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Derek Sainsbury CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by The University of Utah: J. Willard Marriott Digital Library THE CADRE FOR THE KINGDOM: THE ELECTIONEER MISSIONARIES OF JOSEPH SMITH’S 1844 PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN by Derek Ralph Sainsbury A dissertation submitted to the faculty of The University of Utah in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History The University of Utah May 2016 Copyright © Derek Ralph Sainsbury 2016 All Rights Reserved UNIVERSITY OF UTAH GRADUATE SCHOOL STATEMENT OF DISSERTATION APPROVAL The dissertation of Derek Ralph Sainsbury has been approved by the following supervisory committee members: Robert Goldberg , Chair 5/4/2015 Date Approved Eric Hinderaker , Member 5/42015 Date Approved L. Ray Gunn , Member 5/4/2015 Date Approved Winthrop L. Adams , Member 5/4/2015 Date Approved James Curry , Member 5/4/2015 Date Approved and by Isabel Moreira , Chair/Dean of the Department/College/School of History and by David B. Kieda, Dean of The Graduate School. ABSTRACT The consequences of Joseph Smith’s assassination, during his 1844 presidential campaign, shaped the rest of nineteenth-century Mormonism. Historians have documented Smith’s murder, the subsequent succession crisis, and exodus to the Great Basin. Yet, no one has examined in detail the hundreds of men, and one woman, Smith dispatched throughout the nation to preach Mormonism and campaign for him. This study focuses on this cadre of over six hundred electioneer missionaries. Who were they before the campaign? What did they do during the campaign? How did electioneering influence their beliefs? What became of them religiously, politically, socially, and economically in the decades following Smith’s assassination? The cadre came from a variety of socioeconomic, religious, and political experiences, yet were united in building Smith’s Zion of restorationist Christianity, economic cooperation, and theodemocratic government in preparation for the return of Christ. They campaigned for Smith and preached Mormonism at great sacrifice, encountering opposition, hardship, and sometimes surprising success. Smith’s assassination terminated the campaign, but only further steeled this cadre to his goal of Zion. Brigham Young followed Smith’s ideal of aristarchy by choosing loyal cadre men to oversee the evacuation of the faithful and the colonization of the American West. Appointed to important leadership positions within the church, cadre members thus disproportionately became the religious, political, social, and economic leaders for decades in the Great Basin Mormon Kingdom, a theodemocratic Zion. They were general, regional, and local clergy simultaneously occupying territorial, county, and municipal government offices. As leaders, cadre men entered plural marriage and took more wives than their counterparts. The consequential land wealth, coupled with unique economic opportunities from their religious and political stations, created them as an economic elite. Continued resistance to the un-American nature of theodemocratic Zion from the federal government eventually crushed Mormonism’s Zion and its leadership. However, the descendants of the cadre adapted and endured to remain, even up to the present time, the Mormon religious, political, social, and economic elite of the Great Basin. Their story is Mormonism’s story and is directly linked to their heretofore understudied and undervalued campaign experience in 1844. iv Dedicated to the memory of the men and one woman of Mormonism’s cadre for the Kingdom of God, including my fourth great-grandfather, Nathaniel Ashby. Also dedicated to my wife, Meredith, who has sacrificed the most to allow this work to come to light. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT……………………………………………………….............................…. iii LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………….................. viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS……………………………………………..…..……………. ix INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………..………… 1 Chapters ONE: THE RISE OF MORMONISM’S ZION…….…………………………….…..... 12 Beginnings……………………………………………………………………… 13 “Zion”………………………..……………………..……….…………………... 15 Zion in Ohio……………………………………………………………………. 18 Zion in Missouri………………………………………………………………... 28 Zion Flees Missouri – 1838………………………………………………….…. 31 Zion in Illinois………………………………………………………………….. 36 TWO: GENERAL JOSEPH SMITH FOR PRESIDENT..……………………………... 62 “Who Should Be Our Next President?”………………………………………… 62 Joseph Smith for President……………………………………………………... 65 The Campaign and The Kingdom of God……………………………………… 71 April Conference 1844…………………………………………………………. 76 The Call to Serve……………………………………………………………….. 78 Leaving…………………………………………………………………………. 84 Cadre Profile………………………………………………………………....…. 88 Religious Zion and the Cadre………………………………………………...