EUCALYPTUS ASSESSMENT City of Santa Monica

PREPARED FOR: City of Santa Monica Open Space Management Division 2600 Ocean Park Blvd. Santa Monica CA 90405

PREPARED BY HortScience, Inc. 4125 Mohr Ave., Suite F Pleasanton CA 94566

September 2005

Eucalyptus Assessment Santa Monica CA

Table of Contents

Page I. Introduction and Methods 1 Eucalyptus assessment Tree evaluation procedure Tree risk rating system

II. Results and Evaluation 6 Description of trees Results of decay testing Tree risk ratings

III. Tree Risk Abatement 12

List of Tables & Figures

Table 1. Eucalyptus tree condition & frequency of occurrence 7 Table 2. Results of decay testing Table 3. Summary of tree hazard ratings 11 Table 4. Recommendations for specific action

Attachments

Eucalyptus assessment procedure

Tree Survey Forms

Eucalyptus Assessment HortScience, Inc. City of Santa Monica Page 1

I. Introduction and Methods Thousands of trees line Santa Monica’s streets and grace its parks. Planted over the course of the City’s history, these trees are an important component of Santa Monica’s urban forest. Management of this resource falls under the purview of the City’s Open Space Management Division.

Many of the trees in the City are species of the genus Eucalyptus, native to Australia. The three types of eucalyptus, commonly known as gums, ironbarks and yates, add a distinctive character to the community.

One of the issues faced by the City of Santa Monica is enhancing the safety of those who live, work and visit there. The Open Space Management Division wants to manage the eucalyptus trees to conserve the resource while protecting public safety. To that end, the City contracted with HortScience, Inc. to undertake an assessment of the risk of failure posed by the approximately 600 eucalyptus along streets and in the major parks. This report provides the following information:

1. A summary of health and structural condition of 517 eucalyptus trees. 2. An evaluation of the risk of failure posed by the trees. 3. Recommendations for action.

Tree Risk Assessment Tree Risk Assessment is the systematic process of evaluating the potential for a tree or one of its parts to fail and, in so doing, injure people or damage property. All trees have the potential to fail. The degree of risk will vary with the size of the tree, type and location of the defect, tree species, and the nature of the target. Assessing this risk involves three components:

1. Evaluating the tree’s health and structural condition, 2. Considering environment factors of the site, weather and management that may contribute to a failure, and 3. Assessing the likelihood that a person or object would be injured or damaged (i.e. the target) should a failure occur.

In this study, only eucalyptus trees along streets and in parks were evaluated. Individual trees were identified using the City of Santa Monica’s tree inventory. The City provided a list of trees to be evaluated as well as a general tree location map.

Tree Evaluation Procedure The evaluation was conducted in a walking survey. External signs and symptoms of disease and defects in structure that are likely to lead to tree failure were noted by visual inspection. The following procedure was used:

1. Verify the location, usually by address, using the City’s tree inventory and/or maps. 2. Measure the trunk diameter in inches at a point 54” above grade. 3. Visually evaluate the health and structural condition of each tree. 4. Rate the health and structural condition using a scale of 0 – 5: 5 - A healthy, vigorous tree, reasonably free of signs and symptoms of disease, with good structure and form typical of the species. 4 - Tree with slight decline in vigor, small amount of twig dieback, minor structural defects that could be corrected. 3 - Tree with moderate vigor, moderate twig and small branch dieback, thinning of crown, poor leaf color, moderate structural defects that might be mitigated with regular care. Eucalyptus Assessment HortScience, Inc. City of Santa Monica Page 2

Tree Evaluation Procedure, continued 2 - Tree in decline, epicormic growth, extensive dieback of medium to large branches, significant structural defects that cannot be abated. 1 - Tree in severe decline, dieback of scaffold branches and/or trunk; most of foliage from epicormics; extensive structural defects that cannot be abated. 0 - Tree is dead. 5. Comment on significant aspects of the health & structure. 6. Where decay was suspected in the lower trunk and buttress roots, these were sounded with a hammer. The findings were recorded. 7. Identify the part of the tree most likely to fail and hit a target within the next two years. 8. Identify the target(s) that would be impacted by that failure (e.g. street, parking). 9. Rate the potential hazard using the method described in A Photographic Guide to the Evaluation of Hazard Trees in Urban Areas (Matheny and Clark, 1994). The components of the hazard rating are: most likely failure, failure potential, size of part, target rating, and hazard rating. These components are described in the next section. 10. Determine the need for additional testing such as decay detection root collar inspection and/or aerial inspection of the crown.

