along with the portfolios of the Information and Broadcasting and Home Ministry.  He played a major role in integrating the 562 states in the Indian Union.

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INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS ANNUAL SESSIONS

Year / Place President Detail 1885 (Dec 28) WC Bannerji 72 delegates attended Bombay 1886 (Dec 28) Dadabhai Naoroji 436 delegates Calcutta 1887 (Dec 27-28) Badruddin Tyabji 607 delegates, appeal to Muslim Madras (First Muslim to join President) 1888(Dec 28-29) George Yule First British President Allahabad 1189 (Dec 27-28) William Wedderburn Bombay 1890 (Dec 28-29) Pherozshah Mehta Calcutta 1891 (Dec 26-27) P AnandCharlu Nagpur 1892(Dec 28-29) WC Bannerji Allahabad 1893 (Dec 28-29) DadabhaiNaoroji Lahore 1894 (Dec 27-28) Alfred Webb Madras 1895 (Dec 28-29) SurendranathBannerji Poona 1896 (Dec 27-28) RohinlullaSeyenl Calcutta 1897 (Dec 22-29) C Sankaran Nair Amravati 1898 (Dec 27-28) AM Bose Madras 1899 (Dec 27-28) Ramesh Chandra Dutt Demand for permanent fixation Lucknow of land revenue 1900 (Dec 27-29) NG Chandrasekar Lahore

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1901 (Dec 27-28) DE Wacha Calcutta 1902 (Dec 23-26) SurendranathBannerji Ahmadabad 1903 (Dec 28-30) Lal Mohan Ghose Madras 1904 (Dec 26-28) Hanry Cotton Bombay 1905 (Dec 27-30) GK Gokhale Resentment against partition of Banaras Bengal 1906 (Dec 26-29) DadabhaiNaoroji Word ‘Swaraj’ mentioned for 1st Calcutta time 1907 (Dec 26-27) Rash Behari Ghosh Split in Congress into moderate Surat and Extermist 1908 (Dec 29-30) Rash Behari Ghosh Constitution of Congress drawn Surat 1909 (Dec 27-30) Madan Mohan Disapproval of separate electorate Lahore Malviya 1910 (Dec 28-29) Sir William Allahabad Wedderburn 1911 (Dec 26-28) BN Dhar Calcutta 1912 (Dec 27-28) RN Mudhelkar Bankipur 1913 (Dec 26-29) Syed Mohammed Karachi 1914 (Dec 28-30) BhupendraNathBasu Madras 1915 (Dec 27-30) SP Sinha Bombay 1916 (Dec 26-30) AC Majumdar Reunion of Congress and Lucknow Lucknow Pact 1917 (Dec 28-29) Annie Besant First Women President Calcutta 1918 (Dec 26-31) Delhi Madan Mohan Malviya 1919 (Dec 27-28) Motilal Nehru Condemned JalliwanwalaBagh Amritsar boosted Khilafat Movement 1920 (Dec 26-31) C.VijayaRaghavacharia New Constitution of Congress

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Nagpur formed 1921 (Dec 27-31) CR Das (Inprision) Ahamadabad Hakim Ajmal Khan (Acting President) 1922 (Dec 26-31) CR Das ‘Swarajya Party’ formed Gaya 1923 (Dec 28-31) M Mohammed Ali Kakinda 1924 (Dec 26-27) MK Gandhi Belgaum 1925 (Dec 26-28) Sarojini Naidu First Indian Women President Kanpur 1926 (Dec 26-28) SS Iyenger Gauhwati 1927 (Dec 26-27) MA Ansari Independence Resolution Madras adopted and to boycott Simon Commission 1928 (Dec 28-31) Motilal Nehru 1st All India Youth Congress Calcutta formed 1929 (Dec 29-31) Jawaharlal Nehru Passed Poorna Swaraj Resolution Lahore and launch of civil disobedience movement accepted 1931 (March 29) Vallabhai Patel Endorsement of Gandhi Irwin Karachi Pact and resolution of fundamental right 1932 (April 24) Delhi AR Seth 1933 (April 7) N Sengupta Calcutta 1934 (Oct 26 – 28) RajendraPrashad Bombay 1936 (April 12-4) JL Nehru Congress to adopt socialism as its Lucknow goal 1936 (Dec 27-28) JL Nehru Session held in village 1st time Faizpur 1938 (Feb 19-21) SC Bose National Planning Commission Haripura set up 1939 (March 10) SC Bose Rajendra Prasad became Tripuri President after resignation of SC Bose

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1940 (March) Maulana Azad Ramgarh 1946 (Nov 22) Meerut JB Kriplani 1948 (Dec 18-19) P Sittaramaya Jaipur No Session 1930, 1935, 1941 to 45

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MILITANTNATIONALISM

include: (1) To organise secret Revolutionary Activities societies, (2) Engagement in the The militant Nationalists no doubt murders of officials to terrorise the adopted the path of blood shed but British authorities, (3) Indigenous their goal was noble. Their ideal was to set up the rule of the farmers and Factors Helped Growth of Terrorism workers and to remove all social and 1. The Swadeshi Movement economic disparities. 2. Failure of constitutional reforms  Due to mainfold ever increasing 3. Defeat of Italians at Adowa 4. Victory of Japan over Russia number of young men turned to 5. Young Turk movement revolutionary activities to attain 6. Repression of the British Government political independence, their 7. Change in approach of the youth methods were entirely different from those of the Extremists and the Moderates. manufacture of arms and bombs  They were inspired by the intense and to import them from Foreign love of the Motherland and were countries whenever possible and spurred by enthusiasm to wrest (4) To engage themselves in the freedom quickly from the clutches activities such as dacoities to of the British by violent means. collect money for fulfilling their  The methods they adopted aims. Revolutionary Organisations in India Organisation Year Founder Place MitraMela 1899 Savarkar Brothers Poona AnushilanSamiti (I) 1902 Gyanendranath Bose Midnapur Abhinav Bharat 1906 VD Savarkar Poona Swadesh BandhavSamiti 1905 Ashwin Kumar Dutt Barisal AnushilanSamiti (II) 1907 Birendra Kumar Ghosh and Dhaka BhupendraDutt

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Bharat Mata Society 1907 Ajit Singh and Amba Prasad Punjab Hindustan Republican 1924 Jogesh Chandra Kanpur Association ChatterjiSachindranathSany al Naujawan Sabha 1926 Bhagat Singh Lahore Hindustan Socialist 1928 Chandrashekhar Azad Delhi Republican Association

Revolutionary Organisations Formed Outside India Organisation Year Founder Place India House 1905 Shyamji Krishna Verma London Abhinav Bharat 1906 VD Savarkar London Indian Independence 1907 TarakNath Das USA League Ghadar Party 1913 LalaHardayal, TarakNath-Das San and Sohan Singh Bhakna Francisco Indian Independence 1914 LalaHardayal and Birendra Berlin League and Government 1942 Ras Bihari Bose Tokyo Indian Independence League Indian National Army 1942 Ras Bihari Bose Tokyo

The reasons responsible for the 2. The role of revolutionaries in revolutionaries, failing to achieve their Indian politics became negligible objective Viz., because the Satyagraha and the 1. The Government passed several Non-cooperation movements led laws to crush the revolutionary by Gandhi attracted more public movements and many times attention. succeeded in detecting the 3. Most of their movements in India activities and punishing them failed because of its, ill severely. organisation and its failure to

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gain mass support among the - Yugantar group by Indians. Barindra Kumar Ghosh, Raja Subodh Malik and Objective of HSRA (Hindustan Socialist Republican HemchandraQanungo. Association)  First political robbery was 1. To arose the consciousness of the people of India to futility of the conducted in 1906, known as Gandhian methods of non- Rangpur Dacoiti. violence. 2. To demonstrate the need and  A bomb manufacturing unit was desirability of Direct Action and set-up at Maniktala (Calcutta). Revolution in order to achieve complete independence.  Kingsford attempt to Murder 3. Decided not to plunder private Case (1908) Yugantar group individuals but to make government treasuries alone as planned to kill Kingsford, the the target of dacoities. magistrate of Muzaffar, but failed. Aurobindo Ghosh was Concludingly, there is no doubt arrested and Khudiram Bose was that the superb spirit of sacrifice arrested and executed in Hijni of the revolutionaries and jail, Hazaribagh. martyrdom of many among them  There was an assassination made a notable contribution attempt on the life of Governor towards Indian Nationalism. The General, Lord Hardinge blood of the Indian martyrs did (December, 1912) by Master Amir not go in waste. Chandra, Awadh Bihari and Basantkumar Biswas. 12.1 FIRST PHASE  In Madras, revolutionary  By 1902, four revolutionary activities were carried by Bharat groups were set-up in Calcutta Mata Association under and Midnapur. VanchiIyer and supported by VO - Midnapur Society by Chindambaram Pillai. SarlaGhosal  Indian revolutionary activities - AnushilanSamiti outside India were based on the - Atmonnoti Group principle of absolute political

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freedom. Prominent groups North America helped in rising were awareness about nationalism. - India House by Shyamji - Similarly, Hind Association Krishna Verma set up in of Pacific coast was set-up London. He also started the in 1913 by Sohan Singh newspaper The Indian Bhakna and also started a Sociologist. VD Savarkar was newspaper, Hindustani its member, who later started Ghadar, edited by the secret societies Abhinav LalaHardayal. Bharat and MitraMela. - Soon activities of the - Other association came to be MembersLalaHardayal, VN known as Ghadar party Chatterjee, MPT Acharya, Movement which was first PM Bapat, VSS Iyer and secular, democratic, Madan Lal Dhingra revolutionary movement. (assassinated British Officer - Its headquarter was known Curzon While in 1909). as Yugantar Ashram in San  Paris Indian Society: It was Francisco (USA). They founded by Madam BhikajiCama. published the newspaper She started two newspapers, Hindustani Ghadar. VandeMataram and - In Punjab, Bharat Mata MadansTalwar. Society under Kartar Singh  India Independence carried the Ghadar Committee was set-up by Movement. Similary in VigrendranathChattopadha Gaya Hong Kong a Sikh priest, in Berlin. Bhagwan Singh, carried the  Ghadar Party Movement movement. (1913) Indian nationalists - The movement ended with including students like the arrest of Lal Hardayal, TarakNath Das who published beginning of world war and Free Hindustan Newspaper in KomagataMaru incident

