Cadoudal - Enghien

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Cadoudal - Enghien VII ( : 111 I. I'ON'IA I OWSkl LES IDES DE MARS : CADOUDAL - ENGHIEN ors de la rupture de la paix d'Amiens, l'opinion publique L française, d'abord surprise, se prononça bientôt et fort vive• ment contre l'adversaire héréditaire. Le sentiment que l'Angleterre une fois de plus n'avait pas tenu ses engagements, et qu'elle voulait cette guerre, suscita un élan national. Les Assemblées, les corps constitués, les conseils généraux et municipaux,votèrent spontané• ment des subventions. Le Loiret souscrivit 300 000 francs — l'ar• mement d'une frégate —, Lyon 100 canons, Paris 120 et Bordeaux 80. Même l'Institut de France versa 6 000 francs. Un des princi• paux informateurs des princes exilés écrivait le 26 septembre 1803 que beaucoup de royalistes « verraient avec peine les princes pren• dre une part active à la guerre... et que la reconnaissance du roi Louis XVIII par le gouvernement anglais... serait peut-être plus nuisible qu'utile à ses vrais intérêts...» Le voyage dans les départements du Nord et la Belgique du 25 juin au 11 août témoigne de l'état d'esprit populaire. Les bains de foule d'aujourd'hui sont de pâles reflets de ceux d'alors. Amiens, Calais, Lille, Boulogne, Gand, Anvers, Bruxelles, Liège, réservè• rent à Bonaparte un accueil extraordinaire. Un agent royaliste qui suit le voyage en observateur parle du « délire d'admiration des Belges ». Soult décrit à Gand « ...ces bons Belges, qui jamais peut- être n'ont éprouvé de grande émotion et qui sont froids par caractè• re, s'épuisent en démonstrations d'une vive allégresse... l'union du chef de l'Etat avec le sacerdoce a quelque chose de mystique... » L'admiration tourne à l'adulation. A Etaples, le maire Prévost- Labas, emporté par son éloquence, le qualifie « d'ange tutélaire de 566 CADOUDAL - ENGHIEN la patrie » qui « sur les débris de la Tour de Londres proclamera l'éternelle liberté des mers ». A Boulogne, le préfet Lachaise n'hési• te pas un instant à affirmer que « pour assurer la paix sur la terre Dieu créa Bonaparte et se reposa ». Le Premier consul ne put résis• ter au rire lorsque l'amiral Bruix glissa à son oreille « ...et pour qu'il fût plus à son aise Dieu créa aussi Lachaise... » Joséphine reçoit également sa part de compliments. Mgr de Roquelaure, archevêque de Malines, la met au nombre des a chefs-d'œuvre du Créateur ». Aussi, après cette longue parade de fêtes, d'acclamations, de feux d'artifice, d'arcs de triomphe, après la visite grandiose du camp de Boulogne, le Premier consul ne fut-il sans doute pas très surpris d'entendre Joséphine lui dire : — Et maintenant, quand me fais-tu impératrice des Gaules ? La question n'était d'ailleurs pas si extravagante. Un bruit avait couru à Bruxelles pendant le voyage et l'agent secret de Louis XVIII s'en était fait l'écho : « Quelques-uns assurent que son dessein est de se faire couronner empereur à Bruxelles. C'est pour cela, dit-on, qu'il a rassemblé dans cette ville le Conseil d'Etat et tous les ministres. C'est surtout dans cette vue qu'il fait venir le cardinal-légat, sans doute pour lui faire faire la cérémonie du sacre. D'autres prétendent que c'est à Aix-la-Chapelle, capitale de l'an• cien empire des Gaules et sur le tombeau de Charlemagne qu'il veut ressaisir son héritage... » En fait, Joséphine devra encore attendre seize mois. Mais dès le 25 août 1803 Duroc, général gouverneur du Palais, donne instruction aux cochers, palefreniers, piqueurs, sous-piqueurs des équipages du Premier consul et de Mme Bonaparte d'avoir désor• mais les cheveux poudrés comme sous l'Ancien Régime. L'histoire comporte ainsi sans cesse des petits signes, des clins d'œil qui permettent à ceux qui savent les reconnaître de discerner les signes avant-coureurs d'actions plus importantes à venir. oute l'opinion cependant n'est pas favorable à Bonaparte. Le X Premier consul se heurte à la fois aux révolutionnaires impéni• tents, nombreux au Tribunat et au Sénat conservateur et surtout aux royalistes dont l'action demeure importante et qui sont encore solidement organisés, entretenant des bandes armées dans certaines' régions, de véritables commandos d'exécuteurs dans d'autres, des courriers, des agences d'informations, etc. Le mouvement royaliste CADOUDAL - ENGHIEN 567 use, à l'époque, à la fois des techniques de la Résistance et de celles de PO.A.S. Ses mots d'ordre ne sont pas sans porter. Même si l'opi• nion soutient largement le Premier consul, heureuse de la paix civile et de la sécurité retrouvée, la rupture de la paix gêne. La hausse des prix est forte, la raréfaction de certaines denrées inquiè• te, le commerce stagne