Tree Risk Rating System To summarize the information about tree and target into an overall rating, the most likely failure to occur within the next two years was identified (e.g. branch, one stem, whole tree). Then, each of the three characteristics for that part was assigned a rating:

Failure potential (4 points) - identifies the most likely failure and rates the likelihood that the structural defect(s) will result in failure. Examples of ratings are: 1 - low - defects are minor 2 - medium - defects are present and obvious 3 - high - compounding and/or significant defects present 4 - severe - defects are very severe

Size of defective part (4 points) - rates the size of the part most likely to fail. The larger the part that fails, the greater the potential for damage. Therefore, the size of the failure affects the hazard potential. Examples are: 1 - most likely failure less than 6" in diameter 2 - most likely failure 6 - 18" in diameter 3 - most likely failure 18 - 30" in diameter 4 - most likely failure greater than 30" in diameter

Target rating (4 points) - rates the use and occupancy of the area that would be struck by the defective part 1 - occasional use (e.g. landscape) 2 - intermittent use (e.g. tree lawn, sidewalk, park path) 3 - frequent use (e.g. parking spaces) 4 - constant use, structures (e.g. residences, streets)

The points in each category were added to obtain the overall hazard rating, with 12 being the maximum value.

Hazard rating = failure potential + size of defective part + target rating

Eucalyptus Assessment HortScience, Inc. City of Santa Monica Page 3

II. Results and Evaluation Description of Trees Five hundred and seventeen (517) trees were evaluated (Table 1). Descriptions of individual trees are found in the Tree Survey Forms (see Attachments). A summary of general characteristics is provided below.

Four hundred and seventy-eight (478) were identified to one of 12 species. The remaining 39 trees were identified only to the genus level. Trees were identified to species by the City’s tree inventory system. HortScience made no effort to verify tree identification.

Table 1. Eucalyptus tree condition & frequency of occurrence. Santa Monica CA.

Common name Scientific Name Condition No. of Poor Fair GoodExcell. Trees 1-2 3 4 5

Lemon-scented gum Corymbia citriodora* -- 4 5 -- 9 Red-flowering gum C. ficifolia* 24 130 79 7 240 Red gum E. camaldulensis 4 18 11 2 35 Ash gum E. cinerea 1 2 -- -- 3 Sugar gum E. cladocalyx 4 24 8 1 37 Yate E. cornuta 1 12 1 -- 14 Blue gum E. globulus 9 74 30 1 114 Spotted gum E. maculate -- 2 5 4 11 Silver dollar gum E. polyanthemos 3 4 -- -- 7 Desert gum E. rudis -- 2 2 1 5 Red ironbark E. sideroxylon -- 2 -- -- 2 Manna gum E. viminalis -- -- 1 -- 1 Eucalyptus Eucalyptus sp. 3 25 9 2 39 (unknown)

Total 49 299 151 18 517

Note: * genus has been changed from Eucalyptus to Corymbia

Red-flowering gum (240 trees) was the most frequently occurring species, comprising almost half the surveyed trees. Red flowering gums dominated large sections of Broadway as well as 9th and 11th Streets (photo 1, following page). Trees were semi- mature and mature in development. Trunk diameters ranged from 1” to 51”. Most red flowering gums (96) were between 11” and 20” in diameter with 46 trees having trunk diameters greater than 31”.

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Photo 1. Red flowering gum. 454 9th Street.

Red flowering gums were in generally fair condition. Common features of red flowering gums were high, open crowns (as a result of pruning), leaning or bowed trunks, and wounds on the base and lower trunk (almost exclusively from root cutting during sidewalk repair).

Blue gum (114 trees) was the second most frequently occurring, representing just over one-fifth of the surveyed trees. Trees were largely confined to parks including Palisades, Joslyn and Reed Parks. A few trees were located on 7th Street. The condition of blue gums was generally fair but varied from good (Photo 2) to poor (Photo 3). Most trees were mature in development. Trunk diameters ranged from 8” to 62”. Only five trees had diameters of 20” or less while 83 trees had diameters greater than 30”. Common features of blue gum trees included irregular crown forms (associated with pruning history), dense canopies and decay at old wounds either at the base or in the crown.