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(charteredship of Gurudith Ashafaqulla were accused. Singh carrying Muslim and  Murder of Sauders (ASP of Sikh immigrats from Lahore), 1929-Bhagat Singh was Vancouver, but the British accused. Government did not allow  Assembly Bomb Case (Delhi), anyone to leave the ship at 1929-Bhagat Singh, Batukeshwar Calcutta and violent Dutta and Rajguru. protests broke out).  Surya Sen was accused in Chittagong ArmkouryDacoity, 12.2 SECOND PHASE 1930.  Bhagat Singh founded the  Udham Singh murdered General Naujawan Bharat Sabha. Dyer in London in 1940.  Kakori Train Dacoity Case 1925- Ram Prasad Bismill and Revolutionary Events/Cases

Name of the Event/Case Place Year Accused Murder of Rand and Amherst Pune 1897 Chapekar Brothers, (Plague commissioners) Damodar and Balkrishna Attempt to murder kingsford Muzaffarpu 1908 Khudiram Bose and (a vindictive judge) r PrafullaChaki Manikatalla (Calcutta) and Manikatall 1908 Aurbindo Ghosh Alipur Bomb conspiracy case a (Calcutta) Alipur Murder of Jackson (District Nasik 1909 AnantKarkare Magistrate) Murder of Curzon Wyllie London 1909 Madan Lal Dhingra Attempt to murder Hardinge Delhi 1912 Ras Bihari Bose and Basant (Viceroy) (Delhi Bomb Case) Kumar Kakori Train Dacoity Case Kakori 1925 Ram Prasad Bismil and (Kakori-a station in Lucknow Ashafaqulla Saharanpur division)

Murder of Saunders (A.S.P of Lahore 1928 Bhaghat Singh Lahore)

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Assembly Bomb case Delhi 1929 Bhaghat Singh and Batukeshwardutta Chittagong Armoury Dacoity Chittagong 1930 Surya sen Murder of Michael O’ Dwyer London 1940 Udhamsingh

Important Cases against Revolutionaries CASE REASON AND YEAR RESULT Nasik conspiracy The unjustified punishment 37 youths were caught, 3 case meted out to Ganesh Savarkar hanged and rest were (1990-10) sentenced to various punishments. Alipur conspiracy The police raided a bomb 37 people were trailed case factory in Calcutta and including Barindra Ghosh, recovered live bombs (1908) HemchandraKanungo, UllaskarDutt, UpendraNath Banerjee. Howrah conspiracy (1910) Jatindra Mukherjee was case trailed. Dacca conspiracy The member of AnusilanSamiti Pulin Behari Das gets case (1910) rigorous imprisonment for 7 years. Delhi conspiracy Inicident of bomb explosion Master Amirchand, Avadh case aimed at killing Lord Hardinge Behari, Bhai Bal Mukund (1915) were sentenced to death. Lahore conspiracy Murder of Saunders (1929-30) Sardar Bhagat Singh, case Rajguru and Sukhdev were hanged to death. Benaras conspiracy Revolutionary Activity (1915- Sachindra Chandra Sanyal case 16) was deported to Andaman. Victoria conspiracy Arose Public sentiments Gurutta Singh and case against the government due to Dalipsingh were sentenced KomagataMaru incident to 4 and 2 years imprisonment. Kakori Case Looted the government cash Ram Prasad Bismil, Roshan carried in a train (1925) Singh, AshfaqUllah and RajendraLahri were awarded death punishment.

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Punjab case Attempt on the life of the Hari Krishan was trailed Governor of Punjab and hanged till death.

Repressive legislation to Curb revolutionary Activities

The Prevention of Seditious Meeings Act 1907 The Explosive Substances Act 1908 The Indian Criminal Law Amendment Act 1908 The Newspaper Act 1908 The press Act 1910 Multi fanged Defence of Indian Rules 1915 Rowaltt Act 1919

The first woman Governor of a State in free - Sarojini Naidu

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CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA (1773 – 1947)

Regulating Act of 1773  Changes in the constitution of the Pitt’s India Act of 1784 Court of Directors (such as term  Establishment of a Board of of the Directors, eligibility for the Control, consisting of 6 members right to vote, etc.) and subjection (called Commissioners), to of their actions to the British supervise and control the Government. Government of India.  Government of Bengal to be  Giving to the Court of Directors carried on by a Governor General the right to make all of Fort William and his Council of appointments in India and to 4 members (Warren Hastings – recall. first Governor General of Fort  Reduction of the number of Williams). members of the Council of the  The power of the Governor Governor General to 3 from 4 in General-in-Council to supervise order to make him more powerful and control the Bombay and and efficient. Madras Presidencies in matters of  Clear-cut subordination of the peace and war. Bombay and Madras Presidencies  Establishment of a Supreme Court to the Governor General-in- at Calcutta, with a Chief Justice Council in all questions of (first Chief Justice – ElijaImpey) diplomacy, war and revenue.

and three judges to administer Charter Act of 1813 justice (both civil and criminal)  Throwing open the India trade to over all British subjects of Bengal all British subjects, though the Presidency. company’s monopoly of trade in  Prohibition of receiving all tea and trade with China was not presents and bribes by the disturbed. servants of the Company.

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 Providing an annual sum of Rs.1,00,000 for the spread of Charter Act of 1853 education.  Appointment of a separate  It required the company’s Lieutenant Governor for Bengal servants to undergo some training and making Dalhousie the first in England before entering real Governor General of India service. (i.e. without any additional charge). Charter Act of 1833  Depriving the company (Court of  Completion of the introduction of Directors) of its right to appoint free trade in India by abolishing and recall officials in India, and the company’s monopoly of trade introduction of the system of in tea and trade with China. direct recruitment to the I.C.S.  Renaming the Governor General through a competitive exam of Fort William as the Governor (Board of Control was to, do the General of India (William recruitment). Bentinck was the first Governor  Inclusion of additional members General of India as well as the to the Governor General’s council, Governor of Bengal Presidency). which was to act as the Legislative  Inclusion of a Law Member in the Council (total members – 12). Council of the Governor General Government of India Act of 1858 (Macaulay – the first Law  Abolition of the company’s rule Member). and beginning of the rule by the  Abolition of the legislative British Crown. decentralization (i.e., the power of  Abolition of the Board of Control different Presidencies to make law and the Court of Directors. for themselves) and giving the  Appointment of a Secretary of Governor General-in-council the State for India (who would be a power to make laws for all British member of the British Cabinet) India. who would rule India with the aid

of a Council, viz. India Council,

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consisting of 15 members. (Sir Indian Councils Act of 1892 Charles Wood, the last President  Introduction of indirect elections of the Board of Control, was made for the non-official members of the first Secretary of State for the Imperial and Provincial India). Legislative Councils: those of the  Making the Governor General of former were to be nominated by India as Viceroy (Lord Canning – the Bengal, Chamber of first Viceroy as well as the last Commerce and the Provincial Governor General of India) and Legislative Councils: those of the increased control of British Home latter by certain local bodies such Government over the Viceroy as universities, district boards, (through the new Secretary of municipalities, etc. Retention of State for India) due to the official majority at both levels. establishment of direct telegraph  The Councils at both levels were link. to have the power of discussing

Indian Councils Act of 1861 the budget (but not of voting) and  Enlargement of the legislative of addressing questions to the wing of the Viceroy’s council executives.

(from now onwards known as the Indian Councils Act of 1909 or the Imperial Legislative Council). Morley – Minto Reforms  Introduction of the Portfolio  Introduction of an element of System (based on Lord Canning’s direct elections in the Legislative rules of business) by which each Councils. member of the Viceroy’s  Introduction of separate Excecutive Council was put in electorate for the Muslims change of a department. (Communal Electorates).  Establishment of Legislative  Enlargement of the Provincial Councils in various provinces like Legislative Councils and removal Madras, Bombay and Bengal. of official majority in them.

The first woman Chairman of Union Public Service Commission-Rose MillianBethew

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Indian National Movement

 Retention of official majority in powers to the provinces should the Imperial Legislative Council. not, however, be mistaken for a  Increase in the deliberative federal distribution of powers for functions of the Councils at both by way of delegation from the levels. centre and not as constitutional  Still majority of the non-official division). at both levels were indirectly  Making the Central Legislature elected. bicameral (consisting of the Council of States and Legislative Government of India Act of 1919 Assembly) and more or the Montague- representative by removing the Chelmsford Reforms or official majority and increasing Montford Reforms the non-official directly elected  Introduction of ‘Dyarchy’ in the majority. provinces; division of the  The salaries of the Secretary of provincial subjects into ‘Reserved State for India and his assistants Subjects’ (like police, jails, land to be paid out of the British revenue, irrigation, forests, etc. to revenues (hitherto they were paid be administered by the Governor out of Indian revenues). and his Executive Council) and  Appointment of a High ‘Transferred Subjects’ (like Commissioner of India at London, education, local self-government, who was responsible to Indian public health and sanitation, Government and paid by it. His agriculture, industries, etc., to be duties – to procure stores for looked after by the Governor and Indian government, to supply his ministers). trade information and promote  Relaxation of central control over commerce, and to look after the the provinces through ‘Devolution education of Indian students in Rules’ which categorized the England. subjects of administration into

two groups, viz, Central and

Provincial. (This devolution of

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Government of India Act of 1935  Provision for the establishment of  Establishment of a Federal Court an All India Federation to be at Delhi (in 1937) with a Chief based on a union of the provinces Justice and not more then 6 of British India and the Princely judges. States (It did not come into existence since the Princely States did not give their consent for the union).  Division of powers into three lists – Federal, Provincial and Concurrent, Residuary Powers with the Governor General.  Provincial Autonomy – Introduction of responsible government in the provinces and abolition of Dyarchy in them.  Provincial Legislatures were made bicameral, for the first time, in 6 provinces (Bengal, Madras, Bombay, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Assam).  Extension of the principle of separate electorates to Sikhs, Europeans, Indian Christians and Anglo-Indians.  ‘Discretionary Powers’ of the Governor General and the Governors. The first Indian woman to climb Mount Everest- Bachhendri Pal The first Indian woman Ambassador- CB Muthamma

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Indian National Movement COMMUNALISM LED TO PARTITION

Demand for Pakistan  In 1930, Md Iqbal for the first time suggested that the Frontier Province, Sind, Baluchistan and Kashmir be made the Muslim state within the federation.  Chaudhary Rehmat Ali coined the term ‘Pakistan’ (later Pakistan).  The fear of Muslims to be subjugated by Hindus in free India was realized by Jinnah and he demanded for the creation of Pakistan.  Pakistan Resolution Muslim League first passed the proposal of seperate Pakistan in its Lahore Session in 1940 (called Jinnah’s Two-Nation theory). It was drafted by Sikandar Hayat Khan, moved by FazlulHaq and seconded by Khaliquzzaman. It rejected the federal scheme envisaged in the Government of India Act, 1935. In December 1943, the Karachi Session of the Muslim League adopted the slogan-‘Divide and Quit’.

