ISSN (Online): 2455-3662 EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR) - Peer Reviewed Journal Volume: 6 | Issue: 11 |November 2020 || Journal DOI: 10.36713/epra2013 || SJIF Impact Factor: 7.032 ||ISI Value: 1.188

SOCIAL LINGUISTIC STUDY OF THE TOPONYMS OF FERGHANA VALLEY

Juraboeva Gulrukh Solijonovna Post Graduate Student of Ferghana State University

ABSTRACT The study of toponyms in Uzbek linguistics is significant as they have a historical and social meaning. The aim of the article is to provide the feedback on the socio-linguistic study of toponyms in Feghana Valley. The study was conducted on the bases of the research of famous toponymists and the encyclopedic data. The toponyms of Ferghana Valley were studied according to the historical periods, each of the periods have their own motives in naming the places. The criterion of classifying the toponyms was suggested by the author. The socio-economic, political, spiritual and cultural life of the historical periods is the bases for naming the places. KEYWORDS AND EXPRESSIONS: toponym, toponymy, nomination, sociolinguistics, sociolinguistic aspect, sociolinguistic analysis, socio-historical factor, motive, motivation.

INTRODUCTION a special role in the study of proper nouns from a It is undeniable that among sociolinguistic social point of view, which is an important studies there are very few special works on the study component of the richness of language vocabulary. In of toponyms in Uzbek language. This is because the particular, Professor E. Begmatov noted about the method of sociolinguistic research is not applied application of the sociolinguistic aspect to uniformly to all areas of language. Nevertheless, the onomastics: One such lexical phenomenon is problems of the linguistic onomasiological system onomastic material, i.e. proper nouns. In particular, related to the development of society, although not most types of proper nouns, their nominative under the term “sociolinguistics”, have always been functions, the meaning and etymology of names, studied by toponymists [2; 44]. Because in onomastic lexical layers, the factors that form the basis for their research, as well as in research related to toponyms, creation can be solved only by a social approach to it is impossible to draw the right conclusions without them "[2; 44, 48]. adequate consideration of non-linguistic factors. For example, place names studied in the onomastic system, i.e. toponyms, are also formed in MATERIALS AND METHODS connection with various changes in society. The Issues such as the relationship between place and role of social factors in the development of language and society, that is, the role of language in toponyms is especially evident in their emergence the life and development of society and, conversely, and nominative functions. That is, in the naming and the role of society in the development of language, motivation of toponyms, the customs, living are the object of study of a new field of linguistics - conditions, language, culture, occupation, as well as sociolinguistics (social linguistics). Sociolinguistics other socio-historical factors of people in a particular is a field that has emerged between linguistics area play an important role. That is why the Russian (intralinguistics) and the social sciences, which toponymist AV Superanskaya noted: "The motives of studies the internal structure of language, and it any name have historical and social meaning" [3; studies the social aspects of language construction. 101]. The relationship between language and society is If we look at the creation of toponyms, their inextricably linked, and language cannot be imagined nominative-motivational features, it can be seen that in isolation from society, and society from language. "even the most random name was formed in certain The development of language is also related to the periods due to social need" [4; 76]. That is, names are development of society. After all, the multifaceted created by people because of a social need in a life of a society is reflected in its language. That is particular place and time. The period and the reason why it is not accidental to say that "Language is the for naming are recommended by the period. mirror of society" [1; 15]. Sociolinguistics also plays Therefore, any name occurs as a product of time and epoch. In particular, as Professor T. Nafasov noted,

2020 EPRA IJMR | www.eprajournals.com | Journal DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.36713/epra2013 442 ISSN (Online): 2455-3662 EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR) - Peer Reviewed Journal Volume: 6 | Issue: 11 |November 2020 || Journal DOI: 10.36713/epra2013 || SJIF Impact Factor: 7.032 ||ISI Value: 1.188