Photo 2. Blue gum in good condition. Photo 3. Blue gum in poor condition. 1702 Pearl St. 717 7th St. Note thin upper crown. Fungal fruiting body was present at base of trunk.

Eucalyptus Assessment HortScience, Inc. City of Santa Monica Page 5

Among the remaining species, several features stood out: Spotted gums, found only in Stewart Park, were semi-mature in development and in good and excellent health. Trees had good structure and strong visual appeal.

Lemon-scented gums, found along Stewart Street, were also semi-mature in development and in generally good condition.

Red gums located in the north end of Palisades Park and throughout Los Amigos Parks in fair condition while those found along Stewart Street were in good condition. Overall tree structure was better along Stewart St. Trees in parks suffered from a more severe infestation of the red gum lerp psyllid.

Sugar gums were almost exclusively confined to several blocks of 7th Street. Trees were mature in development. Most trees had large wounds on the base of the trunk.

Results of Decay Testing The extent of decay was evaluated by drilling into seven trees with a small diameter drill bit. The trees identified for internal testing because of decay indicators identified during the visual assessment. All had either fungal fruiting bodies (Photo 4) or large basal wounds (Photo 5) and cavities.

Photo 4. Red flowering gum with Photo 5. Sugar gum with large basal fruiting body of sulfur fungus (red arrow) wound. 1054 7th St. 851 11 St.

The color and texture of the shavings as well as the resistance to drilling were assessed and recorded. Wood is considered sound, i.e., no decay, if the shavings are normal in color and resistance to drilling is consistent along the length of the bit. Decay is present if the shavings are discolored, spongy, possess a rank odor and resistance to drilling decreases. When decay has completely degraded the wood, a hollow is created. In this situation, there is no resistance to drilling and the bit plunges into the tree. No shavings are encountered with a hollow.

Drilling has been demonstrated to be an effective tool for the detection of decay in trees. One of the limitations with this technique is the length of the drill bit (8”). For this reason, only an outer shell of the trunk or root can be assessed.

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Results of the decay testing varied from extensive internal decay to little or none (Table 2). In general, eucalypts are considered to have a strong wound response and good resistance to decay. Thus, decay may be confined to a cavity and not extend beyond it. Wounds may have little or no decay. For example, a red-flowering gum at 3104 Broadway had a large trunk wound but no internal decay was detected. In contrast, trees with fruiting bodies of sulfur fungus (Laetiporus sulfureous) had more significant amounts of decay.

Results of the decay testing were incorporated into the assessment of failure potential for each of the seven trees.

Tree Risk Ratings The first step in rating the risk associated with a tree is to identify the part of the tree most likely to fail and strike a target. Live branches were identified as the most likely failure in 438 (85%) of the 517 trees evaluated. The entire tree was considered the most likely failure in 60 (12%) trees; an individual stem in 19 (4%) trees. This pattern was present across all of the species evaluated, reflecting the growth of eucalypts in general as well as history of care.

The second step in risk assessment involves identifying the potential target(s) that might be struck should a failure occur. Among the trees evaluated, the sidewalk (186 trees, 36%), parking (114 trees, 22%) and lawn (72 trees, 14%) were the most common targets identified. This was not surprising, given that most of the trees evaluated were located along city streets. Other potential targets included recreational structures such as benches, batting cages and walking paths (60 trees), a city street (39 trees) and a structure (15 trees).

Tree risk ratings ranged from 3 to 12 (Table 4, page 8). Over 60% of the trees evaluated had ratings of 6 or lower. The most common situation involved a branch as the most likely failure, with the target being the sidewalk, lawn surrounding the planting area or an adjacent parking place. In contrast, 22 trees (4%) were rated as 10 or greater. Rating of 6 or lower and 10 and above were rather evenly distributed across the species surveyed, and generally reflected the proportion of trees in the population. As might be anticipated, ratings were generally higher for large trees in poor condition.

Trees with ratings of ‘10’ to ‘12’ involved the entire tree or a large stem in close proximity to a highly rated target. For example, a 32” red-flowering gum at 1457 Centinela was the only tree rated ‘12’. The tree leaned towards Broadway with basal wounds surrounding the trunk. Decay was present on the tension side of the lean. The upper crown was thin. Overall tree condition was poor. Were this tree to fail, it would fall into Broadway where it is likely that someone would be injured or something damaged.

