Introduction to OSS

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Introduction to OSS

Module 1 What Is OSS?

NonStop Kernel Open System Services API, command interpreter, and utilities HP NonStop system implementation of POSIX open standards Familiar interface and capabilities on top of NonStop system fundamentals

Compatibility — Applications running on the system will be able to run on future versions of the system. Portability — Applications running on the operating system on a given hardware platform will run on any vendor’s system that utilizes that same operating system. Scalability — Applications written for the system will run on the full range of computer architectures and sizes. Interoperability — Applications running on the system will be able to communicate with any other system using the same networking protocols.

POSIX.1 (API examples) abort — Generate an abnormal process abort alarm — Schedule an alarm clock — Report processor time used cos — Cosine function execv — Execute a file Program exit — Terminate a process free — Free memory pause — Suspend process execution stat — Get file status time — Get system time

POSIX.2 (command examples) cat — Concatenate and print files cp — Copy files date — Get the date and time grep — Search a file for a pattern ls — List directory contents man — Display manual pages rmdir — Remove a directory

COBOL FORTRAN Pascal ADA Operating System and C (ISO and Common Usage) Languages Internationalized System Commands Calls and Libraries and Utilities (POSIX) (POSIX)

Base Profile

UNIX Similar but different POSIX OSS is more than just this A development environment Facilities exist, but there are better ways

Which UNIX? SVR4 versus BSD Whose UNIX? HP-UX Solaris AIX Like UNIX, but different No UNIX kernel No UNIX system administration Only Korn shell ...

HP NonStop TUXEDO iTP WebServer HP Pathway/iTS HP NonStop SQL/MX HP NonStop CORBA All Java products HP NonStop SOAP Open Source Software ported to Open System Services (OSS): Apache Perl TCL and more ...

Application

Guardian Environment OSS Environment Database Management Database Management Systems Management Systems Management SNA,X25,TCP/IP DCE/TCP/IP Pathway TUXEDO Guardian Services Open System Svcs Guardian Utilities OSS Utilities Guardian APIs OSS APIs NonStop Kernel

Guardian Services Open System Services

TACL POSIX.2/XPG4 Tools Tools and Utilities and Utilities POSIX.1/XPG4 API Processes Guardian API 250+ Functions File system 250+ Functions 150+ C Functions I/O Pipes/FIFOs NonStop Kernel Signals l18N (L10N)

Guardian OSS Process Process 1. Access to Guardian services from OSS 1 2 processes Guardian API OSS API 2. Access to OSS services from Guardian processes

3 4 3. Accessing Guardian files 4. Accessing OSS files and Guardian OSS objects Objects Objects

Terminals/TELNET session Common user ID scheme TACL/shell bridge Access to /G objects Access to /E objects Process status display Print job spooling File attribute display

Differences for Guardian users: File system Commands and utilities Access by means of TCP/IP, FTP, or NFS Aliasing of spooler locations Differences for UNIX users: System administration Not “vanilla” (plain) UNIX Use of OSS and Guardian sockets

Module 2 Getting In and Out

Logged in directly With TELNET Available Services: OSS TACL EXIT Enter Choice> oss login: Initiated from TACL with OSH 1> osh

Shell environment /etc/profile, $HOME/.profile Aliases Functions Command line and history editing HP extensions DEFINE facilities Built-in run command -W flags

File system characteristics Hierarchical file system with path names Capability to span multiple disk volumes Single file limited to one disk volume OSS path names Case-sensitive (1023 character maximum) Access to Guardian files in the /G directory Access to remote files on other nodes by means of the /E directory

/E dev tmp users bin

/G etc usr var

Nodes tty,null vi Guardian profile bill ben

.profile fileA dirB

OSS Pathname Guardian Filename /usr/tandem/test $VOL.ZYQ00000. Z0000D03

OSS Name Server Application Disk Process Disk volume

Fileset — Subtree of files in the OSS filename space Pathname — A character string pointing to a file Absolute pathname — A pathname that begins with a slash (/) Relative pathname — A pathname that does not begin with a slash (/) File name — Guardian file name File descriptor — (fd) Guardian file number — (fnum) File system

Made up of one or more component directory names separated by slashes (/) Can be up to 1023 bytes in length; each component can be up to 255 bytes in length Component name can be any string of ASCII characters, except null (‘\0’) and slash (/) Can be absolute or relative; for example: /home/stu01/program.c program.c Tilde (~) is home directory Dot (.) is current directory Two dots (..) mean “one level up” The names of hidden files begin with a dot (.)