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CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA (1773 – 1947)

 The earliest political organisation, Hindu in English and the Madras Native Swadeshamitran in Tamil. Association was started in July  The third session of the Indian 1852. LakshminarasuChetty and National Congress was held in Srinivasa Pillai were the founders Madras in 1887 under the of this organization. The Madras presidentship of Native Association was sharply FakruddinThyabji. critical of the policies of the East India Company‟s rule. SWADESHI MOVEMENT IN Subsequently in 1884, the TAMIL NADU Madras Mahajana Sabha was  The Partition of Bengal in 1905 established by P. Anandacharlu led to the beginning of Swadeshi and P. Rangaiya Naidu. The Movement in Tamil Nadu. During Madras Native Association was this period the important leaders ultimately merged with this of the National Movement were – organization. V.O. Chidambaram Pillai,  The Madras Mahajana Sabha Subramania Siva and strongly supported the activities SubramaniaBharathi. In May 1907 of the Indian National Congress. Bharathi brought, Bipin Chandra It had also initiated social reform. Pal one of the leaders of G. SubramaniaIyer performed the extremists in the Congress to remarriage of his widowed Madras city. After the Surat split daughter in December 1889. He in 1907, V.O.C. and fellow moved the first resolution in the nationalists started the Chennai first session of the Indian National Jana Sangam. Congress in 1885. He started the  SubramaniaBharathi was a non- nationalist papers like The conformist, unorthodox and a

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revolutionary in social and rigorous imprisonment. They political ideas. He edited the were given harsh punishment Tamil Weekly India .He wrote inside the prison. V.O.C. was nationalist songs called the asked to draw an oil press and SwadesaGeethangal. hence he is known as  V.O. Chidambaram Pillai was a ChekkilutaChemmal. lawyer by profession and he  The arrest of the nationalist joined the nationalist movement leaders, harsh punishment for the in 1905. nationalist leaders inside the  He was a follower of Bal prison and the collapse of the GanghadarTilak. He led the Swadeshi Steam Navigation Coral Mill Strike in February Company led to the formation of a 1908 in Tuticorin. revolutionary organization in  In 1906 he launched the Tamil Nadu called the Swadeshi Steam Navigation Bharathamatha Association. Company in Tuticorin. Hence NilakantaBramachari played a he was called Kappalottiya vital role in it. One of the followers Tamilan. There was of this association Vanchi Nathan competition between Swadeshi shot dead the notorious British Steam Navigation Company and official Robert William Ashe at British India Steam Navigation Maniyatchi junction in June 1911. Company. V.O.C. advocated the boycott of the British India NON-CO-OPERATION Steam Navigation Company and MOVEMENT this had resulted in the Tirunelveli uprising in March  Non-Cooperation had been a 1908. He was ably assisted by success in Tamil Nadu. C. Subramania Siva. Rajagopalachari, S. Satyamurthi  Both were arrested and and E.V. Ramaswami imprisoned. They served six years Naicker were the important

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The other important nationalist leader 1929 when the Simon was K. Kamaraj from Virudhunagar. Commission visited Tamil Nadu. He participated in the Vaikom Satyagraha in 1924 and thus entered SALT SATYAGRAHA nationalist movement. He was the  Authorized by TNCC and AICC to vice-president and treasurer of the direct the Salt Satyagraha in Tamil Ramnad District Congress Committee Nadu, Rajaji undertook the in 1929. From the beginning, Kamaraj famous Vedaranyam Salt was the man of the masses. He spoke Satyagraha march. He selected in simple and direct language. He had the route from Tiruchirappalli to a sound common sense and practical Vedaranyam in Thanjauvr district. wisdom. The march began on Tamil New Year‟s Day (13th April). The March leaders of the Non-Cooperation reached Vedaranyam on 28th Movement in Tamil Nadu. At that April 1930. Two days later time E.V. RamaswamiNaicker was Rajagopalachari was arrested for the President of the Tamil Nadu Congress Committee.  In the meantime, Periyar E.V.R. launched the Vaikom Satyagraha in Kerala against the practice of social segregation. Later he resigned from the breaking the salt laws. Tiruppur Congress and came out on the Kumaran who led the flag march social segregation issue at was fatally beaten. Since he Seramandevi Guru Kulam of guarded the national flag in his V.V.S. Iyer. S. Satyamurthi of hands he was called KodiKaththa Kumaran. Pudukkottai was one of the important freedom fighters. He  Similarly, the National Movement led the anti-Simon Campaign in was encouraged by songs composed by Namakkal Kavinjar Page 3

Indian National Movement

Ramalingam Pillai. In his songs he the Justice Party had been praised the Gandhian methods in unique and somewhat different the struggle for freedom. He sang from those of the Congress that “a war is coming without Party. knife and blood”. This highlighted  The Justice Party represented the Gandhian principle of non- the Non-Brahmin Movement violent struggle against the and engineered a social British. revolution against the Quit India Movement domination of Brahmins in the  Quit India movement was sphere of public services and launched in places like North education. Arcot, Madurai and Coimbatore. Birth of the Justice Party  There was police firing at  Various factors had contributed Rajapalayam, Karaikudi and to the formation of the Justice Devakottai. Party, which represented the  Besides, Subhash Bose„s INA had Non-Brahmin Movement. many men and women soldiers  The social dominance of the from Tamil Nadu. Brahmins was the main cause for  Finally, when India attained the emergence of the Non- independence on 15th August, Brahmin Movement. 1947 the Madras Government  Their high proportion in the Civil under O.P.RamaswamiReddiar Service, educational institutions passed a resolution appreciating and also their predominance in the Indian Independence Act. the Madras Legislative Council The Justice Party Rule caused a great worry among the  The Justice Party rule in the non- Brahmins. Madras Presidency constitutes  The Brahmins had also an important chapter in the monopolized the Press. history of South India.  The rediscovery of the greatness  The ideology and objectives of of the Tamil language and

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literature also provided a Party was the Madras United stimulus to the non-Brahmins. League which was renamed as  Particularly, the publication of the Madras Dravidian the book entitled A Comparative Association in November 1912. Grammar of the Dravidian or  Dr.C.NatesaMudaliar played a South Indian Family of significant role in nurturing this Languages by Rev.Robert organization. Caldwell in 1856 gave birth to  In 1916 the South Indian Liberal the Dravidian concept. Federation was formed for the  Later the ancient Tamil purpose of ‗promoting the literature had been rediscovered political interests of non- and printed by various Tamil Brahmin caste Hindus„. scholars including  The leaders who stood behind ArumugaNavalar, the formation of this C.V.Damodaram Pillai and organization were U.V.SwaminathaIyer. PittiTheagarayaChetti,  V.Kanakasabhai Pillai in his Dr.T.M.Nair, P.Ramarayaninger famous historical work, The (Raja of Panagal) and Tamils 1800 Years Ago pointed Dr.C.NatesaMudaliar. out that Tamils had attained a  The South Indian Liberal high degree of civilization before Federation published an English the Advent of the Aryans. newspaper called Justice and  This led to the growth of hence this organization came to Dravidian feelings among the be called the Justice Party. non-Brahmins.  The other news paper which  These factors collectively supported the Justice Party was contributed to the birth of the Dravidan (in Tamil). Non-Brahmin Movement and  Besides, the Justice Party the Justice Party. organized a series of public  The precursor of the Justice meetings, conferences, lectures

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to popularise Non-Brahmin  In 1930 when the next election movement. was held the Justice Party won  Similarly, the Justice Party the majority and formed a formed District Associations, the ministry with B. Non-Brahmin Youth League.  Muniswami Naidu as the leader. Justice Party Rule  In 1932 Raja of Bobbili replaced  The Justice Party came to power him as Prime Minister of the following the election of 1920 Presidency. held according to the Montague-  In 1934 Raja of Bobbili formed Chelmsford Reforms. his second ministry, which  The Justice Party captured sixty continued in power until the three out of ninety eight elected election of 1937. seats in the Madras Legislative  Achievements of the Justice Council. Party  As Pitti Theagaraya Chetti  The Justice Party remained in declined to lead the ministry, power for a period of thirteen A.Subbarayalu Reddiar formed years. the ministry.  Its administration was noted for  In the election of 1923 it fought social justice and social reform. against the Swarajya Party.  Justice rule gave adequate  The Justice Party again won the representation to non-Brahman majority and the ministry was communities in the public formed by Raja of Panagal. services.  In the election of 1926 a divided  It improved the status of Justice Party faced the depressed classes through opposition of a united Congress. education reforms.  Therefore, an independent, Justice Party introduced A.Subbarayan with the help of following reforms in the field of the Swarajya Party formed the Education : ministry. 1. Free and compulsory education

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was introduced for the first time local bodies and educational in Madras. institutions for non-Brahmin 2. Nearly 3000 fisher boys and communities in increased fisher girls were offered free proportion. special instruction by the  The Staff Selection Board, Department of Fisheries. created by the Panagal Ministry 3. Midday Meals was given at in 1924, was made the Public selected corporation schools in Service Commission in 1929. Madras.  It was the first of its kind in 4. The Madras Elementary India. Education Act was amended in  The women were granted the 1934 and in 1935 to improve right to vote on the same basis as elementary education. was given to men. 5. The Education of girls received  The Hindu Religious encouragement during the Endowment Act of 1921, enacted Justice rule in Madras. by the Panagal Ministry, tried to 6. Education of the Depressed eliminate corruption in the Classes was entrusted with management of temples. Labour Department.  Justice Party Government 7. Encouragement was given to introduced economic reforms. Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani  To assist the growth of industries medical education. State Aid to Industries Act, 1922 The government took over the was passed. power of appointing district  This led to the establishment of munsiffs out of the control of the new industries such as : sugar High Court. factories, engineering works,  The Communal G.O.s tanneries, aluminum factories, (Government Orders) of 1921 cement factories and oil milling and 1922 provided for the so on. reservation of appointments in  This act provided credits to

