Palynology of the Permian Succession of Spitsbergen, Svalb Ar D

Palynology of the Permian succession of Spitsbergen, Svalbar d

G. MANGERUD and R. M. KONIECZNY

Mangerud, G. & Konieczny, R. M. 1993: Palynology of the Permian succession of Spitsbergen, Svalbard. Polar Research I2 (I), 65-93. Palynological investigations of 16 sections from Spitsbergen. Svalbard, covering the uppermost Carbon- iferous, Permian and lowermost Triassic succession have been carried out. Because of general poor preservation and barrenness of the majority of the samples, it was not possible to establish a formal zonation for the Permian succession. The study resulted, however, in the recognition of three Permian palynological assemblages, restricted downwards by a Carboniferous assemblage and upwards by an earliest Triassic (Griesbachian) assemblage. The dating of these assemblages is based on palynological correlation with similar palynofloras elsewhere in the present Arctic region as well as dating by marine faunas, which in general give better stratigraphic resolution. The Permian assemblages recognised include (1) the Viftatina assemblage of late Gzhelian to early Asselian age recorded in the lower parts of the Tyrrellfjellet Member (Nordenskioldbreen Formation), (2) the Hamiapollenites rractiferinus assemblage of late Asselian to Artinskian age recorded in the upper parts of the Tyrrellfjellet Member and in the Gipshuken Formation and (3) the youngest Permian Kraeuselkporites assemblage of late Artinskian to ?earliest Tatarian age recorded in the Kapp Starostin Formation. G. Mangerud and R. M. Konieczny', IKU Petroleum Research, N-7034 Trondheim, Norway

Introduction study is based was collected by R. M. Konieczny in 1985 and 1986. Permian lithostratigraphy of Spitsbergen, Sval- The purpose of this paper is to present paly- bard, was described by Cutbill & Challinor nological data and age discussions for the Permian (1965), who also presented data on fusulinid succession of Spitsbergen based on several out- zonation. Several papers concerning various fossil crop sections, mainly from the Isfjorden area groups have been published subsequently, includ- (Fig. 1). Due to few productive samples and the ing Sosipatrova (1967), Ustritskii (1967, 1979), generally poor preservation of the palynomorphs, Czarniecki (1969), Federowski (1967, 1986), no formal zonation has been established on Spits- Szaniawski & Malkowski (1979), Morozova & bergen. From the Barents Shelf, however, well- Kruchinina (1986), Nakamura et al. (1987,1992), preserved assemblages have proven valuable in Nakrem (1991a, b), Sakagami (1992), Ezaki & dating the Permian succession (IKU in-house Kawamura (1992) and Igo & Okimura (1992). data). Except for one paper dealing with the palynology of Nordaustlandet (Mangerud & Konieczny 1991) and one paper giving a general overview of the Geological framework biostratigraphy of the Permian succession of Sval- bard (Nakrem et al. 1992), no work has been On Spitsbergen, the main island of the Svalbard published on the palynology of the Permian in archipelago, Permian rocks are exposed in an this region. area around Isfjorden, along the Tertiary fold- For several years IKU Petroleum Research car- belt on the western coast and in the Lomfjord ried out work in Svalbard through the IKU Arctic area on the north-eastern coast (Fig. 1). The Geoprogram. The disciplines involved included Carboniferous and Permian lithostratigraphy sedimentology, organic geochemistry and published by Cutbill & Challinor (1965) divides paleontology. The material on which the present the Permian into three formations in the study area (Fig. 2): The Nordenskioldbreen Formation * Present address: Norwegian Institute for Water Research (Middle Carboniferous to Lower Permian), the (NIVA), P.O. Box 69 Korsvoll, N-0808 Oslo 8, Norway. Gipshuken Formation (Lower Permian), and the 66 G. Mangerud and R. M. Konieczny

km 50 ‘\U,b &S@rkapp0ya a ;AMPLE LOCALITIES STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS . Kolosseum 10. Rejrnyrefjellet !. Trollfuglfjella 11. Sveltihel A. Ssrkapp-Hornsund High 1. Bertilryggen 12. Stenriofjellet 8. Central Trough 1. Kapp Warn 13. Festningen C. Nordfjorden High i. Kapp Wijk 14. Aksel0ya D. Billefjorden Trough i. Skansen 15. Reinodden E - F. Stable Platform Area 1. H@pkulefjellet 16. Treskelen a - f. Fault Zones I. Gipsvika =Carboniferous - Permian B. Sindballefjellet deposits

Fig. 1. Regional map of the central part of the Svalbard archipelago showing Carboniferous-Permian outcrops and sample localities. Base map from Steel & Worsley (1984). Palynology of the Permian succession of Spitsbergen, Svalbard 67

Palynological :pochI Stage UNITS, SPITSBERGEN assemblages discussed VARDEBUKTA OELTADALEN Densmwk Griesbachian FORMATION MEMBER nelburpr, Changxingian .g (Dorashamian) !? 'C5 'j Longtanian (Djulfian) KAPP 5 STAROSTIN Capitanian - FORMATION .-m C ,2 Kraeuselisporites z1 Wordian assemblage Ufimian (Roadian) Kungurian , - - -3- - - V0RlNGEN MBR. ------, ------Artinskian GIPSHUKEN FORMATION Hamiapollenites ------__--- tractiferinus a assemblage TYRRELL- Fig. 2. Stratigraphic scheme NORDEN- for the Permian succession FJELLET SKI~LDBREEN of Spitsbergen, Svalbard, MEMBER FORMATION including the position the Asselian of Vinafina described palynological I1 assemblage assemblages. Ages based on Harland et al. (1989). Gre I Noginskian I ~~CAOELMBF [)en~masssmbo

Kapp Starostin Formation (upper Lower Permian Lower Permian succession (Steel & Worsley to Upper Permian). 1984). A regressive trend is reflected in the lower During the Late Paleozoic, the Svalbard Plat- parts of the Gipshuken Formation with sabkhas form was part of a sedimentary basin covering developing eastwards to the eastern margin of the most of the present day Barents Shelf. It was also Nordfjorden High (Steel & Worsley 1984). In the connected westward to North Greenland and the upper parts a more open marine environment is Sverdrup Basin in the Canadian Arctic, and east- recognised (Keilen 1992). ward to the Timan Pechora Basin in Russia. Dur- Sometime during the mid-Permian the general ing the Carboniferous, sedimentation was northwards drift led to a colder climate in the controlled by the Nordfjorden High (Fig. 1) giving area, and carbonate deposition gradually rise to a distinct block-and-basinal deposition on decreased. Transition to stable platform environ- Spitsbergen. The Nordfjorden High acted as a ment was accompanied by a major transgression barrier until it was transgressed during the latest establishing new seaways also down to East Carboniferous/earliest Permian time period. Greenland (Dor&1991). No evidence of syn-sedi- More open marine conditions were gradually mentary faulting is seen in the upper Permian established during the period Asselian to Art- succession on central Spitsbergen, while to the inskian, as seen in this carbonate dominated SUC- southwest the S~rkapp-HornsundHigh (Fig. 1) cession. Gypsum/anhydrite units reflect the arid acts as a positive structure. The basal bioclastic climate during this period (Steel & Worsley 1984). limestone (V~ringenMember) of the Kapp Sta- Shoals and bioherms seem to have been devel- rostin Formation deposited in central parts of oped mainly along the earlier blocks, although no Spitsbergen represents shoreface deposits. These significant thickness variation can be seen in the were formed by the transgression that took place 68 G. Mangerud and R. M. Konieczny

