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A Survey of Small Carnivores in the Putu Mountains, Southeast Liberia

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A Survey of Small Carnivores in the Putu Mountains, Southeast Liberia A survey of small carnivores in the Putu Mountains, southeast Liberia Abstract Elizabeth J. GREENGRASS A recent survey of small carnivores in a commercial mining exploration concession at the Putu Mountains, southeast Liberia, Gen- etta bourloni involved a broad area reconnaissance and camera-trapping. Camera-trapMellivora images capensis of the, are recently described. described Liberian Bourlon’s Mongoose Genet Liberi - ictis kuhni was are not the detected, first published but local images reports of suggestliving individuals that it was in historically the wild. This present species and is may perhaps persist well at distributedlow density. in the study area. Other small carnivore species found, including Honey Badger Keywords: Genetta bourloni, Liberian Mongoose, Liberiictis kuhni, mining, Ratel Un inventaire des petits carnivores des montagnes de Putu, au sud-est du Libéria Résumé Un inventaire des petits carnivores conduit récemment dans une concession d’exploration minière commerciale dans les mon- Genetta bourloni, décrite récemment, sont les premières images publiées d’individustagnes de Putu, vivants, au sud-est en milieu du sauvage.Libéria, impliquaitCette espèce une pourrait reconnaissance être bien généraledistribuée de dans la région la zone avec d’étude. une étude D’autres basée espèces sur le piégeagede petits photographique. Des clichés de la Genette de BourlonMellivora capensis, sont décrites. La Mangouste du Libéria Liberiictis kuhni n’a carnivores qui ont été recensées, y compris le Ratel Motspas été clés détectée,: exploitation mais des minière, mentions Genetta locales bourloni suggèrent, Liberiictis qu’elle étaitkuhni présente, Mangouste par le du passé Libéria, et pourrait Ratel encore subsister à faible densité. Introduction supports Liberian Mongoose Liberiictis kuhni, listed as Vulner- able on The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN 2012). Globally, the species richness of small carnivores, as with mam- This global priority species for conservation (Schreiber et al. mals as a group, is greatest in tropical areas, with about one-third - of all species occurring in the Afrotropical realm (Schipper et al. ested locations in Liberia, including Sapo NP (Vogt et al. 2012), 2008). The ecological role of tropical small carnivores remains 1989) has a known distribution encompassinget justal. 1998). a few Disfor- poorly studied (Mudappa et al. 2007) but it is thought that they are important as competitors, predators and prey. In addition, andconsidered Tai National a rainforest Park in Côtespecialist, d’Ivoire its (Colyn range may already be they may be important seed dispersers with a vital role in forest shrinkingcovered in with 1958 forest (Schlitter fragmentation 1974, Goldman and anthropogenic & Taylor 1990) pres and- regeneration (e.g. Mathai et al. 2010). Their natural history is sure (e.g. Taylor 1989), such as logging and the conversion of mostly poorly understood and the distribution ranges of many forest to farms. Liberia also contains the core habitat of the Genetta bourloni (Gaubert Liberia is situated in the Upper Guinea forest region, a 2003) which is listed as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List species remain speculative (e.g. Djagoun & Gaubert 2009). - (IUCNnewly 2012)described and isBourlon’s restricted Genet to the Upper Guinea forests. ceptional concentrations of endemic species are undergoing part of the Guinean Forest Biodiversity Hotspot,et al. where2000). The“ex and agricultural sectors, the fate of forested landscapes such only country that lies entirely within this region, it accounts as thoseAs Liberia in the greateremerges Sapo from area conflict is a greatand rebuilds cause for its concern. forestry foran exceptionalalmost half degreethe estimated of habitat area loss” of remaining (Myers Upper Guinea To exploit its rich natural resources, this area has been divided Forest. Sapo National Park (Sapo NP), Liberia’s only national up into new commercial concessions for mining, and the pro- duction of timber, oil palm and rubber. While the government remaining southeast lowland rainforest block in the country - andpark, is covering at the centre 180,363 of a hectares, large forest is a mosaic significant that portion has potential of the servation and the establishment of a protected area network to provide a secure habitat for many threatened species. It is throughof Liberia the has reform committed of its forestry ten percent sector, of fundamentaltimber profits concerns to con the closest-to-intact forest ecosystem in Liberia and remains have arisen directly relating to the revenue generated for con- tenuously connected by forest corridors to several other forest servation (SDI 2010, Global Witness 2012). Since 2010, for ex- blocks in the southeast, such as the Grebo National Forest and ample, there has been a sharp rise in the issuance of Private Use Permits, which allow lower tax contributions to the gov- The Liberian forest block is recognised as a global centre ernment than do commercial contracts (Forest Management forthe viverridKrahn−Bassa endemism National (Hoppe-Dominik Forest. 