each period, the social system had its own principles created in connection with our national idea and and requirements for naming objects in accordance mentality of the independence period. with their views. By adopting ancient names, each 2. Toponyms based on human names: period, system creates a set of names based on socio- The origin of anthropotoponyms is also associated natural factors such as its ideology and spirituality, with certain changes and patterns in society, and each culture, mode of production, economic activity and period has its own set of names for this group. In attitude to nature [5; 26]. Based on thus, we have particular, a large part of the anthropotoponyms that divided the following groups into groups based on are common in the Valley today originated the creation and naming of socio-economic toponyms in the period of the Khanate. For example, of the and tried to analyze their most anthropotoponyms originated through the nomination process in terms of different periods and names of khans and their children, brothers, cousins, stages. officials who held important positions in the palace, scribes, military commanders and clergy [7; 26]. For RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS example: Sheralichek, Nasriddinobod, Ormonbek, 1. Toponyms formed on the basis of Sultanmurodbek (Balikchi district), Holmatdodho socio-political terms. Toponyms of this type appear (), Avliyochek (one of the closest in connection with the social life and ideology of a consultants of Khudoyorkhan, whose name is derived particular period and reflect the specific image of this from the name of the saint Jesus) (Shahrikhon period. In particular, the socio-political terms of the district), Jumaboychek, Khudoyorkhan, Kokand khanate period have left their mark on Ashirqulmergan ( district), toponymy, consisting of such units as mir // amir, Hasankurgancha, Yusufkurgancha, Hakimto'ra, khan, king, tora, bek, oyim, oyimcha, mergan, Alimergan, Rahmatillo (), ponsod, mahram, dodho, otalik, kurboshi, biy, which Botirkhoja, Qurbon kashkar, Urozmergan, Eshimbek, reflect the state structure of the khanates and Usmonbek, Boboshbek (Uchkuprik district), emirates, the position and status [6; 33, 35]. Most of Chedaliob (Saydaliob) (Rishtan district), Chek these units are used in conjunction with human Jurabek, Chek Sharif, Numanabad (Furkat district), names: Oyimchaqaqir, Oyim, Qurbonmergan, Tokhlimergan, Davronbek (Kokand city) and others. Ashirqulmergan, Otaliq, Dasturkhanchi, Anthropotoponyms of the former Soviet Ashirqulmergan, Qazi-kuzot (Uzbekiston district), era are derived from the names of Soviet statesmen, Katta Amirabod, Kichik Amirabod (Dangara Communist Party leaders, military commanders and district), Oyimcha (Kushtepa district), Begvachcha revolutionaries, major figures and scholars of ( district), Ghaznachi, Ponsod (Buvayda Russian literature, as well as the World War II heroes district), Oyim (Buvayda, Jalalkuduk districts), and famous cotton masters, based on their political Bakovul (Uchkuprik), Shikorbegi, Naib kuprik systems and ideologies: Ilichevsk, Leninsk, Lenin, (Kokand city), Oftobachichek (Oltinkul district), Karl Marx, Lenin yoli (Lenin's Way), Leninobod, Kholmatdodho (Asaka district), Khankurgan, F.Engels, Kuybishev, Dzerzhinsky, Kirov, Frunze, Chindovul (Kasansay district), Khanabad (Kushtepa Orjonikidze, Kalinin, Sverdlov, Chapaev, district, region, Pop district), Voroshilov, Babushkin, Chkalov, Klara Tsetkin, Sharifmergan ( district), Shukurmergan Georgiy Dimitrov, Ernst Telman; Pushkin, Chekhov, ( district), Orta Khanabad, Mirabad (Pop Lev Tolstoy, Lermontov, Nekrasov, Gogol, district), Shahrikhan, Nazarmahram (Shahrihan Mayakovsky, Zhukovsky, Ostrovsky, M. Gorky, district). Academician Pavlov, Academician Kassirsky, This type of toponyms is also typical of the Tsiolkovsky, Lomonosov, Michurin, Gostello, Sabir former Soviet period, and includes the following Rakhimov, Mamajon Toshmatov, Meliqo. toponyms that emerged in connection with the The names of scientists and thinkers, national political and ideological views and personal national heroes, great representatives of classical and modern interests of the period: Kommunistov, Sovetobod, Uzbek literature, famous scientists and artists, who Komsomolabad, Sovet, Kommunizm, Kommunist, grew up in our country during the independence, are Internatsional, Kommuna, Partsyezd, Socialism, reflected in the following toponyms: Ahmad Fergani, Pionerskaya, Revolution, Union, Komsomolskaya, Beruni, Mirzo Ulugbek, Al- Khorezmi, Mahmud Krasnoarmeyskaya, Proletarian, Sovetskaya, etc. Kashgari, Zamakhshari; Sahibkiran Temur, Amir Names such as Мustaqillik (Independence), Temur, Alpomish, Tomaris, Afrosiyob, Jaloliddin Istiqlol (Sovereignty), Istiqbol (Properity), Xalqlar Manguberdi, Shirak, Muqanna; Nodirabegim, do’stligi (Friendship of people), Milliy tiklanish Mohlaroyim, Huvaydo; Cholpon, , Fitrat, (National revival), Tinchlik (Peace), Birdamlik Abdulla Qodiri, Abdulla Qahhor, Khamid Olimjon, (Solidarity), Xamdo’stlik (Commonwealth), Hurriyat Ozod Sharafiddinov; Ahror Muzaffarov, Siroj (Freedom), Ozodlik (Liberty), formed by socio- Sahobiddinov; Mamurjon Uzokov, Murodjon political terms, are also found in the neotoponyms Ahmedov, Yusufjon Qiziq Shakarjonov.