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industries, allotted land and 1926 and Annamalai University water. in 1929.End of Justice Party Rule  This proved favourable for  The Government of India Act of industrial progress. 1935 provided for provincial  Similarly, Justice Party autonomy and the electoral Government introduced schemes victory meant the assumption of for rural development to help a major responsibility in the agrarian population, public administration of the province. health schemes to prevent  K.V.Reddi Naidu led the Justice diseases. Party, while C.  To improve village economy  Rajagopalachari led the Congress village road scheme was in the South.In the election of introduced. 1937, the Congress captured 152  In the city of Madras the Town out of 215 seats in the Legislative Improvement Committee of the Assembly and 26 out of 46 in the Madras Corporation introduced Legislative Council. Slum Clearance and Housing  In July 1937 the Congress Schemes. formed its ministry under  As a social welfare measures the C.Rajagopalachari. Justice Party Government gave  Thus, the rule of Justice Party waste lands in village to which introduced important Depressed Classes. social legislations came to an  The devadasi system, a disgrace end. to women, was abolished.  In 1944 the Justice party  The Justice administration conference was held in Salem. reorganized the working of the  There Peraringar Anna passed a University of Madras. resolution thereby the name of  During the administration of justice party was changed as Justice Party, the Andhra Dravidar Kalagam. University was established in

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History & Culture of India

Freedom Fighters in Tamil Nadu

Tamil Nadu played a remarkable part He organized Coral mill Strike in the town in the struggle for freedom in India. The near the sea shore that resulted in the increase great leaders like Puli thevar, Kattabomman, of workers’ wages and reduction of working Maruthu brothers, Velu Thambi played hours. In 1907, he attended the Congress major role in the revolt. They were all noted sessions held at Surat; where the Congress for their patriotism, courage, self respect and split into Moderates and Extremists. He sacrifice. During the British rule, the great followed the millitant leader Bala Gangadhar leaders, poets and the social reformers like Tilak and preached his philosophy. Charged G.Subramania Iyer, V.O.chidambaram Pillai, with sedition, he was sentenced to forty years Subramanya Baharathi, C.Rajagopalachari, of imprisonment. His right leg was chained Periyar E.V.Ramasamy, Thiruppur Kumaran, and he was used as a bullock in pulling the oil K.Kamaraj and many others had contributed press (chekku). a lot towards the success of our freedom Subramaniya Siva struggle. Subramaniya Siva was born V.O.Chidambaram Pillai in Vathalagdundu in Dindugal V. O. Chidambaram Pillai is district. He was afreedom fighter remembered by the Tamils as and a creative writer. He was Sekkilutta Semmal, Kappalotiya arrested many times between Tamizhan. He was born in 1908 and 1922 for his anti- Ottapidaram on September 5, imperialist activities. While 1872. He started his career as a serving his last prison term, he was affected by lawyer at Tirunelveli. leprosy and was ordered to be shifted to Salem He encouraged the formation of Trade jail. When Siva was unable to walk due to the Guilds and Worker’s Association. He was the severity of disease, the British Government founder of the Swadesi Dharma Sanga Weaving enacted a law for Siva, stating that leprosy Association and Swadesi Co-operative Stores patient should not travel by rail. As a result of at Tuticorin and Colombo. The Partition of this, Subramaniya Siva travelled the whole Bengal in 1905 had drawn him into politics. length of Madras province on foot though his

 History & Culture of India whole body was covered with sores. Then he Vanchinathan eventually died of the disease on 23rd July Vanchinathan was under the service of the 1925. State of Travancore. The activities of the Subramanya Bharathiyar extremists greatly alarmed the British. The Subramanya Bharathi was collector, Ashe, shot down and born on Dec. 11, 1882 at killed four persons in Ettayapuram in Tirunelveli Thirunelveli. So Vanchinathan District. He worked as Tamil wanted to take revenge against Teacher in 1904 at Madurai. the Collector. He secretly went He also served as Assistant to Maniyachi Railway Station Editor of Swadeshimithran and shot dead Ashe on 17th in 1904. In 1907 , he became the editor of the June 1911, and he himself committed suicide. Tamil weekly ‘India’. At the same time he also A letter was found in his pocket describing edited the Enlish newspaper ‘Bala that the act of murder of collector Ashe was the Bharatham’. first rehearsal to assassinate King George V In Madras, in 1908, he organized a huge who was expected to Madras. public meeting to celebrate ‘Swaraj Day’ Thiruppur Kumaran His poems ‘Vande Matharam’, ‘Achamillai, Thiruppur Kumaran was born Achamillai’, ‘Enthaiyum, Thayum’ Jaya on 1904, in Chennaimalai, Bharatham were printed and distributed free Erode District in Tamilnadu. to Tamil people. He was a great holding the flag In 1908, he gave evidence in the case which of the Indian Nationalists. had been instituted by the British agains Kumaran is revered as a martyr ‘Kappalotiya Thamizhan’, V.O.Chidambaram in Tamil Nadu, as is known by Pillai. Hence, British ordered to arrest the epithet Kodi Kaththa Kumaran. The Bharathi. Faced with the prospect of arrest, government has erected his statue in a park Bharathi escaped to Pondicherry which was near the railway station in Thiruppur. under the French rule. From there he edited S.Satyamurti and published the dailies weekly and monthly. Satyamurti was a politician and But the British banned them in India in 1909. patriot. He was the political After the World War I, Bharathi entered mentor of K.Kamaraj. British India near Cuddalore in November Rajagopalachari nominated 1918. He was arrested and released after the Satyamurti to succeed him as three weeks in custody. Today, more than 90 the President of the Indian years later Subramanya Bharathi stands an National Congress in Tamil Nadu in 1930. He undying symbol not only of a vibrant Tamil served as Mayor of Madras in 1939, leading a nationalism but also of the unity that is campaign to restore public education, improved India. water supply and improve the life of the citizens.

10 History & Culture of India

S.Satyamurti was born in Tirumayyam, he introduced Prohibition, passed several laws Madras presidency on August 19, 1887. He to uplift Adi Dravidar and other depressed started practising as an advocate prior to classes. He also made Hindi as compulsory his initiation in the National Movement. He subject but it was opposed by Periyar EVR. plunged into politics at an early age and He resigned his Chief Ministership in 1939 eventually emerging as one of the foremost in protest against the use of Indian men and protest the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms and materials in the Second World war by the the Rowlatt Act. British Government without their consent. When Satyamurti became the Mayor of He became the first Indian Governor Madras in 1939, the city was in the grip of an General of free India. In 1952 he formed the acute water scarcity and it was left to him to ministry in Tamilnadu. During that time impress upon the British Governor for building ministry he introduced ‘Kula Kalvi Thittam’. Reservoir in poondi about 50 kms west of the But it was opposed by Kamaraj and Periyar city to augment the water supply position. EVR and at last Rajaji resigned from Chief The reservoir was commissioned by Kamaraj Ministership in 1954. Later he resigned form and named it as Satayamurti Sahar. To honour Congress and founded Swatandra party in this great man, the Headquarters of the Tamil 1959. Rajaji wrote many books. He wrote Nadu Congress Committee was named after Sakkravarthi Thirumagal, Vyassar Virundu him as, Satyamurti Bhavan. and commentaries on Gita and Upanisad. He participated in the Swadeshi Movement In 1955, he was awarded ‘Bharat Ratna’. He and Quit India Movement and imprisoned died on Dec 25, 1972. He was often referred as for several times. He was a highly regarded ‘Chanakya’ for his diplomatic skills. politician of rare abilities, who had dedicated K.Kamaraj his life to bring freedom and justice to the Kamaraj was born on July people. He passed away on 28th March 1943. 15th 1903 at Virudupatti now C.Rajagopalachari known as taking part in Vaikam National Congress and Sathyagraha in 1924. He participated in the Calcutta enrolled himself as a full time session in 1906. He became the worker of the Congress party staunch follower of Gandhiji. in 1929. He participated in the Surat When Gandhiji announced Salt Sathyagraha session in 1907. In 1930, he broke he participated in the Vedaranyam march the salt laws at Vedaranyam. along with C.Rajagopalachari in 1930. He He started his March to Vedaranyam from was arrested and imprisoned for two years in Thiruchirapalli with hundreds of volunteers Alipore jail. As a result of Gandhi Irwin Pact of to break salt laws. He won the 1937 provincial 1931 he was released. elections and became the Chief Minister of In 1940, he went to Wardha to meet Gandhiji Madras Presidency. During his administration to get approval for the list of Sathyagrahis.

11 History & Culture of India

But he was arrested and sent to Vellore jail. When Anna joined the Justice Party he had the Because of his active participation in Quit privilege of working under the leadership of India Movement in 1942 he was arrested and Periyar E.V.Ramasamy. The party provided sentenced to three years in the Amaravathi the right platform for him and so he joined the prison. He hoisted the Indian National flag in self respect movement which was started for Satyamurti’s house in 1947. the elimination of social inequalities. He served as the Chief Minister of Tamil In the Anti-Hindi conference organized Nadu for nine years and introduced various by Periyar at Kanjeewaram Anna quoted that welfare measures like opening of new schools, Hindi could never take the place of Tamil and free education, mid-day meals scheme, make any road in well settled Tamil culture. construction of dams and canals to Maker’, as he In the Salem Conference of 1944, Anna made Lal Bahadur Sastri as the Prime minister brought a resolution for changing the name of India in 1964 and Mrs. Indira Gandhi in 1966 of Justice Party as Dravidar Kazhagam and after the death of Sastri. He died on October became very close to Periyar. The marriage of 2nd 1975. Kamaraj was famous for his policy Periyar with Maniammai in 1947 gave severe known as ‘K’ Plan. He was affectionately called blow to the party men. A new party called by the people as ‘Perum Thalaivar’ means Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam was formed on ‘Great Leader’. 17th September 1949 Anna and principles of Thus Tamil Nadu played a vital role in the the Party. He became the General Secretary of freedom struggle of our Country. the Party. C.N.Annadurai In the election of 1967, his Party got victory C.N.Annadurai, who was and Anna became the Chief Minister of Tamil affectionately called as Nadu in 1967. He introduced the scheme of 1 kg ‘Peraringnar Anna’ by the rice for Re.1. Due to financial strain he was not people of Tamil Nadu was born able to promulgate this system all over Tamil on 15th September. 1909 at Nadu. He also introduced Tamil Language Kancheepuram. He had his Development Scheme. M.A., in the Pachaiyappa’s In 1967, Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu College, Madras. He was the founder of the announced, the first day of Chittirai as Tamil “Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam”. New Year day. Government under the Anna’s inception into politics was through leadership of Anna changed the official name the Justice Party. The desire to work for social of the state from ‘Madras’ to ‘Tamizhaga cause made him to join the Justice Party. Arasu’ or ‘Tamizhagam’. On 16th April in the Anna chose the Justice Party to work for the Seretariat in Fort St. George, the Chief Minister establishment of a casteless and classless Anna ceremoniously switched on neon light in society. the form of State Emblem-a Temple Gopuram, Anna was a good orator. He was recognised above the words ‘Tamizhaga Arasu Talaimai as one of the foremost speakers of those days. Cheyalagam’. At the same day he announced

