A survey of small carnivores in the Putu Mountains, southeast Liberia
Abstract Elizabeth J. GREENGRASS
A recent survey of small carnivores in a commercial mining exploration concession at the Putu Mountains, southeast Liberia, Gen- etta bourloni involved a broad area reconnaissance and camera-trapping. Camera-trapMellivora images capensis of the, are recently described. described Liberian Bourlon’s Mongoose Genet Liberi - ictis kuhni was are not the detected, first published but local images reports of suggestliving individuals that it was in historically the wild. This present species and is may perhaps persist well at distributedlow density. in the study area. Other small carnivore species found, including Honey Badger Keywords: Genetta bourloni, Liberian Mongoose, Liberiictis kuhni, mining, Ratel
Un inventaire des petits carnivores des montagnes de Putu, au sud-est du Libéria Résumé
Un inventaire des petits carnivores conduit récemment dans une concession d’exploration minière commerciale dans les mon-
Genetta bourloni, décrite récemment, sont les premières images publiées d’individustagnes de Putu, vivants, au sud-est en milieu du sauvage.Libéria, impliquaitCette espèce une pourrait reconnaissance être bien généraledistribuée de dans la région la zone avec d’étude. une étude D’autres basée espèces sur le piégeagede petits photographique. Des clichés de la Genette de BourlonMellivora capensis, sont décrites. La Mangouste du Libéria Liberiictis kuhni n’a carnivores qui ont été recensées, y compris le Ratel Motspas été clés détectée,: exploitation mais des minière, mentions Genetta locales bourloni suggèrent, Liberiictis qu’elle étaitkuhni présente, Mangouste par le du passé Libéria, et pourrait Ratel encore subsister à faible densité.
Introduction supports Liberian Mongoose Liberiictis kuhni, listed as Vulner- able on The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN 2012). Globally, the species richness of small carnivores, as with mam- This global priority species for conservation (Schreiber et al. mals as a group, is greatest in tropical areas, with about one-third - of all species occurring in the Afrotropical realm (Schipper et al. ested locations in Liberia, including Sapo NP (Vogt et al. 2012), 2008). The ecological role of tropical small carnivores remains 1989) has a known distribution encompassinget justal. 1998). a few Disfor- poorly studied (Mudappa et al. 2007) but it is thought that they are important as competitors, predators and prey. In addition, andconsidered Tai National a rainforest Park in Côtespecialist, d’Ivoire its (Colyn range may already be they may be important seed dispersers with a vital role in forest shrinkingcovered in with 1958 forest (Schlitter fragmentation 1974, Goldman and anthropogenic & Taylor 1990) pres and- regeneration (e.g. Mathai et al. 2010). Their natural history is sure (e.g. Taylor 1989), such as logging and the conversion of mostly poorly understood and the distribution ranges of many forest to farms. Liberia also contains the core habitat of the Genetta bourloni (Gaubert Liberia is situated in the Upper Guinea forest region, a 2003) which is listed as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List species remain speculative (e.g. Djagoun & Gaubert 2009). - (IUCNnewly 2012) described and is Bourlon’s restricted Genet to the Upper Guinea forests. ceptional concentrations of endemic species are undergoing part of the Guinean Forest Biodiversity Hotspot,et al. where2000). The “ex and agricultural sectors, the fate of forested landscapes such only country that lies entirely within this region, it accounts as thoseAs Liberia in the greateremerges Sapo from area conflict is a greatand rebuilds cause for its concern. forestry anfor exceptionalalmost half degreethe estimated of habitat area loss” of remaining (Myers Upper Guinea To exploit its rich natural resources, this area has been divided Forest. Sapo National Park (Sapo NP), Liberia’s only national up into new commercial concessions for mining, and the pro- duction of timber, oil palm and rubber. While the government remaining southeast lowland rainforest block in the country - andpark, is covering at the centre 180,363 of a hectares, large forest is a mosaic significant that portion has potential of the servation and the establishment of a protected area network to provide a secure habitat for many threatened species. It is throughof Liberia the has reform committed of its forestry ten percent sector, of fundamentaltimber profits concerns to con the closest-to-intact forest ecosystem in Liberia and remains have arisen directly relating to the revenue generated for con- tenuously connected by forest corridors to several other forest servation (SDI 2010, Global Witness 2012). Since 2010, for ex- blocks in the southeast, such as the Grebo National Forest and ample, there has been a sharp rise in the issuance of Private Use Permits, which allow lower tax contributions to the gov- The Liberian forest block is recognised as a global centre ernment than do commercial contracts (Forest Management forthe viverridKrahn−Bassa endemism National (Hoppe-Dominik Forest. 1990) and the Upper Contracts and Timber Sale Contracts). The establishment of Guinea forests are a global priority area for small carnivore commercial concessions that may overlap Sapo NP or its buffer conservation (Schreiber et al. 1989). Despite this, the status zone, such as that of the Golden Veroleum oil palm company of small carnivores in these areas is poorly known. This region