/G directory for local files Disk: /G/[/[/filename]] has no leading $ Subvolume and filename have _ - . removed Filename is truncated to eight characters Examples: $DATA.PERSONEL.EMPLOYEE is accessed as /G/DATA/PERSONEL/EMPLOYEE /G/DATA/PERSONEL/EMPL_MAST becomes $DATA.PERSONEL.EMPLMAST /G/DATA/MY-SUB/MY.FILE becomes $DATA.MYSUB.MYFILE Other devices and processes: /G/ Same character removal and length restrictions as for disk files $ZVPT is accessed as /G/ZVPT

/E directory for remote systems Remote passwords needed /E/ has no leading \ /E//G Examples: \REMOTE.$DATA.MYSUB.AFILE is accessed as /E/REMOTE/G/DATA/MYSUB/AFILE

© 2002 hp (524907-001) 24 OSS File Types OSS pathname: /filename/filename/………./filename (dir) (dir) Regular disk file Text file Object file Data file Directory file FIFO (named pipe) file Special character file C Link (hard/symbolic) file Sockets file for an AF_UNIX socket

Default permissions preset for any file type Directory file: U=rwx G=rwx O=rwx Other file types: U=rw- G=rw- O=rw- r=read, w=write, x=execute U=User (file owner access) G=Group (file Group association access) O=Other (file access for other than U and G)

/usr — Contains standard subdirectories: /usr/include — Header files for compilation /usr/lib — Library files for linking /usr/tandem — Optional products /bin — Standard utilities /bin/unsupported — Unsupported utilities /users — Contains subdirectories for individuals /dev — Two entries only: tty — The current terminal session null — Standard bit bucket /etc — System files

The /dev directory (device directory) contains: tty — The current controlling terminal null — A data sink Other devices Do not appear in /dev Are added and configured in the Guardian environment

usr bin G E System RIDDLR Volume SYSTEM SPOOL DATA / Subvolume WORK TEST DUMP

File ID … … …

/G/data/test/foo $DATA.TEST.FOO /E/riddlr/G/data/test/foo \RIDDLR.$DATA.TEST.FOO

The file command displays the file type of OSS and Guardian files The file command displays: File type of OSS and Guardian Attributes such as: File type File code Target execution environment The tty command displays terminal session name

Module 3 Functionally Equivalent OSS Commands for Guardian Users

Navigating to directories cd versus VOLUME Displaying directories ls and ls -l versus FILES and FILEINFO Copying files cp versus FUP DUP Editing files vi (and ed) versus TEDIT and EDIT Printing files lp and lpstat versus FUP COPY and PERUSE

alias cpio fold lp ps tr ar csplit gencat lpstat pwd true awk cut genxlt ls read tty basename date getconf make rm type bc dc getopts man rmdir umask bg diff grep mkcatdefs sed unalias c89 dirname head mkdir sh uname cancel echo iconv mkfifo sleep uncompress cat ed id more sort unexpand cd egrep ipcrm mv split uniq chgrp env ipcs nm strings uudecode chmod expand jobs nohup strip uuencode chown expr join od stty vi cksum false kill passwd tail wait cmp fc lex paste tar wc comm fg ln pathck tee who command fgrep locale pax test xargs compress file logger pr time yacc cp find logname printf touch zcat

cd command: Positions to different directory Uses absolute or relative pathname: $ cd /usr/tandem/webserver $ cd terry/test $ cd .. go up one level $ cd - go to previous directory Position to home directory: $ cd $ cd ~ pwd command displays current directory: $ pwd