12 History & Culture of India that the national motto ‘satyameva Jayate’ for her active propaganda against Devadasi would hence for the appear as ‘Vaimaye system. Vellum’ and that Sanskrit forms of address Appreciating her role in the agitation against Sri/Srimathi/Kumari would replace the Tamil Devadasi system she was nominated to the forms of Thiru/Thirumathi/Selvi. Tamil Nadu Legislative Council in 1929. She He was conferred Doctorate by Annamalai was Vehemently supported in her efforts by University in 1968. He passed away on 3rd Thiru.V.Kalyana Sundaranar and Periyar. As a February 1969. result the Justice party Government enacted a Contribution of women Leaders for law abolishing Devadasi System. Social reformation In 1930, she organized All india Women Reformation refers to eradication of some social conference at Pune. She was the President practices which are deep rooted in the society for of Indian Women Association from 1933 to achieve the above not only men but also women to 1947. She also started Avvai Illam and have contributed a lot. Among the women orphanage the Santhome in Madras. (Now at reformers some of them are worth mentioning. Adyar). Dr.Muthulakshmi Reddy, through Dr.Muthulakshmi Reddy her dedicated and entering work proved the Tamil Nadu was the forerunner world, hardwork never fails. She passed away in the transformation of society. in 1968 at the age of 82. In the great cultured heritage Dr.S.Dharmambal of Tamil Nadu there are some Many people became famous black spots often formed and not because of wealth, power, removed. One such a black spot education and status but was ‘Devadasi’ system. One of the important because of their dedication. One leaders who fought vigorously against this such a reformer who proved system was Dr.Muthulakshmi Reddy. that service to the people could Dr.Muthulakshmi Reddy was born on 30th be done through humanity and July, 1886 in Pudukottai. She was the first goodwill was Dr.S.Dharmambal. woman in India to get a degree in medicine. In She had the instrict of social service, she 1923 her sister died of cancer. On that day she studied Siddha medicine and started a hospital took a vow to eradicate cancer. So she started in Chennai. Later she entered into the public Cancer Relief Hospital in 1949. The Cancer service Dr.Dharmambal was born at great Institute at Adyar was started due to her good interest in implementing widow remarriage, efforts. intercaste marriage and women education. She was not only interested in medicine also She had also great interest in the in politics and social reforms. She dedicated development of Tamil literature and Tamil herself to the cause for removing the cruel music. She participated in the Hindi agitation practice Devadasi system from Tamil Nadu. programme and went to jail many times. Till She was personally praised by Gandhiji 1940 the Tamil teachers had no due recognition

13 History & Culture of India in the society. They were not paid equal On seeing this attrocities and cruelties, salary like other teachers. So she started an Moovalur Ramamirdham decided to fight for agitation called ‘Elavu varam’. As a result the their emancipation. Educational Minister Thiru. Avinasilingam She travelled all over the country and spoke Chettiar announced equal pay to Tamil teachers about the miseries of her own girls and won like other teachers. the support of many leaders. To make the students improve their She joined the Indian National Party and knowledge in Tamil and to score good marks organized the conference of Isai Vellalar at in Tamil “Chennai Manavar Mandram” was Mayiladudurai in 1925. This conference was established. She was the President of this attended by many great leaders like Thiru. association for more than 10 years. Vi.Ka.Periyar. S.Ramanathan and Mayuramani Appreciating her service to Tamil language Chinnaiah Pillai who raised slogans against and literature she was conferred the title “Veera the cruel practice of Devadhasis. As a result Tamilannai”. She gave the title “Periyar” to the Government passed “Dr.Muthulakshmi E.V.Ramasamy Naicker and “Ealisai Mannar” Devadasi Abolition Act”. to M.K.Thiyagaraja Bagavathar. Along with the social work she actively The great woman who sacrificed and involved in the National Movement. She dedicated her whole life for the Tamil people, inspired women to take part in the National Tamil language and Tamil literature was died movement on a large scale. With the continuous in 1959 at the age of 69. moral support by Rajaji, Periyar and Thiru. Moovalur Ramamirdham Vi.Ka, she brought awareness against Devadasi Most of the women system and national awakening among the revolutionaries of the early people of Tamilnadu especially on women. twentieth century dedicated In her memory, the Government of themselves to the cause of Tamil Nadu has instituted the “Moovalur freedom of our nation. Only a Ramamirtham Ammal Ninaivu Marriage few revolutionaries alone Assistance scheme” fought for the causes of both After seeing her dream become true. She freedom and social Moovalur, a village near passed away on 27th June 1962. Mayiladudurai. Hence she was commonly The tradition bound Tamil society was still known as Moovalur Ramamirdham clinging to the old values. The widows were Ammaiyar. still forbidden from participating in auspicious She belonged to Isai vellalar caste. In olden and social functions, Inspite of the fact that days girls belonging to this particular caste the Widow Remarriage Act was passed in were sacrificed to temples to do service to God. 1856. The forward and progressive social Later they were ill-treated and humiliated by policies adopted by the justice Party and the the landlords and zamindars in the name of Self Respect Movement in the 20th century caste. supported by legislative measures, led to the

14 History & Culture of India acceptance of the widow remarriage concept Temples were once the monopoly of the in Tamil Nadu. The abolition of sati and upper caste where as the low caste people the acceptance of an widow remarriage and were denied the right to enter the temple. the steps to prevent child marriages were Many social reformers like E.V.Ramasamy, note worthy landmarks in the history of Dr.Muthulakshmi Reddy, Vallalar, Bharathi, Tamilnadu. Bharathidasan, Moovalur Ramamirthammal, Caste inequality was another significant Dr.S.Dharmambal fought for the eradication of shot coming of the Tamil Society. Temple these social evils. Thus women also contributed Entry Movement could be cited as a suitable a lot for the social transformation in Tamil Nadu. illustration. History will into forget their selfless service. •••

15 Indian National Movement

POLITICAL PARTIES OF INDIA

India is a vast country with a huge been in power for-about-50 years, except for population. There are differences among the two short spells, at the centre. Until 1967 it was people with reference to the culture, religion, in power in almost all the States in India. The language, economic attainments and social memorable leaders of the Congress Party are distinctions. In other words the population is Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Indira diverse in nature and therefore there cannot Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi, C. Rajagopalachari, be uniformity about anything. This applies to K. Kamaraj, P.V. Narasimha Rao and many the party system also. There are national and others. The Indian National Congress met with regional parties in this country. In the next many splits. few pages an account of the different political The Organisation of the Congress parties of India is given. The present constitution of the congress party was designed at its Nagpur Session of National Parties 1920. The Indian National Congress 1. The highest body in the Congress The Indian National Congress is the oldest hierarchy is the All India Congress and a dominant political party. It was founded Committee. Its total membership is on December 28, 1885 by A.O. Hume. The about 400. It holds annual and special history of the Congress Party is the history of the sessions of the Congress. It has wide freedom struggle. It began more as a national powers. movement than as a political party. People 2. The next body is the congress Working from all quarters rallied under the Congress Committee. Its members are elected in Party to realise the common goal of political the All India Congress Committee itself. independence. It was a truly representative This body is like a cabinet. The senior body of the people. Hence, the British handed most congressmen are normally elected over the country and power to the Congress on to this body. August 15, 1947. Since then the Congress has 3. There is a special body known as the Parliamentary Board. It consists of 16 Indian National Movement

six members, including the Congress support to Nehru’s Government. But the President. other group of leaders demanded tough 4. Below the Congress Working committee opposition to the reactionary congress. Their- is the Pradesh Congress committee one ideological differences reached a stage of no each for a state. This body has its own compromise. Finally, the dissidents held a president and other office bearers. separate convention of Ten ally in July 1964. 5. Below the Pradesh Congress Committee They got separated from the Dange group. arc the District Congress Committees, Leaders like Jyoti Basu, E.M.S. Namboodripad one each for a district. Then there are and others formed a separate party, known as committees subordinate to it and the Communist Party of India (Marxist). 6. The Mandal Congress Committees. Any The organisation, major aims and policies of person of 18 years or more can become a the CPI (Marxist) resemble mostly to those of primary member of the Congress. the CPI. The principles of democracy socialism and inner party democracy are the bases to the The Communist Party of India (CPI) party’s structure form the Branch upwards the The Communist Party is the second oldest top. The branch is the living link with masses. party in India. It was founded in the year 1924. The CPI (Marxist) is convinced that India’s But soon after its formation, it was banned by revolutionary movement must follow its own the British Indian Government. Consequently, line of action. It believes that neither Chinese most of the Communist workers carried on nor the Russian model would suit India. The their work through the Congress. It remained symbol of the (Marxist) include a hammer, an unlawful organisation till 1943 when the sickle and star. ban on it was removed because the Communist Differences in the ideologies of the CPI Party supported the Second World War and and CPI (Marxist) opposed the Quit India Movement of the Besides certain common ideals and Congress in 1942. After independence, the programmes, the CPI and the CPI (Marxist) Communist Party of India consolidated its have the following ideological differences. position. Ears of corn and sickle is the symbol 1. The CPI (Marxist) considers that of the CPI. revolution could be brought about in India only by the leaders of the working The Communist Party of India (Marxist) class. But the CPI holds that social The Communist Party of India was split in transformation can be achieved through the year 1964. The split was due to the schism close alliance with other democratic in the Sino-Russian relations. The communist forces. leaders had held differences of opinion in 2. CPI (Marxist) believes in dislodging their evaluations of the economic and political the existing state and replacing it with situations prevailing in the country. Further, a State of People’s Democracy led by one group of leaders desired to extend their the working class. The CPI supports