2020 EPRA IJMR | www.eprajournals.com | Journal DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.36713/epra2013 443 ISSN (Online): 2455-3662 EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR) - Peer Reviewed Journal Volume: 6 | Issue: 11 |November 2020 || Journal DOI: 10.36713/epra2013 || SJIF Impact Factor: 7.032 ||ISI Value: 1.188

3. Toponyms with professional names. Qayragach; in the recent past, most of the This type of place names combines aspects of the phytotoponyms created during independence period economic life of the people - the occupation, include cultural plants such as anjir (figs), anor economic activity, as well as changes and (pomegranates), uzum (grapes), olma (apples), developments in the life of society related to this bodom (almonds), o’rik (apricots), as well as the area. For example, in the nomination of such names associated with flowers such as lola (tulips), toponyms, the creation of which is considered to be rayhon (basil), gul (flower): Anjirzor (Namangan), much older, is based on handicrafts such as Anorzor (Namangan, , Chortoq), Bodomzor blacksmithing, nailing, coppersmithing, toolmaking, (Namangan), Majnuntol (Namangan), Uzumzor goldsmithery, sewing, weaving: Misgarlik, (Marg'ilon, Buvayda districts), Olmazor (Pop, Parpashabop (Kokand city), Degrezlik (Kokand city, Altiariq districts), Urikzor (Quvasay, Kasansay, Namangan city), Oqchi Dasht, Oqchi Rajabgardi, Chortoq districts), Boychechak, Qirlola, Lola, Oqchi Bazarboshi, Oqchi Qushqonok (Uzbekistan Lolazor, Kashtanzor (Ferghana), Rayhon (Kokand), district), Yukori Oqchi, Oqchi, Karnaychi, Bordonchi Gul (Buvayda ), Gulzor (Ferghana, Uychi districts) (Kushtepa district), Mixchagar, Tarrachi (Buvayda and etc. district), Chinnigaron (Rishtan district), Ipakchi, In addition, the toponyms created by the Kosibchilik, Miltiqsoz, Yormadoz, Pichokchi name of cotton plant during the Soviet era are a ( city), Sokchilik, Kigizchilik, characteristic feature of this system. According to the Qamchipurush (Tashlak district), Dozanda, Zargaron toponymist S.Koraev, more than 50 dwelling areas (), Chitgar (Kasan district), are named by this unit as Paxta (Cotton), Paxtakor Mullakuding (Namangan). It can be seen that the (Cotton picker), Paxtakon (Land of cotton), names of toponyms associated with the development Paxtakesh (Place of cotton), Paxtakurash (Struggle of science, technology, various fields are based on for cotton), Paxtachi (Cotton grower), Paxtaqaynar the names of certain professions or specialties: (Heaps of cotton), Paxtaqishloq (Cotton Village) [8; O’rmonchilar (Foresters), To’qimachilar (Weavers), 53, 54]. There are several toponyms formed through Quruvchilar (Builders), Murabbiylar (Mentors), the cotton lexeme in the Fergana Valley as Pakhtakor Shifokorlar (Doctors), Kimyogarlar (Chemists), (Quvasay, Kushtepa, Boz, Pakhtaobod, Dangara, Dehqonlar (Peasants), Aviasozlar (Aviators) Furkat, Pop districts), Pakhtaobod (Shahrikhan, (Fergana city), Ohakchi (Painters) (Bagdad district), Pakhtaobod, Quva, Pop districts), Pakhtakishloq Temiryolchi (Railwaymen) (Kokand city), Neftchilar (Norin district), Pakhtachi (Yazyovan, Uchkurgan), (Oil