Eucalyptus Assessment HortScience, Inc. City of Santa Monica Page 7

Table 2. Results of decay testing. Eucalyptus assessment. Santa Monica CA.

Common Location name Trunk Results diameter

Reed Park, Blue gum 37 Sulfur fungus conk present on the south of main south side, at the base of the trunk. On building either side of conk, 4" to 5" of sound wood, then hollow. Lower trunk above the sidewalk sounded hollow; 4" to 5" of sound wood present, then decay. 1058 7th Sugar gum 55 Trunk and buttress roots severed years ago during root pruning. 6' wide by 1½' high wound along sidewalk. Wound face generally sound except near the ground, where it is decayed and hollow. Above curb, wound 10' wide with far less woundwood. Tested buttress roots on either side of wound along sidewalk. Sound to the depth of drilling. In the wound face, sound to 4", then hollow. 430 7th Blue gum 48 Sulfur fungus conk present on the west side of base of trunk. Conks on 3' wide by 1½' high root pruning wound. Sounded hollow. Tested both sides and above conks. Hollow at 4" to 5" depth. Reed Park, Blue gum 39 Large basal cavity encompasses 30% north of of circumference. Tested both sides basketball court and above. On south, sound to the & children's depth of the drill (8"). On northeast, playground decay at 6". In face of cavity, hollow at 7". Above cavity, sound to 8". 851 11th Street Red-flowering 34 Sulfur fungus conk on street-side of a gum basal cavity. Tested areas adjacent to conk. Wood was softer than blue or sugar gum but sound to the depth of drilling (8") except for one area. At the base on street side, wood was sound to 5" then hollow.

3104 Broadway Red-flowering 27 6' long trunk cavity on northeast side. gum Tested on both sides of cavity as well as on opposite side of trunk. Sound to depth of drilling. 1457 Centinela Red-flowering 32 Tested buttress roots between wounds gum and cavities on tension (sidewalk) side. Wood became brown at 4" but resistance was solid. On curb (compression) side, 4" brown tissue in wound face, then hollow. Eucalyptus Assessment HortScience, Inc. City of Santa Monica Page 8

Table 3. Summary of tree risk ratings. Eucalyptus assessment. Santa Monica CA.

Common Name Risk Rating No. of trees ≤6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Red-flowering gum 150 55 19 8 5 2 1 240 Blue gum 74 19 11 5 4 3 -- 114 All other species 38 11 11 2 2 -- -- 59 Sugar gum 13 15 5 1 2 1 -- 37 Red gum 22 10 2 1 ------35 Yate 5 6 1 -- -- 2 -- 14 Spotted gum 11 ------11

Total 313 116 49 17 13 8 1 517

Eucalyptus Assessment HortScience, Inc. City of Santa Monica Page 9

III. Summary and Recommendations The goal of tree risk assessment is to enhance public safety. This is accomplished by assessing the risk for damage or injury should a tree fail, then taking action to abate that risk. Where large numbers of trees are involved, a rating system such as used in this assessment may be employed. The greater the rating, the greater the risk associated with a tree.

For this assessment, trees rated ‘12’ are considered more hazardous than those rated ‘11’, which are more hazardous that those rated ‘10’, and so on. Any treatments to abate the risk posed by trees in Santa Monica should logically start with those trees rated ‘12’, then proceed to those rated ‘11’, then ‘10’ and so forth. Ratings themselves do not define what action should be taken. Abatement procedures may include pruning, removal, changing use around the tree and installation of support system. The process of abatement has been initiated by the City’s Open Space Management Department.

Our procedure focused on trees with observable defects. This is not to say that trees without significant defects will not fail. Failure of such trees does occur, particularly during storm events. Wind forces can exceed the strength of defect-free wood, causing branches to break and entire trees to fall. Although we cannot predict all failures, identifying those trees with observable defects is a critical component of enhancing public safety.

In assessing the 500 trees, branches were identified as the part of the tree most to likely fail during the next two years. The most common situation involved the adjacent sidewalk, lawn, path or parking space. This result was to be expected as the survey involved street and park trees with a strong history of pruning.

Over time, I expect there to be shift towards whole tree as the most likely failure. Many trees, particularly blue and sugar gums, are mature in size and form. As they continue to age, defects such as lean and decay become more significant.

