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Mariana Dias Comunidades Suprabentónicas Do Almeida Mediterrâneo Batial: Influência De Factores Ambientais Na Diversidade E Estrutura Da Comunidade

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Mariana Dias Comunidades Suprabentónicas Do Almeida Mediterrâneo Batial: Influência De Factores Ambientais Na Diversidade E Estrutura Da Comunidade Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Biologia 201 7 MARIANA DIAS COMUNIDADES SUPRABENTÓNICAS DO ALMEIDA MEDITERRÂNEO BATIAL: INFLUÊNCIA DE FACTORES AMBIENTAIS NA DIVERSIDADE E ESTRUTURA DA COMUNIDADE DEEP - SEA SUPRABENTHOS ACROSS THE MEDITERRANEAN: THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL DRIVERS ON BIODIVERSITY AND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Biologia 201 7 MARIANA DIAS COMUNIDADES SUPRABENTÓNICAS DO ALMEIDA MEDITERRÂNEO BATIAL: INFLUÊNCIA DE FACTORES AMBIENTAIS NA DIVE RSIDADE E ESTRUTURA DA COMUNIDADE DEEP - SEA SUPRABENTHOS ACROSS THE MEDITERRANEAN: THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL DRIVERS ON BIODIVERSITY AND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE Tese apresentada à Universidade de Aveiro para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obt enção do grau de Doutor em Biologia, realizada sob a orientação científica da Professora Doutora Maria Marina Ribeiro Pais da Cunha, Professora Auxiliar do Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro e co - orientação do Doutor Joan Baptista Claret Co mpany, I nvestigador Sénior do Institute of Marine Sciences, Espanha e do Doutor Nikolaos Lampadariou, I nvestigador do Hellenic Center for Marine Research , Grécia. Apoio financeiro da Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) e do Fundo Social Eur opeu (FSE) no âmbito do III Quadro Comunitário de Apoio , bolsa de referência (SFRH/BD/69450/2010) , e dos projetos: - DESEAS (EEC DG Fisheries Study Contract 2000/39) - RECS (REN2002 - 04556 - C02 - 01) - BIOFUN (CTM2007 - 28739 - E) - PROMETEO (CTM2007 - 66 316 - C02/MA R) - DOSMARES (CTM2010 - 21810 - C03 - 03/MAR) . o júri presidente Professor Doutor Amadeu Mortágua Velho da Maia Soares Professor Catedrático da Universidade de Aveiro Professor Doutor Pablo Sànchez Jerez Professor Titular, Universidade de A licante, Espanha Professora Doutora Magdalena Blazewicz Professora Associada, Universidade de Lodz, Polónia Professora Doutora Maria Marina Pais Ribeiro da Cunha Professora Auxiliar, Universidade de Aveiro (orientadora) Doutora Ana Margarida M edrôa de Matos Hilário Equiparada a Investigadora Auxiliar, Universidade de Aveiro agradecimentos O trabalho desenvolvido apenas foi possível devido a pessoas que contribuíram para a minha formação académica e pessoal, às quais gos taria de agradecer, em particular: À Professora Doutora Marina Cunha p ela excelência científica, apoio e bom humor, e pela oportunidade de fazer parte da equipa do LEME. I would like to thank to my co - supervisors Dr. Nikolaos Lampadariou and Dr. Joan Compa ny for the support in various aspects of this project, ready availability and the chance to participate in oceanographic campaigns. Thanks to the members of the J . B . Company Lab , N. Lampadariou Lab and D. Martin Lab. To taxonomy expert on peracarid crust aceans Dr. Wanda Plaiti from the Hellenic center for Marine Research (Crete, Greece); on decapods Dr. Pere Abelló from the Institute of Marine Sciences (Barcelona, Spain); on mysids Dr. Inmaculada Frutos from Center of Natural History, University of Hambur g (Hamburg, Germany) an on tanaids to Patricia Esquete from CESAM. À Ascensão Ravara, Luciana Génio, Clara Rodrigues e Rui Vieira pelas i dentificações de não crustáceos e Fábio Matos pela ajuda informática. E a todos os colegas e amigos do LEME pelo bom am biente e partilha dos dias (e por muitas mais coisas) . Ao Mário . Aos meus pais, que não pude ram estudar. A título introdutório relativamente a este t rabalho : Quem dá o que tem, a mais não é obrigado (Provérbio Português) palavras - c have Canhões submarinos; Mar Mediterrâneo; Comunidades suprabent ónicas; Biodiversi dade; Mar profundo; O ligo trofia resumo O mar Mediterrâneo batial apresenta características homeotérmicas (~14°C) e um gradiente de oligotrofia, que se acentua de oeste p ara este, de grande interesse para estudos de distribuição da fauna em mar profundo. Encontram - se também presentes outras condições específicas, de que são exemplos os processos oceanográficos e topográficos, que determinam variações ambientais n as suas di ferentes regiões. Em particular, destaca - se o noroeste do Mediterrâneo cuja influência de canhões submarinos favorece uma maior produtividade e pressão antropogénica, que se traduz numa relevante atividade de pesca de arrasto em mar profundo. Embora pouco investigada, a macrofauna que habita acima do sedimento, designada por suprabentos, é uma componente importante da fauna bentónica com relevância nas ca deias tróficas de mar profundo. Neste contexto, foram estudadas as comunidades suprabentónicas ao longo de um