KOLOSSEUM TROLLFUGLFJELLA SKANSEN REJMYREFJELLET

i! B

130

\ /. \ \ \ \ 0 / \ \ B / \a \' 0 x \ \ \,O \ \ , I ,I Palynology of the Permian succession of Spitsbergen, Sualbard 69

across the restricted marine platform represented huken Formation and 225 from the Kapp Sta- by the underlying Gipshuken Formation strata rostin Formation. The samples were given (Steel & Worsley 1984). There is a gradual devel- standard palynological treatment, and a large opment into the siliceous shales and siltstones number proved to be barren. The preservation of derived from sponge spicules, which form the the palynomorphs is in general poor. The paly- most characteristic feature of the Kapp Starostin nomorphs are thin-walled, corroded and often Formation. Abundant trace fossils such as folded, a phenomenon commonly seen in car- Zoophycus indicate low energy, but oxygenated, bonate and evaporite sequences. The paly- bottom environments, while organic sponge nomorphs do not show much sign of pyrite buildups are concentrated along the platform growth, not even in samples from the deeper margins (Steel & Worsley 1984). In the Late basinal facies within the upper part of the Kapp Permian a cold water fauna replaced the Early Starostin Formation. They seem to be extensively Permian warm water fauna in the Spitsbergen oxidised, but are in general not highly mature. area (Keilen 1992), contemporaneous with a Maturity indexes fall within the oil window, giving change to a temperate, humid climate that per- TAI values (on a fire-scale) between 2+ and 3 in sisted as the entire platform moved northwards the Isfjorden area, and around 4 in the south- during the Mesozoic. western area. It is therefore difficult to evaluate why the preservation is so poor in the low maturity area and why a majority of the horizons are barren. The poor preservation in the highly sil- Material icified shales developed from sponge spicules in Palynological samples were collected from 16 sec- the Kapp Starostin Formation can be related to tions, 4 sections (13-16, Fig. 1) in the western oxidation or perhaps microbial degradation in this fold belt and 12 sections (1-12, Fig. 1) located depositional environment. in the inner Isfjorden area. Maps showing the Lithological logs (Figs. 3 and 4) and distribution localisation of the different composite sections charts (Figs. 5-10) are included from all localities are given in the Appendix. A total of 340 samples except the Gipsvika, Sindballefjellet, Reinodden were analysed, approximately 65 from the and Treskelen localities, which were found to Nordenskioldbreen Formation, 50 from the Gips- be nearly barren throughout. Semiquantitative results are given as percentages of the total assemblage and are based on counts of 200 specimens where this was possible. Only samples with more than 100 specimens are included (Fig. 11). Fre- LEGEND quences of each taxa are expressed as rare (<5%), common (5-10%) and abundant (>lo%) on the Sandstone Evaporitic limestone __ legend added to each distribution chart. Litho- Shale/ claystone Bioherm logical logs are simplified from the unpublished Limestone Calcite cement field-logs of Hellem (1980) (Festningen, Hog- Dolomite Dolomite cement skulefjellet, Kapp Wijk, Kapp Wrern and Sten- Conglomerate Limestone nodule siofjellet), Skaug (1982) (Skansen) and Dons Evaporite Calcite nodule (1983) (Kolosseum and Trollfuglfjella). With the Dolerite Dolomite nodule exception of the Festningen and Aksel0ya localities, all distribution charts represent composites Chert Anhydrite nodule __ of two or three closely spaced sections giving the Sandy limestone Chert nodule range through the Permian succession of each Dolomite limestone Erosive contact area. An alphabetical list of species is included Cherty limestone Covered (Table 1). To demonstrate the diversity, the best preserved specimens are illustrated (Figs. 12-17), Fig. 3. Lithological columns for the investigated sections of the but these are not typical for this material with Nordenskioldbreenand Gipshuken Formations on Spitsbergen. regard to the quality of preservation. The paly- The simplified logs are based on Dons (1983) (Kolosseum and Trollfuglfjella), Skaug (1982) (Skansen) and unpublished field- nological slides are housed in the type collection logs and sample descriptions by Konieczny. Palynological of the Paleontological Museum, Oslo, under the sample levels are indicated. numbers PMO 139.07S139.096. 70 G. Mangerud and R. M. Konieczny

AKSEMYA FESTNINGEN LEGEND (AKS-11 m 4w1 I Sandstone Evaporitic limestone , BEg Shale/ claystone Bioherm Limestone [_I Calcite cement t=fl Dolomite Dolomite cement conglomerate Limestone nodule Evaporite Calcite nodule Dolerite (91 Dolomite nodule 1.1 Chen Anhydrite nodule Sandy limestone Chen nodule Dolomite limestone I_) Eroswe contact Cherty limestone (CI Covered

SAMPLES 4 Poorsamples 48 Barren 4X includedm KAPP WlJK LsltnbMon- chan 1 m I .. 'A A

H0GSKULE-

SVELTIHEL

KAPP WERN 40 KWR-1 z f 20 "i 0 e2 f 2;

Fig. 4. Lithological columns for the investigated sections of the Kapp Starostin Formation on Spitsbergen. The simplified logs are based on Hellem (1980) (Festningen, H~gskulefjellet,Kapp Wijk, Kapp Wzm and StensiGfjeUet) and unpublished field-logs by Konieany. Palynological sample levels are shown. Palynology of the Permian succession of Spitsbergen, Sualbard 71

9 Limitisporites spp. 10 Lophotriletes spp. 11 Lueckisporites sp. 12 Neoroistrickia spp. 13 Protohaploxypinus chaloneri 14 Unidentified spores 15 Cycadopites spp. 16 Kraeuselisporites punctatus 17 Kroeuselisporites spp. 18 Vesicaspera schemeli 19 Vesicaspora spp. 20 Hamiopollenites bullaeformis 21 Nuskoisporites dulhuntyi 22 Platysaccus papilionis 23 Potonieisporites novicus 24 Protohaploxypinus amplus 25 Protohaploxypinus minor 26 Protohaploxypinus samoilovichii 27 Punctatisporites spp. 28 Vittatina minima 29 Vittatina saccata 30 Hamiapollenites tractiferinus 31 Protohaploxypinus perfectus 32 Striatopodocarpites spp. 33 Unidentified bisaccate pollen 34 Unidentified monosaccote pollen 35 Vittatina costobilis

Fig. 5. Distribution chart for the Kolosseum and QppWwrn lwties, representing the Permian succession of West-Mid Central Spitsbergen. 12 G. Mangerud and R. M. Konieczny

Fig. 6. Distribution chart for the Trollfuglfjella and Kapp Wijk localities. representing the Permian succession of Mid-Central Spitsbergen. Palynology of the Permian succession of Spikbergen, Svalbard 73

t--

2 lnoperturopollenites nebulosus 3 Lueckisporites virkkioe 4 Lunatisporites sp. 5 Roistrickia spp. 6 Wollziosporo spp. 7 ci. Verrucnsisporites spp. 8 Convolutisporo spp. 9 Cornispora voricomato 10 Diotornozonotriletes sp. 11 Gondispom spp. 12 Klausipollenites schoubsrgeri 13 Kroeuselisporites opiculatus 14 Kroeuselisporites punclotus 15 Perotriletes spp. 16 Vesicospora scherneli 17 Alisporiles nulhollensis 18 Bionnulispharites spp. I9 Folcisporites zapiei 20 Moculatasporites spp. 21 Aconthntriletes spp. 22 Alisporites spp. 23 Apiculotispom spp. 24 Calornosporo spp. 25 Kroeuselisporites spp. 26 Lophotriletas spp. 21 Moculotisporites spp. 28 Neoraistrkkia cornutus 29 Nsoroiatrickio spp. 30 Unidentified trilete spores 31 Klousipollenites spp. 32 Potonieisporites cf. novicus 33 Vittatino striato 34 Harniapollenites bullasformis 35 Protohaploxypinus SamOilovIchii 36 Crustaesporites sp. 37 Nuskomparite~ci. dulhuntyi 38 Plotysocc"s sp. 39 Prolohaplorypinus perfectus 40 Striatopodacarpites spp. 41 Vittotino soccoto 42 Cyclogronisporites spp. 43 Densosparites sp. 44 Densosporites spp. 45 Flormites luberoe 46 Murospora ourito 47 Murospora spp. 48 Vittotina costobilis 49 Vittotino vittiiem 50 cl. Nuskaispoiites sp. 51 Falcisporites spp. 52 Horniopollenites tmctiterinus 53 Lirnitisporites spp. 54 Pratahoplarypinus minor 55 Vittotina simplex 56 Cycodopites spp. 57 Protohoploxypinus spp. 58 Protohoplorypinus varius 59 Punctatisporites spp. 60 Unidentified bisacca!e pollen 61 Vittatino Subsaccata 62 We londites strioto