17 Indian National Movement

the 100 idea of forming a national The Janata Dal is democratic in Character. democratic front. It does not favour the Party organisation is similar to the Old dislodging to the existing governmental Janata Party. Anybody who believes in the system. It holds that in course of time programmes and policies of the Janata Dal the reactionary forces will be eliminated can become a member of the party. But active and power may pass into the hands of members in the Janata Dal must sign an oath of the party. loyally to the party. The executive body of the 3. The CPI (Marxist) believes that the Janata Dal is the Working Committee. There are ruling classes would never give up basic units from which the higher Committees power voluntarily. Hence it wants to are elected. For any office of the party only an employ force out of necessity. But the active member can contest the election. There CPI holds faith in peaceful means. Its are Committees at Block, District, Provincial aim is to transform the Parliament into and National levels. a genuine instrument of people’s will. Regional Parties Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Bharatiya Janatha Party (BJP) Regionalism in Tamilnadu began to be felt The old Bharatiya Jan Sangh is the precursor since 1916. It was due to the dominance of the of the Bharatiya Janatha Party. The origin of brahmin community in the erstwhile Madras the Jan Sang is linked with the origin of Hindu presidency. They enjoyed several privileges nationalism in the 19th Century. In 1875 which were not available to the majority of the Swami Dayanand Saraswati founded the ‘Arya population. It all started with the establishment Samaj’. It created a new spirit among the North of a Dravidian Association by Thiru Natesa Indian Hindus. It also provided impetus to the Mudaliar and others in 1912. Subsequently movement of Hindu revivalism. The new ideas it was known as the Justice Party. It was later formed the fundamental tenets of the dravidian in its outlook and its objectives. Hindu Mahasabha and the Jan Sang. In 1925, From this party the Dravida Kazhagam under Keshav Hedgewar formed Rashriya Swayam the leadership of Periyar Ramaswamy was Sevak Sang (RSS) as a cultural organisalion. founded in 1944. It attracted the eminent leader Its aim was to regenerate the Hindu Society. Thiru C.N. Annadurai to its fold. Dravida Shyama Prasad Mukherjee formed the Jan Kazhagam was a social reform movement and Sang in the year 1951 However, the Jan Sang not a political party. As time passed on and secured support of the members of the Hindu immediately after independence differences Maha Sabha and the RSS. From 1952 to 1971 brokeout between Thiru C.N. Annadurai the party made steady progress. and Periyar Thiru E. V. Ramaswamy and the Janata Dal Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) was The Janata Dal was formed in October 1988. formed by Annadurai on 17th September 1949. Its notable leaders are V.P. Singh. Ramakrishna From 1949 to 1957 the DMK served the people Hegde. S.R. Bommai and Laloo Prasad Yadav.

18 Indian National Movement only as a social organisation. The DMK had the pursued by Thiru C.N. Annadurai. From the aim of establishing a separate Dravidanadu, beginning to the present the party is popular comprising the four southern states. But Anna with the people of Tamilnadu. Though MGR abandoned this ideology on 23rd October 1963 died in December 1987 the party continued to as then the constitution was amended to bar maintain its strength and support under the separation. This was the turning point in the present leadership of Selvi J. Jayalalithaa. history of the DMK. Rising sun is its symbol. The party was turned into a political party The basic ideology of the AIADMK is when it contested in the election for the first “Annaism”. The essence of Annaism is mainly time in 1957. It secured only a few seats in the the removal of poverty and untouchability. The elections. However under the able guidance of other contents of the ideology are self respect, Thiru C.N. Annadurai and popular support rationalism, socialism and social service. The this party emerged victorious in the fourth party also believed in achieving its objectives general election in 1967 to the Tamilnadu State through participation in elections to the state Assembly and formed government under the legislature and the national parliament. Chief-Ministership of Thiru C.N. Annadurai. The first time the AIADMK faced an Since then until now the dravidian parties only election to the state assembly was during May win in the elections and form government. The 1973 in Dindigul parliamentary constituency. congress could not come to power. Since then It won the by-election by polling 52% of the it has been contesting in all general elections to total votes polled. The DMK came third after the State Assembly as well as to the national Congress (O) of Thiru Kamaraj. This election parliament. After the death of Thiru C.N. was probably just an indication of a turning Annadurai on 3rd February 1969, Thiru M. point in the electoral fortunes of the major Karunanidhi became its leader. Under his Tamilnadu political parties. leadership the party won in assembly elections and formed the government also. Telugu Desam It is like the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Emergence of AIADMK a regional political party which was founded Owing to differences Thiru M. Karunanidhi by Thiru N.T. Rama Rao on 29th March 1982. as party President expelled Thiru. M.G. Thiru N.T. Rama Rao was a charismatic leader Ramachandran from the primary membership who had acted in films in different roles. of the DMK in 1972. Subsequently MGR Particularly he played in cinema as divine launched his own party on 18th October 1972 hero. As a result he was demistified and and named it as Anna Dravida Munnetra worshiped by people as God on earth. Soon Kazhagam. After some time on 12th September this party contested in the elections to the state 1976 it was renamed as All India Anna Dravida assembly and it won in the assembly elections Munnetra Kazhagam. MGR declared that his in 1983, 1985 and 1994. As chief minister he had party will follow the principles and policies served the people of Andhra to help eradicate

19 Indian National Movement poverty and raise their living standards. He and be made as its capital. There should be a was succeeded by his son-in-law Thiru. N. just and honourable agreement between Punjab Chandrababu Naidu in 1995. He took several and Haryana for the disiribution of the waters steps to make Andhra Pradesh a forward of rivers Ravi and Beas. And justice should be state. His contribution to the development of done to Punjab keeping with the traditional information technology was so great that the martial qualities of the Sikhs. There should be whole of India turned to him for model and equitable share of strength for the Sikhs in the guidance. He and his party extended from Indian army. The other minor demands of the outside support to theGovernment formed at Akalidal are the centre by Thiru. A,B. Vajpayee belonging 1. Amirtsar should be given the same status to the National Democratic Alliance which as Vatican city (Rome) and declared a was unseated from power in the 2004 general holy city. elections to the Lok Sabha. During the same 2. Permission to carry kirpans by the sikhs time elections were also held to the Andhra on domestic flights of Indian Airline. Pradesh state assembly in which the Telugu 3. Declaration of Punjabi as the second Desam party was defeated in the election. language in Haryana. Indian National congress emerged victorious 4. Lastly transfer of management of the and formed the government in May 2004. Bhakra dam to Punjab. It should be noted that the Akali politics Akali Dal: It is a religious cum political was at its peak in the early 1980’s. It upset party. It was formerly led by Master Tara Singh. many a calculations of the government of India This party demanded a Punjabi speaking state relating to the governments of Punjab There are and Punjabi in Gurmukhi script as the official still several unresolved demands of the Sikhs. language of the Punjab state. The Punjabi suba The other regional political parties worth of the conception of the Akali party came into the name for their significant contribution to existence as a result of the reorganisation of the their respective areas are, Assam Gana Thantra state of Punjab into Punjabi-speaking Punjab Parished in Assam and National Conference in and the Hindi speaking state of Haryana in Kashmir and the Plebiscite Front in Kashmir. 1966. Like other regional parties of significant Conclusion: In what has been given above following the Akali Dal also contested in the with reference to national and regional political elections since 1967. This party in alliance parties is just a description of the organisation with such parties like Bharatiya Janata Sangh and the objectives of those parties only. or Janata Party or Bharatiya Janata Party formed governments and guided the destiny of Punjab. The demands of the party mainly are Chandigarh should be handed over to Punjab

20 Political Parties and their schemes in T.N after independence

Political parties in T.N F o u n d a t i o n S.No Name Abbreviation States / UT Year 1. All India Anna Dravida Puducherry, AIADMK 1972 Munnetra Kazhagam Tamil Nadu 2. Desiya Murpokku DMDK 2005 Tamil Nadu Dravida Kazhagam 3. Dravida Munnetra Puducherry, DMK 1949 Kazhagam Tamil Nadu 4. Puducherry, Pattali Makkal Katchi PMK 1989 Tamil Nadu 5. Marumalarchi Dravida MDMK 1994 Tamil Nadu Munnetra Kazhagam

Populist schemes in TN  Transport Corporations established. 1967 - 1969  Electricity to all the villages.  “Madras” State was renamed as  Link roads to all the villages having a “Tamil Nadu”. population of 1500.  Act to provide legal status to the Self-  Slum Clearance Board. respect Marriages.  Drinking Water Supply and Drainage  Two language formula providing for Board. Tamil and English.  Free Eye camps Scheme.  Surrender of Earned Leave and  Beggars Rehabilitation Scheme. its encashment for Government  Abolition of Hand-pulled Rickshaws and Servants. free distribution of Cycle Rickshaws. 1969 - 1971  Free Concrete Houses for Scheduled  Nationalisation of Transport. Castes and Tribes. Indian National Movement

 Act to provide conferment of ownership  Inclusion of Urdu Speaking Muslims of house-sites (Kudiyiruppu Act); Act in the list of Backward Classes, like fixing fair wages to farm labourers. Tamil Speaking Muslims.  Police Commission – First in India.  Abolition of Land Tax on dry lands.  Separate Ministry for Backward  “Manu NeethiThittam”. Classes and Scheduled Castes.  Poompuhar Shipping Corporation.  Constitution of the Backward Classes  “KonguVellalar” included in the list Commission and increasing the of Backward Classes. quantum of reservation for Backward  Green Revolution. Classes to 31 percent from 25 percent 1989 - 1991 and for Scheduled Castes to 18  20 per cent separate reservation for percent from 16 percent. Most Backward Classes including  Free Education to all upto P.U.C.. Vanniar and Seer Marabinar.  May Day declared as a Holiday with  18 per cent separate reservation for wages. Scheduled Castes and 1 per cent for  Birthday of “NabigalNayagam” Scheduled Tribes. declared as a Holiday.  Free Education to Most Backward 1971 - 1976 Classes and subject to income ceiling  First Agricultural University at to Backward Classes upto Degree level. Coimbatore  Free Education to Scheduled Castes  Family Benefit Fund Scheme to and subject to income ceiling to Government Employees women upto Degree level.  Confidential Reports on Government  Free Electricity to Farmers – First servants abolished. time in the Country.  Free Housing Scheme to  Law for equal property rights to women. Fishermen.  30 per cent reservation for women in  “KarunaiIllam” in Temples for Government services. children.  First Veterinary and Animal Sciences  Salem Steel Plant. University – First in Asia.  Land Ceiling Act, fixing 15 standard  Financial Assistance to poor girls for acres as the ceiling. marriages.  Second Mine-Cut and Electricity  Financial Assistance to Widows for Scheme at Neyveli. remarriages.  Petroleum and Industrial Chemicals  Financial Assistance to encourage at Thoothukudi. inter-caste marriages.  Small Industries Development  Direct Paddy procurement centres. Corporation (SIDCO).  Incentive and payment of cart-hire  SIPCOT Complexes. charges for procurement from farmers.