gradiente oligotrófico (600 - 3000m; região oeste; mar Baleárico; centro, mar Jónico; este, Sul de Creta) e num canhão submarino e talude adjacente (400 - 2250m; noroeste do Mediterrâneo, mar da Catalunha) com o objetivo de caracterizar a biodiversidade, abundância e a estrutura da comunidade e m relação com as variáveis ambientais. Em cada um dos locais, obtiveram - se amostras em três níveis da coluna de água acima do sedimento (10 - 50cm, 55 - 95cm e 100 - 140cm), de modo a caracterizar a distribuição vertical da macrofauna suprabentónica. Este estudo identificou 232 taxa e 18 grupos tróficos, evidenciando - se os anfípodes e os cumáceos com um maior número de espécies. Os grupos mais abundantes foram os anfípodes, sobretudo predadores de zooplâncton, e os misidá ceos seguidos dos isópodes, ambos maioritariamente omnívoros. A análise da distribuição vertical da macrofauna revelou uma diminuição acentuada na sua densidade do nível mais próximo do sedimento (10 - 50cm) para os níveis superiores. A estrutura da comunida de apresentou variações relacionadas com diversos fatores ambientais tais como, a quantidade e qualidade do alimento, o hidrodinamismo (associado a condições típicas do canhão) e a estrutura das massas de água. Os resultados mostram que as densidades apres entaram uma grande amplitude (3.5 - 538.9 ind.100m - 2 ) tendo os valores máximos sido registados no canhão de Blanes e no talude adjacente a cerca de 900m de profundidade. O número de espécies e o índice de diversidade de Shannon variaram entre os 21 e 84 e en tre 1,28 e 3, 35, respetivamente, tendo sido registada a menor diversidade no canhão submarino. Ao longo do gradiente de oligotrofia, de oeste para este, verificou - se um decréscimo das densidades e do número de espécies e constatou - se uma diminuição da abun dância relativa de grupos que se alimentam no sedimento, em paralelo com o aumento da abundância relativa de grupos que se alimentam na coluna de água. Estes resultados foram associados a uma diminuição da matéria orgânica nos sedimentos da área mais oligo trófica. A distribuição estratificada variou ao longo do gradiente longitudinal, o que parece refletir a dinâmica das espécies (e.g. resumo (cont. ) mobilidade, capacidade de dispersão, alimentação), as diferentes respostas das espécies à varia bilidade nas condições abióticas, possíveis ba rreiras à dispersão e ao gradiente de oligotrofia, resultando em valores elevados de β - diversidade. A noroeste, no canhão de Blanes, a estrutura da comunidade parece ser condicionada pela maior quantidade e diversidade de fontes de matéria orgânica indicada pela presença de predadores no se dimento e de detritívoros no talude adjacente. Nas zonas do canhão mais próximas da influência terrestre, a estrutura e a biodiversidade da macrofauna suprabentónica parecem estar relacionadas com a variabilidade temporal das condições hidrodinâmicas, em p articular, no aumento da inte nsidade de correntes e de fluxo de partículas que ocorre no outono e no inverno (descargas do rio e tempestades). Nestas condições, verificou - se o aumento da densidade e a redução da biodiversidade, possivelmente devido a uma m aior presença de omnívoros com elevada mobilidade (ex. misidáceos). No talude adja cente, caracterizado por menor perturbação natural e maior qualidade de matéria orgânica de origem pelágica, a comunidade reflete uma diversidade elevada, em e special, na pri mavera. A maior profundidade , observou - se uma diversidade similar no canhão e no talude, provavelmente devido a condições de inferior perturbação natural e menor influência da ação do canhão. No entanto, após a ocorrência de um processo energético de grand e intensidade, como o efeito de cascata de massas de água de elevada densidade (ex. 2012) , verificou - se um aumento considerável do número de espécies e das densidades no canhão e no talude. Este aumento pode dever - se a um incremento de matéria orgânica fre sca no talude inferior e na bacia do Mediterrâneo. Apesar da resiliência das comunidades suprabentónicas, a sua diversidade parece ser afetada pela elevada e continuada perturbação causada pela pesca de arrasto. Concluindo, neste trabalho existem evidênci as de que as diferentes regiões analisadas apresentaram elevada variabilidade na composição, estrutura e biodiversidade, que se atribui à heterogeneidade de grupos tróficos e modos de vida do suprabentos. Os valores de β - diversidade observados foram atribu ídos à disponibilidade de alimento, heterogeneidade do habitat e perturbação natural. Os resultados deste estudo evidenciam a necessidade de considerar os mesmos elementos faunísticos na composição teórica da fauna que vive na interface coluna água/sedimen to para com paração com outras regiões. E studos de auto - ecologia e interações bióticas e, finalmente, a necessidade de amostragem replicada, são também aspetos a considerar para uma melhor compreensão das comunidades de suprabentos. Recomenda - se, por fim, dada a relevância funcional das comunidades
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