Fig. 7. Distribution chart for the Skansen and H~gskulefjelletlocalities, representing the Permian succession of East-Mid Central Spitsbergen. 74 G. Mangerud and R. M. Konieczny

1 Endosporites papillatus 2 Striatoobieites richtedi 3 Proprisporites pococki 4 Densoisporites nejburgii 5 Ephedripites spp 6 Falcisporites spp. 7 Lunotisporites novioulensis 8 Lunotisporites pellusidus 9 Lunatisporites spp. 10 Protohaploxypinus spp 11 Uvoesporites spp. 12 Cycodopites spp. 13 Cyclogronisporites spp. 14 Klousipolienites schaubergeri 15 Apiculatispods spp. 16 Calomospora spp. 17 Cornispora varicornoto 18 lnoperturopollenites nsbulosus 19 Lophotrilctes spp. 20 Lueckisporites virkkioe 21 Neoroistrickio cornutus 22 Neoroistrickia spp. 23 Kraeuselisporites apiculatus 24 Kraeuselisporites punctotus 25 Punctatisporites spp. 26 Unidentified trilete spores < 27 Folcisporites zapfei T 28 Klausipollenitcs spp. c 29 Kmeuselisporites spp. ,"n 30 Alisporites spp. 31 Striomonosoccites spp. 32 Vittatina costabilis 33 Vittotino subsaccoto 34 Crustoesporites globosus 35 Florinites spp. 36 Jugasporites spp. 37 Maculatosporites spp. 38 Platysaccus papilionis 39 Protohaploxypinus goraiensis 40 Protohaoioxypinus minor 41 Vittatino minima 42 Homiapollenites bulloefarmis 43 Potonieisporites novicus 44 Protohaploxypinus perfectus 45 Protohaploxypinus spp. 46 Striomonosaccites ovotus 47 Unidentified bisaccate pollen 48 Vittotino simplex 49 Vittotino vittifera 50 Florinites iuberae 51 Limitisporites spp. 52 Protohopioxypinus varius 53 Homiopollenites tractiferinus 54 Leiotriletes spp. 55 Striotopodocorpites spp. 56 Vittatino saccota 57 Vittatina spp. 58 Wevlandites striata 59 Cymatiosphoeroe spp. 60 Tasmonitcs spp. 0 61 Unellium spp. E 62 Micrhystridium spp. U 63 Vewhochium SDO. 64 Tympanicysta stoschiano 65 Scolecodont Other PALYNOLOQICAL

Fig. 8. Distribution chart for the Rejmyrefjellet, Sveltihel and Stensiofjellet sections, representing the Permian succession of Eastern Central Spitsbergen. Palynology of the Permian succession of Spitsbergen, Svalbard 75

II IIC

1 Lunatisporites spp. 2 Lundblodisporo obsoleto 3 Densoisporites nejburgii 4 Gnetaceapollenites spp. 5 Lunotisporites noviaulensis 6 Proprisporites pococki u- 7 Uvaespurites spp. IIIIlIl#l 8 lnaperturopollenites spp. 9 Limitisporites spp. 10 Protohoploxypinus sarnoilovichii 11 Raistrickia spp. 12 Unidentified rnonosaccate pollen 13 Vittatino subsaccata 14 Granulotisporites spp. 15 Klousipollenites spp. 16 Apiculatisporis spp. 17 Vesicaspora schemeli 18 Vittatina costabilis 19 Gondispora sp. 20 Lueckisporites virkkiae 21 Kraeuselisporites opiculatus 22 Neoraistrickia cornutus 23 Protohaploxypinus minor 24 Striatopodocorpites spp. 25 Falcisporites spp. 26 Kraeuselisporites punctatus 27 Kraeuselisporites spp. 28 Alisporites spp. 29 Calornosporo spp. 30 Convolutispora spp. 31 Cycadopites spp. 32 Cyclogranisporites spp. 33 Florinites luberae 34 Leiotriletes spp. 35 Lophotriletes spp. 36 Neoroistrickio spp. 37 Platysaccus cf. papilionis 38 Punctatisporites spp. 9 Unidentified spores

0 T -u _- mtmr

Kraeuselisporiles ass. ASSEMBLAGES I

Fig. 9. Distribution chart for the Festningen locality, Western Spitsbergen. 76 G. Mangerud and R. M. Koniecrny

AKSEL0YA Spores/PoIIen OMP

I ~

FORMATION .OCATION (Number) AKS-1 AKS-1 AKS-1 AKS-1 AKS-1 AKS-1 AKS-1 KAPP AKS-1 STAROSTIN AKS-1 AKS-1 AKS-1 AKS-1 AKS-1 AKS-1 AKS-1 AKS-1 AKS-1

Fig. 10. Distribution chart for the Aksebya locality in Bellsund, Western Spitsbergen.

Palynological assemblages and age Palynological correlation and age. - This assemblage does not seem to correlate with other Late In order to restrict the assemblages of the Permian succession downwards and upwards, a few Carboniferous assemblages, although Clayton et al. (1977) reported various Densosporites from samples were analysed from the Carboniferous Kapitol and Cadellfjellet Members as well as their Stephanian ST-Zone. This could indicate from that the assemblage is reworked, and it appears the lowermost Triassic Vardebukta Formation. similar to Playford's (1962a, b) assemblages from the Lower Carboniferous succession in Svalbard. The Densosporites assemblage However, this may not exclude that some of these Palynological description. - This very low diver- species are in situ. The samples are recorded in beds dated as Moscovian to early Gzhelian based sity assemblage is characterised by various spore genera Densosporites, Reticulatkporites and on fusulinids (Nilsson 1988). Brachiopods and Murospora. Whether this assemblage is reworked conodonts give a general middle to latest Car- or in situ is not certain due to the low diversity of boniferous (Gzhelian) age, while bryozoans sug- palynomorphs. gest a Kasimovian to Gzhelian age based on correlation with the Urals (Nakrem et al. 1992), Occurrence. - The assemblage is recorded in the although some bryozoan species are also typical Kapitol Member of the lowermost Norden- of the Asselian to Artinskian succession in the skioldbreen Formation (Fig. 2) at localities Timan-Pechora Basin, Russia (Nakrem et al. Trollfuglfjella and Kolosseum (Figs. 5 and 6). 1992). Palynology of the Permian succession of Spitsbergen, Svalbard 77

Mid-Central Spitsbergen (Trollfuglfjella, Kapp Wijk)

East-Mid Central Spitsbergen (Skansen, Hsgakulefjdiat)

Eastern Cantral Spitsbergen (Reyrnyrefjellet, Svdtihal, Stensi6fjellet)

4 NORDENSKI~LDBREENFM 1

Fig. 11. Semiquantitative variations between some main palynornorph groups through the Permian succession in three areas on Spitsbergen, Svalbard.