1990) and the Upper Contracts and Timber Sale Contracts). The establishment of Guinea forests are a global priority area for small carnivore commercial concessions that may overlap Sapo NP or its buffer conservation (Schreiber et al. 1989). Despite this, the status zone, such as that of the Golden Veroleum oil palm company of small carnivores in these areas is poorly known. This region (Fricke 2010), further questions whether the political will is Small Carnivore Conservation 30 , Vol. 48: 30–36, July 2013 Small carnivores in SE Liberia present in Liberia to take on the challenge and responsibility of Anthropogenic pressure in the form of hunting and ar- tisanal gold mining by local people is of concern in the con- uncertaintyprotecting these regarding unique the and future biologically development diverse of forests. a protected With areajust onenetwork, national it ispark critical currently to study gazetted the status and consideringof mammals the in somecession. gold In miningrecent campstimes both supporting have intensified several hundred and represent people. commercial concessions in order to understand conservation Gun-huntersa significant tendthreat to to target mammal large-bodied diversity mammals, in the area, such with as priorities within them and devise plans to minimise impacts on primates and ungulates, for commercial trade within Liberia, mammalian diversity. because of the higher income these animals generate (Green- This particular survey, commissioned by Putu Iron Ore grass 2011). Small carnivores, such as mongooses and African Mining (PIOM), was conducted in 2010–2011. It was part of Civets Civettictis civetta, are caught in snares, which are often a larger study documenting the presence of all large mam- set in areas of cultivation. While the meat of these species is mal species across the concession area to gain information on not usually sold, their commercial importance may rise in the their relative abundance and distribution, to assess the sig- future, given that present levels of harvesting of large-bodied mammals are potentially unsustainable. impact of iron-ore exploration and planned open-pit mining onnificance their populations. of the site to The these present animals report and documents to assess the likelysmall Mellivora capensis (Mustelidae) carnivore fauna of the Putu Range, southeast Liberia. and threeUp to orfive more different species species of civets of mongooses and genets (Herpestidae), (Viverridae) arethe thoughtHoney Badgerto inhabit (Ratel) the Putu Range. Two species of otter Study Site (Mustelidae: Lutrinae), the African Clawless Otter Aonyx cap- ensis and the Spotted-necked Otter Lutra maculicollis, are also Located north of Sapo NP, the Putu Range in Grand Gedeh thought to occur, but are not considered here: the survey fo- sampled. andCounty microhabitats constitutes not the found only significantin surrounding mountainous lowland areas. area inIt cused on land habitats, with the main waterways insufficiently issoutheast composed Liberia. of two It mountain is thought ridges to harbour (Mt Ghi uniquein the west habitats and Methods Camera-traps were used because they are widely employed to Mt Jideh in the east) running north-north-east to south-south- survey elusive and nocturnal species, as well as those occur- Sapowest, NP,that the reach Putu a Rangemaximum was elevationoriginally ofproposed just under as part800 mof ring at extremely low density (e.g. Carbone et al. 2001, Hen- a.s.l. on Mt Jideh. Because of its importance to the integrity of schel 2008). A detection versus non-detection camera-trap- commercial mining interest in the site, it was eventually ex- ping study was conducted between November 2010 and May cludedan extension when thearea park to the was park. extended However, in 2003. reflecting In 2005, long-term an ex- 2011. Seven Cuddeback Capture 3.0 megapixel camera-traps ploration licence covering the Putu Range in a concession area and seven Camtrakker MK-12 camera-traps were initially of 425 km² (within 5°33′49″–47′22″N, 8°05′48″–16′40″W) deployed for a pilot study in November and December 2010. Later, 10 more Cuddeback camera-traps were added. Initially, 2008 and continues at the present time. some camera-traps were set with a lure, but the lure seemed was awarded to PIOM. Exploration intensified from December to attract only African Civet so its use was discontinued. Cam- planned, is probably the most botanically rich inside the con- eras were set opportunistically near large fruiting trees, well- cession.The Although vegetation it is on thought Mt Jideh, that whereclear-felling open-pit was mining conduct is- ed along its ridgeline about a century ago, it is largely com- above the ground. They were set to operate throughout the posed of mature forest and the climate along the ridgeline and 24-hrdefined cycle. animal Cameras paths and were stream set opportunisticallybanks, typically about near 30 large cm which was logged in recent decades, is composed of second- Up to six cameras were set on the same day along or in the arythe summitforest, with has submontanea thick understorey affinities.
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