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Downloaded from Brill.Com10/10/2021 08:50:27PM Via Free Access 174 IAWA Bulletin N.S., Vol IAWA Bulletin n.s., Vol. 11 (2), 1990: 173-182 WOOD AND BARK ANATOMY OF LAURACEAE IV. DAHLGRENODENDRON J.J.M. VAN DER MERWE & VAN WYK by H. G. Richter* and A. E. Van Wyk** Summary The southem African tree, Dahlgrenoden­ schmiedia (Van der Merwe et af. 1988). Al­ dron natalense, previously ascribed to the though the ovary of Dahfgrenodendron is genus Beilschmiedia was recently segregated superior, the mature fruit is completely in­ as a monotypic genus, Dahlgrenodendron, cIuded in the accrescent hypanthium (recep­ on account of its distinctive exomorphology, tacular tube), thereby resembling genera such palynology and fruit structure. Dahlgreno­ as Aspidostemon, Cryptocarya, Eusideroxy­ dendron differs from Beilschmiedia in nearly fon, Potoxyfon and Ravensara. Mainly on the all quantitative and qualitative features of basis of this character, and also its 2-celled wood and bark anatomy. The overall struc­ anthers on the stamens, Van der Merwe et af. tural pattern of these tissues does not support (1988) provisionally associated Dahfgreno­ the initial assignment of Dahlgrenodendron to dendron with tribe Cryptocaryeae, subtribe the tribe Cryptocaryeae, nor does it fit any Cryptocaryineae. However, the marked incon- other lauraceous taxon. Within Lauraceae, an isolated non-aligned status is provisionally proposed for the genus. Key words: Wood anatomy, bark anatomy, -, l l~ - , .~.~. taxonomy, Aspidostemon, Beilschmiedia, './ ~. Cryptocarya, Dahlgrenodendron, Laura­ f ceae. / " NATA L q;' ,r'\ . V" Introduction f ~ The monotypic genus Dahlgrenodendron , Ir .v was established by Van der Merwe et al. , Ja -- , -~ (1988), and is based on D. natalense, a spe­ ~ ~ ~ cies first described as Beilschmiedia natalen­ ~fv'<- W' I-Pondoland sis J.H. Ross (1973). ? I I Dahlgrenodendron natafense is an ever­ ~ ,.. .1.. I, .. " green forest tree up to about 20 m high, and '/ l"llllll I is one of several plant species endemie to a ,.. /'" ,e- I ". few restricted areas of Natal Group sand­ stone in Natal and Pondoland in southem Fig. 1. Map showing the geographieal dis­ Africa (Fig. 1). With the total number of in­ tribution of Dahfgrenodendron natalense in dividuals probably not exceeding 200, it is southem Africa. The three small dots signify considered a palaeoendemic on the brink of relictual occurrences of one or two plants natural extinction. Evidence from macromor­ only. Most individuals are confined to patches phology, palynology and fruit structure indi­ of the relict forest in the southem Natall cated that D. natalense was misplaced in Beil- Pondoland sandstone region (large dots). * Institut für Holzbiologie und Holzschutz, Bundesforschungsanstalt für Forst- und Holz­ wirtschaft, Leuschnerstrasse 91,2050 Hamburg 80, F.R.G. ** H.G.W.J. Schweickerdt Herbarium, Department of Botany, University of Pretoria, Pre­ toria, 0002 South Africa. Downloaded from Brill.com10/10/2021 08:50:27PM via free access 174 IAWA Bulletin n.s., Vol. 11 (2), 1990 Figs. 2-5. Secondary xylem of Dah/grenodendron nara/ense. - 2-4: Transverse, tangential and radial sections. - 5: Ray heterogeneity, septate fibres and fibre lumina occIuded by organic compounds. - Scale bar = 200 ~m. Downloaded from Brill.com10/10/2021 08:50:27PM via free access Richter & Van Wyk - Wood and bark anatomy ofDahlgrenodendron 175 Table 1. Wood and bark specimens exarnined of Dahlgrenodendron natalense (lH. Ross) J.J.M. Van der Merwe & A.E. Van Wyk. RBHw Coll./No. Origin of specimen Quarter degree No. (Southern Africa) grid reference Wood 18936 Van Wyk 8123 Natal, Ngutu Falls 2930#DB s. n. Van Wyk8256 Natal, Umdoni Park 3030# BC s. n. Van Wyk8258 Natal, Urntamvuna Nat. Res. 3130#AA s. n. Van Wyk8259 idem idem s. n. Van Wyk8260 idem idem Bark s. n. Van Wyk A-542 Natal, Umtamvuna Nat. Res. 3030#CC s. n. Van Wyk A-546 Transkei, Sikuba River Gorge 3130#AA s. n. Van Wyk A-553 Natal, Umtamvuna Nat. Res. idem gruence between different characters of some Schweickerdt Herbarium (PRU). Localities of these genera has led to the suggestion that are given in Table 1, also as quaner-degree the mutual presence of an accrescent hypan­ grid references (Edwards & Leistner 1971). thium may, in at least some taxa, reflect To minimise damage to these rare trees parallel evolution (Rohwer & Richter 1987). wood sampies (mainly sapwood) were ex­ Dahlgrenodendron is unusual in the Lau­ traeted with an increment borer, at 1.5 m raceae in having eonspicuously striate pollen height, from vertieal sterns with diameters grains (Van der Merwe et al. 1988). Striate from 23 to 60 cm (wood sampies) and 14 to grains have not yet been recorded elsewhere 45 em (bark sampIes). In one instance, eross­ in the family or in the Laurales. Henee, Van seetional sampies were also taken from a der Merwe et al. (1988) also suggested that dead 20 cm diameter stern (Van Wyk 8256). Dahlgrenodendron might eonstitute an iso­ Mieroscopie slides of wood sampIes were lated genus in Lauraeeae, perhaps best plaeed prepared following comrnon laboratory