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The Water Hyacinth Problem and He Biological Control Option in the Highland Lake Region of the Upper Nile Basin-Uganda's Experience

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The Water Hyacinth Problem and He Biological Control Option in the Highland Lake Region of the Upper Nile Basin-Uganda's Experience The water hyacinth problem and the biological control option in the highland lake region of the upper Nile basin: Uganda's experience Item Type conference_item Authors Twongo, T.; Balirwa, J.S. Publisher Fisheries Research Institute Download date 30/09/2021 23:42:19 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/35260 THE WATER HYACINTH PROBLEM AND HE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OPTION IN THE HIGHLAND LAKE REGION OF THE UPPER NILE BASIN-UGANDA'S EXPERIENCE BY TIMOTHY TWONGO & JOHN S. BALIRWA* PAPER PRESENTED AT: THE NILE 2002 CONFERENCE COMPREHENSIVE WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT OF THE NILE BASIN: "TAKING OFF’’ FEBRUARY 13 -17, 2002 ARUSHA, TANZANIA. * Fisheries Research Institute [FIRI] Jinja, Uganda. The water Hyacinth problem and the biological control option in the highland lake region of the Upper Nile Basin - Uganda IS experience. By Twongo Timothy and John S. Balirwa Abstract The rapid proliferation and extensive spread of water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes (Mart) Solms in the highland lakes of the Nile Basin within less than 15 years of introduction into the basin in the 1980s pauses potential environmental and social economic menace if the noxious weed is not controlled soon. The water weed has spread all round Lake Victoria and, in Uganda where infestation is mos t severe, water hyacinth estimated at 1,330,000 ton smothers over 2,000 ha of the lakeshore (August, 1994). Lake Kyoga which already constantly supplies River Nile with the weed is infested with over 570 ha, while over 80% of the river course in Uganda is fringed on either side with an average width of about 5 m of water hyacinth. As the impact of infestation with water hyacinth on water quality and availability, transportation by water, fishing activities, fisheries ecology, hydro-power generation etc becomes clear in Uganda, serious discussion is under way on how to control and manage the noxious weed. This paper pauses some of J the questions being asked regarding the possible application of mechanical and chemical means to control the water weed. Uganda has already initiated the use of biological control of water hyacinth on Lake Kyoga with a strategy to use two weevils namely Neochetinabruchi and Neochetina eichhorniae. The st~ategy to build capacity and infrastructure for mass multiplication and deployment of biological control of the weevils in the field developed in Uganda by the Fisheries Research Institute (FIRI) and the Namulonge Agricultural and Animal production Research Institute (NAARI) is proposed in outline for evaluation. Plans to deploy this strategy on lake Kyoga are under way. It is the view of these authors that the use of biological control is so far the only practical, cost effective and potentially viable approach available that could be adopted for use under a. co-ordinated regional approach, and that all effort should be made to introduce it throughout the hyacinth infested highland region of the Upper Nile Basin. 2 Introduction Water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes (Mart) 801ms, the free floating water weed native to South America is firmly established throughout the River Nile Basin. The weed is said o have gained access to the northern limit of the basin in Egypt between 1812 and 1892 (Gopal and Sharmer, 1981). Much later, the weed appeared in the central zone of the basin in the Sudan in the early 1950s. Water hyacinth appeared in the Upper Nile Basin in Lake Kyoga during the late 1980s (Twongo 1991) and in Lake Victoria at about the same time, having entered the latter lake via River Kagera (Taylor 1993). The rapid spread of water hyacinth in Lake Kyoga, Lake Victoria and the River Nile has been systematically followed (Twongo, 1991; Thompson, 1991; Twongo et ~l, 1992; Taylor, 1993; Willoughby et al, 1993; and Twongo in press). The noxious weed already poses a serious environmental and socia-economic problem in all the lakes that supply the White Nile as well as along the entire river course. Although biomass proliferation and spread by water hyacinth in the Upper Nile Basin have continued wi th characteristic rapidity, national and reg~onal responses to this environmental nd socia-economic menace have been slow. Consequently, little comprehensive and effective effort to control the weed has yet emerged although the need for regional collaboration and co­ ordination of effort are appreciated. This paper is intended to take advantage of the regional composition of the conference on "Comprehensive water resources development of the Ni le Basin" to stimulate serious internat ional dialogue on the important question of how to control water hyacinth, a formidable challenge in the Basin. The paper highlights the growing magnitude of the weed problem in the Upper Nile Basin with specific reference to Uganda. Uganda's experience with water hyacinth is used to outline a proposed strategy to initiate biological control of the noxious weed in the region. J The water hyacinth problem Less than six years since scattered mats of water hyacinth were rirst reported in Lake Kyoga in 1988 (Twongo, 1991) and in Lake Victoria in 1989 (Taylor, 1993, TwQngo, in press) the noxious weed had spread all round the shores of lakes Kyoga and victoria, down the banks of River Nile, through the northern portion of Lake Albert into the Albert Nil.e-.to link up wi th the earlier infestation in the Sudan (Fig .1).;,,? 