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Le Gouf De Capbreton – « SYNTAX » Rapport technique final Fonds Commun de Coopération Eurorégion Aquitaine/Euskadi SYNThèse et Analyse des données eXistantes sur un écosystème profond transfrontalier : le gouf de Capbreton – « SYNTAX » © H. Gillet, Univ. Bordeaux I, EPOC Mars 2013 Type de document Rapport technique final Date Mars 2013 Projet Fonds Commun de Coopération Eurorégion Aquitaine/Euskadi, Appel à projet 2011 SYNThèse et Analyse des données eXistantes sur un écosystème profond transfrontalier : le gouf de Capbreton – « SYNTAX » Coordinateurs du Aquitaine : Florence Sanchez, Ifremer LRHA Anglet, projet ([email protected], tél : 02 29 00 85 98) Euskadi : Marina Santurtun, AZTI Tecnalia Sukarrieta-Bizkaia, ([email protected], tél : +34 667 174 384) Contributeurs Rédacteurs par chapitre I. Un exemple de canyon sous marin remarquable : le gouf de Capbreton (1) Yann Lalanne (1) Frank d‘Amico (2) Hervé Gillet II. État des lieux des connaissances disponibles à partir des campagnes scientifiques à la mer Hervé Gillet (2) Iker Castège (3) Émilie Milon (3) Jean-Pierre Leauté (4) Iñaki Quincoces (5) Pascal Laffargue (6) Marie-Noëlle de Casamajor (7) III. Dynamique des pêcheries transfrontalières du gouf de Capbreton (7) Gilles Morandeau (8) Fabien Morandeau (8) Sonia Méhault (7) Florence Sanchez (7) Muriel Lissardy (5) Iñaki Quincoces (5) Maria C. Uyarra (5) Marina Santurtun (6) Marie Joëlle Rochet Collaborateurs Nathalie Caill-Milly (7) Brigitte Guillaumont (9) Lenaick Menot (9) Benoît Dubé (6) Claude Mouchès (1) (1) Université de Pau et des Pays de l‘Adour UFR Sciences et Techniques de la Côte basque 1 allée du Parc Montaury – 64 600 Anglet (2) Université de Bordeaux I, EPOC UMR 5805 - EPOC Bat B18, Avenue des Facultés – 33 405 Talence (3) Centre de la Mer de Biarritz Plateau de l‘Atalaye – 64 200 Biarritz (4) Institut français de recherche pour l‘exploitation de la mer Unité Halieutique Gascogne Sud (HGS) Laboratoire Ressources Halieutiques de la Rochelle Place gabycoll BP7 – 17 137 l'Houmeau (5) Fundación AZTI – AZTI Fundazioa (Azti –Tecnalia) Txatxarramendi Ugartea z/g, 48 395 Sukarrieta-Bizkaia (6) Institut français de recherche pour l‘exploitation de la mer Unité Ecologie et Modèles pour l‘Halieutique (EMH) Centre Atlantique - Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu - BP 21 105 – 44 311 Nantes Cedex 03 (7) Institut français de recherche pour l‘exploitation de la mer Unité Halieutique Gascogne Sud (HGS) Laboratoire Ressources Halieutiques d‘Aquitaine UFR Sciences et Techniques de la Côte basque 1 allée du Parc Montaury – 64 600 Anglet (8) Institut français de recherche pour l‘exploitation de la mer Unité Sciences et Technologie Halieutiques (STH) Laboratoire de Technologie et de Biologie Halieutique (LTBH) Station de Lorient - 8, rue François Toullec – 56 100 Lorient (9) Institut français de recherche pour l‘exploitation de la mer Unité Etude des Ecosystèmes Profonds Laboratoire Environnement Profond (LEP) Centre Bretagne - ZI de la Pointe du Diable - CS 10070 - 29280 Plouzané SOMMAIRE Introduction 1 I. Un exemple de canyon sous marin remarquable : le gouf de Capbreton 4 I.1. Généralités, origines et caractéristiques des canyons sous marins 4 I.2. Des écosystèmes essentiels pour la biodiversité 5 I.3. Des écosystèmes vulnérables 6 I.4. Le canyon de Capbreton – Site d’étude 7 I.4.1. Principaux traits morphologiques 7 I.4.2. Biodiversité 12 I.4.3. Zone d‘étude 12 II. État des lieux des connaissances disponibles à partir des campagnes scientifiques à la mer 14 II.1. Géologie du gouf de Capbreton et caractérisation physique du substrat 14 II.1.2. Synthèse sur l‘origine et les processus de construction 14 II.1.3. Synthèse sur les processus hydrodynamique et sédimentaire actuels 15 II.1.3.1. Cadres hydrodynamique et sédimentaire du golfe de Gascogne 15 II.1.3.2. Processus hydrodynamique et sédimentaire actuels dans le gouf de Capbreton 16 II.2. Analyse des populations de cétacés et oiseaux marins sur le gouf de Capbreton 20 II.2.1. Méthodologie 20 II.2.1.1. Protocole de comptage standardisé 20 II.2.1.2. Choix des espèces 22 II.2.2. Traitement des données 23 II.2.3. Résultats 25 II.2.3.1. Les cétacés 25 II.2.3.2. Les oiseaux marins 35 II.2.3.3. Approche plurispécifique aux abords du gouf de Capbreton 51 II.3. Description de l’écosystème bentho-démersal 53 II.3.1. Campagne EVHOE (golfe de Gascogne) 53 II.3.1.1. Origine des données et protocole 53 II.3.1.2. Principaux résultats 55 II.3.2. Campagne ITSASTEKA (plateau continental basque espagnol) 63 II.3.2.1 Protocole 64 II.3.2.2. Principaux résultats 64 II.3.3. Le Benthos de la région du gouf de Capbreton 67 II.3.3.1. Effort d'échantillonnage régional et données disponibles 67 II.3.3.2. Diversité du benthos dans la zone circalittorale 71 II.3.4. Images sous marines 78 III.3.4.1. Observhal 1998 78 