The Vittatina assemblage the lower part of the Tyrrellfjellet Member of the Nordenskioldbreen Formation (Fig. 2) at all Palynological description. - The assemblage is studied localities, including Kolosseum, characterised by having low diversity, and very Trollfuglfjella, Skansen and Rejmyrefjellet (Figs. few palynomorphs are recorded. In general, only 5-8). poorly preserved Vittatina spp. and Leiotriletes spp. are present. However, specimens of the gen- Palynological correlation and age. - Comparison era Protohaploxypinus, Cycadopites and Cyclo- with other assemblages is difficult due to the very granisporites are recorded at two localities. poor recovery and low diversity. The assemblage mainly contains Vittatina, and based on fusulinids Occurrence. - This assemblage is recorded within from the lower Tyrrellfjellet Member is given a 78 G. Mangerud and R. M. Konieczny

Table 1. Recorded palynomorphs from the Permian succession Proprirporites pococki Jansonius 1962 of Spitsbergen, Svalbard listed alphabetically Protohaploxypinus amplus (Balme & Hennelly) Hart 1964 Protohaploxypinus chaloneri Clarke 1%5 Protohaploxypinus goraiensis (PotoniC & Lele) Hart 1964 Acanthoiriletes spp. Protohaploxypintu limpidus (Balme & HenneUy) Balme & Alisporites nuthallensis Clarke 1%5 Playford 1968 Alisporites spp. Protohaploxypinus minor (Klaus) Clarke 1%5 Apicularirporis spp. Protohaploxypinus perfectus (Naumova) Samoilovich 1953 Biannulispharites spp. Protohoploxypinus samoilouichii (Jansonius) Hart 1%4 Calamospora spp. Protohaploxypinus spp. Calamospora breuiradiata Kosanke 1950 Protohaploxypinus uarius (Bharadwaj) Balme 1970 Conuolutispora spp. Puncratisporites spp. Cornispora uaricornata R! Staph & Jansonius 1%1 Raisrrickia spp. Crustaesporites globosus Leschik 1956 Reticukztisporites sp. Crustaesporites spp. Scolecodonr Cycadopites spp. Striatoabieites spp. Cyclogranisporitesspp. Stiatopodocarpites cancellam (Balme & Hennelly) Hart 1%5 Cymatiosphaerae spp. Striatopodocarpites spp. Densoirporites nejburgii (Schulz) Balme 1970 Striatopodocarpites varius (Bharadwaj) Balm 1970 Densoisporites spp. Stiomonosaccites ouatus Bharadwaj 1%2 Densmporires anulahIs R! (Loose) Smith & Buttenvorth 1%7 Striomonmaccites rotatus (Bharadwaj) Hart 1%5 Densosporires rarirpinosus R! Playford 1%2 Striornonosaccites spp. Densosporites spitsbergensis R! Playford 1%2 Tasmanites spp. Densosporites spp. Unellium spp. Densosporites uarimarginam R! Playford 1962 Veryhachium spp. Endosporites spp. Vesicaspora scherneli Klaus 1963 Ephedripites spp. Vinatina costabilis Wilson 1962 Falcisporites spp. Vinatina minima Jansonius 1962 Falcisporites PotoniC & 1954 zapfei Klaus Vinatina saccata (Hart) Jansonius 1962 Florinites luberae Samoilovich 1953 Vinatina simplex Jansonius 1962 FIorinites spp. Vinatina spp. Gondispora sp. Vinatina subsoccata Samoilovich 1953 Gondispora spp. Vinatina uittifera (Luber & Waltz) Samoilovich 1953 GrandatisPorites spp. Waltziaspora spp. Hamiapollenites bullaeformis (Samoilovich) Jansonius 1%2 Weylandites sm'ata (Luber) Samoilovich 1953 Hamiapollenites rracriferinus (Samoilovich) Jansonius 1%2 lnaperturopollenites nebulosus Balme 1970 Jugasporires spp. Klausipollenires schaubergeri (PotoniC & Klaus) Jansonius 1962 Klausipollenites spp. Kraeuselisporites apiculatus Jansonius 1962 Kraeuselisporites punctatus Jansonius 1962 Kraeuselisporites spp. Loeuigatosporites spp. Leiorriletes spp. Limitisporites spp. Lophotriletes spp. Lueckisporites sp. Lueckisporites uirkkiae (Potonid & Klaus) Clarke 1%5 Fig. 12. Selected spores and polyplicate pollen from the Nor- Lunatisporites nooiaulensis Leschik 1956 denskidldbreen and Gipshuken Formations. Each figured paly- Lunatisporites pellusidus (Goubin) Balme 1970 nomorph is located by abbreviated section name, sample level, Lunatisporites spp. PMO number and slide coordinates to an England Finder. Scale Maculatasporires spp. is added. Micrhystridium spp. 1. Leiotriletes sp. TRO-5, 43 m, PMO 139.075, H47 Murospora aurita R! (Waltz) Playford 1%2 2. Lophotiletes sp. TRO-5, 43 m, PMO 139.075, T55/4 Murospora spp. R! 3. Cf. Vittatina sp. TRO-3, 130 m, PMO 139.076, R49 Neoraistrickia cornatus R! (Andreyeva) Hart 1965 4. Vinatina uinifera TRO-5, 32 m, PMO 139.077, U49/2 Neoraistrickia sp. 5. Vinatina simplex TRO-3, 140 m, PMO 139.078, F52/4 Neorabtrickia spp. 6. Weylandites striata, TRO-5, 32 m, PMO 139.077, U47/3 Nuskoisporites dulhunfyi Potonit5 & Klaus 1954 7. Vinatina saccata TRO-5, 103 m, PMO 139.079, R55 Nuskoisporites sp. 8. Vinatina sp. TRO-5,43m, PMO 139.075, N55/1 Perotriletes spp. 9. Vittarina cf. uinifera TRO-5, 103 m, PMO 139.079, C54/4 Plafysaccus papilionis Potonit5 & Klaus 1954 10. Vinatina sp. TRO-3, 140111, PMO 139.078, 060 Plafysaccus sp. 11. Vinatina uittifera TRO-5, 103 m, PMO 139.079, C54 Poloniesporites nouicus Bharadwaj 1954 12. Vinatina sp. (34-16, 287 m, PMO 139.080. S29/4 Palynology of the Permian succession of Spitsbergen, Svalbard 79 NORDENSKI~LDBREEN GIPSHUKEN FORMATIONS 80 G. Mangerud and R. M. Koniecrny NORDENSKI~LDBREEN& GIPSHUKEN FORMATIONS Palynology of the Permian succession of Spitsbergen, Svalbard 81 late Gzhelian to early Asselian age (Nilsson & novicus. Monosaccate pollen appear regularly in Davydov pers. comm. 1992). Few other age diag- this assemblage, but never comprise more than nostic fossil groups are recorded in this part of about 5% of the total assemblage (Fig. 11). Spores the succession. Palynomorphs as well as corals occur also in low numbers, and include several are inconclusive regarding the Carboniferous- genera such as Cyclogranisporites, Leiotriletes, Permian boundary (Ezaki & Kawamura 1992). Maculatasporites and Punctatisporites. The fusulinids have therefore been found to give the best dating to the present of these beds. Occurrence. -The assemblage occurs in the upper parts of the Tyrrellfjellet Member of the Nor- denskioldbreen Formation and throughout the The Hamiapollenites tractiferinus assemblage Gipshuken Formation (Fig. 2) at the localities Palynological description. - This assemblage is Kolosseum, Trollfuglfjella and Skansen (Fig. 3). dominated by different species of the polyplicate At Rejmyrefjellet the assemblage is only recorded genus Vittatina (Fig. ll), including V. costabilis, in the Gipshuken Formation (Fig. 8). A similar V. saccata, V. saccifer, V. subsaccata, V. simplex assemblage was reported from Nordaustlandet , and V. vittifera. Striate bisaccate pollen include Svalbard (Mangerud & Konieczny 1991) in the various Protohaploxypinus and Striatopodocar- upper part of the Nordenskioldbreen Formation pites species, and Hamiapollenites tractiferinus, and the lower part of the Gipshuken Formation. as well as H. bullaeformis. The latter appears somewhat higher in the succession compared with H. tractiferinus. Other bisaccate pollen include Palynological correlation and age. - The assem- Klausipollenites, Alisporites nuthallensis, A. spp., blage resembles the Weylandites striatus (syn. Vit- Jugasporites, Platysaccus papilionis and Lim- tatina striata) - Protohaploxypinus perfectus and itisporites. Monosaccate pollen include Nus- the Limitisporites momtruosus - Vittatina cost- koisporites dulhuntyi, Cordaitina, Florinites abilis Assemblage Zones in the Sverdrup Basin luberae, Striomonosaccites and Potoniesporites (Utting 1989). The first assemblage zone is of late Asselian to Sakmarian age based on fusulinids (Nassichuk & Wilde 1977), foraminifera (B. L. Mamet, in Utting 1989) and conodonts (A. C. Higgins, in Utting 1989), while the latter is of Fig. 13. Selected bisaccate pollen from the Nordenskioldbreen late Artinskian age based on conodonts (C. M. and Gipshuken Formations. Each figured palynomorph is Henderson, in Utting 1989). Our assemblages located by abbreviated section name, sample level in composite section, PMO number and slide coordinates to an England differ in If. tractiferinus, being less common and Finder. Scale is added. L. monstruosus seeming to be absent. The latter 1. Unidentified bisaccate pollen TRO-3,140 m,PMO 139.078, feature could indicate a closer resemblance with v4212-l the Weylandites striatus - Protohaploxypinus per- 2. Platysaccus sp. TRO-5, 32 m, PMO 139.077, C53/2 3. Unidentified bisaccate pollen, TRO-3, 140111, PMO fectus Assemblage Zone although our assem- 139.078, V4112-4 blages are more diverse. 4. Limihporites sp. TRO-3, 140in. PMO 139.078, M62 In Svalbard the upper part of the Tyrrellfjellet 5. Limitisporites sp. TRO-3, 140m, PMO 139.078, R6112 Member is dated as middle Asselian to Sakmarian 6. Platysaccus sp. SKA-2, 137111,PMO 139.081, T43/2 based on fusulinids (Nilsson pers. comm. 1993), I. Protohaploxypinus samoilovichii KOL-4, 2.0 m, PMO 139.082, D64 while conodonts in the uppermost fusulinid zone 8. Protohaploxypinus sp. TRO-5,103 m,PMO 139.079, K51/2 indicate a late Sakmarian-Artinskian age (Nak- 9. Protohaploxypinus sp. TRO-5,103111, PMO 139.079, A511 rem et al. 1992). The Gipshuken Formation is 3-4 in general poorly dated, and long-ranging forms 10. Sfriaropodocarpites sp. TRO-5,103 m,PMO 139.079.14714 11. Protohaploxypinus sp. SKA-2,137 m, PMO 139.081, C5912 have primarily been reported. Brachiopods have 12. Sfriatopodocarpites sp. TRO-5,103 m,PMO 139.079,T63/1 an Asselian-Artinskian affinity (Gobbett 1963) 13. Hamiapollenites bullaeformis TRO-5,32 m, PMO 139.077, while a conodont recorded indicates an Art- N41/2 inskian-Kungurian age (Nakrem et al. 1992). In 14. Hamiapollenites bullaefomis TRO-5,103 m,PMO 139.079, the upper part of the Gipshuken Formation, fora- D58/1 15. Hamiapollenites tractiferinus TRO-5, 32 m, PMO 139.077, minifera indicate an Artinskian age (Sosipatrova F41/4 1967). 82 G. Mangerud and R. M. Konieczny