industry workers), Shifokor (Doctors) (Ferghana Pakhta (Baghdad), Pakhtabo'ston (Uzbekiston), district), Ziyokor (Intellectuals) (Uzbekistan which are still exist in the language as a product of district), O’qituvchilar (Teachers) (Kushtepa district), that period. At the same time, it is incorrect to Sanoatchilar (Industrials) (Kuva district), Ishchilar evaluate all such toponyms as phytotoponyms, some shaharchasi (the town of workers) (Oltiarik district), of which are names that have emerged in connection Ishchi (Worker) (Namangan city) and some others. with the agricultural culture and occupation of the The peculiar feature of these neotoponyms is that the people. representatives of the mentioned areas do not live in 5. Names arising in connection with these territories, but there are some objects which are religious beliefs, concepts and ideas: Toponyms associated with them, as the educational institutions, are also important in the nomination of people's hospitals, airport, factories, plants and others. religious views, which can be analyzed mainly in the 4. Toponyms with plant names: Although context of ethnotoponyms and anthropotoponyms. In phytotoponyms are included in the group of natural particular, ethnonyms based on totems are very or natural-geographical toponyms by many ancient. Their emergence dates back to the time of toponymists on the basis of creation [8; 9]; the the pagans, that is, the fire-worshipers [8; 87]. changes in society leave their mark in their naming in Accordingly, members of certain clans and tribes a certain sense. For example, if the most of the were associated with an animal, plant, or object, and phytotoponyms created in the period of the Kokand these things were consecrated and worshiped [10; khanate are formed by units denoting the names of 20]. Such words denoting totem types later became wild plants, trees and some related concepts, such as ethnonyms and gained the status of place names, thus yulgun, yantoq (alhagi), turangi, gumay, jingil, fixed in the language. The toponyms as Bahrin (a qamish (reed), tol (willow), chinor (plane), tut type of falcon), Karga, Hakka, Kaltatay (horse type), (mulberry), terak (poplar), zig’ir (flax) and yog’och Yobu (horse type), Korkoyly, Alakoyly, Tuyachi, (wood): Saritol, Mozortol, Bakhshitol, Tol, Yakkatol, Takalar, Takali, Buritopi, Boriboshi, Noraybori, Qaroqchitol, Mayda yulgun, Yulguntepa; Okechki, Akboyra (camel), Olabaytal, Munduz Qamishkurgan, Qamishloq mazor, Childhood (racehorse), Doltali (hyena), Chagali, Ayronchi (a Karagaygach, Yantak, Yakkatut, Charbagh turangi, bird), Kushchi, Bagish (deer or a type of deer), Beshterak, Zigir kishloq, Oqjangal // Oqjingil, Chongbaghish exist as the totem denoting sacred Gumayli, Marguzor (otzor), Chinortepa, Yakka animals in the area, which we explored.

2020 EPRA IJMR | www.eprajournals.com | Journal DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.36713/epra2013 444 ISSN (Online): 2455-3662 EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR) - Peer Reviewed Journal Volume: 6 | Issue: 11 |November 2020 || Journal DOI: 10.36713/epra2013 || SJIF Impact Factor: 7.032 ||ISI Value: 1.188

