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EUCALYPTUS ASSESSMENT City of Santa Monica

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EUCALYPTUS ASSESSMENT City of Santa Monica EUCALYPTUS ASSESSMENT City of Santa Monica PREPARED FOR: City of Santa Monica Open Space Management Division 2600 Ocean Park Blvd. Santa Monica CA 90405 PREPARED BY HortScience, Inc. 4125 Mohr Ave., Suite F Pleasanton CA 94566 September 2005 Eucalyptus Assessment Santa Monica CA Table of Contents Page I. Introduction and Methods 1 Eucalyptus assessment Tree evaluation procedure Tree risk rating system II. Results and Evaluation 6 Description of trees Results of decay testing Tree risk ratings III. Tree Risk Abatement 12 List of Tables & Figures Table 1. Eucalyptus tree condition & frequency of occurrence 7 Table 2. Results of decay testing Table 3. Summary of tree hazard ratings 11 Table 4. Recommendations for specific action Attachments Eucalyptus assessment procedure Tree Survey Forms Eucalyptus Assessment HortScience, Inc. City of Santa Monica Page 1 I. Introduction and Methods Thousands of trees line Santa Monica’s streets and grace its parks. Planted over the course of the City’s history, these trees are an important component of Santa Monica’s urban forest. Management of this resource falls under the purview of the City’s Open Space Management Division. Many of the trees in the City are species of the genus Eucalyptus, native to Australia. The three types of eucalyptus, commonly known as gums, ironbarks and yates, add a distinctive character to the community. One of the issues faced by the City of Santa Monica is enhancing the safety of those who live, work and visit there. The Open Space Management Division wants to manage the eucalyptus trees to conserve the resource while protecting public safety. To that end, the City contracted with HortScience, Inc. to undertake an assessment of the risk of failure posed by the approximately 600 eucalyptus along streets and in the major parks. This report provides the following information: 1. A summary of health and structural condition of 517 eucalyptus trees. 2. An evaluation of the risk of failure posed by the trees. 3. Recommendations for action. Tree Risk Assessment Tree Risk Assessment is the systematic process of evaluating the potential for a tree or one of its parts to fail and, in so doing, injure people or damage property. All trees have the potential to fail. The degree of risk will vary with the size of the tree, type and location of the defect, tree species, and the nature of the target. Assessing this risk involves three components: 1. Evaluating the tree’s health and structural condition, 2. Considering environment factors of the site, weather and management that may contribute to a failure, and 3. Assessing the likelihood that a person or object would be injured or damaged (i.e. the target) should a failure occur. In this study, only eucalyptus trees along streets and in parks were evaluated. Individual trees were identified using the City of Santa Monica’s tree inventory. The City provided a list of trees to be evaluated as well as a general tree location map. Tree Evaluation Procedure The evaluation was conducted in a walking survey. External signs and symptoms of disease and defects in structure that are likely to lead to tree failure were noted by visual inspection. The following procedure was used: 1. Verify the location, usually by address, using the City’s tree inventory and/or maps. 2. Measure the trunk diameter in inches at a point 54” above grade. 3. Visually evaluate the health and structural condition of each tree. 4. Rate the health and structural condition using a scale of 0 – 5: 5 - A healthy, vigorous tree, reasonably free of signs and symptoms of disease, with good structure and form typical of the species. 4 - Tree with slight decline in vigor, small amount of twig dieback, minor structural defects that could be corrected. 3 - Tree with moderate vigor, moderate twig and small branch dieback, thinning of crown, poor leaf color, moderate structural defects that might be mitigated with regular care. Eucalyptus Assessment HortScience, Inc. City of Santa Monica Page 2 Tree Evaluation Procedure, continued 2 - Tree in decline, epicormic growth, extensive dieback of medium to large branches, significant structural defects that cannot be abated. 1 - Tree in severe decline, dieback of scaffold branches and/or trunk; most of foliage from epicormics; extensive structural defects that cannot be abated. 0 - Tree is dead. 5. Comment on significant aspects of the health & structure. 6. Where decay was suspected in the lower trunk and buttress roots, these were sounded with a hammer. The findings were recorded. 7. Identify the part of the tree most likely to fail and hit a target within the next two years. 8. Identify the target(s) that would be impacted by that failure (e.g. street, parking). 