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Chile: a Journey to the End of the World in Search of Temperate Rainforest Giants
Eliot Barden Kew Diploma Course 53 July 2017 Chile: A Journey to the end of the world in search of Temperate Rainforest Giants Valdivian Rainforest at Alerce Andino Author May 2017 1 Eliot Barden Kew Diploma Course 53 July 2017 Table of Contents 1. Title Page 2. Contents 3. Table of Figures/Introduction 4. Introduction Continued 5. Introduction Continued 6. Aims 7. Aims Continued / Itinerary 8. Itinerary Continued / Objective / the Santiago Metropolitan Park 9. The Santiago Metropolitan Park Continued 10. The Santiago Metropolitan Park Continued 11. Jardín Botánico Chagual / Jardin Botanico Nacional, Viña del Mar 12. Jardin Botanico Nacional Viña del Mar Continued 13. Jardin Botanico Nacional Viña del Mar Continued 14. Jardin Botanico Nacional Viña del Mar Continued / La Campana National Park 15. La Campana National Park Continued / Huilo Huilo Biological Reserve Valdivian Temperate Rainforest 16. Huilo Huilo Biological Reserve Valdivian Temperate Rainforest Continued 17. Huilo Huilo Biological Reserve Valdivian Temperate Rainforest Continued 18. Huilo Huilo Biological Reserve Valdivian Temperate Rainforest Continued / Volcano Osorno 19. Volcano Osorno Continued / Vicente Perez Rosales National Park 20. Vicente Perez Rosales National Park Continued / Alerce Andino National Park 21. Alerce Andino National Park Continued 22. Francisco Coloane Marine Park 23. Francisco Coloane Marine Park Continued 24. Francisco Coloane Marine Park Continued / Outcomes 25. Expenditure / Thank you 2 Eliot Barden Kew Diploma Course 53 July 2017 Table of Figures Figure 1.) Valdivian Temperate Rainforest Alerce Andino [Photograph; Author] May (2017) Figure 2. Map of National parks of Chile Figure 3. Map of Chile Figure 4. Santiago Metropolitan Park [Photograph; Author] May (2017) Figure 5. -
Non-Expressway Master Plant List
MASTER PLANT LIST GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO PLANT LISTS Plants are living organisms. They possess variety in form, foliage and flower color, visual texture and ultimate size. There is variation in plants of the same species. Plants change: with seasons, with time and with the environment. Yet here is an attempt to categorize and catalogue a group of plants well suited for highway and expressway planting in Santa Clara County. This is possible because in all the existing variety of plants, there still remains a visual, morphological and taxonomical distinction among them. The following lists and identification cards emphasize these distinctions. 1 of 6 MASTER PLANT LIST TREES Acacia decurrens: Green wattle Acacia longifolia: Sydney golden wattle Acacia melanoxylon: Blackwood acacia Acer macrophyllum: Bigleaf maple Aesculus californica: California buckeye Aesculus carnea: Red horsechestnut Ailanthus altissima: Tree-of-heaven Albizia julibrissin: Silk tree Alnus cordata: Italian alder Alnus rhombifolia: White alder Arbutus menziesii: Madrone Calocedrus decurrens: Incense cedar Casuarina equisetifolia: Horsetail tree Casuarina stricta: Coast beefwood Catalpa speciosa: Western catalpa Cedrus deodara: Deodar cedar Ceratonia siliqua: Carob Cinnamomum camphora: Camphor Cordyline australis: Australian dracena Crataegus phaenopyrum: Washington thorn Cryptomeria japonica: Japanese redwood Cupressus glabra: Arizona cypress Cupressus macrocarpa: Monterey cypress Eriobotrya japonica: Loquat Eucalyptus camaldulensis: Red gum Eucalyptus citriodora: Lemon-scented -
Patterns of Flammability Across the Vascular Plant Phylogeny, with Special Emphasis on the Genus Dracophyllum
Lincoln University Digital Thesis Copyright Statement The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand). This thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: you will use the copy only for the purposes of research or private study you will recognise the author's right to be identified as the author of the thesis and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate you will obtain the author's permission before publishing any material from the thesis. Patterns of flammability across the vascular plant phylogeny, with special emphasis on the genus Dracophyllum A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of philosophy at Lincoln University by Xinglei Cui Lincoln University 2020 Abstract of a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of philosophy. Abstract