III.3.4.2. Prosécan 2007 80 III.3.4.3. Evhoe 2008 81 III. Dynamique des pêcheries transfrontalières du gouf de Capbreton 84 III.1. Généralités 84 III.1.1. Typologie des pratiques 84 III.1.2. Cadre réglementaire de l‘activité de pêche 90 III.1.2.1. Éléments contextuels et historiques les plus marquants 90 III.1.2.2. Cadre institutionnel et administratif 96 III.1.2.3. Principaux règlements appliqués 99 III.1.3. Principales ressources exploitées 111 III.2. Évolution de la technologie des engins et des pratiques depuis 4 décennies (1970 – 2010) 122 III.2.1. La continuité entre hier et aujourd‘hui 122 III.2.2. Les ruptures, les innovations 132 III.2.2.1. Les équipements de pont 137 III.2.2.2. Évolution technique des engins de pêche 145 III.2.3. Conclusion 156 III.3. Évolution de l’activité halieutique autour du gouf de Capbreton 158 III.3.1. Origine des données utilisées 158 III.3.2. Caractérisation de la flottille française 158 III.3.2.1 À l‘échelle de 3 rectangles statistiques 158 III.3.2.2. Dépendance économique des principaux métiers aux rectangles 173 III.3.3. Caractérisation de la flottille artisanale du Pays basque espagnol 176 III.3.3.1. Description de la flottille 176 III.3.3.2. Effort de pêche 178 III.3.3.3. Évolution technologique des unités de pêche 181 III.4. Les rejets et les captures totales des flottilles françaises à partir des observations à bord des navires professionnels 184 III.4.1. Contexte et objectifs des observations à bord des navires de pêche 184 III.4.2. Présentation des données 185 III.4.3. Résultats pour les métiers du filet et de la palangre 186 III.4.4. Bilan 189 Conclusion et perspectives 190 Bibliographie 194 Annexes 214 Remerciements Nous remercions les pêcheurs professionnels retraités qui nous ont accueillis chaleureusement chez eux lors de nos enquêtes pour nous livrer leurs histoires, leur début dans la pêche et comment ils ont évolué dans leurs métiers : MM. Virto, Larzabal, Hacala, Ithurria, Itturioz, pêcheurs de Saint-Jean-de-Luz. Nos remerciements vont également à MM. Amado et Virto qui nous a mis à disposition certains de leurs carnets de pêche. Nous remercions aussi l‘ensemble des financeurs pour leurs aides dans ce projet : le Gouvernement basque, la Région Aquitaine, le Comité Interdépartemental des Pêches et des Élevages Marins Pyrénées Atlantiques Landes (CIDPMEM 64-40) et l‘ensemble des partenaires scientifiques qui ont contribué également au projet en apportant une part d‘autofinancement. Introduction La durabilité des pêcheries est un des objectifs fondamentaux de la Politique Commune de la Pêche (PCP) et intègre des objectifs à la fois écologiques quant à la conservation de la ressource (et des écosystèmes) et socio-économiques en termes de réussite à long terme des conditions d‘exploitation et de gestion des pêcheries (Rey-Valette, 2000). De plus, avec la mise en œuvre de la Directive Cadre Stratégie pour le Milieu Marin, les recherches doivent aller dans le sens d‘une meilleure compréhension de l‘impact de la pêche sur toutes les composantes de l‘écosystème marin, en particulier sur la biodiversité et les habitats. L‘amélioration des connaissances des effets directs de l‘exploitation sur les espèces ciblées ou non ainsi que des effets indirects sur les réseaux trophiques devra être recherchée (Fromentin et al., 2007). « Afin de comprendre une pêche, il faut comprendre les facteurs multiples qui déterminent son contexte – qu‘il s‘agisse de l‘écosystème marin local ou régional, du tissu économique et social des régions côtières concernées » (Politique Commune de la Pêche. Guide de l‘utilisateur, 2009). Le sud-est du golfe de Gascogne est empreint d‘une forte identité maritime avec 20 ports répartis entre Capbreton et le Pays basque espagnol et une diversité de métiers : fileyeurs, palangriers, chalutiers, caseyeurs, senneurs…dont certains sont pratiqués depuis plusieurs siècles. La présence sur un même lieu de divers métiers aux techniques différentes a donc conduit à réglementer leur utilisation dans l‘espace maritime côtier basco landais. La décennie 1980-1990 a ainsi vu la multiplication des arrêtés concernant les pêcheries du sud est du golfe de Gascogne. De plus, ce secteur présente la particularité d‘être, de part sa configuration transfrontalière, sous juridiction française et espagnole. Une autre singularité du secteur basco landais est sa diversité de biotopes avec des fonds sableux sur la côte landaise, un littoral rocheux sur la côte basque ainsi q‘un plateau continental entaillé par la présence d’un canyon « le gouf de Capbreton ». Les pêcheurs professionnels souhaitent aujourd‘hui faire évoluer les réglementations en vigueur sur le secteur du canyon pour une meilleure gestion des usages. Relayée par le Conseil Consultatif Régional Sud (CCR Sud), la demande a été portée à l‘Union Européenne en 2009.
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