2.1 Lake Victoria Early surveys by canoe and outboard (Twongo et al, ~992; willoughby et al, 1993) established that the Uganda portion of Lake Victoria has the highest potential for water hyacinth proliferation as a result of presence of a large number of sheltered shallow bays and inlets where the weed thrives (Fig. 1). Data given in Table 1 demonstrate this potential. Weed ". 5 O· .1· 5Z· 5)'I 5.'I u· AN.;' I '.~ s u ./. / ..'1. / . •• ../'\; ''\.'': / ......... .-•. .,...- ••""".. ./ L..~ -1+.' ~'" .' -' .J ." I f.,o u 6 A II DA \.. ." ~) '-. 4+5· " I" ) ,. z A IRE / ~ "') trlIZ. //~..<, .t',,' ( II /.~- J~ ." ./ ,. ~l>. J ~ #,. r \ .~ ,,)" ~ " J o / •" O· O' ,-----­ J ! (IL.'LDWAAO ~ \''-''''/'0 . LA K E ,. .I •• o .~ --- , YICTOItIA --.;.....\ ../. ~!l' ~ ". J ) Cl m 1 0 ~ Z" cd1 " II O'Y '."" _" ~ .,'l · .. tp,rr1'r' J ~. ~ , ' .. ' : 7 ,.~'1 _ wOlel' H'10C:1nth . ..-...-..,..J ~"" ~" pot,nltO! c;,lt" fo' 3' IZZZI N 0 I ,.) WOllr H)"H·,... h ~ " ' N o ZO 4<l 50 80 '00 lZO '4') '60 ~'" 'TA,.U,.YIIUo .,,' to"... t- , I , * t , , ! , 1 ~ t.· 10" ST" 51" SS· 5." 35' WATER HYACINTH IN THE UPPER NILE BASIN 3 infestation in the lake is aggravated further by a constant influx of water hyacinth from the River Kagera catchment. A recent estimate (January 1995) of weed influx into the lake made at the river mouth over a period of eight hours taking into account the influence of the diurnal reversal in the local wihd pattern, returned an estimate of one ha/week. A previous estimate (April 1994) by Agroconsulting International, S.A. under the Lake Victoria Fisheries project No 7 UG 41 gave a weekly influx of 2 ha. Variations among estimates of water hyacinth input at the Kagera mouth could be attributed to differences in wind speed and direction, and to the flow rate of the river. These factors probably influence the quantity of weed influx at any time of day or season. 2.1.1 Distribution Most of the Water hyacinth on Lake Victoria occurs as a thin fringe along the shore in bays and inlets, ranging from 5 to 30 m - average about 15 m. "Hot spots" containing large expanses of the weed occur at sheltered mouths of rivers and streams e.g. River Katonga but also in protected zones of the lake where the weed ~s concentrated by prevailing winds. During he January 1995 survey, water hyacinth entering Lake Victoria hrough River Kagera was arranged in a straight band about a kilometre wide aligned along the south-east / north-west axis. It was quite clear that the weed was moving under the overall influence of the south easterly prevailing winds. Graham (1929 p. 62) observed strong influence of the south easterly and southerly prevailing winds in the southern portion of Lake Victoria from June through December to February. This wind pattern would explain the dumping of most of the water hyacinth from River Kagera on to the Uganda shores of Lake Victoria. ~ Interviews with local fishermen at the mouth of the river revealed that water hyacinth is forced south towards Tanzania mainly when a local rain-bearing north-westerly wind persists. North-easterly winds were also said to temporarily blow water hyacinth from River /:,Kagera towards Tanzania. On the whole, however, the bulk of the weed from the river is transported towards the Uganda shores of the lake. Infestations in Murchison and Macdonald bays to the north of Lake Victoria (Fig. 1) are also influenced by wind. The permanent shoreline fringe in these bays is much wider and variable in size; for instance, that in Murchison Bay is up ~o 50 or more metres wide. The bulk of the water hyacinth mats in these bays oscillates about under the influence of diurnally changing local winds the land and lake breezes. While detailed discussion of weed diStribution in these hot spots wtil be made elsewhere together with their impact on the lake resources, brief mention will be made of the huge expanses of water hyacdnth which accumulated in the well sheltered Murchison Bay over a period of about two years causing immense problems to ferry traffic, water abstraction for the city of Kampala; to fishing activities, local transport, and to recreational activities at Gaba and Munyonyo landing beaches. I :_1 4 The rapid accumulation of water hyacinth biomass in Murchison Bay was facilitated by three main factors.
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