The Kraeuselisporites spp. assemblage to the palynofloras from the Kapp Starostin For- mation. The Late Permian Vittatina assemblages Palynological description. - The assemblage is described from East Greenland (Balme 1980; Pia- totally dominated by acritarchs which at some secki 1984) are similar in the presence of Lueck- levels account for up to 90% of the total paly- isporites uirkkiae, Florinites luberae and of nomorph content (Fig. 11). The acritarchs mainly spinose acritarchs in all samples (Balme 1980). belong to the genera Micrhystridium, Unellium They seem, however, to differ in quantitative and Veryhachium. Polyplicate pollen are still composition and in very rare occurrence of common, but are less diverse compared to the spores. In the Timan-Pechora Basin, Lueck- underlying assemblages, mainly represented by isporites virkkiae and Taeniaesporites nouiau- Weylandites striata and Vittatina simplex. Striate lensis occur only in the Tatarian (Varyukhina bisaccate pollen are consistently present, but 1971; Molin & Koloda 1972). However, both in occur low numbers, with the most common these species occur in beds dated to Wordian (= genus being Protohaploxypinus. Lueckisporites Kazanian) age in the Sverdrup Basin (Utting pers. uirkkiae is present but rare, and only a few Lun- comm. 1992). The Late Permian assemblages atisporites sp. (syn. Taeniasporites sp.) are rec- from Russia are in general similar to the assem- orded in the upper part. Other bisaccate pollen blages from the Kapp Starostin Formation. genera include Klausipollenites, Falcisporites,Ali- Due to the poor preservation and many barren sporites, Platysaccus and Vesicaspora. Florinites samples, the Late Permian Svalbard assemblages occurs rarely. A characteristic feature is the cannot be dated precisely in terms of stages. In income of several new spore genera including the Sverdrup Basin and in the Barents Sea area Neoraistrickia, Leiotriletes, Maculatasporites, it is possible to distinguish the Ufimian and Kaz- Waltziaspora, Calamospora, Conuolutispora, anian on the presence of Scutasporites cf. unicus, Diatomozonotriletes, Apiculatisporites, Lopho- Ahrensisporites and Lunatisporites sp. (syn. Taen- triletes, Cyclogranisporites, Kraeuselisporites, iaesporites sp.) which appear in the Kazanian Granulatisporites and Acanthotriletes, as well as (Utting pers. comm. 1992, IKU in-house data). the pollen grain Inaperturopollenites nebulosus. Only a few poorly preserved Lunatisporites are recorded from the upper part of the Kapp Sta- Occurrence.-This assemblage occurs in the Kapp rostin Formation on Svalbard, but it is only poss- Starostin Formation (Fig. 2), but palynomorphs ible on present data to indicate a general Ufimian from the uppermost part of the formation have not been recorded anywhere on Spitsbergen. The assemblage is recorded at localities Aksel~ya, Festningen, HBgskulefjellet, Kapp Wijk, Kapp Waern, Stensiofjellet and Sveltihel (Figs. 5-8,lO). Fig. 14. Selected pollen from the Tyrrellfjellet Member of the Nordenskioldbreen and Gipshuken Formations and spores from Palynological correlation and age. - The assem- the Kapitol and CadeUfjellet Members of the Norden- skioldbreen Formation. Each figured palynomorph is located blage resembles that from the lower part of the by abbreviated section name, sample level, PMO number and Kapp Starostin Formation on Nordaustlandet slide coordinates to an England Finder. Scale is added. (Mangerud & Konieczny 1991) and from the Mis- 1. Nuskoisporires cf. dulhuntyi TRO-5, 43m, PMO 139.075, eryfjellet Formation on Bj~irn~ya(Vigran & S50 2. Nuskoisporites sp. SKA-2, 137 m, PMO 139.081, S29/4 M~rkunpubl.). It is also similar to the Dyu- 3. Cf. florinires sp. ST0-1, 25 m, PMO 139.087, T53/3 petalum sp. - Neoraistrickia and Scutasporites - 4. Poroniesporires cf. novicus TRO-5, 103 m, PMO 139.079, Lunatisporites zones from the Barents Shelf X49/2 (Mangerud, unpubl. data). The latter zones have 5. Unidentified monosaccate pollen TRO-3, 140rn. PMO basically been dated by correlation with the Road- 139.078, L44/3 6. Cordaitina sp. TRO-5. 43 m, PMO 139.075, H46/1 ian and Wordian assemblages of the Sverdrup 7. Crusraesporires sp. SKA-2, 137 rn, PMO 139.081, M64/1 Basin (Utting 1985, 1989) where marine fauna 8. Potonimporires novicus KOL-4, 2.0 m, PMO 139.082, control is well established. Utting (1989) defined ws5 12 an Alisporites insignis-Triadispora sp. Assem- 9. Murospora aurita SKA-I. 124.5 m, PMO 139.084, S32 blage Zone of late Artinskian to Roadian age 10. Demosporim spp. SKA-1, 124.5 m, PMO 139.084, V32 11. Demosporites sp. SKA-1, 124.5 m, PMO 139.084, G52 and a Taeniaesporites sp. Assemblage Zone of 12. Demosporites spitsbergemis TRO-1, 7.0 m, PMO 139.085, Wordian age. Both these assemblages are similar S17 Palynology of the Permian succession of Spitsbergen, Svalbard 83 NORDENSKIOLDBREEN & GIPSHUKEN FORMATIONS 84 G. Mangerud and R. M. Konieczny KAPP STAROSTIN FORMATION Palynology of the Permian succession of Spitsbergen, Svalbard 85