Patterns of flammability across the vascular plant phylogeny, with special emphasis on the genus Dracophyllum by Xinglei Cui Fire has been part of the environment for the entire history of terrestrial plants and is a common disturbance agent in many ecosystems across the world. Fire has a significant role in influencing the structure, pattern and function of many ecosystems. Plant flammability, which is the ability of a plant to burn and sustain a flame, is an important driver of fire in terrestrial ecosystems and thus has a fundamental role in ecosystem dynamics and species evolution. However, the factors that have influenced the evolution of flammability remain unclear. -
Recruitment Dynamics of the Relict Palm, Jubaea Chilensis: Intricate and Pervasive Effects of Invasive Herbivores and Nurse Shrubs in Central Chile
RESEARCH ARTICLE Recruitment Dynamics of the Relict Palm, Jubaea chilensis: Intricate and Pervasive Effects of Invasive Herbivores and Nurse Shrubs in Central Chile Marina Fleury1,2*, Wara Marcelo2¤, Rodrigo A. Vásquez2, Luis Alberto González1, Ramiro O. Bustamante2 1 Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y de la Conservación de la Naturaleza, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile, 2 Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile ¤ Current address: Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile * [email protected] OPEN ACCESS Citation: Fleury M, Marcelo W, Vásquez RA, Abstract González LA, Bustamante RO (2015) Recruitment Dynamics of the Relict Palm, Jubaea chilensis: Shrubs can have a net positive effect on the recruitment of other species, especially relict Intricate and Pervasive Effects of Invasive Herbivores species in dry-stressful conditions. We tested the effects of nurse shrubs and herbivory and Nurse Shrubs in Central Chile. PLoS ONE 10(7): defoliation on performance (survival and growth) of nursery-grown seedlings of the largest e0133559. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133559 living palm, the relict wine palm Jubaea chilensis. During an 18-month period, a total of Editor: Jin-Song Zhang, Institute of Genetics and more than 300 seedlings were exposed to of four possible scenarios produced by indepen- Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CHINA dently weakening the effects of nurse shrubs and browsers. The experiment followed a two- way fully factorial design. We found consistent differences in survival between protected Received: March 2, 2015 and unprotected seedlings (27.5% and 0.7%, respectively), and herbivory had a dramatic Accepted: June 28, 2015 and overwhelmingly negative effect on seedling survival. -
PIF) PROJECT TYPE: Full-Size Project TYPE of TRUST FUND: GEF Trust Fund
PROJECT IDENTIFICATION FORM (PIF) PROJECT TYPE: Full-size Project TYPE OF TRUST FUND: GEF Trust Fund PART I: PROJECT IDENTIFICATION Project Title: Supporting civil society and community initiatives to generate global environmental benefits using grants and micro loans in the Mediterranean ecoregion of Chile Country(ies): Chile GEF Project ID: 4939 GEF Agency(ies): UNDP GEF Agency Project ID: 4577 Other Executing Partner(s): Ministry of Environment of Chile Submission Date: 24 April 2012 GEF Focal Area (s): Multi-Focal Area (MFA) Project Duration (Months): 60 Months Name of parent program (if N/A Agency Fee ($): $ 331,162 applicable): . For SFM/REDD+[ ] A. FOCAL AREA STRATEGY FRAMEWORK Focal Trust Indicative Indicative Area Expected FA Outcomes Expected FA Outputs Fund Grant Co-financing Objectives Amount ($) ($) BD-2 Outcome 2.1: Increase in Output 2.2: National and sub- GEFTF $ 660,000 $ 2,506,564 sustainably managed landscapes national land-use plans (38) that and seascapes that integrate incorporate biodiversity and biodiversity conservation ecosystem services valuation Output 2.3: Certified production GEFTF $ 2,077,980 $ 4,655,047 landscapes and seascapes (700,000 hectares – FSC, PEFC, tbd) CCM-5 Outcome 5.2: Restoration and Output 5.2: Forests and non- GEFTF $ 250,000 $ 2,148,483 enhancement of carbon stocks in forest lands under good forests and non-forest lands management practices LD-1 Outcome 1.3: Sustained flow of Output 1.2: Types of innovative GEFTF $ 82,969 $ 1,253,282 services in agro-ecosystems SL/WM practices introduced at the field level LD-3 Outcome 3.2: Integrated landscape Output 3.1: Integrated land GEFTF $ 82,969 $ 3,580,805 management practices adopted by management plans developed local communities and implemented Output 3.3: Appropriate actions GEFTF $ 0 $ 358,081 to diversify the financial resource base Sub-total: $ 3,153,918 $ 14,502,262 Project management cost: $ 157,696 $ 750,000 Total project costs (GEF): $ 3,311,614 $ 15,252,262 B. -