9. Rate the potential hazard using the method described in A Photographic Guide to the Evaluation of Hazard Trees in Urban Areas (Matheny and Clark, 1994). The components of the hazard rating are: most likely failure, failure potential, size of part, target rating, and hazard rating. These components are described in the next section. 10. Determine the need for additional testing such as decay detection root collar inspection and/or aerial inspection of the crown. Tree Risk Rating System To summarize the information about tree and target into an overall rating, the most likely failure to occur within the next two years was identified (e.g. branch, one stem, whole tree). Then, each of the three characteristics for that part was assigned a rating: Failure potential (4 points) - identifies the most likely failure and rates the likelihood that the structural defect(s) will result in failure. Examples of ratings are: 1 - low - defects are minor 2 - medium - defects are present and obvious 3 - high - compounding and/or significant defects present 4 - severe - defects are very severe Size of defective part (4 points) - rates the size of the part most likely to fail. The larger the part that fails, the greater the potential for damage. Therefore, the size of the failure affects the hazard potential. Examples are: 1 - most likely failure less than 6" in diameter 2 - most likely failure 6 - 18" in diameter 3 - most likely failure 18 - 30" in diameter 4 - most likely failure greater than 30" in diameter Target rating (4 points) - rates the use and occupancy of the area that would be struck by the defective part 1 - occasional use (e.g. landscape) 2 - intermittent use (e.g. tree lawn, sidewalk, park path) 3 - frequent use (e.g. parking spaces) 4 - constant use, structures (e.g. residences, streets) The points in each category were added to obtain the overall hazard rating, with 12 being the maximum value. Hazard rating = failure potential + size of defective part + target rating Eucalyptus Assessment HortScience, Inc. City of Santa Monica Page 3 II. Results and Evaluation Description of Trees Five hundred and seventeen (517) trees were evaluated (Table 1). Descriptions of individual trees are found in the Tree Survey Forms (see Attachments). A summary of general characteristics is provided below. Four hundred and seventy-eight (478) were identified to one of 12 species. The remaining 39 trees were identified only to the genus level. Trees were identified to species by the City’s tree inventory system. HortScience made no effort to verify tree identification. Table 1. Eucalyptus tree condition & frequency of occurrence. Santa Monica CA. Common name Scientific Name Condition No. of Poor Fair GoodExcell. Trees 1-2 3 4 5 Lemon-scented gum Corymbia citriodora* -- 4 5 -- 9 Red-flowering gum C. ficifolia* 24 130 79 7 240 Red gum E. camaldulensis 4 18 11 2 35 Ash gum E. cinerea 1 2 -- -- 3 Sugar gum E. cladocalyx 4 24 8 1 37 Yate E. cornuta 1 12 1 -- 14 Blue gum E. globulus 9 74 30 1 114 Spotted gum E. maculate -- 2 5 4 11 Silver dollar gum E. polyanthemos 3 4 -- -- 7 Desert gum E. rudis -- 2 2 1 5 Red ironbark E. sideroxylon -- 2 -- -- 2 Manna gum E. viminalis -- -- 1 -- 1 Eucalyptus Eucalyptus sp. 3 25 9 2 39 (unknown) Total 49 299 151 18 517 Note: * genus has been changed from Eucalyptus to Corymbia Red-flowering gum (240 trees) was the most frequently occurring species, comprising almost half the surveyed trees. Red flowering gums dominated large sections of Broadway as well as 9th and 11th Streets (photo 1, following page). Trees were semi- mature and mature in development. Trunk diameters ranged from 1” to 51”. Most red flowering gums (96) were between 11” and 20” in diameter with 46 trees having trunk diameters greater than 31”. Eucalyptus Assessment HortScience, Inc. City of Santa Monica Page 4 Photo 1. Red flowering gum. 454 9th Street. Red flowering gums were in generally fair condition. Common features of red flowering gums were high, open crowns (as a result of pruning), leaning or bowed trunks, and wounds on the base and lower trunk (almost exclusively from root cutting during sidewalk repair). Blue gum (114 trees) was the second most frequently occurring, representing just over one-fifth of the surveyed trees. Trees were largely confined to parks including Palisades, Joslyn and Reed Parks. A few trees were located on 7th Street. The condition of blue gums was generally fair but varied from good (Photo 2) to poor (Photo 3). Most trees were mature in development. Trunk diameters ranged from 8” to 62”. Only five trees had diameters of 20” or less while 83 trees had diameters greater than 30”. Common features of blue gum trees included irregular crown forms (associated with pruning history), dense canopies and decay at old wounds either at the base or in the crown. Photo 2. Blue gum in good condition.
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