 Indian National Movement

 Tamil Nadu Civil Supplies Corporation  15 per cent reservation in professional established. courses for rural students.  Financial assistance to pregnant  Periyar Memorial Samathuvapuram women. Scheme to eradicate caste  Wage hike for Government employees discrimination. on par with the Central Government  Mini Bus Scheme for Rural areas. Employees with retrospective effect.  Dr.Ambedkar Law University – First  Women’s Self-Help groups benefiting in India. 10 lakh women.  Periyar University in Salem.  Manonmaniam Sundaranar  Tamil Virtual University to help world University. Tamils.  PavendharBharathidasan University.  Urdu Academy.  Dr. M.G.R. Medical University.  Minorities Economic Development  Efforts to set up Cauvery Tribunal. Corporation. 1996 - 2001  Chennai Film City named after MGR,  Within six months after assuming by changing the name “J.J. Film office, elections for local bodies and City”. cooperatives.  Farmers Market Scheme.  33 per cent reservation for women in  VarumunKappom. local bodies – by which 44,143 women  Cattle Protection Scheme. including 2 Women Mayors assumed  VazhvoliThittam in Schools. office; of the two Women Mayors one  133 feet high Thiruvalluvar Statue in belonged to SC community. Kanniyakumari.  ‘Madras’ renamed as ‘Chennai’.  Tidel Park in Chennai.  Single window system for admission  Computer Training Scheme for in Engineering and Medical Government college students. colleges.  Over two lakh families given house  Transparent New Industrial Policy. sites in poramboke lands, where they  Single window system for obtaining were living in houses constructed. all licenses for starting industries.  Community Certificate, Nativity  Improved roads, new bridges. Certificate, Income Certificate  Concrete streets in villages. on completion of 10th and 12th  Desilting of rivers, tanks and canals standards from the year 1999-2000. in an unprecedented scale.  Scheme for grant of expenses of  24 hour Primary Health Centres. higher education for first three rank  For the first time in India, MLA holders in State and District levels Constituency Development Fund. in the 10th and 12th standard  Protected water for all villages. examinations from the year 1996.

 Indian National Movement

 Bus Terminal at Koyambedu in  New Medical colleges at Vellore, Chennai – Biggest in Asia. Tuticorin and Kanniyakumari  Special Scheme for the economic districts. development of Southern districts.  Tamil Virtual University.  Women’s Small Trade Loan Scheme 2006 - 2011 with saving scheme.  1 Kg. of rice for 1 Rupee.  Separate Welfare Board for  Distribution of palm oil, red gram, agricultural labour. black gram, suji, maida and fortified  Welfare Boards for wheat flour under Special Public unorganisedlabour. Distribution system at subsidised  Manimandapam for Tamil Scholars rates. and martyrs.  10 items of provisions at Rs.50.  Supply of eggs with nutritious meal.  Cooperative loan of Rs. 7,000 crores  Construction of over 20 dams. waived to benefit 22 lakh 40 thousand  New buildings for Collectorates in and 739 families of farmers. nine districts.  No interest on crop loan to farmers  For the first time Bench of High who repay on time. Court at Madurai; Construction  Enhanced procurement rice at of buildings for it and for courts in Rs.1050/- for common variety of various districts. paddy and Rs.1100/- for fine variety  Free bus passes for students. of paddy per quintal.  Anna Marumalarchi Scheme.  Renewal of 117 old UzhavarSandhais  NammakuNaame Scheme. and 45 new UzhavarSandhais.  Indigent Family Welfare Scheme.  Rs.2000 per tonne of sugarcane,  Rs.104 crore new buildings for including transport charges and Chennal General Hospital. incentive to sugarcane farmers.  Reappointment of 13,000 welfare  Linking of rivers within the State : workers. Cauvery – Gundaru Linking Project  For the first time 10,000 road workers taken up at a cost of Rs.189 crores. appointed.  Tamirabarani – Karumeniyaru –  Nationalisation of the works of Tamil Nambiyaru Linking Project taken up scholars. at a cost of Rs.369 crores.  Nine fly overs in Chennai.  UnorganisedLabour Welfare Boards  350 electricity sub-stations (power) numbering 31 established, including at Rs. 1500 crores. the Welfare Board for Agricultural  Pension scheme for contract labour. labour and enrolment of 2 crore 2  Pension Scheme for transport lakhs 21 thousand 564 members in workers. the Welfare Boards.

 Indian National Movement

 Disbursement of 616 crores 43  A new Medical Insurance Scheme for lakhs 44 thousand and 832 rupees Government Servants for providing 2 as financial assistance to 13 lakhs lakhs worth of medical assistance in 6 thousand 492 members of the a period 4 years. UnorganisedLabour Welfare Boards.  Under “VarumunKappomThittam”  Free house-sites to 1 crore 58 lakhs 18 thousand 742 camps have been 8 thousand and 288 families. conducted so far, benefiting 77 lakhs  Kamarajar Birthday celebrated as 5 thousand and 8 persons. “Education Development Day” in all the  “NalamanaThamizhagamThittam” for schools – A Special Legislation enacted. medical check-up to create awareness  5 Eggs / Bananas per week with in regard to heart disease, diabetics Nutritious Noon Meal. and cancer.  Free Bus pass to 24 lakhs 82  Under Kalaignar Insurance Scheme, thousand school students and 2 2 lakhs 70 thousand 265 poor people lakhs 99 thousand college students have got their life-saving surgeries at every year. a cost of Rs.702 crores.  Common Entrance Examinations to  Free 108 Emergency Ambulance Professional Courses scrapped. Scheme with the Central assistance has  Tamil made a compulsory subject upto benefited 8 lakh 8 thousand 907 persons 10th Standard in all the schools. so far; Further, lives of 42 thousand 232  Central Institute of Classical Tamil persons have been saved. shifted to Chennai from Mysore.  25 MoUs have been signed for starting  Kumbhabishekam and renovations 37 new industries on an investment of works carried out in 4724 temples Rs.46,091crores, which would provide at a cost of Rs.523 crores; during the employment opportunities to about 2 current year Kumbhabishekam 1100 lakh 52 thousand 569 persons. temples at a cost of Rs.100 crores.  Monthly doles totaling Rs. 240 crores  10,000 cycles on an estimate of have been disbursed so far to 3 lakh 5 Rs.277 lakhs, distributed to Archakas thousand 801 educated unemployed and Poojaris free of cost. youth.  MoovalurRamamirdhamAmmaiyar  New Employment to 4 lakhs 65 thousand Financial Assistance for marriages of 658 youth in Government offices. poor girls increased to Rs.25,000/-  Tidel Parks at Coimbatore, Trichy, from Rs.10,000/-. Madurai and Tirunelveli.  Financial Assistance of Rs.6000/-  Monthly Maintenance Grant of disbursed to each of 20 lakh 11 Rs.200 increased to Rs.500 for 10 thousand 517 poor pregnant thousand differently abled persons, women. who are severely affected.

 Indian National Movement

 So far 4 lakhs 41 thousand 311 Self  With a view to create a casteless society, Help Groups for Women have been 145 PeriyarNinaivuSamathuvapurams formed; Loan assistance of Rs.6342 have already been established; 95 new crores has been given to these SHGs Samathuvapurams are added. so far.  World class Anna Centenary Memorial  Basic infrastructural facilities have Library at Kotturpuram-Chennai at a been created in 10 thousand 96 Village cost of Rs.171 crores. Panchayats at a cost of Rs.2033  New Secretariat-Assembly Complex crores, under “AnaithuGrama Anna in Omandurar Government Estate at MarumalarchiThittam”. a cost of Rs.1200 crores.  Basic infrastrutural facilities  Adyar Ecological Research Park have been created in 420 Town established at a cost of Rs.100 crores. Panchayats at a cost of Rs.210  “SemmozhiPoonga” in the heart of crores, under “AnaithuPeruratchi Chennai City. Anna MarumalarchiThittam”.  Desalination of Sea Water Project at  Improvement and maintenance Minjur, North Chennai. works have been carried out on 57  Desalination of Sear Water Project at thousand 787 kilometer long roads Nemmeli, South Chennai. at a cost of Rupees 12 thousand 94  Metro Rail Project at a cost of crores. Rs.14,600crores with the assistance  4,945 Kilometer long roads have of Japan Bank for International been broadened and converted to Cooperation. two-lane roads.  Hogenekkal Combined Water Supply  Local Cess, Local Cess Surcharge and Scheme at a cost of Rs.1929 crores water charges have been scrapped. with the assistance of Japan Bank A notional tax of Rs.2 per acre of dry for International Cooperation. lands and Rs.5 per acre of wet lands  Ramanathapuram – Paramakudi levied as a mark of land-ownership. Combined Water Supply Scheme at a  Without increase in tariff 12 cost of Rs.630 crores completed. thousand 137 new buses plying on  TESMA and ESMA scrapped; the roads; Further 300 new buses Concessions withdrawn from being added. Government servants and teachers  3 per cent separate reservation for have been given back to them; Arunthathiyar Community. Recommendations of the 6th Pay  Persons of any caste can become Commission have been implemented Archakas in Temples – Legislation with effect from 1.1.2006, on an enacted to establish an equitable annual expenditure of Rs.5,155.79 society. crores.

 Indian National Movement

 Kalaignar Housing Schemes for  Equitable Education being converting 21 lakh huts into concrete implemented. houses in a period of 6 years.  One Man Commission has been  Pension for Pressmen increased from appointed for fixing the fee structure Rs.4000 to Rs.5000 and their family in private schools. pension increased from Rs.2000 to  The cradle baby scheme Rs.2500.  Thalikkuthngam  First World Classical Tamil Conference  AmmaUnavagam held at Coimbatore in June 2010.  Amma Scheme  119 new Courts have been opened;  Thai Scheme Rs. 302 crores allocated for providing  Amma Salt infrastructural facilities in the Courts.  Amma Cement  Action has been taken to reduce the  Amma water pendency of cases, by establishing  Amma Laptop Evening and Holiday Courts, as per  Amma Mobile the recommendation of the 13th  Amma Pharmacies Finance Commission.  Ammamixi and Grinder  Anna Technical University at Trichy,  Amma Seeds Madurai, Coimbatore and Tirunelveli  Uzhavar scheme established.  Amma vegetable shop  Rs. 331 crores allocated for filling  Amma Call Centre 11,307 teacher vacancies and 648 non-teacher vacancies in Government- Aided Minorities Schools.

