Introduction to OSS Module 1 What Is OSS? NonStop Kernel Open System Services API, command interpreter, and utilities HP NonStop system implementation of POSIX open standards Familiar interface and capabilities on top of NonStop system fundamentals © 2002 hp (524907-001) 2 Characteristics of Open Systems Compatibility — Applications running on the system will be able to run on future versions of the system. Portability — Applications running on the operating system on a given hardware platform will run on any vendor’s system that utilizes that same operating system. Scalability — Applications written for the system will run on the full range of computer architectures and sizes. Interoperability — Applications running on the system will be able to communicate with any other system using the same networking protocols. © 2002 hp (524907-001) 3 POSIX.1 APIs POSIX.1 (API examples) abort — Generate an abnormal process abort alarm — Schedule an alarm clock — Report processor time used cos — Cosine function execv — Execute a file Program exit — Terminate a process free — Free memory pause — Suspend process execution stat — Get file status time — Get system time © 2002 hp (524907-001) 4 POSIX.2 Commands POSIX.2 (command examples) cat — Concatenate and print files cp — Copy files date — Get the date and time grep — Search a file for a pattern ls — List directory contents man — Display manual pages rmdir — Remove a directory © 2002 hp (524907-001) 5 X/OPEN XPG4 COBOL FORTRAN Pascal ADA Operating System and C (ISO and Common Usage) Languages Internationalized System Commands Calls and Libraries and Utilities (POSIX) (POSIX) Base Profile © 2002 hp (524907-001) 6 What OSS Is Not UNIX Similar but different POSIX OSS is more than just this A development environment Facilities exist, but there are better ways © 2002 hp (524907-001) 7 OSS Versus UNIX Which UNIX? SVR4 versus BSD Whose UNIX? HP-UX Solaris AIX Like UNIX, but different No UNIX kernel No UNIX system administration Only Korn shell ... © 2002 hp (524907-001) 8 Products that Use OSS HP NonStop TUXEDO iTP WebServer HP Pathway/iTS HP NonStop SQL/MX HP NonStop CORBA All Java products HP NonStop SOAP Open Source Software ported to Open System Services (OSS): Apache Perl TCL and more ... © 2002 hp (524907-001) 9 NonStop Kernel Environments Application Guardian Environment OSS Environment Database Management Database Management Systems Management Systems Management SNA,X25,TCP/IP DCE/TCP/IP Pathway TUXEDO Guardian Services Open System Svcs Guardian Utilities OSS Utilities Guardian APIs OSS APIs NonStop Kernel © 2002 hp (524907-001) 10 OSS Product Features Guardian Services Open System Services TACL POSIX.2/XPG4 Tools Tools and Utilities and Utilities POSIX.1/XPG4 API Processes Guardian API 250+ Functions File system 250+ Functions 150+ C Functions I/O Pipes/FIFOs NonStop Kernel Signals l18N (L10N) © 2002 hp (524907-001) 11 Interoperability with Guardian Environment Guardian OSS Process Process 1. Access to Guardian services from OSS 1 2 processes Guardian API OSS API 2. Access to OSS services from Guardian processes 3 4 3. Accessing Guardian files 4. Accessing OSS files and Guardian OSS objects Objects Objects © 2002 hp (524907-001) 12 OSS/Guardian Interoperability Terminals/TELNET session Common user ID scheme TACL/shell bridge Access to /G objects Access to /E objects Process status display Print job spooling File attribute display © 2002 hp (524907-001) 13 OSS Environment Differences for Guardian users: File system Commands and utilities Access by means of TCP/IP, FTP, or NFS Aliasing of spooler locations Differences for UNIX users: System administration Not “vanilla” (plain) UNIX Use of OSS and Guardian sockets © 2002 hp (524907-001) 14 OSS File System Basics Module 2 Getting In and Out Logged in directly With TELNET Available Services: OSS TACL EXIT Enter Choice> oss login: Initiated from TACL with OSH 1> osh © 2002 hp (524907-001) 16 OSS Shell (Based on Korn Shell) Shell environment /etc/profile, $HOME/.profile Aliases Functions Command line and history editing HP extensions DEFINE facilities Built-in run command -W flags © 2002 hp (524907-001) 17 OSS File System File system characteristics Hierarchical file system with path names Capability to span multiple disk volumes Single file limited to one disk volume OSS path names Case-sensitive (1023 character maximum) Access to Guardian files in the /G directory Access to remote files on other nodes by means of the /E directory © 2002 hp (524907-001) 18 OSS Hierarchy / /E dev tmp users bin /G etc usr var Nodes tty,null vi Guardian profile bill ben .profile fileA dirB © 2002 hp (524907-001) 19 Guardian filenames and OSS files OSS Pathname Guardian Filename /usr/tandem/test $VOL.ZYQ00000. Z0000D03 OSS Name Server Application Disk Process Disk volume © 2002 hp (524907-001) 20 File System Terminology Fileset — Subtree of files in the OSS filename space Pathname — A character string