(Fricke 2010), further questions whether the political will is Small Carnivore Conservation 30
, Vol. 48: 30–36, July 2013 Small carnivores in SE Liberia present in Liberia to take on the challenge and responsibility of Anthropogenic pressure in the form of hunting and ar- tisanal gold mining by local people is of concern in the con- uncertaintyprotecting these regarding unique the and future biologically development diverse of forests. a protected With areajust onenetwork, national it ispark critical currently to study gazetted the status and consideringof mammals the in somecession. gold In miningrecent campstimes both supporting have intensified several hundred and represent people. commercial concessions in order to understand conservation Gun-huntersa significant tend threat to totarget mammal large-bodied diversity mammals, in the area, such with as priorities within them and devise plans to minimise impacts on primates and ungulates, for commercial trade within Liberia, mammalian diversity. because of the higher income these animals generate (Green- This particular survey, commissioned by Putu Iron Ore grass 2011). Small carnivores, such as mongooses and African Mining (PIOM), was conducted in 2010–2011. It was part of Civets Civettictis civetta, are caught in snares, which are often a larger study documenting the presence of all large mam- set in areas of cultivation. While the meat of these species is mal species across the concession area to gain information on not usually sold, their commercial importance may rise in the their relative abundance and distribution, to assess the sig- future, given that present levels of harvesting of large-bodied mammals are potentially unsustainable. impact of iron-ore exploration and planned open-pit mining onnificance their populations. of the site to The these present animals report and documents to assess the likelysmall Mellivora capensis (Mustelidae) carnivore fauna of the Putu Range, southeast Liberia. and threeUp to orfive more different species species of civets of mongooses and genets (Herpestidae), (Viverridae) arethe thought Honey Badgerto inhabit (Ratel) the Putu Range. Two species of otter Study Site (Mustelidae: Lutrinae), the African Clawless Otter Aonyx cap- ensis and the Spotted-necked Otter Lutra maculicollis, are also Located north of Sapo NP, the Putu Range in Grand Gedeh thought to occur, but are not considered here: the survey fo-
sampled. andCounty microhabitats constitutes not the found only significantin surrounding mountainous lowland areas. area inIt cused on land habitats, with the main waterways insufficiently issoutheast composed Liberia. of two It mountain is thought ridges to harbour (Mt Ghi uniquein the west habitats and Methods
Camera-traps were used because they are widely employed to Mt Jideh in the east) running north-north-east to south-south- survey elusive and nocturnal species, as well as those occur- Sapowest, NP, that the reach Putu a Range maximum was elevationoriginally ofproposed just under as part 800 mof ring at extremely low density (e.g. Carbone et al. 2001, Hen- a.s.l. on Mt Jideh. Because of its importance to the integrity of schel 2008). A detection versus non-detection camera-trap- commercial mining interest in the site, it was eventually ex- ping study was conducted between November 2010 and May cludedan extension when thearea park to the was park. extended However, in 2003. reflecting In 2005, long-term an ex- 2011. Seven Cuddeback Capture 3.0 megapixel camera-traps ploration licence covering the Putu Range in a concession area and seven Camtrakker MK-12 camera-traps were initially of 425 km² (within 5°33′49″–47′22″N, 8°05′48″–16′40″W) deployed for a pilot study in November and December 2010. Later, 10 more Cuddeback camera-traps were added. Initially, 2008 and continues at the present time. some camera-traps were set with a lure, but the lure seemed was awarded to PIOM. Exploration intensified from December to attract only African Civet so its use was discontinued. Cam- planned, is probably the most botanically rich inside the con- eras were set opportunistically near large fruiting trees, well- cession.The Although vegetation it is on thought Mt Jideh, that whereclear-felling