WHITMAN AMONG the BOHEMIANS the Iowa Whitman Series Ed Folsom, Series Editor Whitman Among the Bohemians EDITED by JOANNA LEVIN & EDWARD WHITLEY
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WHITMAN AMONG THE BOHEMIANS The Iowa whITman SerIeS Ed Folsom, series editor Whitman among the Bohemians EDITED BY JOANNA LEVIN & EDWARD WHITLEY University of iowa Press, iowa City University of Iowa Press, Iowa City 52242 Copyright © 2014 by the University of Iowa Press www.uiowapress.org Printed in the United States of America Design by Richard Hendel No part of this book may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher. All reasonable steps have been taken to contact copyright holders of material used in this book. The publisher would be pleased to make suitable arrangements with any whom it has not been possible to reach. The University of Iowa Press is a member of Green Press Initiative and is committed to preserving natural resources. Printed on acid- free paper ISSn: 1556- 5610 Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Whitman among the Bohemians / edited by Joanna Levin and Edward Whitley. pages cm.—(The Iowa Whitman Series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBn 978- 1- 60938- 272- 8 (pbk) ISBn 978- 1- 60938- 293- 3 (ebk) 1. Whitman, Walt, 1819–1892—Criticism and interpretation. 2. Bohemianism—United States—History—19th century. 3. Bohemianism in literature. I. Levin, Joanna, editor of compilation. II. Whitley, Edward Keyes, editor of compilation. PS3238.w44 2014 811′.3—dc22 2014010201 CONTENTS Acknowledgments vii Abbreviations ix Introduction Joanna LevIn and edward whITLey xi 1. Bridging Brooklyn and Bohemia: How the Brooklyn Daily Times Brought Whitman Closer to Pfaff’s Karen KarBIener 1 2. Walt Whitman and the King of Bohemia: The Poet in the Saturday Press amanda GaILey 19 3. Publishing Pfaff’s: Henry Clapp and Poetry in the Saturday Press InGrId SaTeLmaJer 37 4. On Puffing: The Saturday Press and the Circulation of Symbolic Capital LeIf ecKSTrom 53 5. “Freedom for Women from Conventional Lies”: The “Queen of Bohemia” and the Feminist Feuilleton Joanna LevIn 75 6. Whitman, the Antebellum Theater, and the Cultural Authority of the Bohemian Critic edward whITLey 98 7. “An Unusually Active Market for Calamus”: Whitman and Vanity Fair r oBerT J. SchoLnIcK 114 8. Whitman and the “Picture- Makers” r uTh L. Bohan 132 9. Adorning Myself to Bestow Myself: Reading Leaves of Grass in 1860 LoGan eSdaLe 155 10. “Tell What I Meant by Calamus”: Walt Whitman’s Vision of Comradeship from Fred Vaughan to the Fred Gray Association STePhanIe m. BLaLocK 172 11. Whitman and Menken, Loosing and Losing Voices eLIza rIchardS 192 12. Stedman, Whitman, and the Transatlantic Canonization of American Poetry mary LoeffeLhoLz 213 Bibliography 231 Contributors 243 Index 247 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are very grateful for the many people, institutions, and organiza- tions that have supported this project along the way, beginning with Eliza Richards, whose first, enthusiastic “yes!” to the idea of a collection of essays on Whitman and the bohemians let us know that we were on the right track. Ed Folsom, the series editor for the Iowa Whitman Series, and everyone associated with the University of Iowa Press—Charlotte Wright, Elisabeth Chretien, Joseph Parsons, and the anonymous peer reviewer— have been supportive and encouraging at every step of the process. We also thank Alfred Bendixen and the American Literature Association for giving us a venue to try out early versions of the material that appears in this collection, as well as Leif Eckstrom for organizing a panel at the annual conference of the Modern Language Association to do the same. Other scholars to whom we are indebted for thoughtful suggestions, en- couraging words, nods of approval at conference presentations, and other forms of support include Gavin Jones, Virginia Jackson, Mark Lause, Bryan Waterman, Renee Sentilles, Karen Sanchez-Epp ler, Leon Jack- son, Jerome Loving, Ezra Greenspan, Michael C. Cohen, Vivian Pollak, Robert S. Levine, and Martha Nell Smith. Whitman among the Bohemians would not exist without its digital counterpart, The Vault at Pfaff’s: An Archive of Art and Literature by the Bohemians of Antebellum New York (http://lehigh.edu/pfaffs). Robert Weidman and Julia Maserjian have provided continued support for The Vault at Pfaff’s since 2004. We are all tremendously indebted to them and to everyone else who has contributed to this website over the course of the past ten years. We are particularly grateful to Kurt Hoberg not only for in- dexing every issue of the New York Saturday Press for The Vault at Pfaff’s as an undergraduate research assistant, but also for returning as a post- graduate to help format and copyedit Whitman among the Bohemians for publication. We also