Leaf Anatomy of Beilschmiedia (Lauraceae) in the Neotropics
Article Leaf anatomy of Beilschmiedia (Lauraceae) in the neotropics Sachiko Nishida1 and David C. Christophel2 1 Division of Phylogenetics, Museum of Nature and Human Activities, Hyogo, Yayoigaoka 6, Sanda, 669-1546, Japan 2 Botany Department, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A. 5005, Australia Abstract Beilschmiedia comprises 28 species in the neotropics, but the relationships among the species were not well known because of the similarity in their reproductive morphology. This study employed leaf anatomy including studies of venation patterns, cuticle and leaf sections to discuss the relationships. As a result, five groups are recognized by cuticular characters, and the groups are compatible with the other leaf characters, phyllotaxis and geographic distributions. The five groups are mainly characterized by; 1) alternate leaves, fine venation pattern, epidermal cells with smooth or beaded cell walls, and vascular bundles in the midrib arranged in a ring, 2) opposite leaves, coarse venation pattern, epidermal cells with dotted or granular periclinal walls and mostly branched anticlinal walls, and vascular bundles in the midrib arranged in a ring, 3) opposite leaves, coarse venation pattern, butterfly-shaped stomatal ledges, and vascular bundles in the midrib arranged in a flattened arc, 4) opposite leaves, coarse venation pattern, epidermal cells larger on the adaxial surface than the abaxial surface, and vascular bundles in the midrib arranged in a flattened arc, 5) opposite leaves, coarse venation pattern, box- shaped stomatal ledges, and vascular bundles in the midrib arranged in a flattened arc. Key words: Beilschmiedia, leaf anatomy, venation, cuticle, vascular bundle Introduction botanists. Christophel and Rowett (1996) recently published a leaf and cuticle atlas of Australian Lauraceae, Beilschmiedia is one of the largest genera of Lauraceae, which includes the leaf architecture and cuticular features comprising about 250 tree or shrub species. -
Aspectos Reproductivos, Arquitectura Y Fenomorfología De Maytenus
GAYANA BOTANICA Gayana Bot. (2020) vol. 77, No. 2, 152-167 DOI: ORIGINAL ARTICLE Aspectos reproductivos, arquitectura y fenomorfología de Maytenus boaria Molina (Celastraceae) en Chile central Reproductives aspects, architecture and phenomorphology of Maytenus boaria Molina (Celastraceae) in central Chile Magdalena Godoy1, Luz María de la Fuente3, Miguel Gómez2 & Rosanna Ginocchio1,3* 1Departamento de Ecosistemas y Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. 2Departamento de Ciencias Vegetales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. 3Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. *[email protected] RESUMEN Maytenus boaria Molina (Celastraceae) es un árbol nativo siempreverde de amplia distribución en Chile, con alto potencial económico por los diversos usos tradicionales descritos. A pesar de esto, existe escasa y confusa información biológica de la especie. El objetivo de este estudio fue ampliar el conocimiento sobre aspectos reproductivos y el sistema sexual de M. boaria, además de la arquitectura de la copa y su fenomorfología. El estudio se realizó entre agosto y diciembre de 2016, con individuos adultos (n=17) seleccionados en sectores urbanos de la Región Metropolitana. Se realizó un ensayo de polinización y se identificó el sexo de las flores de cada árbol seleccionado. Además, se realizó un diagrama fenomorfológico de la especie a través de la interpretación modular de la arquitectura y la identificación de sus fenofases. Los resultados indican que M. boaria es dioica y andromonoica; presenta una baja autogamia autónoma y es una especie no apomíctica que necesita de vectores de polinización para la producción de semillas. -
Desirable Plant List