open-pit was mining conduct is- ed along its ridgeline about a century ago, it is largely com- above the ground. They were set to operate throughout the posed of mature forest and the climate along the ridgeline and 24-hrdefined cycle. animal Cameras paths and were stream set opportunisticallybanks, typically about near 30 large cm which was logged in recent decades, is composed of second- Up to six cameras were set on the same day along or in the arythe summitforest, with has submontanea thick understorey affinities. in parts.The ridgeline Large gaps of Mt occur Ghi, vicinityfruiting of trees, a particular well-defined reconnaissance animal paths search and streamarea and banks. then where some of the relatively few remaining large trees have retrieved after a period of time that varied from 10 to 30 days. fallen during windstorms. Most of the slopes are, however, The distance between cameras so grouped varied widely from composed of intact mature forest. a few meters to several kilometers. Camera-trap survey effort Lowlands in the PIOM concession comprise a mosaic of totalled 1,591 trap-days/nights. Camera-traps were placed in different habitats and transitional habitat types, in part con- the concession (Fig. 1). These were: i) the Eastern Lowlands - 18 clusters in four of the five main geographical areas inside tributionsequential patterns to commercial of the local logging human and population. the 14-year Recolonising civil conflict the main motor-road where most villages are concentrated; ii) secondary(1989−2003) forest, that disturbedsaw fluctuations swamp in forest the migratory and large andcleared dis that lie to the east of Mt Jideh and continue eastwards across - tle canopy cover, occur. Lowland forest between the mountain Mt Jideh, the largest and most easterly lying mountain which- ridgesareas of and fallow west farmlandof Mt Ghi hasand/or regenerated Marantaceae and although fields with patch lit- includes Mt Montroh that is an east−west trending extension es of mature forest and large trees are rare, there is minimal Mtof the Ghi, northern the most end westerly of Jideh; lying iii) mountain the Central ridge Valley, that a rises large, to ex an tensive valley that lies between Mt Jideh and Mt Ghi; and iv) human population is largely concentrated along the motor- road,disturbance. is highly In disturbed contrast, andthe forestdegraded. east of Mt Jideh, where the theelevation Eastern of aboutLowlands 600 andm a.s.l. less Reflecting accessible time to the constraints, local human the Western Lowlands, which are significantly more rugged than
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Fig. 1. Camera-trap locations inside the Putu Iron Ore Mining concession, Liberia. Grid: Universal Transverse Mercator zone 29.
Table 1. Survey coverage of the Putu Iron Ore Mining concession, Liberia. - Geographical area Total Total distance Camera-trap dehpopulation, and the wereCentral not Valley; surveyed the formerwith camera-traps. because it represented By the end number of covered (km) effort (trap-days) theof the site survey, most mostlikely camera-trapto have been survey negatively effort affected focused by on explo Mt Ji- recces ration activities and potentially most likely to be threatened Eastern Lowlands 3 10.28 75 by mining (see Table 1), the latter because it was close to the Mt Jideh 9 22.64 662 proposed mine area and was initially considered as a possible Central Valley 3 22.54 662 location for a mine waste dump. Mt Ghi 5 25.88 192 A broad area reconnaissance using, in the most part, ex- Western Lowlands 3 18.69 0 isting paths and tracks, was implemented to record encoun- ter rates of mammals (e.g. number of animal signs per unit distance). Two people conducted those surveys: the author sightings, faeces, prints, vocalisations, etc.) of large and medi- um-sized mammals. All recce survey data were collected us- knowledge of animal signs. Most reconnaissance searches (in ing a durable hand-held computer, a Personal Digital Assistant short:(EJG) and ‘recces’) an ex-hunter started betweenguide (J. 06h30Cheflar) and who 07h00, had specialised to maxim- (Trimble Nomad 800 L) with Cybertracker software specially ise direct encounters with diurnal mammals. Recces involved - - ble Nomad had an inbuilt GPS and tracklog capability and termined survey routes and recording all encounters (direct Cybertrackertailored to the software type of datacan use collected these datain the to field. determine The Trim dis- walking quietly through the forest at 1−2 km/h, on the prede