In addition, the legacy of root pruning, i.e., basal and trunk wounds, will continue to be expressed in the form of decay. As decay degrades sound wood and weakens the tree’s overall structure, the potential for the tree to fail increases. The challenge to the City is to identify trees whose structure has been compromised. Based on my findings, the presence of a wound or cavity alone is insufficient to judge a tree as having high potential to fail. Additional factors must be considered including:

Overall tree health and vigor. Vigorous trees are better able to tolerate decay than non-vigorous ones. Tree lean and orientation. Trees with lean or bowed trunks are more likely to fail. Size and distribution of the crown. One-sided or asymmetric crowns are more likely to fail. Presence of fungal fruiting bodies. Fruiting bodies indicate extensive decay.

Where one or more of the above factors is present or develops in conjunction with decay, the potential for failure will be greater. City staff must address the continued development of decay and increased failure potential by closely monitoring trees and implementing a program of tree removal and replacement.

Eucalyptus Assessment HortScience, Inc. City of Santa Monica Page 10

Based on my observations and assessment, I recommend the following:

1. Abate the risk posed by trees, following the priority established by the ratings. Complete treatment of those trees with ratings of 12, followed by those with 11, 10, 9, 8, etc. Record the nature and date of abatement.

2. Train city staff and tree care contractor to identify structural defects including changes in orientation and/or recent lean, cracks into the wood and/or between codominant stems, and presence of fungal fruiting bodies (mushrooms and conks) (see Attachments).

3. Incorporate the findings of tree performance into overall management of the City’s street and park tree resource: Plant yate, blue and red-flowering gums only in locations with an 8’ wide tree lawn or planting area. Develop a removal and replacement plan for red-flowering gums along Broadway and for blue gums in Palisades and Reed Parks. Along Broadway, the available planting space is too small for this species. In Palisades and Reed Parks, blue gums are mature and possess numerous defects in structure. When purchasing new plants, specify high quality trees with good structure. Ensure that young trees (<10 years old) receive at least one structural pruning following planting. Increase the use of spotted and lemon-scented gums. Avoid creating large wounds when root pruning. Use alternatives to root pruning when repairing sidewalks.

4. Provide additional inspection and treatment for 57 trees (Table 4).

5. Plan to re-assess the trees within the next 2 years. Given the budget constraints that City of Santa Monica faces, a follow-up assessment could focus on select group of trees. For example, only those trees with trunk diameters of 18” or greater would be inspected.

HortScience, Inc.

James R. Clark, Ph.D. Certified Arborist WE-0846 Registered Consulting Arborist #357

Eucalyptus Assessment HortScience, Inc. City of Santa Monica Page 11

Table 4. Recommendations for specific action. Eucalyptus assessment. Santa Monica CA.

HortSci Address Common name Trunk Risk No. Diameter Rating

Perform aerial inspection 12 1100 Lincoln Blvd. Blue gum 25 6 17 1100 Lincoln Blvd. Blue gum 44 6 23 1100 Lincoln Blvd. Blue gum 44 6 43 407 07 St. Silver dollar gum 30 10 61 624 Marguerita Ave. Blue gum 54 7 65 629 Alta Ave. Yate 35 6 68 543 07 St. Blue gum 33 6 76 601 07 St. Blue gum 44 6 78 624 Alta Ave. Eucalyptus 34 6 83 624 Alta Ave. Eucalyptus 32 6 145 1048 07 St. Sugar gum 37 7 202 1202 Ocean Ave. Blue gum 33 7 212 1402 Ocean Ave. Blue gum 49 7 217 1402 Ocean Ave. Blue gum 44 5 467 1602 05 St. Lemon-scented gum 18 8 528 2 Goose Egg Park Eucalyptus 48,40 6 573 2802 Delaware Ave. Eucalyptus 37 9 577 1801 Virginia Ave. Red gum 39 6

Perform root collar inspection 41 335 07 St. Blue gum 44 6 42 631 Georgina Ave. Eucalyptus 48 9 43 407 07 St. Silver dollar gum 30 10 50 431 07 St. Silver dollar gum 22,18,16 6 51 439 07 St. Yate 35 7 53 441 07 St. Blue gum 47 6 70 547 07 St. Yate 42 7 71 547 07 St. Blue gum 48 6 72 547 07 St. Blue gum 34 6 74 555 07 St. Blue gum 56 6 75 555 07 St. Blue gum 48 6 85 609 07 St. Blue gum 34 5 102 707 07 St. Blue gum 44 6 311 2225 Broadway Red flowering gum 15 6 312 2225 Broadway Red flowering gum 16 6 313 2308 Broadway Red flowering gum 17 5 314 1454 Cloverfield Blvd. Red flowering gum 15 5

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Table 4, continued. Recommendations for specific action. Eucalyptus assessment. Santa Monica CA.