Carpinteria-Summerland Fire Protection District High Fire Hazard Area Desirable Plant List Desirable Qualities for Landscape Plants within Carpinteria/Summerland High Fire Hazard areas • Ability to store water in leaves or • Ability to withstand drought. stems. • Prostrate or prone in form. • Produces limited dead and fine • Ability to withstand severe pruning. material. • Low levels of volatile oils or resins. • Extensive root systems for controlling erosion. • Ability to resprout after a fire. • High levels of salt or other compounds within its issues that can contribute to fire resistance. PLANT LIST LEGEND Geographical Area ......... ............. Water Needs..... ............. Evergreen/Deciduous C-Coastal ............. ............. H-High . ............. ............. E-Evergreen IV-Interior Valley ............. ............. M-Moderate....... ............. D-Deciduous D-Deserts ............. ............. L-Low... ............. ............. E/D-Partly or ............. ............. VL -Very Low .... ............. Summer Deciduous Comment Code 1 Not for use in coastal areas......... ............ 13 ........ Tends to be short lived. 2 Should not be used on steep slopes........ 14 ........ High fire resistance. 3 May be damaged by frost. .......... ............ 15 ........ Dead fronds or leaves need to be 4 Should be thinned bi-annually to ............ ............. removed to maintain fire safety. remove dead or unwanted growth. .......... 16 ........ Tolerant of heavy pruning. 5 Good for erosion control. ............. ........... -
Patterns of Composition, Richness and Phylogenetic Diversity of Woody
Gayana Bot. 74(1):74(1), 2017X-X, 2017 ISSN 0016-5301 Original Article Patterns of composition, richness and phylogenetic diversity of woody plant communities of Quillaja saponaria Molina (Quillajaceae) in the Chilean sclerophyllous forest Patrones de composición, riqueza y diversidad filogenética de las comunidades de plantas leñosas de Quillaja saponaria Molina (Quillajaceae) en el bosque esclerófilo de Chile LUIS LETELIER1,2*, ALY VALDERRAMA2, ALEXANDRA STOLL3, ROLANDO GARCÍA-GONZÁLES4 & ANTONIO GONZÁLEZ-RODRÍGUEZ1 1Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro Nº 8701, Col. Ex -Hacienda de San José de la Huerta, Morelia, CP 58190, México. 2Universidad Bernardo O`Higgins, Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad, Avenida Viel 1497, Santiago, Chile. 3Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas, Campus Andrés Bello, Universidad de La Serena, La Serena, Chile. 4Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Católica del Maule, Avenida San Miguel Nº 3605, Casilla 617, Talca, Chile. *[email protected] ABSTRACT Sclerophyllous forest is among the most representative types of woody plant communities in central Chile where Quillaja saponaria is considered to be one of the most important species. In this study, we analysed the main factors that explain the geographical patterns of variation in composition, richness and phylogenetic diversity of woody plant communities in the Chilean sclerophyllous forest where Quillaja saponaria is present. Vegetation surveys were performed for trees and shrubs in thirty-nine sites from 30° to 38° of latitude South in the Mediterranean biome of Chile. Composition, richness, alfa diversity and phylogenetic diversity metrics of the communities were calculated and associated with spatial (latitude, longitude and altitude), climate (annual mean temperature, annual precipitation, aridity), and disturbance variables (type of adjacent vegetation matrix) using multiple regression models. -
Influences of Succession and Erosion on Bird Communities in a South
Forest Ecology and Management 349 (2015) 85–93 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Forest Ecology and Management journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/foreco Influences of succession and erosion on bird communities in a South American highland wooded landscape ⇑ Laura M. Bellis a, , Anna M. Pidgeon b, Camilo Alcántara b,c, Sebastián Dardanelli d, Volker C. Radeloff b a Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA), CONICET-UNC and Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina b SILVIS Lab, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA c Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Centro Universitario Costa Sur, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico d Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Paraná, Entre Ríos, Argentina article info abstract Article history: In South American highland forests, domestic grazing can cause major changes in forest structure and soil Received 28 October 2014 quality thereby altering resources available to avian communities. However, the consequences of changes Received in revised form 20 March 2015 in variability in plant growth forms after disturbance