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, Vol. 48, July 2013 Small carnivores in SE Liberia tances walked and calculate encounter rates. However, these Results calculations proved inaccurate and because the distances were previously calculated using a Garmin GPSMAP 60CSx, Mongooses (Herpestidae) encounter rates were calculated by hand. Data collected in - gooses, all listed as Least Concern (IUCN 2012): Common Slen- laptop computer. derThe Mongoosesurvey confirmed Herpestes the sanguineus presence ,of Marsh three Mongoosespecies of Atilaxmon the fieldThe weresurvey regularly design, establisheddownloaded during into Cybertracker a preliminary on in a- paludinosus and Common Cusimanse Crossarchus obscurus. vestigation of the site in October and November 2010, com- Slender Mongoose was recorded in disturbed areas: it was prised 23 recces (each of 1.22–10.61 km in length) covering a occasionally and opportunistically sighted running across the - main motor-road in the Eastern lowlands and across the PIOM surveytotal distance distance of covered100 km (seethe twoFig. 2;prominent recce 23 &mountain 24 were ridges.subse a camera-trap in a fallow farm in the Eastern Lowlands, east of quently walked as one recce). Approximately half of the total- theroads village on Mt of Jideh Pennekon during (see daylight Fig. 1).hours. It was It was never recorded observed once dur on- side the concession but all geographical areas were covered ing the recce survey, which was mostly in closed-canopy forest. (seeEach Tablerecce covered1). All but just one one of of thethe reccesfive geographical were walked areas three in Marsh Mongoose was camera-trapped 14 times, in six dif- times between December 2010 and April 2011. One recce was ferent locations, suggesting a wider distribution and larger num- bers than other species of mongooses. Images – including those of walked twice in December 2010 and January 2011.
Fig. 2. Reconnaissance survey design inside the Putu Iron Ore Mining concession, Liberia. Grid: Universal Transverse Mercator zone 29.
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, Vol. 48, July 2013 Greengrass young – were captured in a variety of habitat types: in closed-can- opy forest on the mountain ridges, in farm bush and along PIOM din et al. 2013): this was apparent in the images (Fig. 4). reportedTwenty-six as being images all black were (Hunter captured & Barrett of these 2011, animals Bahaa-el- near Common Cusimanse was the only small carnivore sighted the den between December 2010 and April 2011. Fifteen of the duringroads on the Mt recceJideh, insurvey. areas thatIn December were being 2010, actively groups explored. of Cusi- 26 images were taken after 06h00 hours and two images were manses were observed three times in closed-canopy forest on taken after 09h00 (with the latest image recorded at 10h40). No activity was recorded again until after 17h00. Most images Fig. 2) were of two individuals. This species was not encoun- showed single individuals but three were of two. Five cases teredMt Jideh again and until Mt Ghi; May two 2011, encounters when a group (on recce of about 7 and 10 recce was ob17;- where single individuals were photographed were each fol- lowed within 30 minutes by another image of what was sus- pected, from size and appearance, to be a different individual, served on the lower western slope of Mt Jideh. Cusimanse was suggesting that these individuals were in association. A study Badgersonce camera-trapped: and allies (Mustelidae) on Mt Jideh during December 2010. of the images suggested that one relatively large adult male and two other adults were regularly using the den site. One of these adults was markedly smaller than the male and had a faint white Honey Badger was confirmed by camera-trapping at only one afterlocation the – authora den site encountered – on the eastern the burrow slope of by Mt chanceJideh, in (Fig. closed- 3), were captured on the images of this individual, it was presum- canopy forest close to a stream. This specific site was chosen- ablypatch an or adult mantle female on the or top possibly of its head. a sub-adult Because of no either male genitaliasex. The tling growls, which is typical defensive behaviour of Honey sex of the third adult could not be proposed. It was not possible and shone a torch down it. This elicited a series of fierce rat to verify whether all images were of these three individuals, or whether additional individuals were using the den site. Other Badger. Forest-dwelling individuals in Central Africa have been Atherurus afri- canus wereimages not showed photographed, African Brush-tailedso were presumed Porcupine absent. and bats using the den on days when the Honey Badgers African Palm Civet (Nandiniidae)
Civet Nandinia binotata was neither encountered on the recce surveyReflecting nor itscamera-trapped. nocturnal and However, arboreal its nature, species-typical African Palm vo- calisation was heard in the forest at night, while the survey team camped within the concession, in areas of mature or re-colonising forest. In 2010, a dead, shot, individual was ob- served by the author in a village near the southern border of the concession, offered for roadside sale.