to Kazanian age. Probably due to low diversity ashamian is missing. Dense sampling for paly- and poor preservation, the palynoflora does not nology across the Permian-Triassic contact at seem to differ significantly between the lower Festningen and Stensiofjellet (Fig. 3) does not V~ringenMember and the overlying part of the give better resolution in the uppermost formation. succession. Although fossil evidence is missing for Dating of the Kapp Starostin Formation based the Tatarian, conformable lithological contacts on brachiopods suggests a Kungurian to Midian between the Tempelfjorden and Sassendalen (late Kazanian to early Tatarian) age (Nakamura groups in some areas may indicate continuous, et al. 1987, 1992). The Nakamura et al. zonation but very slow, sedimentation across the Permian- from 1987 was disputed as being controlled by Triassic boundary in western Spitsbergen (M~rk environment rather than evolution (Stemmerik 1989). 1988), but the general age assignment of a latest Early Permian or earliest Late Permian to early The Densoisporites nejburgii assemblage Tatarian was also supported by Stemmerik. Cono- donts from the lower V~ringenMember suggest Palynological description. - The assemblage is a late Artinskian to early Kungurian age (Nakrem characterized by various Lunatisporites species, et al. 1992), while brachiopods suggest a Kun- Ephedripites, Densoisporites nejburgii, Uvae- gurian age for the V~ringenMember (Nakamura sporites spp., Proprisporites pococki and Tym- et al. 1992). Bryozoans suggest a Ufimian to Kaz- panicysta stoschiana. anian age for the overlying part of the formation (Nakrem 1991b). Occurrence. - The assemblage is recorded in the The time-span of the proposed hiatus between lowermost parts of the Vardebukta Formation youngest Permian and the ammonoid-dated Early (Fig. 2) at the Bertilryggen, Festningen and Sten- Griesbachian succession on Spitsbergen has been siofjellet localities. debated for some time. Most publications based on fossil records suggest a hiatus spanning the Palynological correlation and age. - Propri- uppermost Permian (Nakrem et al. 1992; Nak- sporites pococki and Densoisporites nejburgii are amura et al. 1987,1992), but how much is missing regarded as having their first occurrence from is still a matter of discussion. The uppermost base Griesbachian, and are also reported from brachiopod faunas in Nakamura et al. (1992) sug- Griesbachian strata from the Barents Shelf gest the lowermost part of the Tatarian to be (Hochuli et al. 1989) and East Greenland (Balme present, implying that the Dzhulfian to Dor- 1980). They occur in correlative beds where the Early Griesbachian ammonoid Otoceras boreale is reported (Tozer & Parker 1968, Korchinskaya 1986). Tympanicysta stoschiana is restricted to the Griesbachian succession in the Arctic region Fig. 15. Selected spores from the Kapp Starostin Formation. (Balme 1980; Utting 1989; Mangerud; IKU in- Each figured palynomorph is located by abbreviated section name, sample level, PMO number and slide coordinates to an house data). England Finder. Scale is added. 1. Leiotriletes sp. KWI-5,88 m, PMO 139.088. B60 2. Wultziaspora sp. H0GSK-1, 180111PMO 139.089, E46/3 3. Unidentified, trilete spore STO-1, 17m, PMO 139.090, Reworked material D44/1 4. Apiculutisporis sp. H0GS-I, 180m. PMO 139.089, G54/2 Reworked palynomorphs are identified at several 5. Neoruistrickia sp. KWR-1, 3.6m. PMO 139.091, T61/3 levels in the Permian succession. Reworking of 6. Neoraistrickiu sp. H0GS-1, 180m. PMO 139.089, G54/2 Carboniferous palynomorphs as various Den- 7. Cf. Verrucoskporifes sp. H0GS-1, 180m. PMO 139.089, sosporites spp. and Murospora spp. is recorded v54/3 8. Kraeuselivporites sp. STO-1, 115 m, PMO 139.092, C48/3 sporadically throughout. Reworking of Upper 9. Diatomozonofriletes sp. H0GS-1.68 m,PMO 139.093, L47 Devonian spores, including various genera of 10. Krueuselisporites apiculutus FES-10, 167.4 m. PMO Ancyrospora spp., Grandkpora spp., Sama- 139.094, F55/1 risporites spp. and the species Cornkpora uar- 11. Maculatasporites sp. aff. Reticulatinu H0GS-l,22 m, PMO icornata seems to be restricted to the Upper 139.095, P56 12. lnaperturopollenites nebulosus ST0-1.46 m, PMO 139.096, Permian. In general, the reworked palynomorphs D39/2 are better preserved than the in situ palynofloras. 86 G. Mangerud and R. M. Konieczny Paleoenvironment In general, the Early Permian is dominated by polyplicate pollen with abundant striate bisaccate The dominantly carbonate facies of the upper pollen and regular appearance of monosaccate Nordenskiold and the Gipshuken Formations are pollen, reflecting an arid climate. The Late Per- dominated by polyplicate pollen (Fig. ll), mian is dominated by acritarchs, while polyplicate reflecting the arid climate that existed during the and bisaccate pollen commonly appear to associ- late Carboniferous and early Permian in the Sval- ation with various trilete spores, reflecting a bard area. The extremely low number of acri- change to more humid environmental conditions. tarchs also suggests a restricted marine environment. The significant increase in acritarchs across the Acknowledgemenrs. - The authors thank the IKU staff for GipshukenIKapp Starostin contact reflects a dra- assistance, in particular A. M~rkfor critical reading of the matic shift in depositional environment, allowing manuscript. We would also like to thank C. E. Dons, T. Hellem marine microplankton to become abundant. The and M. Skaug for making unpublished field-logs available. We thank J. Utting, ISPG, Geological Survey of Canada decrease in polyplicate pollen as well as the in Calgary for hospitality during visits to ISPG, for fruitful income of spores across the same formation con- discussions on Permian palynology of the Arctic and for making tact (Fig. 11) reflect a change to more humid available comparative material from thc Sverdrup Basin. One environmental conditions as suggested by Steel & of the authors (G. Mangerud) also thanks ISPG, in particular B. Beauchamp, for making it possible to join a field-party to Worsley (1984). collect comparative material from Ellesmere Island. We thank S. Piasecki at the Geological Survey of Greenland (GGU) in Copenhagen for hospitality and for the opportunity to study material from Greenland. We also gratefully acknowledge the companies who finan- Conclusions cially supported the Arctic Geoprogram and the Arctic Palco- zoic project under the ongoing Arctic Correlation Program The generally very poor preservation and the low (A/S Norsk Shell, Amerada Hess Norge A/S, Amoco Norway number of productive samples of palynomorphs Oil Company, BP Petroleum Development (Norway) Ltd., reduce the potential for refined zonation of the Elf Petroleum Norge A/S, Esso Norge a.s., Fina Exploration Noway, Mobil Exploration Norway, Norsk Agip A/S, Norsk Permian succession of Spitsbergen, Svalbard. Hydro a.s., Phillips Petroleum Company Norway, Saga Pet- Three palynological assemblages are, however, roleum a.s. and Statoil). recognised in the uppermost Carboniferous-Per- mian succession. These include the Vittatina assemblage of late Gzhelian to early Asselian age, the Hamiapollenites tractiferinus assemblage of late Asselian to Sakmarian/?Artinskian age and the Kraeuselisporites assemblage of late Art- inskian to early Tatarian (Midian) age. A Late Carboniferous Densosporites assem- Fig. 16. Selected bisaccatc pollen from the Kapp Starostin blage restricts the oldest Permian assemblage Formation. Each figured palynomorph is located by abbreviated downwards, while an Early Griesbachian Den- section name, sample level, PMO number and slide coordinates soisporites nejburgii assemblage restricts the to an England Finder. Scale is added. youngest Permian assemblage upwards. 