List OSS and Guardian files Lists names of OSS files Lists names of /G files -l flag for details -a flag for hidden files -r for reverse order -t for modified timestamp order Guardian extension -W flag added $ ls -Wguardian [/G[/volume[/subvol[/filename]]]] .. Displays name and file code testobj 100 testc 101

man command displays online reference material $ man spacebar next screen f next screen b previous screen next line f forward n lines b back n lines h display help q terminate

cat command displays all the contents: $ cat /users/terry/testfile more command displays a page at a time: $ more /users/terry/testfile spacebar next screen f next screen b previous screen next line f forward n lines b back n lines h display help q terminate head command displays the first -n lines n defaults to 10 tail command displays the last -n lines n defaults to 10 © 2002 hp (524907-001) 37 Copy File Command - cp

$ cp -options source destination Source and destination can be file or directory Destination file deleted without warning (except in /G/) Guardian option -Wclobber allows target Guardian file to be overwritten Guardian characteristics File attributes not preserved Guardian EDIT file copied into OSS disk file as unstructured OSS disk file copied to Guardian file as unstructured, code 180 Guardian special case Copy Guardian file to Guardian file (similar to FUP DUP) File attributes preserved Depth of Guardian directory Limits recursive copies

mv command changes the name of a file or directory: $ mv old-name new-name Can rename to a new directory: $ mv existing-file new-directory Absolute and relative pathnames are allowed

Create using absolute or relative pathname: $ mkdir /usr/tandem/webserver/testapp $ mkdir stu99/newtest Note: The examples assume that higher level directories already exist. Uses default permissions Allowed on /G $ mkdir /G/volume/subvol Creates empty directory in OSS only

rmdir command deletes directories Directories must be empty rm command deletes files -i flag means prompt for approval -r flag means delete subdirectories and files also Use with -i for safety $ rm -r -i stu99/newtest Allows deletion from /G

Displays file type Works on OSS and Guardian files File types determined include: Text files Files with “magic” values cpio or tar format files Object files Directory files FIFO files Special character files Needs vt100+ emulation

Permissions are given to three user types: User (owner) Group Others Three access modes: Read, Write, Execute (rwx) Default security for new files and directories set by umask Permissions changed by chmod Ownership changed by chown command (super user only) Network (/E/) access requires remote passwords

User Group Others r w x r w x r w x

400 200 100 40 20 10 4 2 1 • System default permissions are in code and are non-alterable • Set with umask command to specify what is subtracted from system default, thereby resulting in permission settings for new files/directories • May be used in chmod command to alter permissions on existing files and directories

umask sets default permissions for new files or directories Does not change security for existing files or directories System default permissions are: Owner Group Other Directory file: rwx rwx rwx (octal 777) Disk file: rw- rw- rw- (octal 666) umask in user’s profile overrides the umask in /etc/profile umask for user session overrides all default permissions Parameter value is subtracted from system default umask 066 — deny read and write permissions for group and others umask with no parameter displays current setting

chmod changes permissions on existing files/directories “Victor ugo” method: u for owner, g for group, o for others, a for all users + adds permission - removes permission = sets all permissions $ chmod u+x add executable for user (owner) $ chmod o-w remove write for others $ chmod a=rw for all users allow read and write only Octal method: set permissions with octal mask value: $ chmod 744 read, write, executable for owner; read only for group and others Allowed by file owner and super user only Not allowed on /G and /E

chown changes the owner of an existing file or directory Permitted only by the super IDsz Not even owner can alter ownership chown $ chown stu02 myfile chgrp changes the group of an existing file or directory Permitted by: user (owner) if member of new group super ID Group name can be: administrative group (0-255), with all names in uppercase filesharing group (256 - 65535), with case-sensitive names chgrp $ chgrp OSSGD myfile $ chgrp Test myfile

lp file1

lpstat

Uses Guardian spooler to print files from OSS environment Consults /$HOME/printcap file or /etc/printcap file Aliases map to Guardian spooler locations hp4 $S.#LASER1 lineprint $S.#LP User’s own printcap destinations take precedence The user’s default is the first entry in the user’s printcap file lp command writes file to destination: Use one of the following methods to indicate destination: -d flag export LPDEST or PRINTER environment variables $ export LPDEST=hp4 $ lp -d hp4 myfile $ ls | lp $ cat myfile | lp

lpstat command displays status information Same information as PERUSE cancel command deletes a job $ cancel 123