Civets and genets (Viverridae) Occasionally, African Civet was seen on the PIOM roads at night. Its footprints (n = 30), however, were the most common small carnivore sign, and were regularly observed along these Fig. 3. Honey Badger Mellivora capensis den, Putu Iron Ore Mining roads. While most footprints were observed in the Eastern concession, Liberia. Lowlands (n n = 13), this was probably be- cause of the predominance of roads there, rather than a natu- ral preference = for13) those and Mt areas. Jideh Thirty ( images at nine sites were recorded in all areas camera-trapped, suggesting that this spe- cies is widespread and common. While arboreal in nature, genets may forage on the ground at night and occasionally small cat-like prints were encountered Genetta bourloni - along roads. Only one species of genet, Bourlon’s Genet , was identified from camera-trap images (P. Gaubert ver bally 2011): the four confirmed images (e.g. Fig. 5) are believed to areasbe the disturbed first photographs by mining of wild-living exploration, individuals on its western of this slope, species. in theThese Central images Valley came and from on the the PIOM ridgeline ridgeline of Mt road Ghi (Tableon Mt Jideh2). The in species may thus be widely distributed at the site.
Discussion
Fig. 4. Honey Badger Mellivora capensis social behaviour (olfactory In total, seven small carnivore species, representing four families, communication), Putu Iron Ore Mining concession, Liberia. Viverridae (two species), Herpestidae (three species), Mustelidae
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Table 2. Locations of Bourlon’s GenetGenetta bourloni records, Putu Iron Ore Mining concession, Liberia. Geographical area Recce Location Date Time *Jideh western slope 12 5°20′22.959″N, 7°52′21.866″W 8 December 2010 08h37 Ghi ridgeline 6 5°18′18.828″N, 7°53′29.887″W 25 January 2011 06h13 Jideh PIOM road 11 5°20′06.927″N, 7°54′21.379″W 3 May 2011 05h11 Jideh PIOM ridgeline road N/A 5°20′52.081″N, 7°52′11.125″W 5 May 2011 01h26 Central Valley 10 5°19′47.413″N, 7°53′39.735″W 24 May 2011 02h56 *Image of genet unidentified to species
(Vogt et al. 2012) supports this suggestion, because Sapo NP has never been logged or legally commercially exploited. The status of Liberian Mongoose in the Putu Range has yet to be
after a survey effort of 4,500 camera-trap-days (Vogt et al. 2012),adequately three assessed; times the it effort was investedcamea-trapped into the in present Sapo NP survey. only The sites being contiguous, this mongoose may well occur in the Putu Range but as Liberia commercially exploits more of its forest, Sapo NP probably represents the only foreseeable hope for the species’s survival in the absence of other protect- ed areas and in light of its declining range (Taylor 1989). Liberian Mongoose and Cusimanse, taxonomically relat-
Fig. 5. Bourlon’s Genet Genetta bourloni, Putu Iron Ore Mining concession, by references to colour and to Liberian Mongoose’s distinc- Liberia. tiveed, share neck thestripe. same The name same in Krahn the local name Krahn is also language, given toqualified a third kind of animal, stated to differ only in colour from Cusimanse. Colour variants in other mongoose species are known or sus- particular note, the PIOM concession supports a population of the pected (e.g. Ross et al. 2012), so this local name potentially (one species) and Nandiniidae (one species), were camera-trapidentified. Of- No evidence of Gambian Mongoose Mungos gambianus poorly-known,Moderate newly-describedhabitat disturbance Bourlon’s may have Genet: a positive effect signifieswas recorded. a so-far In commonundocumented with most colour social morph. species, except cusi- onping some produced small the carnivores first known such images as mongooses, of wild-living most individuals. of which manses and Liberian Mongoose, it lives in open habitats (Veron are habitat generalists, such that some species are more abun- et al. 2004). Local knowledge suggests that it indeed does not dant in rainforest fragments than in contiguous rainforest (Ray occur here, but may be present further south in Sinoe County. adapted to disturbed and altered habitats. In West Africa, it is thought to inhabit rainforest until recently (e.g. Hoppe-Dominik often& Sunquist observed 2001). in forest/cultivation Slender Mongoose mosaics appears and especially in oil palm well 1990,Although Hancox 1992) using aand range little of is habitats, known about Honey its Badger status, was behav not-