are little known. Understanding forest succession Accepted 21 March 2015 effects on avifauna is critical though, given that area in secondary forests is expected to increase in the Available online 22 April 2015 future. We sampled bird communities at 172 sample points in Polylepis shrublands and forests patches in Argentina. For each of these points, we calculated vegetation variables (NDVI, NDVI texture indices), Keywords: landscape pattern variables (patch area and connectivity), and human disturbance variables (erosion, dis- Birds tances to settlements and roads), based on a Landsat 5 TM image, a local land cover map, and topography Forests Livestock grazing (slope and altitude) from a Digital Elevation Model. -
Flora Y Vegetación De La Reserva Nacional Lago Peñuelas, Reserva De La Biósfera, Región De Valparaíso, Chile
BOSQUE 30(3): 159-179, 2009 Flora y vegetación de la Reserva Nacional Lago Peñuelas, Reserva de la Biósfera, Región de Valparaíso, Chile Flora and vegetation of the National Reserve Lago Peñuelas, Biosphere Reserve, Region of Valparaiso, Chile Enrique Hauensteina*, Andrés Muñoz-Pedrerosa, José Yánezb,c, Pamela Sáncheza, Patricia Möllerb, Basilio Guiñeza, Claudia Gilb *Autor de correspondencia: aUniversidad Católica de Temuco, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Escuela de Ciencias Ambientales, casilla 15-D, Temuco, Chile, tel.: 45-205467, [email protected] bCentro de Estudios Agrarios y Ambientales, casilla 164, Valdivia, Chile. cMuseo Nacional de Historia Natural, casilla 787, Santiago, Chile. SUMMARY The National Reserve Lago Peñuelas belongs to the National System of Protected Wild Areas, located in the Region of Valparaiso, Chile. This unit, together with the National Park La Campana, constitutes a Biosphere Reserve. The flora and vegetation of the National Reserve was studied. The study registered 163 species of vascular plants, of which 48 are new records. Considering the studies and previous reports made in situ, the floristic richness reaches 337 species, of which 72% are native; eight of them are pteridophytes, two are gimnospermae, 229 are dicotyledoneae and 98 are monocotyledoneae. This represents a high floristic diversity. Nevertheless, the high proportion of aloctonous plants indicates a relative high degree of anthropic disturbance. Fourteen species have conservation problems (two of them are threatened, eleven are vulnerable and one is data deficient). The total phytosociology of the place reports the presence of 20 plant communities, ten of which are herbaceous, seven scrub and three tree communities; of these, 12 have already been described in previous works, adding the present study eight new associations for the place. -
Capitulo Vii: Flora
CONAMA Capítulo VII: Flora • Cuarta Región de Coquimbo CAPITULO VII: FLORA RECURSOS BIÓTICOS (BIODIVERSIDAD) de cambios en el uso del suelo, invasión de especies, alteración y destrucción de hábitat y Conceptos Generales cambios atmosféricos y climáticos. El Concepto de biodiversidad A tal punto llega este gran evento de pérdida de diversidad biológica, que las actuales tasas Una primera aproximación a la problemática de extinción de especies son entre 100 y 1.000 asociada a la biodiversidad o diversidad veces mayores a los niveles que existían antes biológica necesariamente requiere consensuar de la aparición de la especie humana (niveles qué entendemos por biodiversidad. En este prehumanos), valores que podrían aumentar contexto, el concepto más comúnmente drásticamente si se incluye la extinción esperada aceptado es que la biodiversidad es la de las especies que actualmente están en peligro variabilidad de los organismos presentes en un de extinción. sitio y los complejos ecológicos en los cuales estos organismos viven. Adicionalmente se Origen y distribución de las especies reconoce que existen cuatro distintos niveles de organización en los cuales opera tal De acuerdo a su origen y actual distribución, diversidad, esto es a) nivel genético, el que las especies pueden ser clasificadas como: considera la variabilidad genética de cada especie b) nivel específico, es decir el número Endémicas: Son todas aquellas especies propias de especies de un área determinada, c) nivel o exclusivas de un área o país determinado. Por ecosistémico, que incluye el número de ejemplo, son especies endémicas de Chile la ecosistemas que dichas especies conforman y palma (Jubaea chilensis), la garra de león finalmente d) los biomas.