1. Lueckisporires uirkkiae ST0-1,25 m, PMO 139.083, Q46/1 The Permian palynofloras Spitsbergen 2. Prorohaploxypinus samoilovichii H0GS-1, 180 m. PMO of 139.089, H61/1 closely resemble Permian palynofloras recorded 3. Profohaploxypinuspe~ecfusKWK-I, 3.6 m, PMO 139.091, from the Barents Shelf (IKU in-house data), T61 Bjeirn0ya (Vigran & Meirk unpubl.), the Sverdrup 4. Profohaploxypinus sp. HBGS-1, 180m. PMO 139.089. Basin in Arctic Canada (Utting 1985, 1989) and E53/1 5. KlausipoUenires sp. ST0-1, 46m, PMO 139.096, B40/1 from the Timan-Pechora Basin in Russia (for 6. Cf. Limihporifessp. KWK-1,3.6m. PMO 139.091, Q44/3 example Varyukhina 1971,1980; Molin & Koloda 7. Falcisporires sp. HBGS-1, lmm, PMO 139.089, E51/2 1972; and Dyupina 1987). In addition, similarities 8. Alisporires spp. KWK-1.3.6m. PMO 139.091, B40 are seen with those palynofloras described from 9. Vesicaspora sp. KWE-1, 3.6 m, PMO 139.091, E53 East Greenland (Balme 1980; Piasecki 1984), 10. Unidentified bisaccate pollen, KWK-1. 3.61% PMO 139.091. T58/4 although the general quantitative composition is 11. Vesicaspora schemeli KWK-1,3.6 m, PMO 139.091, T52/2 different. 12. Cf. Florinires sp. KWIJ, 187 m, PMO 139.086. R56/2 Palynology of the Permian succession of Spitsbergen, Svalbard 81 KAPP STAROSTIN FORMATION 88 G. Mangerud and R. M. Konieczny KAPP STAR0STI.N FORMATION Palynology of the Permian succession of Spitsbergen, Svalbard 89 Gobbett, D. J. 1963: Carboniferous and Permian brachiopods References of Svalbard. Norsk Polarinst. Skr. 127. 201 pp. Balme, B. E. 1980: Palynology of Permian-Triassic boundary Harland, W. B., Armstrong, R. L., Cox, A. V., Craig, L. E., beds at Kap Stosch, East Greenland. Medd. Gronl. 200 (6). Smith, A. G. & Smith, D. G. 1989: A geologic rime scale. Cambridge University Press. 263 pp. 37 PP. Clayton, C., Coquel, R., Doubinger, J., Gueinn, K. J., Loboz- Hellem, T. A. 1980: En sedimentologirk og diagenetirk under- iak, S., Owens, B. & Streel, M. 1977: Carboniferous mio- sokelse au utvalgte profiler fra Tempelfiorden gruppen (Perm) spores of western Europe: lllustrations and zonation. Meded. i Isfiorden omrddet, Spitsbergen. [Sedimentology and dia- Rijks Geol. Dienst. 29. 1-71. genesis of selected profiles of the Tempelfjorden Group (Per- Cutbill, J. L. & Challinor, A. 1965: Revision of the strati- mian) in the Isfjorden area, Spitsbergen]. Unpublished thesis graphical scheme for the Carboniferous and Permian rocks (in Norwegian). University of Oslo. 208 pp. of Spitsbergen and Bj~irneya.Geol. Mag. 102,418-439. Hochuli. P. A.. Colin, J. P. & Vigran. J. 0. 1989: Triassic Czarniecki, S. 1969: Sedimentary environment and strati- biostratigraphy of the Barents Sea area. Pp. 131-153 in Col- graphical position of the Treskelodden Beds (Vestspitsber- linson, J. D. (ed.): Correlation in Hydrocarbon Exploration. gen). Polska Akad. Nauk, Prace Muzeum Ziemi 16,201-336. Norwegian Petroleum Society, Graham & Trotman. Igo, & Dons, C. E. 1983: Fasies og paleostr@manalyse au Nor- H. Okimura, Y. 1992: Carboniferous-Permian fora- denskioldbreen formasjonen (ouerkarbon - underperm), sen- minifers of west Spitsbergen. Pp. 97-119 in Nakamura, K. tral Spitsbergen. [Facies and paleo current analysis of the (ed.): Inuestigations on the Upper Carboniferous-Upper Per- Nordenskioldbreen Formation (Late Carboniferous-early mian Succession of West Spitsbergen. Hokkaido University. Permian), Central Spitsbergen]. Unpublished thesis (in Keilen, H. B. 1992: Lower Permian sedimentary sequences in Norwegian). University of Oslo. 344 pp. Ccntral Spitsbergen, Svalbard. Pp. 127-139 in Nakamura, DorC, A. G. 1991: The structural foundation and evolution of K. (ed.): Inuestigations on the Upper Carboniferous-Upper Mesozoic seaways between Europe and the Arctic. Pala- Permian Succession of West Spitsbergen. Hokkaido eogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 87. 441492. University. Dyupina, G. V. 1987: K metodike detal’nogo raschleneniya Korchinskaya. M. V. 1986: Biostratigrafiya indskogo yarusa Shpitsbergena. [Biostratigraphy of the Induan stage of Spits- i korrelyatsii razrezov PO palinologischeskim dannyn. [ A method for detailed subdivision and correlation of sections bergen (Svalbard)]. Pp. 77-93 in Krasil’shchikov. A. A. & based on palynological data]. Pp. 85-100 in Eiostratigrafiya Miraev, M. N. (eds.) Geologija osadocnogo cechla arch- i litologiya uerkhnego paleozoya urala. [Upper Palacozoic ipelaga Spicbergen, Sbornik naucnych trudov. [Geology of Biostratigraphy and Lithology of the Ural Mountains]. Akad the sedimentary blanket of the Archipelago of Svalbard]. Nauk SSSR. Svcrdlovsk. Collection of Scientific Papers. Leningrad. Ezaki, Y.& Kawamura, T. 1992: Carboniferous-Permian corals Mangerud, G.& Konieczny, R. M. 1991: Palynological inves- from Skansen and Festningen, Ccntral Spitsbergen: their tigations of Permian rocks from Nordaustlandet, Svalbard. faunal characteristics. Pp. 59-77 in Nakamura K. (ed.): Inues- Polar Res. 9 (2), 155-167. tigations on the Upper Carboniferous-Upper Permian Suc- Molin, V. A. & Koloda, N. A. 1972: Verkhnepermiskie spor- cession of West Spitsbergen, Hokkaido University. ouo-py’tsevye kompleksy severa Russkoi platformy. [Upper Fcdcrowski, J. 1967: The Lower Permian Tetracoralla and Permian spore and pollen complexes in the northern Russian Tabulata from Treskelodden. Vcstspitsbergen. Norsk Pol- platform]. Akad. Nauk SSSR, “Nauka”, Leningrad. 76 pp. arinsl. Skr. 142, 11-44. Morozova, I. P. & Kruchinina, 0. N. 1986: Permskie mshanki arktiki (zapadnyi scktor) [The Permian bryozoans of the Federowski, J. 1986: The rugose coral faunas of the Carbonifcrous/Permian boundary interval. Acta Palaeonl. Arctic Region (Western Sector)]. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow. 144 pp. Polonica 31, 253-276. M~rk,A., Embry, A. F. & Weitschat, W. 1989: Triassic trans- gressive-regression cycles in the Sverdrup Basin, Svalbard and the Barents Shelf. Pp. 11S130 in Collinson, J. D. (ed.): Correlation in Hydrocarbon Exploration. Norwegian Petro- leum Society, Graham & Trotman. Nakamura, K., Kimura, G. & Winsnes, T. S. 1987: Brachiopod Fig. 17. Selected acritarchs and representative reworked spores zonation and age of the Permian Kapp Starostin Formation from the Kapp Starostin Formation. Each figured palynomorph (Central Spitsbergen). Polar Res. 5, 207-219. is located by abbreviated section name, sample level, PMO Nakamura, K., Tazawa, J. & Kumon, F. 1992: Pcrmian brachio- number and slide coordinates to an England Finder. Scale is pods of the Kapp Starostin Formation, west Spitsbergen. Pp. added. 77-97 in Nakamura, K. (ed.): hestigations on he Upper 1. Unellium sp. KWI-3, 187111, PMO 139.086, E54/2 Carboniferous-Upper Permian Succession of West Spitsber- 2. Unellium sp. KWI-3, 187 m, PMO 139.086, D53/4 gen. Hokkaido University. 3. Unellium sp. KW1-3, 187 m, PMO 139.086, E46/2 Nakrem, H. A. 1991a: Conodonts from the Permian succession 4. Unellium sp. KWI-3, 187 m, PMO 139.086,340/3 of Bj~irndya(Svalbard). Norsk. Geol. Tidsskr. 71, 235-248. 5-14 are all Micrhystridium from sample KWI-3,187 m, PMO Nakrem, H. A. 1991b: Distribution of bryozoans in the Permian 139.086. succession of Svalbard (preliminary data). Pp. 291-298 in 15. Cornispora uaricornata (reworked) KWI-5, 88 m, PMO Bigey, F. P. & d‘Hondt, J. L. (eds.): Eryzoaires actuelc et 139.088, A49/1 Fossiles (Bryozoa Liuing and Fossil): Bulletin I‘Ouest de la 16. ?Gondispora sp. (reworked) KWI-5, 88 m, PMO 139.088, France, Memoire HS I. Nantes, France. G51 Nakrem, H. A.. Nilsson, I. & Mangerud, G. 1992: Permian 17. ?Gondispora sp. (reworked) KWI-5, 88 m, PMO 139.088, Biostratigraphy of Svalbard (Arctic Norway) - A Review.