pro­ in a new tribe or subtribe of its own. The cedures. Bark material was sectioned after in­ present paper repons on the wood and bark filtration with polyethelene glyeol (PEG, DP structure of Dahlgrenodendron natalense, and 1500) using the method developed by Rupp its possible taxonomie signifieanee. Because (1964) and modified by Richter (1981a). the affinities of Dahlgrenodendron are ob­ Wood and bark sections were double stained seure, this study was undenaken in the hope with aqueous or alcoholie solutions of 1% of establishing more satisfaetorily the rela­ chrysoidin/acridin red and astra blue. tionships of the genus. Tests for fluoreseence, natural saponins This paper is the founh of aseries on the and aluminium follow the methods prescribed systemarie wood and bark anatomy of genera by Miller (1981), with minor modifieations belonging to the Lauraceae (Richter 1981b, (Dyer 1988), and were based on one wood 1985, 1990) and eomplements an earlier sur­ sampie (Van Wyk 8256). vey ofthe family (Richter 1981a). Specifie gravity based on oven-dry weight and volume (for Van Wyk 8256 only) was Material and Methods adjusted to specific gravity at 12% me via The wood and bark descriptions of Dahl­ conversion table (Miller & Baas 1981). grenodendron natalense are based on five Rhytidome structure was studied on trans­ wood and three bark sampies (Table 1), col­ verse surfaees of dry bark sampies, follow­ leeted by A.E. Van Wyk and backed by her­ ing the method outlined previously (Van barium vouchers deposited at the H.G.W.l Wyk 1985). Downloaded from Brill.com10/10/2021 08:50:27PM via free access 176 IAWA Bulletin n.s., Vol. 11 (2), 1990 Figs. 6-8. Secondary phloem of Dahlgrenodendron natalense. - 6: Bark surface pattern. - 7 & 8: Low magnification overview of younger (Van Wyk A-546) and older (Van Wyk 542) bark with distribution pattern of scIereid bundles. - Scale bar of 6 = 50 mrn; of 7 & 8 = 200 ~m. Downloaded from Brill.com10/10/2021 08:50:27PM via free access Richter & Van Wyk - Wood and bark anatomy of Dahlgrenodendron 177 The terminology used in the wood descrip­ thick-walled (lumen ~ double wall thick­ tion adheres to the standards proposed by the ness); mean fibre length around 1100 Ilm, International Association of Wood Anato­ overall range from 700-1400 Ilm; with often mists in its most recent form (IAWA 1989); distinctly bordered pits (3-5 Ilm) commonly bark terminology follows Trockenbrodt confined to radial walls; regularly septate, (1990). Terms used in wood and bark de­ septa few (usuall y 1, rarel y up to 3 per fibre); scriptions but not listed in the terminologies frequently with reddish brown gum deposits. mentioned above (e.g. 'stratified fibres, col­ Growth increment boundaries in some speci­ umnar sclereids') are explained and/or illus­ mens marked by 1-2 rows of radially flat­ trated in the general treatise on Lauraceae tened fibres. (Richter 1981a). Parenchyma inconspicuous, scanty para­ tracheal to weakly vasicentric, definitely not Wood description (Figs.2-5) in concentric bands as reported by Swart & General: No visual distinction between Van der Walt (1986); 4-8 cells per paren­ heartwood and sapwood (largest cross-sec­ chyma strand, non-storeyed. tional sampie 200 mm in diameter); wood Rays non-storeyed; uniseriate, 1-6 cells pale reddish brown and without distinctive high, composed of upright, rarely square odour or taste; specific gravity 878 kg/m3 at cells, and multiseriate (2-)3-5(-7) cells 12 percent moisture content (784 kg/m3 for wide; body cells procumbent with 1-2, rarely oven-dried wood); splinter bums to a grey or up to 4 marginal rows of predominantly up­ black charcoal; fluorescence of heartwood as right cells; mean height of the 25 largest rays weIl as water and ethanol extracts negative; averaging 0.50-0.80 mm between speci­ froth test for natural saponins negative; col­ mens, frequency 5-8/mm. Vessel-ray pits our of water and ethanol extracts reddish commonly large and with much reduced bor­ brown; chrome azurol-S test for aluminium ders, pit outline rounded, oval to irregular in negative. shape to horizontally (gash-like) or diagon­ Anatomy: Wood diffuse-porous, vessels ally extended; occasionally similar to inter­ evenly distributed with occasional tendency vascular pits in procumbent cells. Rays usu­ to larger numbers of smaller vessels along ally replete with reddish brown organic com­ growth ring boundaries (latewood); solitary pounds. and in radial multiples of 2-4, the latter pre­ Secretory (oil or mucilage) cells, crystal­ dominant in most specimens examined; few line deposits and silica not observed in the clusters present; round to oval in outline with secondary xylem of the specimens examined. tendency to angularity, thin-walled; rather frequent, specimen means ranging from 40- 55/mrn2; tangential diameter varying from a Bark description (Figs.6-12) minimum of 30 Ilm (latewood) to a maximum General: Periderms usually 3-6, not un­ of 110 Ilm (earlywood), the specimen means dulating, completely separating living tissues (25 largest vessels) from 70-90 Ilm.
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