TACL STATUS command shows Guardian and OSS processes ps command normally shows OSS processes only $ ps — Shows user’s processes $ ps –f — Gives more detail $ ps –e — Shows all OSS processes $ ps –l — Long listing These examples produce displays in “Guardian” format: $ ps -W all — Shows OSS and Guardian processes $ ps -W cpu=n — Shows all processes in a specified processor $ ps -W all,guser= — Shows all processes for a specified user

Runs OSS processes with NonStop Kernel-specific attributes Command syntax: $ run [options] program [arguments] Examples: $ run -cpu=3 -gpri=50 -name=/G/myls ls -al $ run -debug -inspect=on /test/proga Options include: -defmode=on|off -jobid=nnn -lib=/G/vol/subvol/libname -mem=mmm -term=/G/termname

Sends a signal to one or more running processes Examples: Terminate OSS process(es) $ kill -s Kill . . . Terminate all your background OSS process(es) $ kill 0 Terminate Guardian process $ kill -s guardian /G/SVR1 $ kill -s GUARDIAN /G/5,48 Obtain a listing of possible signals $ kill -l Signal names are not case sensitive

Module 4 Editing Source Files

EDIT files — Type 101, exist only in Guardian name space ASCII text files — Type 180, exist in OSS and Guardian name spaces Guardian programs can access only Guardian files — EDIT/TEDIT editors see only EDIT files OSS programs can access OSS and Guardian files — vi and ed editors see only ASCII text files

Copying an EDIT file to an OSS file $ cp /G/data/reports/jan94 /home/stu01/report Reading a Guardian file into the ed buffer $ ed r /G/data/reports/jan94 Converting an OSS file to an EDIT file (two steps) 1. In the OSS environment: $ cp /home/stu01/report /G/data/reports/jan94 2. In the Guardian environment: TACL> CTOEDIT JAN94,EDIT94 Converting an EDIT file to an OSS file In the Guardian environment: TACL> EDITTOC EDIT94,JAN94

Guardian environment (for files with file code 101) EDIT [vs] TEDIT OSS environment (for text files) vi ed (unsupported utility)

: vi Command Last Line Mode Return Mode

ESC Insert, Append, Replace, Change

Input Mode

Starting vi $ vi Cursor positioning h — Same as left arrow key l — Same as right arrow key j — Same as down arrow key k — Same as up arrow key Saving and exiting ZZ — Save changes and exit :w — Save changes, without exiting :q! — Exit without saving :wq — Same as ZZ

Insertion mode i — Begin insertion mode, in front of cursor a — Append after current position esc — Stop insertion or append mode Deletion dd — Deletes current line x — Deletes current character dd — Deletes lines starting from current dw — Deletes word Undo command (on line 25) :u — Undo most recent change :U — Undo all changes to current line

Pattern matching / — Search for , forwards ? — Search for , backwards ? — Find next occurrence String replacement :m,ns///[g] — Replace first occurrences of with from line numbers m to n (tagging “g” at end means global replacement) Miscellaneous :j — Join current line with the next :nJ — Join n lines i+Enter — Break line at current cursor position

The following must be specified: $ export TERM=vt100 OV32 must be set to vt320, vt220, or vt100 for session emulation type.

Set by the command: :set

http://docs.hp.com/

•Open System Services Installation Guide •Open System Services Library Calls Reference Manual •Open System Services Management and Operations Guide •Open System Services Porting Guide •Open System Services Programmer’s Guide •Open System Services Shell and Utilities Reference Manual •Open System Services System Calls Reference Manual •Open System Services User’s Guide