pointing to a file Absolute pathname — A pathname that begins with a slash (/) Relative pathname — A pathname that does not begin with a slash (/) File name — Guardian file name File descriptor — (fd) Guardian file number — (fnum) File system © 2002 hp (524907-001) 21 OSS Pathname Made up of one or more component directory names separated by slashes (/) Can be up to 1023 bytes in length; each component can be up to 255 bytes in length Component name can be any string of ASCII characters, except null (‘\0’) and slash (/) Can be absolute or relative; for example: /home/stu01/program.c program.c Tilde (~) is home directory Dot (.) is current directory Two dots (..) mean “one level up” The names of hidden files begin with a dot (.) © 2002 hp (524907-001) 22 OSS Pathname to Guardian Files (1 of 2) /G directory for local files Disk: /G/<volume>[/<subvolume>[/filename]] <volume> has no leading $ Subvolume and filename have _ - . removed Filename is truncated to eight characters Examples: $DATA.PERSONEL.EMPLOYEE is accessed as /G/DATA/PERSONEL/EMPLOYEE /G/DATA/PERSONEL/EMPL_MAST becomes $DATA.PERSONEL.EMPLMAST /G/DATA/MY-SUB/MY.FILE becomes $DATA.MYSUB.MYFILE Other devices and processes: /G/<proc> Same character removal and length restrictions as for disk files $ZVPT is accessed as /G/ZVPT © 2002 hp (524907-001) 23 OSS Pathname for Guardian Files (2 of 2) /E directory for remote systems Remote passwords needed /E/<system-name> <system-name> has no leading \ /E/<system-name>/G Examples: \REMOTE.$DATA.MYSUB.AFILE is accessed as /E/REMOTE/G/DATA/MYSUB/AFILE © 2002 hp (524907-001) 24 OSS File Types OSS pathname: /filename/filename/………./filename (dir) (dir) Regular disk file Text file Object file Data file Directory file FIFO (named pipe) file Special character file C Link (hard/symbolic) file Sockets file for an AF_UNIX socket © 2002 hp (524907-001) 25 OSS Security Uses POSIX Security Model Default permissions preset for any file type Directory file: U=rwx G=rwx O=rwx Other file types: U=rw- G=rw- O=rw- r=read, w=write, x=execute U=User (file owner access) G=Group (file Group association access) O=Other (file access for other than U and G) © 2002 hp (524907-001) 26 Some Common Directories /usr — Contains standard subdirectories: /usr/include — Header files for compilation /usr/lib — Library files for linking /usr/tandem — Optional products /bin — Standard utilities /bin/unsupported — Unsupported utilities /users — Contains subdirectories for individuals /dev — Two entries only: tty — The current terminal session null — Standard bit bucket /etc — System files © 2002 hp (524907-001) 27 /dev Directory The /dev directory (device directory) contains: tty — The current controlling terminal null — A data sink Other devices Do not appear in /dev Are added and configured in the Guardian environment © 2002 hp (524907-001) 28 OSS File System / usr bin G E System RIDDLR Volume SYSTEM SPOOL DATA / Subvolume WORK TEST DUMP File ID … … … /G/data/test/foo $DATA.TEST.FOO /E/riddlr/G/data/test/foo \RIDDLR.$DATA.TEST.FOO © 2002 hp (524907-001) 29 file and tty Commands The file command displays the file type of OSS and Guardian files The file command displays: File type of OSS and Guardian Attributes such as: File type File code Target execution environment The tty command displays terminal session name © 2002 hp (524907-001) 30 Basic Commands and Utilities Module 3 Functionally Equivalent OSS Commands for Guardian Users Navigating to directories cd versus VOLUME Displaying directories ls and ls -l versus FILES and FILEINFO Copying files cp versus FUP DUP Editing files vi (and ed) versus TEDIT and EDIT Printing files lp and lpstat versus FUP COPY and PERUSE © 2002 hp (524907-001) 32 Commands and Utilities alias cpio fold lp ps tr ar csplit gencat lpstat pwd true awk cut genxlt ls read tty basename date getconf make rm type bc dc getopts man rmdir umask bg diff grep mkcatdefs sed unalias c89 dirname head mkdir sh uname cancel echo iconv mkfifo sleep uncompress cat ed id more sort unexpand cd egrep ipcrm mv split uniq chgrp env ipcs nm strings uudecode chmod expand jobs nohup strip uuencode chown expr join od stty vi cksum false kill passwd tail wait cmp fc lex paste tar wc comm fg ln pathck tee who command fgrep locale pax test xargs compress file logger pr time yacc cp find logname printf touch zcat © 2002 hp (524907-001) 33 cd and pwd Commands cd command: Positions to different directory Uses absolute or relative pathname: $ cd /usr/tandem/webserver $ cd terry/test $ cd .. go up one level $ cd - go to previous directory Position to home directory: $ cd $ cd ~ pwd command displays current directory: $ pwd © 2002 hp (524907-001) 34 ls Command List OSS and Guardian files Lists names of OSS files Lists names of /G files -l flag for details -a flag for hidden files -r for reverse order -t for modified timestamp order Guardian extension -W flag added $ ls -Wguardian [/G[/volume[/subvol[/filename]]]] .