United States Department of Proceedings of a Workshop on Agriculture Forest Service Eucalyptus in California Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station June 14-16,1983, Sacramento, California General Technical Report PSW-69 Cover: A stand of 50-month-old Eucalyptus camaldulensis growing in Calistoga, California. Average height of the trees is 6.7 m and average diameter-at-breast-height (d.b.h.) is 7.9 cm. Publisher Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station P.O. Box 245, Berkeley, California 94701 October 1983 Proceedings of a Workshop on Eucalyptus in California June 14-16, 1983, Sacramento, California Technical Coordinators: Richard B. Standiford F. Thomas Ledig Cooperative Extension Pacific Southwest Forest and University of California Range Experiment Station CONTENTS PART 1. HISTORY OF EUCALYPTS IN PART 4. GROWTH AND YIELD CALIFORNIA Growth and Yield of Some Eucalypts of Interest to Eucalyptus Helped Solve a Timber Problem: 1853-1880 California Gayle M. Groenendaal.............................................................1 Roger G. Skolmen ............................................................. 49 Evaluating Trees as Energy Crops in Napa County PART 2. SPECIES SELECTION Dean R. Donaldson and Richard B. Standiford ................ 58 Adaptability of Some Eucalyptus Species in Southwest Growth and Yield in Eucalyptus globulus Oregon James A. Rinehart and Richard B. Standiford .................. 61 Lee O. Hunt .........................................................................9 Industrial Planting of E. viminalis in Mendocino County Southern California Trial Plantings of Eucalyptus Peter C. Passof and John W. Sweeley ............................... 69 Paul W. Moore ..................................................................14 Yields in High Density, Short Rotation Intensive Soil Conservation Service Tests of Eucalyptus Species Culture (SRIC) —Plantations of Eucalyptus and for Windbreaks Other Hardwood Species Gary L. Young ...................................................................18 R.M. Sachs and C.B. Low .................................................. 71 Eucalyptus as a Landscape Tree W. Douglas Hamilton ........................................................22 PART 5. CULTURAL REQUIREMENTS Creating a Database on Eucalyptus for California Vegetation Management in Eucalyptus Miles L. Merwin .................................................................25 Clyde L. Elmore ................................................................ 76 Spacing Trials Using the Nelder Wheel PART 3. PRODUCTS, USES, ECONOMICS Walter B. Mark .................................................................. 81 Using Eucalypts in Manufacturing Establishing a Eucalyptus Energy Plantation on the William A. Dost .................................................................30 Central Coast of California California Wood Energy Program Norman H. Pillsbury and Nelson L. Ayers ........................ 86 Gary Brittner .....................................................................33 Fertilization and Irrigation of Eucalyptus in Southern Large-Scale Eucalyptus Energy Farms and Power California Cogeneration Paul W. Moore .................................................................. 90 Robert C. Noroña ..............................................................35 Managing a Coastal Bluegum ( Eucalyptus globulus) Economic Evaluation of Eucalypt Energy Plantations Forest Richard B. Standiford and F. Thomas Ledig .....................42 Ralph S. Osterling ............................................................. 93 Harvesting to Get a Eucalyptus Coppice Crop Clonal Propagation of Eucalyptus by Cuttings in France Thomas F Geary ................................................................95 H. Chaperon .................................................................... 108 PART 6. PROPAGATION PART 7. BREEDING PROGRAMS Propagation and Planting of Containerized Eucalyptus Eucalypt Improvement for California: Progress and Plans Seedlings in Hawaii F. Thomas Ledig ............................................................. 115 Gerald A. Walters ..............................................................98 Realized Gain from Breeding Eucalyptus grandis in Florida Micropropagation of Frost-Resistant Eucalyptus George Meskimen ........................................................... 121 Michel Boulay ..................................................................102 PREFACE Although eucalypts (genus Eucalyptus) were introduced products, uses, and economics, growth and yield, cultural into California more than 125 years ago, little has been done to requirements, breeding programs, and propagation. provide systematic programs for identifying superior planting To expedite the publication of the Proceedings, we asked stock. Eucalypts have long been considered landscape trees each author to assume full responsibility for submitting manu- but are now in demand because of their potential for short- scripts in photoready format by the time the conference con- rotation fuel biomass production. Growers need a reliable vened. The views expressed in each paper are those of the source of rapidly growing planting stock. To provide informa- author and not necessarily those of the sponsoring organiza- tion for that purpose, species and provenance tests have been tions. Trade names are used solely for necessary information and are being conducted. and do not imply endorsement by sponsoring organizations. To bring together researchers working with eucalypts to These Proceedings will serve as a useful reference for land- define the state of our knowledge about the genus, "A Work- owners, foresters, nurserymen, and horticulturists who are shop on Eucalyptus in California" was held June 14 to 16, considering planting species of this versatile and useful 1983, in Sacramento, California. It was sponsored by the genus—the Eucalyptus. Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Berkeley, Technical Coordinators: California, and Cooperative Extension, University of Califor- Richard B. Standiford nia, Berkeley, California. Cooperative Extension, University Speakers from California, Florida, Hawaii, Oregon, and of California France presented information about advanced breeding pro- F. Thomas Ledig grams and discussed how their results and methods could be Pacific Southwest Forest and Range applied in California. Major topics included species selection, Experiment Station Part 1. History of Eucalypts in California Abstract: Eucalyptus were introduced into Eucalyptus Helped Solve a Timber California in 1853 as an ornamental by Capt. Problem: 1853-18801 Robert Waterman. However, due to the destruction of the native woodlands and forests, people became concerned about future supplies of fuel and timber and began to experiment with different types of trees to plant. Eucalyptus became a favorite 2 Gayle M. Groenendaal after 1870, because it was fast growing, was believed to be of great medicinal value, and was California was settled in an era before the supposedly fireproof. By 1880, the eucalyptus full impact of the industrial revolution that was were widely planted throughout the state and today taking place in Great Britain was fully realized, many of these early plantings remain to remind a revolution that was to change the course of Californians of the first energy crisis in western culture more drastically than any previous California. time in history. Friedrich Engels wrote in 1845 of the industrial revolution as "a revolution which at the same time changed the whole of civil society, and the significance of which for the the confluence of the Sacramento and the American history of the world is only now beginning to be Rivers. Many of the new boomtowns were at first understood" (Tucker 1972). Society of today tends located in the scattered oaks and grasslands of to forget the needs of the historic peoples before the foothills. None were located in areas of machinery, electricity and advanced technology extensive forests, and soon the oaks were gone changed the standards of living. It is only by (Taylor 1867). reading the newspapers, including the advertisements, journals, and books of the As the Bay area and the valley became more and previous era do we begin to understand the daily more settled, the need for timber and timber lives and needs of these people. It is through products grew. Lumber was needed for building such research that the author has tried to piece more permanent structures, including sidewalks, together the eucalyptus story in California. In fuel for heating, cooking, and steam production. the following article, the impending timber crisis Everything was built of wood: carriages, wagons, is described, laying the framework for the stages, sleds, farm implements, tools for mining wholesale planting of eucalyptus in California. timber for weirs and sluices for the gold Why eucalyptus were chosen will be dealt with in recovery, and later timber for the mine shafts the second part of the article including some of (Bancroft 1890; Taylor 1867). The list could go the history of the introduction of the genus to on and on. the state. Timber was abundant in some areas, too much so for the early settlers. Their first thought was THE TIMBER PROBLEM--THE BEGINNINGS of food production and how to clear the land cheaply and easily for crops. Fire was the great Let us consider for a moment the impact of the land clearer, and in the