HortSci Address Common name Trunk Risk No. Diameter Rating

Perform root collar inspection 325 2727 Broadway Red flowering gum 14 6 337 2909 Broadway Red flowering gum 20 6 368 3232 Broadway Red flowering gum 15 5 382 833 11 St. Red flowering gum 48 7 384 832 11 St. Red flowering gum 25 7 494 931 Montana Ave. Red flowering gum 11 6 495 931 Montana Ave. Red flowering gum 14 6 542 633 Kensington Rd. Blue gum 23 5 543 633 Kensington Rd. Blue gum 43 8 593 1918 Stewart St. Spotted gum 22 3

Remove over the next 2 years 31 500 Hollister Ave. Red gum 15 6 33 500 Hollister Ave. Red gum 44 9 285 1208 Broadway Red flowering gum 18 6 295 1451 Broadway Red flowering gum 11 7 297 1450 17 St. Red flowering gum 14 8 310 2218 Broadway Red flowering gum 19 9 515 2271 29 St. Red flowering gum 19 8

Enlarge planting space 476 1528 09 St. Red flowering gum 14 6

Install support system 170 802 Ocean Ave. Red flowering gum 31,28 6

Monitor lean 218 1402 Ocean Ave. Blue gum 35 6 340 2916 Broadway Red flowering gum 34 9

Restake 143 1038 07 St. Sugar gum 4 3

Eucalyptus Assessment Procedures

Routine Visual assessment of tree condition during normal work activities. Of particular concern: Declining vigor, particularly in density and color of foliage and dieback of twig and branches. Changes in orientation, i.e., increased lean. Increase weight of branches as evidenced by separation from the canopy. Presence of fungal fruiting bodies.

Seasonal (fall) In addition to the above: Presence of fruiting bodies of sulfur fungus (Laetiporus sulfureous). Look for orange-yellow conks on the lower trunk and old wounds. Conks fade to an ivory color with a chalky consistency.

Fruiting bodies of sulfur fungus. Upper left. Conks on blue gum on 7th St., mid-September 2005. Note that conks have formed on the face of an old root pruning wound.

Above right. Close-up of color & structure.

Lower right. Sulfur fungus conks rapidly degrade to an ivory-colored, chalky- textured form. These may also be found in the crown of the tree, on old pruning wounds.

During pruning Tree crew should be performing a visual assessment of branch attachment, particularly resprouts, and root collar. Of particular concern: Dieback and decay at old pruning and root pruning wounds. Fruiting bodies of decay fungi (including sulfur fungus), at branches and base. Cracks in branches and in the face of wounds. Heavy lateral limbs. Uplifting of roots and/or mounding of soil at the base.

HortScience, Inc. September 2005

Major eucalyptus trees along Santa Monica's streets and parks.

Species Red flowering gum Blue gum Sugar gum Red gum

Corymbia ficifolia Eucalyptus globulus Eucalyptus cladocalyx Eucalyptus camaldulensis

Number of 240 114 37 35 trees

Size & Largely semi-mature. Trunk Mature in development. Trunk Mature in development. Trunk Mature in development. Trunk development diameter range from 1" to 51". diameter range from 8" to 62" diameter range from 4" to 63" diameter range from 2" to 46" Most trees from 11" to 20" with with 83 trees >30". with 27 trees > 30". with 17 trees > 30". 46 trees > 31".

Primary Broadway Palisade Park 7th Street Palisade Park locations 9th Street Reed Park Stewart St. 11th Street Joslyn Park Los Amigos Park 7th Street

General Overall condition fair, not related Overall condition fair, not related Overall condition fair. Tree Overall condition fair to good. condition to trunk diameter. Trees had to trunk diameter. Tree crowns crowns were irregular due to Irregular crown form. high, open crowns due to pruning were irregular due to history of close spacing & history of history. Leaning & bowed trunks pruning. Canopies were dense. pruning. Wounds to base from were common. Wounds due to Decay present at old wounds. root pruning. root pruning during sidewalk repair.