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 Indian National Movement

POLITICAL PARTIES OF INDIA

India is a vast country with a huge been in power for-about-50 years, except for population. There are differences among the two short spells, at the centre. Until 1967 it was people with reference to the culture, religion, in power in almost all the States in India. The language, economic attainments and social memorable leaders of the Congress Party are distinctions. In other words the population is Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Indira diverse in nature and therefore there cannot Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi, C. Rajagopalachari, be uniformity about anything. This applies to K. Kamaraj, P.V. Narasimha Rao and many the party system also. There are national and others. The Indian National Congress met with regional parties in this country. In the next many splits. few pages an account of the different political The Organisation of the Congress parties of India is given. The present constitution of the congress party was designed at its Nagpur Session of National Parties 1920. The Indian National Congress 1. The highest body in the Congress The Indian National Congress is the oldest hierarchy is the All India Congress and a dominant political party. It was founded Committee. Its total membership is on December 28, 1885 by A.O. Hume. The about 400. It holds annual and special history of the Congress Party is the history of the sessions of the Congress. It has wide freedom struggle. It began more as a national powers. movement than as a political party. People 2. The next body is the congress Working from all quarters rallied under the Congress Committee. Its members are elected in Party to realise the common goal of political the All India Congress Committee itself. independence. It was a truly representative This body is like a cabinet. The senior body of the people. Hence, the British handed most congressmen are normally elected over the country and power to the Congress on to this body. August 15, 1947. Since then the Congress has 3. There is a special body known as the Parliamentary Board. It consists of 10 Indian National Movement

six members, including the Congress support to Nehru’s Government. But the President. other group of leaders demanded tough 4. Below the Congress Working committee opposition to the reactionary congress. Their- is the Pradesh Congress committee one ideological differences reached a stage of no each for a state. This body has its own compromise. Finally, the dissidents held a president and other office bearers. separate convention of Ten ally in July 1964. 5. Below the Pradesh Congress Committee They got separated from the Dange group. arc the District Congress Committees, Leaders like Jyoti Basu, E.M.S. Namboodripad one each for a district. Then there are and others formed a separate party, known as committees subordinate to it and the Communist Party of India (Marxist). 6. The Mandal Congress Committees. Any The organisation, major aims and policies of person of 18 years or more can become a the CPI (Marxist) resemble mostly to those of primary member of the Congress. the CPI. The principles of democracy socialism and inner party democracy are the bases to the The Communist Party of India (CPI) party’s structure form the Branch upwards the The Communist Party is the second oldest top. The branch is the living link with masses. party in India. It was founded in the year 1924. The CPI (Marxist) is convinced that India’s But soon after its formation, it was banned by revolutionary movement must follow its own the British Indian Government. Consequently, line of action. It believes that neither Chinese most of the Communist workers carried on nor the Russian model would suit India. The their work through the Congress. It remained symbol of the (Marxist) include a hammer, an unlawful organisation till 1943 when the sickle and star. ban on it was removed because the Communist Differences in the ideologies of the CPI Party supported the Second World War and and CPI (Marxist) opposed the Quit India Movement of the Besides certain common ideals and Congress in 1942. After independence, the programmes, the CPI and the CPI (Marxist) Communist Party of India consolidated its have the following ideological differences. position. Ears of corn and sickle is the symbol 1. The CPI (Marxist) considers that of the CPI. revolution could be brought about in India only by the leaders of the working The Communist Party of India (Marxist) class. But the CPI holds that social The Communist Party of India was split in transformation can be achieved through the year 1964. The split was due to the schism close alliance with other democratic in the Sino-Russian relations. The communist forces. leaders had held differences of opinion in 2. CPI (Marxist) believes in dislodging their evaluations of the economic and political the existing state and replacing it with situations prevailing in the country. Further, a State of People’s Democracy led by one group of leaders desired to extend their the working class. The CPI supports

11 Indian National Movement

the 100 idea of forming a national The Janata Dal is democratic in Character. democratic front. It does not favour the Party organisation is similar to the Old dislodging to the existing governmental Janata Party. Anybody who believes in the system. It holds that in course of time programmes and policies of the Janata Dal the reactionary forces will be eliminated can become a member of the party. But active and power may pass into the hands of members in the Janata Dal must sign an oath of the party. loyally to the party. The executive body of the 3. The CPI (Marxist) believes that the Janata Dal is the Working Committee. There are ruling classes would never give up basic units from which the higher Committees power voluntarily. Hence it wants to are elected. For any office of the party only an employ force out of necessity. But the active member can contest the election. There CPI holds faith in peaceful means. Its are Committees at Block, District, Provincial aim is to transform the Parliament into and National levels. a genuine instrument of people’s will. Regional Parties Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Bharatiya Janatha Party (BJP) Regionalism in Tamilnadu began to be felt The old Bharatiya Jan Sangh is the precursor since 1916. It was due to the dominance of the of the Bharatiya Janatha Party. The origin of brahmin community in the erstwhile Madras the Jan Sang is linked with the origin of Hindu presidency. They enjoyed several privileges nationalism in the 19th Century. In 1875 which were not available to the majority of the Swami Dayanand Saraswati founded the ‘Arya population. It all started with the establishment Samaj’. It created a new spirit among the North of a Dravidian Association by Thiru Natesa Indian Hindus. It also provided impetus to the Mudaliar and others in 1912. Subsequently movement of Hindu revivalism. The new ideas it was known as the Justice Party. It was later formed the fundamental tenets of the dravidian in its outlook and its objectives. Hindu Mahasabha and the Jan Sang. In 1925, From this party the Dravida Kazhagam under Keshav Hedgewar formed Rashriya Swayam the leadership of Periyar Ramaswamy was Sevak Sang (RSS) as a cultural organisalion. founded in 1944. It attracted the eminent leader Its aim was to regenerate the Hindu Society. Thiru C.N. Annadurai to its fold. Dravida Shyama Prasad Mukherjee formed the Jan Kazhagam was a social reform movement and Sang in the year 1951 However, the Jan Sang not a political party. As time passed on and secured support of the members of the Hindu immediately after independence differences Maha Sabha and the RSS. From 1952 to 1971 brokeout between Thiru C.N. Annadurai the party made steady progress. and Periyar Thiru E. V. Ramaswamy and the Janata Dal Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) was The Janata Dal was formed in October 1988. formed by Annadurai on 17th September 1949. Its notable leaders are V.P. Singh. Ramakrishna From 1949 to 1957 the DMK served the people Hegde. S.R. Bommai and Laloo Prasad Yadav.

12 Indian National Movement only as a social organisation. The DMK had the pursued by Thiru C.N. Annadurai. From the aim of establishing a separate Dravidanadu, beginning to the present the party is popular comprising the four southern states. But Anna with the people of Tamilnadu. Though MGR abandoned this ideology on 23rd October 1963 died in December 1987 the party continued to as then the constitution was amended to bar maintain its strength and support under the separation. This was the turning point in the present leadership of Selvi J. Jayalalithaa. history of the DMK. Rising sun is its symbol. The party was turned into a political party The basic ideology of the AIADMK is when it contested in the election for the first “Annaism”. The essence of Annaism is mainly time in 1957. It secured only a few seats in the the removal of poverty and untouchability. The elections. However under the able guidance of other contents of the ideology are self respect, Thiru C.N. Annadurai and popular support rationalism, socialism and social service. The this party emerged victorious in the fourth party also believed in achieving its objectives general election in 1967 to the Tamilnadu State through participation in elections to the state Assembly and formed government under the legislature and the national parliament. Chief-Ministership of Thiru C.N. Annadurai. The first time the AIADMK faced an Since then until now the dravidian parties only election to the state assembly was during May win in the elections and form government. The 1973 in Dindigul parliamentary constituency. congress could not come to power. Since then It won the by-election by polling 52% of the it has been contesting in all general elections to total votes polled. The DMK came third after the State Assembly as well as to the national Congress (O) of Thiru Kamaraj. This election parliament. After the death of Thiru C.N. was probably just an indication of a turning Annadurai on 3rd February 1969, Thiru M. point in the electoral fortunes of the major Karunanidhi became its leader. Under his Tamilnadu political parties. leadership the party won in assembly elections and formed the government also. Telugu Desam It is like the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Emergence of AIADMK a regional political party which was founded Owing to differences Thiru M. Karunanidhi by Thiru N.T. Rama Rao on 29th March 1982. as party President expelled Thiru. M.G. Thiru N.T. Rama Rao was a charismatic leader Ramachandran from the primary membership who had acted in films in different roles. of the DMK in 1972. Subsequently MGR Particularly he played in cinema as divine launched his own party on 18th October 1972 hero. As a result he was demistified and and named it as Anna Dravida Munnetra worshiped by people as God on earth. Soon Kazhagam. After some time on 12th September this party contested in the elections to the state 1976 it was renamed as All India Anna Dravida assembly and it won in the assembly elections Munnetra Kazhagam. MGR declared that his in 1983, 1985 and 1994. As chief minister he had party will follow the principles and policies served the people of Andhra to help eradicate

13 Indian National Movement poverty and raise their living standards. He and be made as its capital. There should be a was succeeded by his son-in-law Thiru. N. just and honourable agreement between Punjab Chandrababu Naidu in 1995. He took several and Haryana for the disiribution of the waters steps to make Andhra Pradesh a forward of rivers Ravi and Beas. And justice should be state. His contribution to the development of done to Punjab keeping with the traditional information technology was so great that the martial qualities of the Sikhs. There should be whole of India turned to him for model and equitable share of strength for the Sikhs in the guidance. He and his party extended from Indian army. The other minor demands of the outside support to theGovernment formed at Akalidal are the centre by Thiru. A,B. Vajpayee belonging 1. Amirtsar should be given the same status to the National Democratic Alliance which as Vatican city (Rome) and declared a was unseated from power in the 2004 general holy city. elections to the Lok Sabha. During the same 2. Permission to carry kirpans by the sikhs time elections were also held to the Andhra on domestic flights of Indian Airline. Pradesh state assembly in which the Telugu 3. Declaration of Punjabi as the second Desam party was defeated in the election. language in Haryana. Indian National congress emerged victorious 4. Lastly transfer of management of the and formed the government in May 2004. Bhakra dam to Punjab. It should be noted that the Akali politics Akali Dal: It is a religious cum political was at its peak in the early 1980’s. It upset party. It was formerly led by Master Tara Singh. many a calculations of the government of India This party demanded a Punjabi speaking state relating to the governments of Punjab There are and Punjabi in Gurmukhi script as the official still several unresolved demands of the Sikhs. language of the Punjab state. The Punjabi suba The other regional political parties worth of the conception of the Akali party came into the name for their significant contribution to existence as a result of the reorganisation of the their respective areas are, Assam Gana Thantra state of Punjab into Punjabi-speaking Punjab Parished in Assam and National Conference in and the Hindi speaking state of Haryana in Kashmir and the Plebiscite Front in Kashmir. 1966. Like other regional parties of significant Conclusion: In what has been given above following the Akali Dal also contested in the with reference to national and regional political elections since 1967. This party in alliance parties is just a description of the organisation with such parties like Bharatiya Janata Sangh and the objectives of those parties only. or Janata Party or Bharatiya Janata Party formed governments and guided the destiny of Punjab. The demands of the party mainly are Chandigarh should be handed over to Punjab

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