Also, in the early period, in connection with Takali, Chapqildiq, Nayman, Boston, Munduz, the mythological image of the local peoples, most Bagish, Chongbagish, Kirgiz, Kokalan. Kipchak, temple and shrines were named after various gods Durman, Kirgizlar, Bagish in Koshtepa district, and spirits who help people, after the adoption of Takali, Chopqildik in Yazyavan district, Naiman in Islam, the sacred places of pilgrimage and shrines city, Naiman boston, Boston, Bostanabad in were named after prophets and saints, famous sheikhs district, Arbagish in district, and imams, which was taken as the main criterion for Kokalan, Munduz in Jalakuduk district, Pakhtaboston their naming. For example, according to the in Uzbekistan district, Kirgizmakhalla in Rishtan toponymist Sh. Kamoliddin, the oykonym of district, Kirgiz, Kirgizguzar in Asaka district, Ardahshan in Furkat district of is Kirgizkurgancha in Buvayda district are connected associated with the name of the god Vakhsh, and the to these very nations. oykonym of Nanay in of Tojik in city, Kattatojik in Asaka is associated with the name of the district, Tojikmahalla, Tojikobod, in Altinkul and Zoroastrian fertility god Nanayya [11; 46]. Toshloq districts, Shurtojik in Shahrikhan district, The places of pilgrimage and villages named Tajik Muyon in Quvasoy district, Matchoyi in Boz after the names of the prophets and saints as Hazrat district formed by the units showing dwelling of Ayub in the Middle Ages, Takhti Suleiman in , as Tajiks in these areas, as well as the ethnic origin of well as Imamota, Karimbobo, Hizirota, Ghoibota, Uygurs and their migration from East Turkestan to Satkakaziz, Koktonliota, Zuraymomo, Poshshopirim, the Fergana Valley in the XVIII-XIX centuries. [12; Eshonbobo, Bobotarkhan, Bobogazi, Buvayda, (Bibi 42, 43] The existence of dozens of Uyghur villages in Ubayda), Sherali buva, Yalangochota, Kuchkorota , such as Kashkarqishloq, are derived from Islam. Uyghurqishloq, Tog'liq, Janjal, Tokqizak, Qavul, Alternatively, the term “relative Pushmon, Eshakchi, Tovorchi, Paydo, Kepakchi, ethnotoponyms” is used in the language [12; 34], shows that tribal names have not lost their including a layer of toponyms with the components significance not only in the past but also today. eshan, khoja, sufi, sheikh which have hidden semes from Arabian language, and, in general related to CONCLUSION Islam: Khoja (Beshyogoch, Andijan), Khojamahalla It should be said in conclusion that (Uychi, Asaka, Andijan), Khojatopi (Asaka, Baliqchi, toponyms are a mirror of any social change which Khojaobod), Khojakurgan (Kasan), Khojaabad (Pop, takes place in society. The creators of names are the Baliqchi, Shahrikhon), Khojakishloq (Namangan), people, and toponyms appear as an expression of the Eski Khojaabad, Yangi Khojaabad (Pop), Eshontopi thinking of society (people). Periodicity and (Andijon, Marhamat, Yazyovon), Eshonguzar gradualness are the main laws of naming the places. (Koshtepa), Eshanqishloq (Baliqchi, Shahrikhon), Therefore, the socio-linguistic analysis of changes Eshonchek (Baliqchi), Shaykhan (Kasan, Pop), Sufis related to the naming of place names allows to (Toshloq), Sufi (Kuva, Uchkoprik) and others. identify important aspects of a particular period, the It should be noted that geographers and specific socio-economic, political, spiritual and naturalists believe that such names with religious cultural life of the system, which are considered the significance, including shrines and places of basic factors for naming. pilgrimage, have one of the secondary important functions in social life - being ecotoponyms, they LITERATURE have a function of protecting the nature of the place 1. Berdialiev A. O‘zbek sinxron sotsiolingvistikasi. [9; 43]. – Xo‘land, 2015. 6. Toponyms formed on the basis of 2. Begmatov E. Androponimiyani tadqiq qilishning tribal names. 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2020 EPRA IJMR | www.eprajournals.com | Journal DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.36713/epra2013 445 ISSN (Online): 2455-3662 EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR) - Peer Reviewed Journal Volume: 6 | Issue: 11 |November 2020 || Journal DOI: 10.36713/epra2013 || SJIF Impact Factor: 7.032 ||ISI Value: 1.188

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2020 EPRA IJMR | www.eprajournals.com | Journal DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.36713/epra2013 446