populations are decreasing (IUCN 2012), so forest-dwelling 2001)concessions, it is also and solitary, when crossing so may roads be better (EJG pers. adapted obs.). to Although anthro- populationsiour and life-history may be inof suchparticular habitat. importance. Globally, HoneyDescribed Badger as pogenicMarsh Mongoose pressure hasthan a aremore more selective social diet species. (e.g. RayIt was & Sunquist camera- trapped both in disturbed habitats and in closed-canopy forest. multiple camera-trap photographs showed what were possi- In contrast, Cusimanse is social and diurnal. Some (e.g. bly‘campers’ the same with individuals no fixed den returning site (Vanderhaar to a deep underground & Hwang 2003), den over several months. Moreover, local hunters knew of this den a variety of habitats including farm bush, but others (e.g. King- donDavies 1997) 1990, described Djagoun it & as Gaubert largely 2009)restricted suggested to lowland it persists rainfor in- have traditional den sites, albeit using them intermittently. est. In the PIOM concession, it was recorded only in closed-can- site, suggesting long-term use. Thus, forest Honey Badgers may opy forest. Liberian Mongoose was not proven to occur. However, 2011).Honey These Badgers forest-dwelling are typically individuals’ nocturno-crepuscular, morning activity withmay increased daylight activity in cold weather (Hunter & Barrett- was occasionally observed throughout the PIOM concession. peratures than those in the more open habitats where this spe- Theseaccording verbal to J.reports Cheflar, suggest a mongoose that even matching in the itsrecent description past, it ciesreflect has forest mostly habitats’ been studied. greater cover and lower daytime tem was scarce in the study area. Its diet may be almost exclusively - veyed with camera-traps, although a lack of records does not im- lack of earthworms may exclude it from areas with hard later- ply absence.Honey Badgers They may were naturally not recorded occur atin lowany otherdensity: region they sur are earthworms and insect larvae (Goldman & Taylor 1990), so- solitary or pair-bonded foragers with extremely large overlap- tle is known about this species. If it is a rainforest specialist, ping ranges, and have low fecundity because of a long inter-birth forestite soils conversion (Kingdon and1997), degradation such as Mt in Jideh.the site’s However, lowlands very over lit et al. 2005a, 2005b). Howev- past decades may have driven a population decline. Its pres- - ence in nearby Sapo NP during concurrent camera-trapping gestsinterval that and suitable small litterden sites size may(Begg limit this species’s distribution er, the frequent use of this den by the individuals that used it sug
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, Vol. 48, July 2013 Greengrass in forests. It is not known to what extent commercial bushmeat and trade in Sapo National Park hunting has reduced its population. It is rarely hunted, in part Cambridge, U.K. because it occurs at low density, but also because it is considered Hancox, M. 1992. Some aspects of the distribution. Fauna & Flora and breeding International, biol- especially aggressive (the Liberian English name for a Honey Small Carnivore Conservation 6: 19. Henschel, P. 2008. The conservation biology of the Leopard Pan- to the local population, because this den site will be destroyed. ogythera of pardusHoney Badgers.in Gabon: status, threats and strategies for con- Badger is a ‘wolf’). Future mining of Mt Jideh may be detrimental servation. University of Göttingen (Ph.D. thesis), Göttingen, Acknowledgements Germany. I would like to thank Putu Iron Ore Mining (PIOM) for commission- ing this survey, and the Forestry Development Authority (FDA) of Li- (Mellivora capensis) and the viverrids in the Ivory Coast. Mus- Hoppe-Dominik,telid and Viverrid B. 1990. Conservation On the occurrence3: 9–13. of the Honey-badger A field guide to the carnivores of the hisberia. technical I would expertise. also like Myto thank thanks John extend Oates, to Philippefor his overall Gaubert scientific for the world. New Holland, London, U.K. supervision of the project and Richard Bergl (North Carolina Zoo) for IUCNHunter, 2012. L. & 2012 Barrett, IUCN P. 2011.Red List of Threatened Species.
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