thank Ed Folsom and Ken Price for making the Walt Whitman Archive the invaluable resource that it is. We are grateful to the University of Iowa Press and the Walt Whitman Quarterly Review for permission to reprint, in modified form, Amanda { vii } Gailey’s “Walt Whitman and the King of Bohemia: The Poet in the Satur- day Press” and Robert J. Scholnick’s “‘An Unusually Active Market for Calamus’: Whitman, Vanity Fair, and the Fate of Humor in a Time of War, 1860–1863.” These essays appeared in issues 25.4 (2008) and 19 (2002), re- spectively. We are similarly grateful for permission to reprint the images that appear on the cover of this book and in chapters 8 and 11 by the New York Public Library, the Rare Book and Manuscript Library at the Uni- versity of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign, and the Thomas Biggs Harned Collection at the Library of Congress. viii } acKnowLedGmenTS ABBREVIATIONS BdT Brooklyn Daily Times. Brooklyn, ny: Bennett and Smith, 1855–1932. Corr. Walt Whitman: The Correspondence. 6 vols. Edited by Edwin Haviland Miller. New York: New York University Press, 1961–1977. LG Walt Whitman, Leaves of Grass. Philadelphia: David McKay, 1891–1892. LG55 Walt Whitman, Leaves of Grass. Brooklyn, ny: n.p., 1855. LG56 Walt Whitman, Leaves of Grass. New York: Fowler and Wells, 1856. LG60 Walt Whitman, Leaves of Grass. Boston: Thayer and Eldridge, 1860. nuPm Walt Whitman, Notebooks and Unpublished Prose Manuscripts. 6 vols. Edited by Edward Grier. New York: New York University Press, 1984. Pw Walt Whitman, Walt Whitman Prose Works 1892. 2 vols. Edited by Floyd Stovall. New York: New York University Press, 1963. SP New York Saturday Press. New York: Henry Clapp Jr., 1858–1860 and 1865–1866. Available at The Vault at Pfaff’s, http://lehigh.edu/pfaffs. vf Vanity Fair. New York: Frank J. Thomson, 1859–1863. Available at Making of America, http://quod.lib.umich .edu/m/moagrp/. WWA The Walt Whitman Archive. Edited by Ed Folsom and Kenneth M. Price. http://www.whitmanarchive.org. wwc Horace Traubel, With Walt Whitman in Camden. 9 vols. Various publishers, 1906–1996. Note: The following sources are available online at the Walt Whitman Archive: LG, LG55, LG56, LG60, and wwc. { ix } INTRODUCTION Joanna LevIn & edward whITLey At some point in 1861 or 1862, Walt Whitman pulled out the notebook that he had been using to jot down ideas and keep track of the names of new friends (and lovers) and wrote the beginnings of a poem that he titled “The Two Vaults.” He never published the poem, and, given that he describes only one of the vaults promised in the title, we can assume that he never finished it either. As it stands, this poem fragment gives us a glimpse into Whitman’s brief tenure with the self- styled bohemians of antebellum New York who gathered at Charles Pfaff’s beer cellar to drink and talk. The vault at Pfaffs where the drinkers and laughers meet to eat and drink and carouse While on the walk immediately overhead, pass the myriad feet of Broadway As the dead in their graves, are underfoot hidden And the living pass over them, recking not of them, Laugh on laughters! [sic] Drink on drinkers! Bandy the jests! Toss the theme from one to another! Beam up—Brighten up, bright eyes of beautiful young men! Eat what you, haveing ordered, are pleased to see placed before you— after the work of the day, now, with appetite eat, Drink wine—drink beer—raise your voice. Behold! your friend, as he arrives—Welcome him, when, from the upper step, he looks down upon you with a cheerful look Overhead rolls Broadway—the myriad rushing The lamps are lit—the shops blaze in—the fabrics and jewelry are seen through the plate glass windows The strong lights from above pour down upon them and are shed outside The thick crowds, well- dressed—the continual crowds as if they would never end { xi } The curious appearance of the faces—the glimpses first caught of the eyes and expressions, as they flit along. (You phantoms! oft I pause, yearning, to arrest some one of you! Oft I doubt your reality—whether you are real—I suspect all is but a pageant.) The lights beam in the first vault—but the other is entirely dark In the first1 Whitman joined the “drinkers and laughers” at Pfaff’s sometime around 1858. “I used to go to Pfaff’s nearly every night,” he wrote later in life, remi- niscing that, as it grew dark, “Pfaff would politely invite everybody who happened to be sitting in the cave he had under the sidewalk to some other part of the restaurant” so that the group of writers, artists, and intellec- tuals who came to the underground bar at 647 Broadway could continue with their efforts to transport a European- style bohemianism from Paris’s Latin Quarter to downtown Manhattan. Whitman continued, “There was a long table extending the length of this cave; and as soon as the Bohemi- ans put in an appearance .