D59/1 International Geology Review 34 (9) ~ 933-959. 90 G. Mangerud and R. M. Konieczny

Nassichuk, W. W. & Wilde, G. L. 1977: Permian fusulinaceans of the Permian Kapp Starostin Formation (Central Spits- and stratigraphy at Blind Fiord, Southwestern Ellesmere bergen). Polar Res. 6, 17S180. Island. Geol. Surv. Can. Bull. 268, 1-59. Szaniawski, H. & Malkowski, K. 1979: Conodonts from the Nilsson, 1. 1988: Carboniferous and Permian fusulinids from Kapp Starostin Formation (Permian) of Spitsbergen. Acta the Nordfjorden Block, Spitsbergen (Svalhard). Unpublished Palaeontol. Pol. 24 (2). 231-264. thesis, University of Oslo. 159 pp. Tozer, E. T. Br Parker, J. R. 1968: Notes on the Triassic Piasecki, S. 1984: Preliminary palynostratigraphy of the Perm- biostratigraphy of Svalbard. Geol. Mag. 105 (6). 526-542. ian-Lower Triassic sediments in Jameson Land and Scoresby Ustritskii, V. 1. 1967: Main features of the stratigraphy and Land, East Greenland. Bull. Geol. Soc. Denmark 32, 139- palaeogeography of the Upper Palaeozoic of Spitsbergen. Pp. 144. 96124 in Sokolov, V. N. (ed.): Sfratigraphy of Spitrbergen, Playford, G. 1962a: Lower Carboniferous microfloras of Spits- British Library, Lending Division, Boston Spa. bergen. Part 1. Palaeontology 5 (3). 550-618. Ustritskii, V. I. 1979: 0 Raspredezenii brakhopod v verkh- Playford, G. 1962b: Lower Carboniferous microfloras of Spits- nepermskikh otlozheniyakh Shpitsbergena. [Distribution of bergen. Part 2. Palaeontology 5 (4). 619-678. brachiopods in the Upper Permian sediments of Spitsbergen]. Sakagami, S. 1992: Notes on the Permian bryozoans from the Pp. 126-133 in Verkhnyy paleozoyi mezozoy ostrouou i pob- Kapp Starostin Formation at Festningen route, Spitsbergen. erezhya arkticheskikh mure USSR, [The Upper Paleozoic and Pp. 3%59 in Nakamura, K. (ed.): Investigations on the Upper Mesozoic of the islands and Coastlands of the Arctic Seas of Carboniferous-Upper Permian Succession of West Spitrber- the USSR]. Leningrad. gen. Hokkaido University. Utting, J. 1985: Preliminary results of palynological studies Skaug, M. 1982: Bentiske fossile assosiasjoner og facies- of the Permian and lowermost Triassic sediments, Sabine variasjoner i Nordenskioldbreen formasjonen (overkarbon- Peninsula, Melville Island, Canadian Arctic Archipelago. underperm), sentrale Spitsbergen. [Benthicfossil associations Current Research B, Geol. Suru. Can. Pap. 85-1B, 231-238. and facies variation in the Nordenskioldbreen Formation Utting, J. 1989: Preliminary palynological zonation of surface (Late Carboniferous-Early Permian), Central Spitsbergen]. and subsurface sectionsof Carboniferous, Permian and lowest Unpublished thesis (in Norwegian), University of Oslo. 220 Triassicrocks,Sverdrup Basin, Canadian Arctic Archipelago. PP. Current Research, Geol. Surv. Can., Pap. 89-IG, 23S240. Sosipatrova, G. P. 1967: Upper Palaeozoic Foraminifera of Varyukhina, L. M. 1971: Spory i pyl‘tsa krasnotsuetnykh i Spitsbergen. Pp. 125-165 in Sokolov, V. N. (ed.): Stra- uglenosnykh otlozhenii pemi i triasa seuero-vostoka evro- tigraphy of Spitsbergen. British Library, Lending Division, pekkoi chasti SSSR. [The spores and pollen of red-coloured Boston Spa. and Carboniferous deposits of the Permian and Triassic in Steel, R. J. & Worsley, D. 1984: Svalbard’s post-Caledonian the North-East European part of Russia]. Leningrad. 159 pp. strata. An atlas of sedimentational patterns and palaeo- Akad. Nauk. SSSR, “Nauka”. geographic evolution. Pp. 109-135 in Spencer, A. M. et al. Varyukhina, L. M. 1980: Kharakteristike ufimskikh otlozheniuy (eds.): Petroleum Geology of the North European Margin. pechorsky sineklizy). [A palynologic characterization of the Norwegian Petroleum Society, Graham & Trotman. London. Ufimian deposits of the Pechora syneclise]. Acad. Sci. USSR Stemmerik, L. 1988: Discussion. Brachiopod zonation and age Komi. Branch. Inst. Geol., Trans. 33, 5946.

Appendix Maps showing the localisation of the 16 different Permian sections and composite sections sampled for this study. The sections are arranged in the same order as in Fig. 1 (see LOC.number). Palynology of the Permian succession of Spitsbergen, Sualbard 91

E 15¶0

n 7n0

LOC. 1 LOC.: E 0'

n 7830' N 71'30 I -I

Loc.3 E 14'30 LOC.4 El6'20 NlB 40

E 15'00' 1

N 18'30'-

1 km Loc.5 Loc.6 92 G. Mangerud and R. M. Konieczny

N 78'30

1- t G'~HUKnooEN E 1600 -lkm N LOC.7 Loc.8

Ell90 t 1170' I VONPOSllREEN

N niu

N 7875'

Loc.10

Loc.9

E 16y

N 1870

LOc.11 LOc.12 Palynology of the Permian succession of Spitsbergen, Svalbard 93

N 18'00 Nl1"UI'-

BELLSUNo NATHORSTLANO

LOC. 13

LOC. 14 E 1 COO

N77'30

LOC.16