et les banqueroutes se multiplient. Enfin la conscription effraie. La fin de 1803 marque une nette dégradation des sentiments de l'opinion. En novembre, on voit même une bande à Paris parcourir les boulevards en criant « la paix, la paix ». La bourgeoisie s'aigrit, suivant en cela la Bourse qui, comme d'habitude, réagit sans mesure à la baisse. Dès la rupture de la paix d'Amiens, Mollien, directeur de la Caisse d'amortissement, doit intervenir massivement sur l'ordre de Bonaparte. « Certains jours, j'étais le seul acheteur », écrira-t-il. Il faudra attendre les premières victoires, à la fin de 1805, pour assister à des hausses extraordinai• res et à des spéculations qui ne l'étaient pas moins. L'opposition de salon dont Juliette Récamier ou Julie Talma donnent l'exemple n'aurait pas tiré à conséquence si elle n'avait alimenté les informations et diffusé les libelles « des bons amis de Londres ». Quant à Mme de Staël, « cet oiseau de mauvais augu• re » dont « l'arrivée a toujours été le signal de quelque trouble » (1), elle faisait rire lorsqu'elle promettait de se donner à celui qui tuerait le Premier consul : « Ma vie, ma fortune, oui pour le mortel généreux qui aurait frappé le tyran, pourquoi n'ai-je qu'un cœur à lui offrir ? Je l'adore, je l'épouse... » Même le nouveau clergé n'est guère sûr, et Roederer signale à Bonaparte que « le nouveau clergé, malgré ses mandements dithy• rambiques, ne le considère encore que comme un intérim ». Plus dangereuse est la coterie militaire. Oudinot explique à ses amis : « Eh bien nous allons être délivrés de ce bougre-là, il n'en a pas pour un an à vivre », Bernadotte cite à Juliette Récamier vingt généraux prêts à rétablir « la vraie république » : Brune, Augereau, Suchet, Masséna, Macdonald, Lecourbe, Dessolles, ne cachent ni leur mécontentement ni leur hostilité. Moreau, aigre et frondeur, écoute, sans s'engager, les propos les plus vifs et devient l'espoir à la fois des royalistes et des républicains, et là est vraiment la conjonc• tion dangereuse. Selon un rapport de police du 9 novembre 1803 <r tous les mécontents, tous les malveillants, ne font que s'entre• tenir de lui ». (1) Bonaparte au grand juge Régnier, le 3 octobre 1803. 568 CADOUDAL - ENGHIEN En cette fin d'année 1803, le vent qui souffle sur Paris est incertain. Bonaparte sans doute a bien assis le nouveau régime, et par peur de l'inconnu, d'un retour aux drames et aux tyrannies révolutionnaires, l'opinion, dans son ensemble, l'approuve et le soutient. Mais en même temps, à l'intérieur et à l'extérieur, les complots se multiplient, qui visent à le détruire physiquement afin de faire, disent les uns, l'économie d'une guerre, et les autres, d'une seconde révolution. Beaucoup partagent le sentiment de la comtesse d'Albany, lorsqu'elle écrit : « C'est une terrible chose qu'un petit bout d'hom• me mette le monde sens dessus dessous (2) », et pense que, Bona• parte disparu, on traiterait sans mal avec le successeur quel qu'il soit, Louis XVIII, Moreau, Siéyès, Louis-Philippe d'Orléans ou même l'un des frères Lucien ou Joseph Bonaparte. Comme le murmure Fouché « l'air est plein de poignards ». e plus aiguisé de ceux-ci viendra d'Angleterre. L Le gouvernement britannique a pris en effet conscience de l'énorme risque que fait courir au pays un débarquement tel que le prépare Bonaparte. Il a recours à tous les moyens pour parer à ce danger, même à ceux que la morale politique traditionnelle réprou• ve. A vrai dire ce n'est pas la première fois. Il a encore récemment facilité l'assassinat de l'empereur de Russie, Paul Ier, par un groupe de comploteurs fort anglophile (3). L'homme choisi pour mettre en oeuvre la vaste machinerie du complot est Georges Cadoudal. L'« ami » secret placé près du Premier consul pour l'espionner fera de Georges un excellent portrait : « Avec l'air d'être un sous-ordre, lui seul a le secret des moyens, je le connais, c'est un homme très gros, très lourd, la tête comme un muid, un paysan, un fermier qui, élevé par Charette, s'est fait chef, qui sait à peine lire et n'écrit presque pas ; mais c'est la tête la plus forte, la plus riche en moyens, le cœur le plus élevé que j'aie rencontrés depuis cinquante-trois ans que je vois les hommes. » Chateaubriand qui le vit vers la même époque le décrit comme « ... gardant l'air indifférent du sauvage parmi les jeunes émigrants sémillants et bavards, son regard était grisâtre et (2) Lettre du 26 mars 1803. (3) Cette détestable méthode politique subsiste encore puisque l'on sait que le très moral Kennedy avait laissé ses services spéciaux étudier les différents moyens de faire disparaître Castro.
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