… 91 Economic Zion and the Cadre……………………………………………..…… 98 Social Zion and the Cadre…………………………………………………….. 104 Political Zion and the Cadre………………………………………………...… 105 THREE: THE CAMPAIGN AND ASSASSINATION OF JOSEPH SMITH…………120 Two Campaign Centers…………………………………………………..….… 121 Missionary Activities…………………………………………………….……. 126 Sectional Electioneering…………………………………………………….… 132 Persecution……………………………………………….……………………. 143 Cadre Reaction to the Assassination……………………………………………148 FOUR: THE EMERGING MORMON ARISTARCHY: CADRE INVOLVEMENT IN THE SUCCESSION, EXODUS, AND STATE OF DESERET, 1844-1850.......…..… 165 Succession……………………………………………………………………... 166 Exodus……………………………………………………………………….… 175 The State of Deseret…………………………………………………………… 189 Cadre Religious Involvement…………………………………………………. 203 Cadre Political Involvement in Deseret………………………………….……. 205 Cadre Social (Plural Marriage) Involvement in Deseret………………………. 206 Cadre Economic Involvement in Deseret………………………………………206 FIVE: THE ARISTARCHY OF THE MORMON GREAT BASIN KINGDOM, 1851-1869……………………………………………………………………………... 219 Cadre Religious Involvement…………………………………………………. 220 Cadre Political Involvement …..………………………………….…………… 248 Cadre Social (Plural Marriage) Involvement……………………….……….… 265 Cadre Economic Involvement…………………………………………………. 268 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….. 276 CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………….. 286 APPENDIX: LIST OF ELECTIONEERS…………………………………………….. 295 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………….…………. 307 vii LIST OF TABLES 2.1 Previous Religious Affiliation.…………………...………………………………… 92 2.2 Priesthood Office, Pre-1844 Campaign…………………………………………….. 96 2.3 Priesthood Leadership Positions, Pre-1844 Campaign…………………………….. 96 2.4 Occupations, 1844…………………………………………………………….……. 99 2.5 Government Positions, Pre-1844 Campaign…………………………………….… 107 3.1 Missionary Assignments by State……………………………………………….… 125 3.2 Activities of Electioneer Missionaries…………………………………….………. 127 4.1 Cadre Apostates by Affiliation……………………………………………….…… 170 4.2 Priesthood Offices of Endowed Males in Nauvoo………………………………… 176 4.3 Month Endowment Received……………………………………………………… 177 4.4 Cadre Wealth Comparison, 1850………………………………………………….. 210 4.5 Cadre Occupational Comparison, 1850………………………………………….... 210 5.1 Percentage of Cadre Holding Specific Priesthood Offices, 1850-1869…………….247 5.2 Percentage of Cadre Holding Specific Priesthood Leadership Positions, 1850-1869……………………………………………………………………………... 247 5.3 Percentage of Cadre as Regional and Local Leadership………………………..…. 248 5.4 Percentage of Cadre as Elected Utah Territorial Legislators……………………….250 5.5 Percentage of Polygamous Men in Relation to their Number of Wives……………267 5.6 Cadre Wealth, 1860…………………………………………………….…………. 269 5.7 Cadre v. Manti Wealth, 1860……………………………………………………… 270 5.8 Cadre Occupations, 1860………………………………………………………….. 272 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am grateful for the loving assistance and patience of my wife, Meredith, and our three sons, Briant, Nathan, and Joshua, in whose blood flows the cadre spirit. They refused to let me give up on this project. I acknowledge the assistance of Meredith in helping me tally large amounts of numbers from archival sources. I am thankful to the members of my committee and especially its chair, Dr. Bob Goldberg. From the genesis of the idea to study these missionaries, my “Thomas Kane” has contoured the research and writing, steered me clear of obstacles, negotiated needed time-extensions, and most importantly, taught me very valuable life lessons. I wish also to thank fellow students J.B Haws and John Moyer, incredible Mormon Studies scholars in their own right, for their friendship, example, and guidance. Lastly, I thank the generous staffs of the Church History Library and Family History Library of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the Utah Historical Society, the Special Collections of the University of Utah Marriott Library, and the L. Tom Perry Special Collections of Brigham Young University. INTRODUCTION The United States presidential election of 1844 had significant impact on the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormon/LDS). Its prophet-leader Joseph Smith ran a third party race for the presidency emphasizing national unity during a time of intense sectional and political partisanship. His decision to seek the presidency grew from past Mormon experience as well as a desire to establish the political Kingdom of God upon the earth as part of building up of “Zion.” Since its founding in upstate New York in 1830, the LDS Church and its members suffered persecution for their religious, social, economic, and political beliefs, which were often at odds with contemporary, pluralistic American society. The Latter-day Saints were driven from New York to Ohio, attacked in Missouri, and finally settled
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